Graduate Diploma in Architecture_Year 01_Brief 02

02. Burn Development document & Proposal summary DS10

Michael Clarke

Brief_02: Burn

pg. ii

Summary of Content This book documents the research undertaken to inform my design considerations for the second brief in the first year of the Graduate Diploma in Architecture (RIBA Part II) at the University of Westminster.

In addition it documents the process of design work including sketch proposals and both analogue and digital experimentation. Images and drawings of the final proposal submitted to the burning man arts committee are included at the end for reference.

Michael Clarke

pg. iii

Brief_02: Burn

pg. 01

Page No.

Summary of Contents Brief 02: Burning Man - Inclusive society

Background Research on the Burning Man Festival

04

A brief summary of the history, size and the beginner’s survival guide to the Burning Man Festival in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada Environmental Analysis and Passive Design Strategies

14

Looking at weather data and psychometric charts to try and highlight constraints and successful passive design strategies Initial responses

22

Material research, precedent studies and early sketch proposals for an art pavilion at Burning Man Festival Design Development and Final Proposal

50

Refining the proposal, further experimentation and research Burning Man Arts Grant Submission

74

Final proposal renders, diagrams, animation and specifications including outline costings and the draft submission for the Burning Man arts grant

Michael Clarke

pg. 02

Brief_02: Burn

pg. 03

Background Research on the Burning Man Festival A brief summary of the history, size and the beginner’s survival guide to the Burning Man Festival in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada

Michael Clarke

pg. 04

Brief_02: Burn

BURNING MAN

Mission Statement

Ten Principles

Our mission is to produce the annual event known as “Burning Man� and to guide, nurture and protect the more permanent community created by its culture. Our intention is to generate society that connects each individual to his or her creative powers, to participation in community, to the larger realm of civic life, and to the even greater world of nature that exists beyond society. We believe that the experience of Burning Man can produce positive spiritual change in the world. To this end, it is equally important that we communicate with one another, with the citizens of Black Rock City and with the community of Burning Man wherever it may arise. Burning Man is radically inclusive, and its meaning is potentially accessible to anyone. The touchstone of value in our culture will always be immediacy: experience before theory, moral relationships before politics, survival before services, roles before jobs, embodied ritual before symbolism, work before vested interest, participant support before sponsorship. Finally, in order to accomplish these ends, Burning Man must endure as a self-supporting enterprise that is capable of sustaining the lives of those who dedicate themselves to its work. From this devotion spring those duties that we owe to one another. We will always burn the Man.

Radical Inclusion Anyone may be a part of Burning Man. We welcome and respect the stranger. No prerequisites exist for participation in our community.

Gifting Burning Man is devoted to acts of gift giving. The value of a gift is unconditional. Gifting does not contemplate a return or an exchange for something of equal value.

Decommodification In order to preserve the spirit of gifting, our community seeks to create social environments that are unmediated by commercial sponsorships, transactions, or advertising. We stand ready to protect our culture from such exploitation.

We resist the substitution of consumption for participatory experience.

Radical Self-reliance Burning Man encourages the individual to discover, exercise and rely on his or her inner resources.

pg. 05

Radical Self-expression Radical self-expression arises from the unique gifts of the individual. No one other than the individual or a collaborating group can determine its content. It is offered as a gift to others.

In this spirit, the giver should respect the rights and liberties of the recipient.

Leaving No Trace Our community respects the environment. We are committed to leaving no physical trace of our activities wherever we gather. We clean up after ourselves and endeavor, whenever possible, to leave such places in a better state than when we found them.

Communal Effort Our community values creative cooperation and collaboration.

We strive to produce, promote and protect social networks, public spaces, works of art, and methods of communication that support such interaction.

Participation Our community is committed to a radically participatory ethic. We believe that transformative change, whether in the individual or in society, can occur only through the medium of deeply personal participation. We achieve being through doing. Everyone is invited to work. Everyone is invited to play.

We make the world real through actions that open the heart.

Civic Responsibility We value civil society. Community members who organize events should assume responsibility for public welfare and endeavor to communicate civic responsibilities to participants.

They must also assume responsibility for conducting events in accordance with local, state and federal laws.

Immediacy Immediate experience is, in many ways, the most important touchstone of value in our culture. We seek to overcome barriers that stand between us and a recognition of our inner selves, the reality of those around us, participation in society, and contact with a natural world exceeding human powers.

No idea can substitute for this experience.

Michael Clarke

pg. 06

Brief_02: Burn

BURNING MAN FACTS & FIGURES

pg. 07

Michael Clarke

pg. 08

Brief_02: Burn

BURNING MAN SURVIVAL GUIDE

Contents

Upon arrival

The burning man festival organisers publish a survival guide with what to bring, the rules of the camp etc. every year to help people prepare for their experience at burning man and to make sure an environment is created in which everybody is safe and can have fun. Over the next few pages I have taken points from that survival guide to highlight potential problems that my pavilion could provide solutions to, in short to inform my programme and form.

The gates do not open until the entire site is ready and all of the safety and sanitation features have been set up. When the gates are opened hundreds of cars pile in and it can take a long time to enter the site, you are advised to delay arrival if you wish to miss the queues. Every car is searched and all occupants of the car must have their tickets or photo ids and confirmation number if picking up tickets. The cars are searched to ensure that none of the banned items can get through into Black Rock City, you can be turned away or at least to the back of the queue if you have any items. Most of the banned substances are purely to aid the clean up effort after and ensure that no trace will be left - one of the primary goals of Burning Man. Anything on the ground that shouldn’t be is referred to as MOOP (Matter Out Of Place).

•

Arriving at Burning Man - what to bring and what not to bring

•

Protecting the environment - leave no trace, waste management and water management

•

Survival - desert life and climate and how to cope

•

Community - ensuring an environment everyone can enjoy including the larger context outside Black Rock City and how to make the most of your time at Burning Man.

From looking at the survival guide lists of what to bring and what not to bring (see the three images to the right) the key issues appear to be: •

The heat during the day

•

Safety and Law - following the law and ensuring a safe environment

•

The cold temperatures at night

•

Exodus - leaving the desert with no trace

•

Management of supplies to ensure everything is looked after and not left on the ground

•

Storage of supplies

•

The dust and the storms

•

Ensuring plenty of water to drink, making sure all that water is brought with you

•

A consideration for everyone at the festival

pg. 09

Temperature Minimising MOOP Dust

WaterSupply Transportation

Participation

ure

ply

•

Sun cream and sunglasses although at the hottest part of the day you are encouraged to seek shelter and save your energy for the rest of the day

•

In addition you must have your ticket or photo id card and confirmation to collect tickets.

Suggested:

•

Portable ashtrays that can be sealed

•

Shading structures and umbrellas to protect from the heat

•

•

A wide brimmed hat, chin straps are recommended due to the sometimes high winds

An am/fm radio to tune into BMIR radio whilst you are at the festival

•

•

A bike for getting around, balloon tires are best and you should have a lock and lights for safe travel at night

Dust masks and goggles to protect from the dust storms (common)

•

Heavy duty tent stakes to make sure everything is strongly grounded in the case of storms, rebar can be used effectively.

