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THE MI CHIGAN REVIEW
Nov ember. 19R5
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§erpent's Qrootll The Michigan Student Assembly and Campuses Against Weapons in Space sponsored a conference on the Strategic Defense Initiative last month. The various leftist constituencies represented by these groups were quite well-behaved at the conference and credit must be given to those who organized the event. Educational forums such as the SDI forum advance knowledge and understanding. They also help the sponsors be seen as ' responsible students interested in seeking the truth, rather than propagandis!s.
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And in more important political affairs. we spotted Paul Jensen pressi ng the flesh along State Street. Rumor has it that Paul will seek the 1986 Republican gubernatorial nomination. Perry Bullard will be relieved.
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For two days in mid-October a student lay on the Diag, usually face down. Nobody seemed to know the purpose of this demonstration. The student would not respond to any attempts at conversation and , except for some squirming when someone threatened to bury "that corpse", did nothing. Students were creative, as one danced around the body singing "Ding dong the wicked witch is dead" but nobody ever ascertained the re~son for the display. Please, if you are the stiff, let us know what you : w(·r~,doing. We ~ave b~f~: ~:~rI~~ ?~. ~. ,;. ;i.hair' out over . It . and now we are reduced to teanng our toupees. Probably was some drunk .
** Jack Lousma was at the Briarwood Hilton for the Bush Reception, following the Vice President's speech at the University. It seems that he was not on the list of people privileged with access to the Vice President in his hotel room. An oversight? We do not know, but Jack eventually introduced George Bush to a screened and friendly crowd, who did not carry sIgns.
On the "Donahue" show, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega likened his suspension of civil rights to a boxer delivering the knock-out blow to his opponent. Since civil rights affect only the Nicaraguan people. the Commandante'smetaphor implies that his opponent is the people, who must go down for the count.
THI5 MONTH .I"'~l/J 8£EN COOKING UP QIlITE,
** And the CIA came to campus to recruit. Instead of passing out information on the organization to interviewing students, radicals decided to violate those students' rights by infringing on the interviewing process. Would they do the same for Ortega's secret police?
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** Smilin' Mike the fashion-monger made the news again lately. Our Paris correspondent spotted the cruisin' comrade with a pair of chic Italian shoes. The Kremlin's Lady Raisa wore a Moscow mini-skirt cut just below the knees. Ron and Nancy take notice.
Such mature behavior did not last too long as a whole slew of events throughout October demonstrated the kl)ee-jerk reactionary opinions of many so-called activists. A small crowd of students, egged on by various student governments, attempted to disrupt a non-partisan speech by George Bush honoring the Peace Corps. One wonders if our student Working in the gold mine leaders might find better things on . Researchers now claim that somewhich to spend the mone y the} extort where between 5 and 7 mi llion labor from us. camP prisoners have died whi le . working in the Kolyma gold mines in the USSR. There is no way to get an accurate count (as Solzhenitsyn said, The recent SDI conference spon"When the government releases the sored by MSA and CAWS (Campus official totals, we shall use them against Weapons in Space) had one instead."). But the death toll has had goal in mind, to ban SDI research. its effect on current excavations. Which makes the events more ironic. Miners have great difficulty extractBy bringing together Prof. Raymond ing gold because they keep on runTanter and Jim Ionson, Ingrid Kock ning into frozen corpses. The Soviet may be responsible for finding Tanter government, once again, has displaya job. ed its love of peace and respect for humanity to the entire world. The "Today" Show came to campus October 17. Again a sman crowd of students, apparently on a 7 a.m. coffee buzz, attempted to disrupt the program and generally failed miserably . Their version of "The Victors" was most amusing, especially when heard over the television set, where it was indistinguishable from the 1898 original.
WCBN, the CDmmunist Broadcasting Network, entertained the Reric\\' at a;fecent staff party with this mouth-watering morsel: That the ReI'ie\\"s editorial board contains: " .. . these sort of sexually-frustrated suburbanite males we see in the dormitories." What would they have to say about broadcasters who spend 30 minutes subjecting the usual 20 listeners .to self-indulgent mental. masturbatIOn?
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Remember this excuse when you go to court. Secretary of state Richard Austin and his driver were recently cited for Speeding. Contrary to all those posters in the Sec. of States offices decrying speeding as 'not saving time. Austin said he frequently drove 65 when late for appointments. Tell that to the judge.
** Here is the son of the Liberal Crackup: At a Washington pub. nOI
';~9l)*agQ~two<:lfouf, ,fr\osl'esteemed public servants engaged in a picture frame smashing repartee. Namely. Teddy "288 is fast approaching" Kennedy and Chris "get smashed and trashed" Dodd excerctsed their responsibilities as moral leaders by breaking one another's framed photograph. Then, 10 and behold, the idiot grin of Dale Bumpers stared down at them. The solons responded accordingly. Giggling hysterically , ~ they destroyed Bumpers' photograph and pounced on each other. Wow' Is this a preview of the next primary season?
