REFERENCES

Endnotes

1 World Bank (2020) Africa’s Pulse Volume 21, p. 20

2 ICNL (2020) “African government responses to COVID-19”; UN Djibouti (2020) “COVID-19 situation report #9”, https://reliefweb.int/sites/ reliefweb.int/files/resources/Republic%20of%20

Djibouti%20-%20COVID-19%20Situation%20Report%20%239%2C%2017%20May%20 -%20 2%20June%202020.pdf; Sari, E. (2020) “Coronavirus: why Madagascar is back under lockdown”, https://www.theafricareport. com/33119/coronavirus-why-madagascar-is-back-under-lockdown/; Africanews (2020) “Republic of Congo begins life after lockdown”, https://www.africanews.com/2020/05/19/republic-of-congo-begins-life-after-lockdown/; AU and APRRM (2020)

“Africa’s governance response to COVID-19”, p. 35

3 UN (2020) “Addressing the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on women migrant workers”,

Guidance Note, https://www.unwomen. org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/ library/publications/2020/guidance-note-impacts-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on- women-migrant-workers-en.pdf?la=en&vs=227

4 UN Women, AfDB and ImpactHER (2020) “Transformative policy solutions to support women-led businesses in Africa in a post covid-19 world”, Policy Brief, www.afdb.org/en/documents/ policy-brief-transformative-policy-solutions-support-women-led-businesses-africa- post-covid19-world

5 OECD (2020) “Women at the core of the fight against COVID-19 crisis”, p. 6; Chisiri, T. (2020)

“Cross border traders losing source of livelihood”, Gender Links, https://genderlinks.org.za/ news/cross-border-traders-lose-source-of-livelihood-due-to-covid-19/

6 Philip, X. (2020) “Uganda/Kenya: women traders hit hard by ‘COVID-19 nationalism’”, The Africa

Report, https://www.theafricareport. com/38015/uganda-kenya-women-traders-hit-hard-bycovid-19-nationalism/

7 AU (2015) “Agenda 2063”, https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/36204-doc-agenda2063_ popular_version_en.pdf

8 UNESCO (2020) “How many students are at risk of not returning to school?”, pp. 5 and 12 sq, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/ pf0000373992; UNESCO (2020) “Addressing the gender dimensions of COVID-related school closures”, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ ark:/48223/ pf0000373379

9 Marks, S. (2020) “COVID-19 limits force Ethiopian mothers to give birth at home”, VOA News, https://www.voanews.com/science- health/coronavirus-outbreak/covid-19-limits-force-ethiopian-mothers-give-birth-home; Nation (2020) “The Covid-19 nightmare for pregnant women”, https://nation.africa/health/Tough-call-for-pregnant-women-amid-Covid-19/3476990-55236702buxhl/index.html

10 Ndedi, A. (2020) “Framework in ending violence against women and girls with the advent of the

COVID9 from an African perspective”, p. 2; OECD (2020) “COVID-19 crisis in the MENA region: impact on gender equality and policy responses”, p. 2; OECD (2020) “Women at the core of the fight against COVID-19 crisis”, p. 12

11 UNFPA (2020) “Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on family planning and ending gender-based violence, female genital mutilation and child marriage”, p. 1

12 UNFPA (2020) “Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on family planning and ending gender-based violence, female genital mutilation and child marriage”, p. 2

13 EISA African election calendar 2020, https://www.eisa.org/calendar2020.php

14 AU (2020) “Women, Peace and Security (WPS) in the face of COVID-19”, https://au.int/sites/default/files/pressreleases/38368-pr-wps_ covid_ose_15_4_2020.pdf

15 UN News (2020) “170 signatories endorse UN ceasefire appeal during COVID crisis”, https:// news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1066982; UN (2020) “Update on the Secretary-General’s appeal for a global ceasefire”, pp. 2 sqq, https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/update_ on_sg_appeal_for_ceasefire_april_2020.pdf; Lederer, E. (2020) “UN chief: 16 armed groups have responded to cease-fire appeal”, ABC News, https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/chief16-armedgroups-responded-cease-fire-appeal-70443437; WILPF (2020) “Centering women, peace and security in ceasefires”, https://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/!FINAL%20WPS%20

Ceasefire%20Brief.pdf; PRIO (2020) “Are the coronavirus ceasefires working?”, https://www.prio. org/utility/DownloadFile.ashx?id=2056&type=publicationfile

16 AU and APRRM (2020) “Africa’s governance response to COVID-19”, p. 33

17 WHO (2020) “COVID-19 situation update for the WHO Africa Region”, External Situation Report 7, p. 7, https://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/handle/10665/331763/SITREP_COVID-19_WHOA-

FRO_20200415-eng.pdf

18 AU (2020) “AU guidelines on gender responsive responses to COVID-19”, https://au.int/sites/ default/files/documents/38617-doc-gewe_ and_covid_19_eng.pdf