•

Cut tennis balls or plastic bottles to sit on the tent pegs to stop people injuring themselves

•

Extra set of car keys in case you lose them

•

In addition you are recommended to bring camp markers and lots of costumes to help you participate and find your camp easily.

•

Any plants, live or dead in addition to anything else that may break up or blow away in the wind

•

Explosives, aerial flares, fireworks or rockets

•

Any kind of firearm including bb guns and paintball guns

•

In addition, any mutant vehicles not pre registered will be turned away and any motorcycles that were not used as the primary method of transportation to burning man.

Essentials: •

Strong tent

•

Warm sleeping bag (temperatures can fall to around 5°C at night)

•

Warm clothes for the night

•

1.5 gallons of water per person per day

•

Enough food and drink for your group

•

An extensive first aid kit

•

Any prescription medicines, contact lenses etc.

•

Fire extinguishers

•

Garbage and recycling bags to clear up

•

A torch and spare batteries to see and be seen at night

•

A tire repair kit

•

A cooking stove if you wish to heat food or liquids

•

A portable shower providing it has a drain that can collect the grey water

•

Water tight protective bags for electrical equipment

•

Ear plugs - some people may be up all night beside you!

•

Lotion and lip balm to protect against dry or cracked skin

Do not bring (you can be refused entry): •

Glass containers of any type

•

Excess packaging - for example take the bag of cereal, not the box as well

•

Loose glitter

•

Nuts in their shells

•

Too much fresh produce, it will start to smell before you can dispose of it at the end of the week

•

Styrofoam coolers will disintegrate into lots of pieces and will not last the week

•

Gravel

•

Straw or hay bales

•

Feathers including boas

Michael Clarke

pg. 10

Brief_02: Burn

BURNING MAN SURVIVAL GUIDE

Protecting the environment

The six R’s

Planning

Of the ten key principles that Burning Man runs on only one is chiefly concerned with the effect of the festival on the environment which is Leave No Trace. Part of being allowed to use the Black Rock Desert Playa for the festival is down to regular inspections by the Bureau of Land Management. The BLM is also responsible in part for the current location and layout of the Black Rock City.

They require an organised layout that doesn’t impact on other users of the playa in order to issue a permit to grant camping rights.

There are six guiding principles to help participants at Burning Man respect the environment and meet the Leave No Trace principles:

The survival guide offers tips for reduction, reuse and recycling during the festival in order to minimise participants impact. It’s primary focus is on reducing the MOOP in a firm belief that anything lying around leads to further matter being added to it.

Burning Man is the largest Leave No Trace festival in North America and actively tries to promote the Leave No Trace principles beyond the extent of the festival. It is a very simple principle that literally translates its name to its practice making sure that you leave an environment as or better than you found it.

Since 2006 Burning Man LLC has also come up with an environmental statement: ‘Black Rock City LLC is committed to utilizing environmentally favorable solutions as they become financially sound alternatives to the use of fossil fuels and non-renewable materials. We encourage our staff and participants to use these alternatives in their camps in Black Rock City, and further to promote and encourage environmental awareness and make use of emerging technologies. We are determined to promote and continue to support the Leave No Trace principles, the use of renewable energy, the use of non-fossil fuels, recycling valuable reusable materials, and composting organic waste materials when ever possible.

We are open to suggestions toward making the Burning Man experience environmentally sound and we will utilize new methods and technology as they become suitable to our needs. Help us make Black Rock City environmentally viable.

Signed, Board of Director Black Rock City LLC’

pg. 11

•

Respect - respect for all things from the ground to the sky

•

Rethink - Do i really need this? The impact on the environment? where did it come from? What happens after?

•

Reduce - reduce waste, driving trips and disposables

•

Reuse - can it be reused before being recycled?

•

Recycle - recycle everything possible that can’t be reused

•

Restore - Be the solution, always try and leave things better or at least the same as you found it.

Each camp is recommended to have a ‘Leave No Trace Planner’. This person is responsible for setting out a management plan to be carried out during the week ensuring minimal rubbish. There should also be a designated ‘Leave No Trace Monitor’ who is the last person to leave the camp.

At the end of the week the entire camp should form lines crisscrossing their space to ensure that no MOOP is left on the ground.

At the end of the week any rubbish should be taken with you including grey water that hasn’t been recycled. No grey water can be dumped on the Playa. This is to ensure that Black Rock City continues to get its permit for future burning man festivals.

Temperature Minimising MOOP Dust

WaterSupply Transportation

Participation

Michael Clarke

pg. 12

Brief_02: Burn

pg. 13

Environmental Analysis and Passive Design Strategies Looking at weather data and psychometric charts to try and highlight constraints and successful passive design strategies

Michael Clarke

pg. 14

Brief_02: Burn

Environmental Analysis Climate and Appropriate Responses Black Rock City is built on the Playa of the Black Rock Desert in Nevada. The Playa is a silt alkaline salt pan 3848ft above sea level. The longest stretch of the Playa reaches 27 miles and with the widest point at 12 miles it is the second largest expanse of flat ground in the Northern Hemisphere. Although an old lake bed thousands of years ago it is a very dusty and dry environment, there is little humidity in the air. It can also get extremely hot during the day, particularly in Summer however as with most deserts, the temperature can fall dramatically at night.

This page uses Ecotect’s Weather Tool to briefly analyse the type of climate and suggest possible design solutions to increase average comfort levels within the climate. The charts to the right are all psychometric charts with various overlays (see legend).

The chart runs along two axis, with the dry bulb temperature in °C along the bottom axis and absolute humidity running vertically.

The lines crossing the graph are the relative humidity (curved), wet bulb temperature (dashed diagonals) and vapour pressure (solid verticals).

The tool allows you to look at temperatures and humidities as cumulative frequency plots or specific data points and overlays areas to show temperatures and humidities that fall within an average comfortable range for different levels of activity. It also then allows overlays for various passive design strategies to try and increase the range of values within the comfort levels.

All the weather data used in this analysis is from Las Vegas, Nevada, a similar desert climate not far from Black Rock Desert and the closest set of weather data within Ecotect’s database. >> Pyschometric Chart Legend: 01. The yellow boxes highlight climate types based on the temperatures and humidities recorded. The blue line charts maximum values across the year. The letters along the line relate to the months of the year. The Burning Man festival takes place at the end of August and the start of September, all of these months fall within the hot and dry climate category.

02. The data points plotted in this case are a cumulative frequency chart for the month of August. Overlaid are the most suitable active cooling strategies for any points that fall within their areas. The majority of points recorded fall within the ventilate or evaporative category with a few outside points best solved with purely evaporative cooling or ventilation.

03. The same chart as 02, but for September. Again it shows a climate that is dry enough for evaporative cooling to be effective where air conditioning is unnecessary.

pg. 15

<< Images of Black Rock Desert 01. Natural springs north and east of the Playa 02. Vehicle tracks left in the mud of the Playa 03. Silt dunes and scrubland 04. A plane takes off above the dry and dusty landscape of the desert 05. In the Summer the Playa cracks like baked mud 06. Dust storms are common, particularly with increased activity stirring up the dust from the surface 07. Another silt dune pushed up by the wind and swelling below the Playaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface.

Michael Clarke

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Brief_02: Burn

Environmental Analysis Passive Design Strategies Ecotect has some in built analysis of passive design strategies and their effectiveness in varying climates. Based on the psychometric charts that I have already looked at, it can also overlay the effect of a particular strategy, or even multiple strategies on the range of comfortable temperatures and humidities. Different passive design strategies can be looked at and compared to help decide on the best ones to incorporate in a design. These are not difinitive and even the psychometric chart should only be used as a guide however they can give an indication.

I have already seen that ventilation or evaporative cooling are the best strategies for cooling in the Nevada desert climate however due to the fluctuating temperatures between day and night I am also looking at thermal mass. As the pavilion or theme camp will be outside in the desert it will be very easy to let air movement through so I am not comparing ventilation effects - it is not the same as a closed environment.

Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperatures for Las Vegas, Nevada. The fluctuating blue line is the recorded dry bulb temperatures with the maximum, minimum and median average values indicated by the three horizontal blue lines.

The same applies to the green lines at a lower temperature showing the Wet Bulb Temperature. The shaded green band across the graph is indicative of thermal neutrality or comfort.

pg. 17

>>

>>

I have also included on this page for reference the recorded wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures covering August and September. For evaporative cooling to be most effective there needs to be a greater difference in the two temperatures. This is often the case in dry climates. As a comparison the same recorded temperatures but for London, England can be seen below. A much more humid environment, there is very little difference between the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures.

Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperatures for London, England.

Notice that there is very little difference between the wet and dry bulb temperatures due to a higher humidity level. Notice also that the comfort level is often above the actual temperatures indicating that it is rarely too hot in the UK. Again, compare this to Las Vegas where temperatures fluctuate either side of the indicative comfort range.

<< Psychometric chart overlays

<< Psychometric chart overlays

The two graphs below show the effects of first, thermal mass and bottom, evaporative cooling on the range of temperatures that could be included in a comfortable range if that design strategy was put into place.

The three graphs on this page show the temperature and humidity ranges for September. The same two design strategies have been applied. Again they are largely successful although the chart shows there is less humidity in the air so that thermal mass becomes less effective at the higher temperatures. The design strategies are struggling to help the cooler dryer ranges. Again, these values are likely to be recorded towards the end of September and not during Burning Man.

The large image above shows the combined effect of both strategies on one chart. All of these three charts are for a temperature range in August. Although a few points, particularly in the higher temperatures fall outside of the comfort zone the design strategies include most of the data showing them to be largely successful options. As Burning Man is held right at the end of August, it is likely that these higher temperatures will not be experienced anyway.

Michael Clarke

pg. 18

Brief_02: Burn

Passive Design Strategies Evaporative Cooling Evaporative cooling is a very simple process illustrated by the diagram on the right. Water is soaked into a material which acts as an evaporative pad. The pad needs to not just let the water fall rapidly into the collection point but instead hold enough in the material. As the warm dry air passes through the material/pad it picks up moisture (this is why it works best when there is little humidity) making it not only cooler but more humid also. The air can then be circulated around wherever it needs to be. In the top down diagram there needs to be a collective pan to take any excess moisture.

I am aiming to try and recreate the effect, by replacing the evaporative pad with a material or thread network based on my bunching experiments. These will be a suitable material that can wick water from below up the structure. The warm air passing through the thread network will not only be cooled by the water wicked up, but increase the speed of the wicking by ensuring a constant moisture gradient.

Hot dry air passes through the thread mesh/network and takes on moisture cooling the air. Also by evaporating water from the threads it causes the wicking process to improve and speed up.

Thread network sucks up the water from below through capillary action and forms a mesh to act as an evaporative pad Water drawn up from tray through capillary action

pg. 19

Passive Design Strategies Thermal Mass Thermal mass is a strategy that allows a more constant temperature throughout the day and night rather than greatly swinging temperatures. During the day the thermal mass material absorbs heat from the sun. This helps to cool the surrounding environment by reducing the radiation reflected. At night when the outside air temperature is much cooler the thermal mass starts to radiate heat warming its surroundings.

Large amounts of concrete, earth or stone are often used as thermal mass materials in architecture. It’s effect can be felt perhaps at its most when entering massive churches or mosques where the sheer volume of stone and little daylight entering a space acts to create a much cooler environment.

I am planning on using water throughout my structure (partly for grey water storage and partly to try and evaporate the grey water) to act as a thermal mass. From the specific heat capacity values, water is second only to ammonia as a thermally massive material, far better than concrete and much more readily available. The table also shows that the presence of salts and ammonia within the water will not be a bad thing for the thermal mass.

Above shows the pvc tubing I am proposing to use to transport the water around the structure. This provides a larger surface area for the removal of grey water through evaporation, larger storage for grey water and a larger surface area of thermal mass.

Top specific heat capacities (kJ/kg.K) of common liquids and fluids:

Specific heat capacity of building materials:

Substance

Substance

Phase

cp

Phase

cp (J/(g·K))

(J/(g·K))

Ammonia, 32°F

4.6

Asphalt

solid

0.920

Ammonia, 104°F

4.86

Brick

solid

0.840

Ammonia, 176°F

5.4

Concrete

solid

0.880

Ammonia, 212°F

6.2

Glass, silica

solid

0.840

Ammonia, 238°F

6.74

Glass, crown

solid

0.670

Water, fresh

4.19

Glass, flint

solid

0.503

Water, sea 36°F

3.93

Glass, pyrex

solid

0.753

Sodium chloride

3.31

Granite

solid

0.790

Sodium hydrate

3.93

Gypsum

solid

1.090

Milk

3.93

Calcium Chloride

3.06

Marble, mica

solid

0.880

Sand

solid

0.835

Soil

solid

0.800

Wood

solid

1.7 (1.2 to 2.3)

Human Urine (0.05g of solutes per g of urine), 73°F

4.019

Human Urine (0.90g of solutes per g of urine), 73°F

1.536

Michael Clarke

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Brief_02: Burn

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Initial responses Material research, precedent studies and early sketch proposals for an art pavilion at Burning Man Festival

Michael Clarke

pg. 22

Brief_02: Burn

Analogue Experimentation Capillary Action_01 Capillary action is a process that allows vertical transportation of a liquid against gravity without any additional forces applied to the liquid. It utilises the attraction forces between the molecules in the liquid and the overall surface tension between the liquid and a surface placed in the liquid. The diagram below explains the phenomenon. In the two tubes on the left (red) the liquid in the container adheres to the surface of the tubes. In this case the contact angle between the liquid and the surface of the tube is said to be less than 90째. The centre of the liquid will be lower than the edges, this is called a concave meniscus. In the two columns to the right (blue) the liquid does not adhere to the surface of the tubes. Here the surface tension works across the entire liquid and the centre of the column of liquid will be higher than the edges, a convex meniscus is formed. In this situation the angle of contact is greater than 90째. Note that in each case the height difference is influenced by the diameter of the tube. The smaller the diameter, the greater the difference in height.