19 AU and APRRM (2020) “Africa’s governance response to COVID-19”, p. 53 sq.

20 Ibid., p. 54

21 IGAD (2020) “Ministerial Statement on the Impact of Covid-19 on People on the Move in the

IGAD Region”, https://igad.int/press- release/2503-ministerial-statement-on-the-impact-ofcovid-19-on-people-on-the-move-in-the-igad-region

22 AU and APRRM (2020) “Africa’s governance response to COVID-19”, p. 55

23 Ibid.; SADC (2020) “SADC guidelines on harmonisation and facilitation of cross border transport operations across the region during the COVID-19 pandemic”, https://www.tralac.org/ documents/resources/covid-19/regional/3222-final-sadc-guidelines-on-cross-border- transportduring-covid-19-adopted-on-6-april-2020/file.html

24 OECD (2020) “COVID-19 crisis in the MENA region: impact on gender equality and policy responses”, p. 16 sq.

25 OECD (2020) “COVID-19 crisis in the MENA region: impact on gender equality and policy responses”, p. 16 sq.

26 OECD (2020) “COVID-19 crisis in the MENA region: impact on gender equality and policy responses”, p. 18

27 Ibid.; UNFPA (2020) “S.O.S Violência Baseada no Género - Covid-19”, https://angola.unfpa. org/pt/news/sos-viol%C3%AAncia-baseada- no-g%C3%A9nero-covid-19; NCW (2020) “Women policy tracker on responsive policies & programs during the new COVID-19 pandemic”, p. 5, https://issuu.com/youm7/docs/women_policy_tracker_on_responsive 82de416cd86a0e; FDC (2020) “COVID-19: ligue gratuitamente Tmcel (82149 ou 1490), Vodacom (84146) e Movitel (1490)”, https://fdc.org.mz/pt/covid-19-ligue-gratuitamente-tmcel- 82149-ou-1490-vodacom84146-e-movitel-1490/; UN Women (2020) “COVID-19: UN Women supports kenya’s national helpline for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence”, https://africa.unwomen.org/en/ news-and-events/stories/2020/06/on-the-frontline- with-kenyas-national-helpline; Maphanga,

C.(2020) “Victims of abuse can turn to the GBV Command Centre during lockdown”, News24, https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/victims-of-abuse-can-turn-to-the-gbv-command-centre-during- lockdown-20200325; Raadio Tamazuj (2020) “Nationwide toll-free GBV helpline launched”, https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/ nationwide-toll-free-gbv-helplinelaunched; UNDP (2020) “COVID-19 global gender response tracker”, Factsheet: Sub Saharan

Africa, https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/womens-empowerment/

COVID-19-Global-Gender-Response-Tracker.html

28 UNAIDS (2020) “Six concrete measures to support women and girls in all their diversity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic”, p. 14

29 For HIV/AIDS, see UNAIDS (2020) “Lessons from HIV prevention for preventing COVID-19 in

low- and middle-income countries”, https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/lessons-hiv-prevention-covid19_en.pdf; UNAIDS (2020) “Six concrete measures to support women and girls in all their diversity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic”, p. 6

30 African Union ‘African Women’s Decade’ Available at https://au.int/en/documents-43

31 AU Strategy for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, https://au.int/en/articles/ au-strategy-gender-equality-and-womens- empowerment

32 Ibid.

33 ACHPR and ACERWC Joint General Comment on Ending Child Marriage

34 Enough with the Silence, Second African Girls’ Summit, Accra, Ghana, 24–25 November 2018.

Countries that have launched the campaign are Benin, Cameroon, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon

Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Mali, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Chad, DR Congo,

Madagascar, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

35 AU Zero Draft Strategic Direction for the AU Campaign to End Child Marriage in Africa 2019–2023

36 UN Women (2019) “More resources and partnerships essential to ending child marriage and

FGM”, https://africa.unwomen.org/en/ news-and-events/stories/2019/02/more-resources-andpartnerships-essential-to-ending-child-marriage-and-fgm

37 Assembly’s Decision Assembly/AU/12(XVII) Add.5

38 UN News (2012) “Ban welcomes UN General Assembly resolutions eliminating female genital mutilation”, https://news.un.org/en/ story/2012/12/429012-ban-welcomes-un-general-assembly-resolutions-eliminating-female-genital

39 AU Campaign for Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa (CARMMA) 2009–2019, https://au.int/en/ pressreleases/20200206/campaign-accelerated-reduction-maternal-mortality-africa-carmma-2009-2019

40 Musau, Z. (2019) “Silencing the Guns campaign kicks off in 2020”, https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2019- march-2020/silencing-guns-campaign-kicks-2020