01.

>> In this experiment I looked at transporting water between two containers. My crit panel suggested looking at capillary action and potential programmes that could influence or be influenced by my minimal networks in the thread models other than potential structure. As I have looked at water storage and grey water recycling as being some of the biggest issues at Burning Man I decided first to look at potential methods of storing and transporting water at a basic principle that could then be expanded to a larger scale.

pg. 23

02.

03.

04.

01. The set up for my first experiment uses two glasses, one full of water and one empty. I have added red food dye to highlight the water movement. As a medium for transporting water I am using a kitchen towel.

02. The kitchen towel is rolled up and placed between the two glasses ensuring one end is below the surface of the water.

The paper towel is essentially a whole network of tiny tubes that function with capillary action.

03. The water begins to siphon into the empty container.

This continues as long as there is a moisture gradient in the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;wickingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; material.

04. The water continues to siphon although is paler with a lot of the dye seemingly left in the paper towel.

05. The liquid between both glasses levels out, there no longer being a moisture gradient between the two. It is now in a state of equilibrium with water flowing in neither direction. I would like to try raising the paper towel in one glass to see if water can continue to flow.

05.

Michael Clarke

pg. 24

Brief_02: Burn

Analogue Experimentation Capillary Action_02 The experiments on this page look at expanding on the first capillary siphon experiment. This time to see if it is possible to transport water vertically. I was encouraged by the first experiment however after thinking further about the potential it should be impossible. Essentially this could lead to a way of ‘creating’ energy by a cyclic system which is impossible, energy can only be conserved. These three experiments document the process I went through. In practice, although capillary action is responsible for raising the liquid vertically it cannot deposit that liquid above its original height. This is due to the forces needed to break the surface tension would only lead to the liquid travelling back along the material rather than falling free from the material. It can be seen in each case that the material is still ‘wicking’ the water vertically and holding it within the material.

The set up on the left shows a basic siphon. This is similar to the paper towel experiment I have recreated however surface tension and cohesion isn’t necessary here, the siphon will still work utilising only pressure differences. It maintains the conservation of energy principles in that the mass of water raised up is equal to the mass of water falling on the other side.

pg. 25

This experiment directly follows the last, this time lifting the paper towel free from the surface of the water in the second glass. I have still not had any joy in raising the water level although I may try a new paper towel that is not saturated as a next step. I would also like to look at multiple wicks between containers.

This page shows an attempt at utilising plastic bottles, a potential building material for the same purpose of raising the water vertically. Although the water is within the top bottle in the paper towel (I have unscrewed the lid to check) it is not dropping freely into the top container.

Basically a variation of the bottles experiment but with a larger height difference. I was hoping that the potential for greater evaporation at the top could lead to a larger moisture gradient and faster capillary action however this experiment has also reached a stage where the entire wick is wet but no water is being collected in the top glass.

Michael Clarke

pg. 26

Brief_02: Burn

Your two bottle demo may appear to cause water to move upwards. The mechanism might be that a small amount of the vapour is captured in the upper bottle and condenses back into water. Is the condensate red or clear? What percentage of the loss from the lower bottle is captured in the upper bottle?

You could try wrapping plastic tape around the exposed wick, or enclose it in sealed plastic tubing, to eliminate evaporation losses and see what happens.

Analogue Experimentation Capillary Action_03

Flying right off at a tangent: you can have a perpetual fountain in a superfluid rising through a capillary. There is a video of a fountain that never stops.

A closer look into the best materials with wicking properties was needed to help determine the best material for my pavilion. Which material would be fastest, which material would transport water the highest, which material allowed the colour to be transported easily without fading or absorbing colour and finally which material may be able to keep working throughout the week without becoming saturated and losing its moisture gradient. Theoretically this should always work due to the constant evaporation at the end however additional ‘wicks’ may be needed within the containers/bottles to draw water from the material. I started with a simple set up that could be used to simultaneously test different materials whilst allowing air movement over each material. The design for the experiment can be seen below.

A ply sheet with variable width holes is slotted into the frame above the tray below. This will hold the materials to be tested and can be removed to allow different tops to be placed in later.

An acrylic container will hold the water with the addition of food dyes, florescent dyes and salt and dust.

pg. 27

Trees move water up to the leaves by capillary action, where most of it evaporates from the leaves. It’s the evaporation that draws up more. So long as you are content for the liquid to be evaporated, capillary action allows you to raise it up higher-that’s what a wick does.

The tree trunks are full of very very thin pipes in which the water rises. On a hot day, it is said that a microphone placed on the trunk of a tall tree can hear the pings (or reverberations) as the thread of water in individual pipes regularly breaks when the “suck” exceeds the force of attraction between the water molecules and a vapour lock momentarily forms, then repairs itself.

Michael Clarke

pg. 28

Brief_02: Burn

Precedent Studies Lars Spruyboek - Guadalajara Library

pg. 29

Michael Clarke

pg. 30

Brief_02: Burn

Precedent Studies Casual Profanity - Fluid sculpture and dress

pg. 31

Michael Clarke

pg. 32

Brief_02: Burn

Sketch Proposals This page shows some initial sketch ideas. It does not intend to illustrate a fully resolved plan and overall form. I hope to inform the plan through further research and exploration of programme and social function in addition to practical needs. The overall form and scale I hope to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;findâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; through exploration and experimentation into air movement, exposed thermal mass surface and structural limitations. I hope to achieve this through both physical models and digital analysis.

Water in the tubes initially spiralled around a cone shape. The pressure differences utilise the venturi effect to speed up the inflowing air and increase the evaporative cooling effect of the wicking central thread mesh.

Water in the tubes serve as thermal mass for the structure.

Early Sketch Visualisation - Night time club The image is an early visual to explore the potential aesthetic at night and how the structure may evolve. It looks at the three processes outlined in the initial sketch proposals showing the crystallisation and evaporative cooling networks. It also shows the potential for seating and form from the same continuous tube with the flourescent lighting throughout the structure and the potential for multiple colours.

I do not like the single large space beneath a vault and feel that the form needs a lot of further exploration. The quality of the image isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t great but I feel I can use it as a starting point for design exploration.

Central thread network wicks up the grey water and forms a mesh over the cone to provide evaporative cooling Need a way of transporting the water back to the higher tank. Potentially through pressure on an elevated dancefloor forcing water uphill.

pg. 33

Florescent colouring in water circulates around tube structure

Separate thread networks (following a growth function) spread across the tube networks. They help to close off a larger area of the pavilion relatively cheaply, however the main function is to absorb any excess humidity within the structure, largely all the sweat from people dancing. This will evaporate and crystalise around the interior. This also provides additional visual interest and will change throughout the week, refracting the light from above.

Siphon action provides circulation of water throughout structure

Michael Clarke

pg. 34

Burning Man - Inclusive society Brief_02: Burn

Defining a pattern for any surface If I’m going to use a continuous looping tube for my structure it needs to be made stronger and the necessary material to cover an area needs to be reduced. The more tubes I have the better the thermal mass capabilities and the more the evaporative cooling will work, I need to reduce hot air allowed into a space that is being cooled from another direction. In addition, visual interest can be improved by patterning the tubes, not just the water inside.

I looked at a looping pattern that translated in the x direction every time it looped in order to make sure it could cover a space. in addition the loops had to be big enough at the top and bottom to allow multiple layers to overlap. The pattern I came up with can be defined by points on a grid, turning those points into control points for a b-spline curve. It can be stretched in either the x or y directions. This page explores the pattern across a shell and then mapped onto any surface. The more u and v curves on a surface the tighter knit the pattern can be and therefore a more accurate representation of the initial surface. This would also mean more material however. Fig. 01 illustrates how the pattern works. >> 02

A crude, initial model to look at the siphoning capability of the PVC/Polypropylene tubing;

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The weaved pattern hanging loosely on a wall;

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The same weaving pattern although much closer knit adds strength to be able to stand freely;

05- These are a series of digital explorations of the pattern across an arched surface. In each image the top half 08 shows the initial surface U and V curves used for construction lines and the curve pattern drawn on top. The bottom half shows a render of the curve standing alone. The series of images form a sequence with the number of u curves increased in each case allowing more repetition of the pattern. Figure 06. shows no interlocking of the patterns whereas 07 and 08 show the pattern’s overlapped by a single grid line.

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This can be the same as x but also an independent variable incase a non-symmetrical result is desired.

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MichaelClarke pg. 35

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Michael Clarke

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Brief_02: Burn

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<< 09- A continuation of the construction curves in the top 11 row and the rendered curves in the bottom row. The surface is now a freer form than the arch and can still have the pattern applied using the u and v curve intersection points as a grid. The number of points and therefore the accuracy of the output in relation to the input increases from figure 09. to figure 11.

12- The b-spline surface in this series has been modified 15 further to highlight the potential for the pattern.

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Michael Clarke

pg. 38

Brief_02: Burn

Section A - Design Intentions

Additional threads around the inside of the structure will absorb the excess moisture in the air and the sweat produced by the occupants dancing. The salts in this water crystallise across the inside of the structure.

Water in the tubes serve as thermal mass for the structure.

Central thread network wicks up the grey water and forms a mesh over the end of the pavilion. The mesh soaks up the water and provides evaporative cooling to the space.

Need a way of transporting the water back to the higher tank. Potentially through pressure on an elevated dancefloor forcing water uphill or solar powered pond pumps

Siphon action provides circulation of water throughout the structure providing the receiving tank is below the level of the intake tank.

pg. 39

Michael Clarke

pg. 40

Brief_02: Burn

Visualisation - Evening Dust Storm

pg. 41

Michael Clarke

pg. 42

Burning Man - Inclusive society Brief_02: Burn

Visualisation - Late Evening Haze These renders were never fully finished although they are included to show the design at this stage of progress. I am beginning to change the overall forms and refine the ideas behind the proposal.

pg. 43

Michael Clarke

pg. 44

Brief_02: Burn

Visualisation - Night lights

pg. 45

Michael Clarke

pg. 46

Brief_02: Burn

Physical Model - Weaving and Lighting Based on the initial pattern I set up for weaving across any surface I started to build a physical model to test the structural implications as well as the water movement, the flexible surface and the ability to draw flourescent material through the structure at night. From the tests although it does stand up freely it will need a more solid or fixed foundation. In addition the more levels added the more the pattern loses itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s porosity and begins to sag, the water adds further mass to this effect that would need to be taken into account in the overall form. I may need to add wire or use the thread networks within to add stiffness or additional tension members to secure the structure fully. I also need to look further at the design of the tanks for water storage and a pump mechanism to replace the top reservoir or an evaporative system for the bottom.

The two rows of images are time based sequences from left to right. The top row shows the model growing whereas the bottom row shows the movement of light within the structure.

Sequence 01.

Sequence 02.

pg. 47

Michael Clarke

pg. 48

Brief_02: Burn

pg. 49

Design Development and Final Proposal Refining the proposal, further experimentation and research Final proposal renders, diagrams, animation and specifications including outline costings and the draft submission for the Burning Man arts grant

Michael Clarke

pg. 50

Brief_02: Burn

Explore After drawing participants in from the approach my structure needs to provide the next level of play and interaction. I have looked briefly into what kind of structure or composition can lead to exploration, what will draw the eye of tease human curiosity. These are just a summary of the kind of design intentions that will help to draw burners into my pavilion to the heart of the structure.

Just around the corner: The dynamic nature of the curves in contrast with their surroundings draw the eye around a bend. The surroundings: land, a building or an object are very solid and blocks views of what may be around the bend or corner. The effect is much greater if a glimpse of what may be there can be seen before you start around the corner which emerges further as you progress, rewarding your exploration. It works on a similar level without a curved route however, for example exploring the twisting and winding streets of medieval european cities e.g Rome or the tuscan hilltop villages such as San Gimignano. The key here is the contrast and the constant turning of the streets, there is always a corner and they are interspersed with large open squares. The contrast is key to this phenomenon on a larger urban scale over individual circumstances.

Glimpses of beyond: As with around the corner we are encouraged to explore when we can see but not fully understand something just out of our reach.

As in a maze where we can begin to see through routes or in a forest where we can glimpse between the trees without seeing the objective or destination itself. This is particularly true in bamboo forests that can be very sparse in places or incredibly dense in others. Bamboo can clump affording places of refuge within screened walls. It can also provide routes between these spaces, offering glimpses of alternative routes and spaces, a scene of hide and seek and races.

Aspirations, curiosity and knowledge: Humans have an inherent curiosity from a very young age. Part of our development as a child is learning through exploring and questioning. As part of this we always try to find out what we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know, even visually. The wall or fence can have so many social and even political connotations however at a very basic and even childish level, it obscures a view. The question is posed, what lies the other side. There are so many examples of getting a leg up or standing on something to try and see the other side of a wall, what is happening or what is there.

Light, contrast and choice: The analogy of light at the end of a tunnel is known to everyone and to generalise we are all drawn to the light. Light, colour and contrast play a huge part in our moods, feelings and choices. Colour is linked to our feelings, red can be passion or warning, black is often danger, blues are cold etc. Of course there is a whole science to colour affinities and there are cultural differences in addition. Contrast and brightness also play a part, as with the tunnel humans are often drawn to the brighter areas, these can represent activity, life and safety. The final part is choice. Being able to choose a path or direction puts the control in the hands of the person experiencing the space and adds a level of play as with a maze. It means that they are in control of their exploration and as a result are encouraged by their decisions to continue to explore.

<< 01. Around the corner, the curves and the glimpse of a view behind the wall falling away draw the eye and insight a need to explore 02. Bamboo forming in natural clumps, I always enjoyed running between bamboo clumps and the opportunity it afford for refuge. It can be explored and offers unexpected spaces with gaps between the walls allowing you to glimpse the other side 03. Human nature of curiosity shows time and again a desire to see the other side of a wall or fence, we are always curious to view and find out about what we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know.