41 Agenda 2063 First Ten-Year Implementation Plan 2014–2023

42 AU Peace and Security Commission, Opening Address by the Commissioner Peace and Security of the AU Commission HE Amb. Amaïl Chergui to the 2nd General Assembly of the Network of African Women in Conflict Prevention and Mediation (FemWise-africa), “Silencing the Guns in Africa by 2020: Women’s Role in Preventing and Resolving Natural Resource-Based Conflicts”

43 UN Women, “SDG 5: achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”, https://www. unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/ women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality

44 UN, “Decade of action to deliver the global goals”, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/decade-of-action/#:~:text=2020%20 needs%20to%20usher%20in,and%20closing%20 the%20finance%20gap

45 UN Women (2017) “Making every woman and girl count: annual report: planning phase”

46 Gender Equality Forum, “Accelerating progress for gender equality by 2030”, https://forum. generationequality.org/

47 UN Women, “The Spotlight Initiative: ending violence against women and girls”, https://www. unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending- violence-against-women/spotlight-initiative

48 IHME (2020) “Findings from the global burden of disease study 2019”, http://www.healthdata. org/gbd/data-visualizations

49 AU (2009) “The African Women’s Decade, Theme: Grassroots Approach to Gender Equality and

Women’s Empowerment (GEWE)” , p. 4

50 Maputo Plan of Action 2016–2030 – Draft, https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/24099-poa_5-_revised_clean.pdf

51 Maputo Plan of Action 2016–2030 – Draft, https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/24099-poa_5-_revised_clean.pdf

52 Sudan Constitution 2019, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Sudan_2019?lang=en

53 Zimbabwe Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2013, Articles 76(1) and 52(b), https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Zimbabwe_2013.pdf

54 Van Eerdewijk, A. et al. (2018) “The state of African women report”, p. 258

55 CARMMA.org, “Campaign for accelerated reduction of maternal mortality”, http://carmma.org/

56 Republic of Cabo Verde (2019) “Cabo Verde national report: Beijing+25 on the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action”, p. 29

57 UNAIDS, “90-90-90: treatment for all”, https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/909090

58 Burkina Faso (2019) “Rapport national Beijing +25” pp. 32, 41

59 Article 14.2 (c): the right to safe abortion in cases of sexual assault, rape, incest and when the pregnancy endangers the mental and physical health of the mother or the life of the mother or the foetus.

60 Egbetayo, V. (2020) “Child marriage and the education crisis in Africa: where do we go from here?”, Global Partnership, https://www.globalpartnership.org/blog/child-marriage-and-education-crisis-africa-where-do-we-go-here

61 AUC Continental Results Framework: Monitoring and Reporting on the Implementation of the

Women, Peace and Security Agenda in Africa 2018–2028

62 Sudan Constitution 2019, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Sudan_2019. pdf?lang=en

63 FAO (2016) “Africa regional overview of food security and nutrition 2016”, http://www.fao.org/ publications/rofsn-africa/en/

64 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa 2003

65 Ibid.

66 FAO (2018) “Leaving no one behind: empowering Africa’s rural women for zero hunger and shared prosperity”, p. 1

67 Ibid., p. 2

68 Zambia Central Statistical Office (2014) “Gender status report 2012-2014”, p. 67

69 AU (2009) “The African Women’s Decade, Theme: Grassroots Approach to Gender Equality and

Women’s Empowerment (GEWE)”, p. 4

70 Ibid., p. 11

71 Africa Portal (2019) “Women, power & policymaking”, Policy Briefing, p. 4

72 Ibid.

73 Ibid.

74 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Revised Version) 2003, https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/african-convention-on-the-conservation-of-nature-and-natural-resources-revised-version-tre-001395/

75 Paris Agreement 2020, https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_ no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en

76 Ibid.

77 UNFCCC, “National adaptation plans”, https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Pages/national-ad-

aptation-plans.aspx

78 AU, “Education, science and technology”, https://au.int/en/education-science-technology

79 AU (n.d.) “The African Women’s Decade Theme: Grassroots Approach to Gender Equality and

Women’s Empowerment (GEWE)”, p. 4

80 Senega’s Programme d’amelioration de la qualite, de l’equite et de la transparence (PAQUET) secteur education formation 2013–2025, pp. 115–116.

81 Liberia’s Getting to Best Education Sector Plan 2017–2021, p. 73

82 Sierra Leone’s Education Sector Plan 2018–2020, p. 34

83 Equality Now (2019) “Victory at ECOWAS Court for girls in Sierra Leone”, https://www.equalitynow.org/victory_for_girls_in_sierra_leone

84 UNESCO (2015) “UNESCO science report: towards 2030”, p. xx.

85 Republic of Senegal (2019) “Rapport national de la mise en œuvre de la Déclaration et du Programme d’Action de Beijing +25”, p. 20

86 AU (2009) “The African Women’s Decade, Theme: Grassroots Approach to Gender Equality and

Women’s Empowerment (GEWE)”, p. 5

87 Agenda 2063, https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/36204-doc-agenda2063_popular_ version_en.pdf