04. Changes in light within a space and specifically a brighter light at the end of a route, the light at the end of the tunnel, encourage movement and exploration towards a destination. In addition choice of routes allows the user to control their destination, as in a maze.

pg. 51

Michael Clarke

pg. 52

Brief_02: Burn

Catalogue of Spaces Following on from my research the final design responds to each need I have identified: - The Approach - what it looks like from a distance? What draws you near?

- Exploration - something to draw you in further and a childlike play - The Event - a central space found, where the pavilion comes to life, giving meaning to the structure and the experience - Reflection - A more intimate and secluded space to take in the experience and find a calming peace akin to watching a flame or the waves

The approach, a rising central tower makes the pavilion stand out from across the playa. At night the water reservoirs held at the top of the spire will glow a series of different fluorescent dyes as a beacon.

pg. 53

Explore, light moves through the tunnel drawing the visitor down each entrance. The constantly twisting and winding light whose movement in the pipes is only apparent as you get closer to the structure encourages exploration into and through the pavilion.

The event space starts at the centre of the pavilion. Water is slowly dripped through the pavilionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pipes from a series of containers at the top of the spire. The light from above is siphoned and pushed through the pipes and even in the day will provide visual interest. This space is a large open space where people who have entered through the tunnels can congregate.

Reflective spaces come about from the pods surrounding the main space. Burners will be able to weave their way between the water pipes and into smaller spaces big enough for two to three people that are intimate yet open to views of the playa and the stars at night.

Michael Clarke

pg. 54

Brief_02: Burn

Physical Components From a distance the structure can be seen to spiral out of the Playa. A central ‘spire’ comprised of three axis split evenly around a circle marks it out as a landmark on the Playa and therefore as a destination. These three axis are each made up of 8 solid tubes, spiralling within the element. Two more axis designate entrances/exits to the structure, again made from 8 solid tubes each.

These elements are the structural elements of the artwork. The two entrances are to be orientated to face the burning man and the temple, wherever the artwork is to be placed upon the playa. This does not mean that it cannot be approached from other directions and due to the radial nature of the design the experience is not direction specific. The entrances are marked out by a tunnel of smaller tubing that carries fluorescent water during the event. These tunnels of light guide the participant into a central ‘event’ space. This is wrapped in additional tubing in a weaved pattern offering views out whilst enclosing the space. From the centre of the piece the participant will be able to see how the structure works and watch as water and dyes are added, following their movement around the structure. The water is added towards the top of the central ‘spire’ in a series of tanks constructed from upturned 5 litre water bottles lashed to the solid elements. The water tubes that emerge from these are draped over and tied between the solid elements along the main axis.

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pg. 55

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<> 01. Concrete filled clear PVC tubing provides structural stability for the proposal 02. The water tank (initially empty) is made from 5 gallon water bottles lashed together and hung between the structural columns. This is where the structure is filled from each night 03. The event clock - seven pods or rooms formed from a single continuously weaving polypropylene tube.

These fill up slowly with water over the course of the event with one pod filled each night counting the days 04. Further polypropylene tubing split into three segments, this forms the central enclosure whilst allowing views in and out. Each segment will carry separate paths of water 05. Entrance/exit made of a continuously looping polypropylene pipe hung over the concrete support tubes forming a tunnel of water/light that fills up over the course of the event, orientated towards the burning man 06. Entrance/exit as 05. however orientated towards the temple

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Michael Clarke

pg. 56

Brief_02: Burn

Water Flow The water in the structure has two functions although is chiefly the performance aspect of the pavilion. The other function is the thermal mass capabilities of water to try and cool the space within the pavilion.

The performance is key to the participants experience of the pavilion. Each night a set amount of water is added to the pavilion with a different coloured fluorescent dye from the top of the central spire. The water cascades around the tubes weaving over the central space and in addition begins to fill up the two entrance tubes and the event clock reflective spaces. Participants will be able to follow the movement of the water and air bubbles through the tubes in a playful exploration. In addition users will be able to climb between the tubes into the reflective spaces to be fully enveloped by the performance.

The dyes are water soluble and can be added to the water in the tank picking and choosing which colours down which routes. UV lighting fixed to the concrete tubes set off the fluorescence within the structure.

pg. 57

<< Water Routes Central routes envelope the main space in three segments

Two routes form the entrance and exit tunnels from the central space.

A final route runs through each of the seven intimate spaces

Michael Clarke

pg. 58

Brief_02: Burn

>> Water flow process

Controlling The Water Flow The water needs to be constantly added to the structure over the course of the event. For this I need something to regulate the flower of water from the tanks at the top of the structure into the pipes so that the pipes donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t overflow. I have looked at potentially using IV drip controllers to regulate the flow of liquid. This is a simple mechanism that simply pinches the pipes to restrict the flow and is variable via sliding the toothed wheel that clamps the pipe along a slope. Although it would be relatively cheap to buy these, they could also be simply manufactured from wood that could be burnt at the end of the festival. Alternatively, these could be reusable and clamped to the exterior of the pipes.

As there is a constant flow of liquid into the pipes the air already in the pipes will need to have an exit point to allow the water to fill the tubes. This cannot be at a lower level than water entered the pipes otherwise the water will simply flow out of the system when it reaches the end of the pipe. In addition, the flow of water, although added constantly will not move around the structure constantly. Instead it will pool in the pipes low points before flowing over â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;u-bendsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; or being pulled and setting up mini siphons. The pipes internal diameter will also add drag and may need to be increased if the flow will not move around the coils. This unknown aspect to the event of the water adds another dimension and added interest for the participants to experience the art.

clamp wheel water tube

Drip control This is a very basic section through a drip controller for a standard IV drip. The wheel is free to be adjusted to the left or the right clamping the liquid carrying tube more or less to control the flow rate.

pg. 59

01. Water tanks constructed from plastic water bottles turned upside down hold the full amount of water required to fill the pavilion 02. Water is released to the pipes that make up the pavilion constantly throughout the event regulated by a drip controller similar to an IV medical drip

03. Water circulates around each of the routes, not necessarily in a predictable manner as the pipes twist and turn causing settling, sudden siphons and air pockets to form

04. The end of each pipe needs to be above the point that the water entered to ensure that the air can escape the pipes as the water is forced through and to make sure that the water will not overflow at either end

Michael Clarke

pg. 60

Brief_02: Burn

Structural Stability The problem with the main proposal is that the pipes holding the water will not stand up of their own accord. They are too flexible to be structural even without the addition of the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s weight. The current model has approximately 815m of polypropylene tubing to carry the water around the structure that needs supporting.

Following the feedback from my end of term crit I have begun to explore the use of concrete as a structural base to support the tubes. I want to maintain the aesthetic of the tubes and the fluidity of the final form so I began to explore whether filling tubes with concrete may be able to provide a solution.

Following a precedent by ecoLogic Studio called Fibrous Room (see figure 01) I decided to try samples using different concrete mixes and try some basic load testing on each sample. I then tried to think about scaling this up into a working 1:1 prototype that could be prefabricated and transported to site to avoid pouring any concrete on the playa.

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Although the concrete set successfully the subsequent compression loads testing was not so successful. At a certain point after an initial failure the sand cement samples (B and C) just kept compressing tricking the software into the maximum load able to be supported. The triangles on the graph in figure 05 supposedly represent the failure point. On observation this was much earlier for B and C, traced back to the first dip in the loading. In addition this does not measure the tension, a key limiting factor of concrete which only really works well in compression and the samples could not be tested in their true performance.

Load (N)

>> This experiment created three samples of concrete to test inside identical pVC tubes. The tubes have an internal diameter of 24mm and an outside diameter of 28mm giving a wall thickness of 2mm. The first sample (A) was a traditional concrete mix with 10mm aggregate, sand, cement and water.

Sample B removed the aggregate as it is difficult to fill the tubes with and sample C was the same as sample B but with the addition of liquid detergent to act as a plasticiser to improve the concreteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s workability.

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Michael Clarke

pg. 62

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Brief_02: Burn

Structural Stability As I canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t pump concrete on the playa my structural supports would need to be able to be prefabricated and transported to site.

In addition my previous testing of the samples did not work ideally so I need to build a larger prototype to fully test the ability of concrete pipes as a structural solution.

To try and solve the prefabricated problems I decided to split the framework into smaller segments that could be bolted together.

This required ends to be fabricated for each pipe work segment. I decided to use rings that could hold multiple pipes and allow the pipes to be rotated for aesthetic reasons. In addition the rings aim to space the concrete pipes apart to allow for minimal impact of a much heavier material in relation to the primary focus of the pavilion - the water pipes.

Unfortunately I have not been able to fully test the component. Whilst the model was setting it fell over before it fully set causing the concrete to already crack and therefore fail. However, from the process I have already decided this solution, whilst cheap is not the best way forward for my supports. The difficulties of using concrete as a material at Burning Man, given the leave no trace principles outweigh the potential cost saving. In addition, the process of building the prototype highlighted the difficulties in filling the tubes with concrete. I struggled to evenly fill the tubes and have no way of easily ramming or vibrating the concrete. The twisting tubes can not accommodate reinforcement to help the concrete work in tension which for a fluid and twisting structure is necessary and the weight of the concrete made it very difficult to set the components in the desired positions.

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This page documents my process and attempts however I will now begin to look at easier, more controllable means of supporting the structure. << The prototype was designed to be a potential 1:1 model The specification and dimensions are as follows: - Clear PVC tubing x8: 1m length x 28mm diameter - MDF rings x2: 400mm diameter, 70mm ring width, 8 30mm holes for the pipes and a central hole of 260mm diameter - rotation angle was adjustable until hung to set to allow for flexibilty whilst filling the pipes - corks used to bung the pipes to contain the concrete until they could be trimmed once the concrete had set.

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pg. 63

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<< 01. Render of the components fixed together 02. Model of a single structural component before concrete 03. Close up of the mdf rings with cork bungs 04. Concrete ingredients before mixing: aggregate, sand and cement 05. Adding the water to the mix, plasticiser also added at this point 06. 4 of the pipes are filled with concrete, already difficulties are showing in holding the form for it to set and compacting the concrete in the tubes 07. The concrete already failed and cracked before it fully set due to movement in the pipes and flexibility in the model

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Michael Clarke

pg. 64

Brief_02: Burn

Daytime Render

pg. 65

Michael Clarke

pg. 66

Brief_02: Burn

Night-time Render

pg. 67

Michael Clarke

pg. 68

Brief_02: Burn

Animation The following images represent screenshots from an animation I have put together walking through the structure. Although the final structure may change from this slightly and there will be a lot more pipes this animation gives a clear indication of how the pavilion can be experienced. The animation starts by approaching the structure, and walks into and through it looking around and following the movement of the water. It then exits the structure and quickly flies around. The animation, although a slow walkthrough, cycles between the seven days and nights of the festival.

The video can be seen at the unit blog: http://wewanttolearn.net or directly on vimeo: http://vimeo.com/35857649

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Michael Clarke

pg. 70

Brief_02: Burn

Structural Loads and General Dimensions The problem with the main proposal is that the pipes holding the water will not stand up of their own accord. They are too flexible to be structural even without the addition of the water’s weight. The current model has approximately 815m of polypropylene tubing to carry the water around the structure that needs supporting.

Additional support structure needed to house the water tanks (plastic bottles currently holding 65 litres)

The weight of the water in addition to the tubes weight is as follows: Water pipes specification Imperial: 1/8” ID, 3/16” OD, 1/32” Wall Thickness, 500 available length (feet), weight: 0.85 lbs / 100 ft Metric: 3.175mm ID, 4.78mm OD, 0.79mm Wall Thickness, 152.4m available length, weight: 0.3855kg/100ft Weight = 0.3855kg/30.48m = 0.0126kg per metre

3 steel sections begin to twist when they reach the centre 1 steel section supports each entrance Possible need for additional steel framing to the rear of the site

Water pipes weight 815m x 0.0126kg = 10.3kg

Weight and volume of water required to fill the pipes Length of pipe x internal area of cross section of pipe = volume of water in cubic metres 815m x (Pi x (0.003175/2)²) = 0.0065m³ 1m³ of water weights 1 tonne 0.0065m³ = 6.5kg 1 litre of water weighs one kilogram therefore: for 815m of pipe I will need 6.5 litres of water and a structure capable of supporting the pipes in addition to 6.5 kg for the weight of the water.

Total weight of the pipes including water = 10.3kg + 6.5kg = 16.8kg

After the concrete failing I have began to look at using steel. I am currently in conversation with steel fabricators to look at feasible options for the structural work to be built within $15,000 or £10,000.

Probable that the amount of pipework will double over the central structure and the amount of water will increase accordingly.

pg. 71

3 steel sections equally separated radially by 120째

Michael Clarke

Steel widest point diameter

Base circle diameter

Central tower diameter

Each pipe ends rotated through 180째 between the start and end of the central tower

pg. 72

Brief_02: Burn

pg. 73

Burning Man Arts Grant Submission The final series of information submitted to the burning man arts committee funding panel

Michael Clarke

pg. 74

Black Light Brief_02: Burn

Day-time Visualisation

pg. 75

Michael Clarke

Michael Clarke

pg. 76

Black Light Brief_02: Burn

Night-time Visualisation

pg. 77

Michael Clarke

Michael Clarke

pg. 78

Black Light Brief_02: Burn

Experiencing the space

Michael pg. 79Clarke

Michael Clarke

pg. 80

Black Light Brief_02: Burn

Physical Components From a distance the structure can be seen to spiral out of the Playa. A central ‘spire’ comprised of three axis split evenly around a circle marks it out as a landmark on the Playa and therefore as a destination. These three axis are each made up of steel tubes, in smaller sections for ease of transportation, bolted together on site. Two more axis designate entrances/exits to the structure, again made from steel elements. These elements are the structural elements of the artwork. The two entrances are to be orientated to face the burning man and the temple, wherever the artwork is to be placed upon the playa. This does not mean that it cannot be approached from other directions and due to the radial nature of the design the experience is not direction specific. The entrances are marked out by a tunnel of smaller tubing that carries fluorescent water during the event. These tunnels of light guide the participant into a central ‘event’ space. This is wrapped in additional tubing in a weaved pattern offering views out whilst enclosing the space. From the centre of the piece the participant will be able to see how the structure works and watch as water and dyes are added, following their movement around the structure. The water is added towards the top of the central ‘spire’ in a series of tanks constructed from upturned 5 gallon water bottles lashed to the solid elements. The water tubes that emerge from these are draped over and tied between the solid elements along the main axis.

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Michael pg. 81Clarke

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<> 01. Steel structural elements form stable base for the water tubes 02. The water tank is made from 5 gallon water bottles lashed together and hung between the structural columns.

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03. Polypropylene tubing is split into three segments, each one of these split into two networks of tubing.

This forms the central enclosure whilst allowing glimpses of views in and out. Each segment will carry separate paths of water

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04. Entrance/exit made of a continuously looping polypropylene pipe hung over the steel support tube forming a tunnel of water/light that fills up over the course of the event, orientated towards the burning man 05. Entrance/exit as 04. however orientated towards the temple 06. UV strip lights or blacklights fixed to the steel support elements set of the fluorescence in the water. This method of fluorescence ensures that the light remains as bright and emotive on the last day as it started on the first

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Michael Clarke

pg. 82

Black Light Brief_02: Burn

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Structural Loads, Material quantities and General Dimensions The problem with the main proposal is that the pipes holding the water will not stand up of their own accord. They are too flexible to be structural even without the addition of the water’s weight.

Additional support structure needed to house the water tanks (plastic bottles currently holding 59 litres)

The current model has approximately 1705.15m of polypropylene tubing to carry the water around the structure that needs supporting. All calculations work on the basis of 1875m to provide an additional 10% in length for errors on site or the tightness of weave during construction.

The weight of the water in addition to the tubes weight is as follows: Water pipes specification (these are larger than the initial experiments as siphoning is not being used so to reduce the effect of the surface friction inside the tube the tube diameter has been increased.)

Imperial: 1/4” ID, 3/8” OD, 1/16” Wall Thickness, 50, 100 and 500 available lengths (feet), weight: 3.4 lbs / 100 ft

3 steel sections begin to twist when they reach the centre 1 steel section supports each entrance

Metric: 6.35mm ID, 9.52mm OD, 1.6mm Wall Thickness, 15.24m, 30.48m and 152.4m available lengths, weight: 1.5422kg/100ft Weight = 1.5422kg/30.48m = 0.0506kg per metre

Water pipes weight 1875m x 0.0506kg = 94.875kg

Weight and volume of water required to fill the pipes Length of pipe x internal area of cross section of pipe = volume of water in cubic metres 1875m x (Pi x (0.00635/2)²) = 0.059m³ 1m³ of water weights 1 tonne

1 litre of water weighs one kilogram therefore: for 1875m of pipe I will need 59 litres of water and a structure capable of supporting the pipes in addition to 59 kg for the weight of the water.

Total weight of the pipes including water = 94.875kg + 59kg = 153.875kg

This means only three water bottles would be necessary to hold the entire water needed for the structure although I am proposing additional bottles so that the water may be spread out between them and provide a light at the top of the tower. It also means I will need minimal fluorescent dye due to a small volume of water.

In addition to the tubes and the steel work I need UV lighting. I am proposing 6 UV strip lights on each steel element. These are 1200mm long giving a total of 30 UV lights over the structure.

Michael pg. 83Clarke

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0.059m³ = 59kg

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Steel widest point diameter

Base circle diameter

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Each pipe ends rotated through 180째 between the start and end of the central tower

Michael Clarke

pg. 84

Black Light Brief_02: Burn

Water Flow The water in the structure has two functions although is chiefly the performance aspect of the pavilion. The other function is the thermal mass capabilities of water to try and cool the space within the pavilion.

The performance is key to the participants experience of the pavilion. Each night a set amount of water is added to the pavilion with a different coloured fluorescent dye from the top of the central spire. The water cascades around the tubes weaving over the central space and in addition begins to fill up the two entrance tubes and the event clock reflective spaces. Participants will be able to follow the movement of the water and air bubbles through the tubes in a playful exploration. In addition users will be able to climb between the tubes into the reflective spaces to be fully enveloped by the performance.

The dyes are water soluble and can be added to the water in the tank picking and choosing which colours down which routes. UV lighting fixed to the concrete tubes set off the fluorescence within the structure.

<<

A conceptual model to illustrate the effects created by the movement of the water and the dye using a glowstick instead of the dye and black light/. Images are in sequence from left to right

Michael pg. 85Clarke

<< Water Routes Central routes envelope the main space in three segments, each of these has two routes one clockwise and one anti-clockwise

Two routes form the entrance and exit tunnels from the central space.

Michael Clarke

pg. 86

Black Light Brief_02: Burn

>> Water flow process

Controlling The Water Flow The water needs to be constantly added to the structure over the course of the event. For this I need something to regulate the flow of water from the tanks at the top of the structure into the pipes so that the pipes donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t overflow. I have looked at potentially using IV drip controllers to regulate the flow of liquid. This is a simple mechanism that simply pinches the pipes to restrict the flow and is variable via sliding the toothed wheel that clamps the pipe along a slope. Although it would be relatively cheap to buy these, they could also be simply manufactured from wood that could be burnt at the end of the festival. Alternatively, these could be reusable and clamped to the exterior of the pipes.

As there is a constant flow of liquid into the pipes the air already in the pipes will need to have an exit point to allow the water to fill the tubes. This cannot be at a lower level than water entered the pipes otherwise the water will simply flow out of the system when it reaches the end of the pipe. In addition, the flow of water, although added constantly will not move around the structure constantly. Instead it will pool in the pipes low points before flowing over â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;u-bendsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; or being pulled and setting up mini siphons. The pipes internal diameter will also add drag and may need to be increased if the flow will not move around the coils. This unknown aspect to the event of the water adds another dimension and added interest for the participants to experience the art.

clamp wheel water tube

Drip control This is a very basic section through a drip controller for a standard IV drip. The wheel is free to be adjusted to the left or the right clamping the liquid carrying tube more or less to control the flow rate.

Michael pg. 87Clarke

01. Water tanks constructed from plastic water bottles turned upside down hold the full amount of water required to fill the pavilion 02. Water is released to the pipes that make up the pavilion constantly throughout the event regulated by a drip controller similar to an IV medical drip

03. Water circulates around each of the routes, not necessarily in a predictable manner as the pipes twist and turn causing settling, sudden siphons and air pockets to form

04. The end of each pipe needs to be above the point that the water entered to ensure that the air can escape the pipes as the water is forced through and to make sure that the water will not overflow at either end

Michael Clarke

pg. 88