** HatS off to Arnold Newt Salamander Chameleon Gingrich for justifying his amphibious name. slithering away from a previously-made commitment to give this journal an interview. It just so happens that our reptilian crony did not realize that his sponsored Grenada Week activities would occur during the time he arranged to speak with us . Oh well , what does one expect from a native of the same state as Jimmy Carter?
** Serpent's Tooth ;s compiled by the ~ Editors and Staff of the Rel';ew
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THE MICHIGAN REVIEW ..............................
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MICHIGAN PlIhlisher
Sandra A. Collins Issociare Pllhlishers
James P. Frego Gerald Weis Edltor-in-Chic:,
Seth B. Klukoff EXl'clII il'e Editors
Stelle Angelotti Joseph M. McCollum Productioll Manager
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The \{/cllI'fOIl U £,I'/( ' 11 1\ plannlOg a memonal Itl Robert <';tetht~m and con Khnghotrt'r. Both '\.ere 'lciousI) murdl'rcd at the hands of Icrron"t~ (;ause Ihe) \'cre American!.. The i to r~ and staff of the Jf/('higoll 11 rccogni7(,' the supreme price men pa id for the ma ni fo ld ings we all enjoy as .... mericans. tnbutions to the memorial arc deductabl e. Checks shou ld he ade payable to rhe ,\I /('}II,/(Oll R('911 N Un l\ersit) , SUIte One. nn Arbor. MI 48109. Please note Here, the smile appears, the hat you arc conlribul1ng te> Ihe meWestern-style suits are adorned. and orial. Announteml.'nl or the cercComrade Mike's smile beams into on) \\ill be made 10 the pagc!.ofthc every household throughout every land. Totalitarian states dominate their media, employing censorship. . • The beauty of Western society is our right to an open media. Therefore, Gorbachev has unlimited opportunity to convey his messages in the cen brlo\\. IS a photo Smihn West. ike Gorbache\. the leader of Evil Thus, the following dangers exist: mpirc. If yo u look closely. a rather Will Gorbachev's propaganda cam- ueerly-shaped birthm ark adorns hi~ paign aimed at terminating SDI erode cad . Th e purpose of Ihls conlest our NATO allies' support for the , in 2S words or less. to descnbe program? Will the propaganda cam- orbachev's raspberry mark . Creapaign erode US support for SDI? Will Ivi l), is urged. T he winner will rethe propaganda campaign terminate . e a gift certificate from Steve's Ice SDI? At the Summit, President Reagan must prevent this. Reagan has the opportunity at Summit to penetrate Gorbach propaganda facade and dredge up realities of Soviet· polley; First; gan must unceasingly bring up th repression of the Jews and othe human rights atrocities committed the Gorbachev regime. Second, must utilize his OW", communicahuul abilities and high popularity among the NATO allies to stress feasibility of the Strategic Initiative. President Reagan has h work cut out for him. However, President has never been one to sh from battle. ~
Mikhail Gorbachev is a shrewd, tactful, and rather intelligent politician. He may be the most competent leader in Soviet history. Gorbachev has vision, energy, and charm, characteristics lacking in Soviet leaders since the early Brezhnev years. What? A conservative is actually praising Mr. Gorbachev? (Well, there goes the stereotype). Yes. It is necessary to gi ve credit where credit is due. You see, the very qualities that make Gorbachev a strong leader make him a severe threat to the West. His preparation for the upcoming Geneva parley with President Reagan clearly reveals this danger. Specifically, Gorbachev has taken the lead in dictating the agenda for the summit, which is, primarily, the termination of the Strategic Defense Iniative. He has done this through a propaganda offensive aimed at the West, portraying hiTTlself i(,~~';;tHe' champion of peace, while villifying Reagan as a warmonger. Every day, Western media devote time to Gorbachev's condemnation of SDI and other assorted warblings. Reagan is then put on the defensive, having to_ beg for equal time on Soviet television. Unlike any previous Soviet leader, Gorbachev realizes that the only way to relate to the Western populace is to warm up to their level. This explains the trips to London' and Paris, accompanied by his glamorous wife Raisa, and interviews with Time.
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THE MICHIGAN REVIEW
November. 14X5
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The Technology ofSDI by James Eridon
Part One of TI\'O On the evening of March 28, 1983, President Reagan announced in a nationally televised address that he was about to direct "a comprehensive and intensive effort to define a longterm research and development program to begin to achieve our ultimate goal of eliminating the threat posed by strategic nuclear missiles." With these words, the president introduced the "Star Wars" concept of nuclear defense to the nation. Since that time much has been written about the strategic desirability of such a defensive system, not all of it accurate. The Union of Concerned Scientists i'ssued a report soon after the President's address, in which they managed to overestimate the number of defensive satellites required by about a factor of ten, and the weight of a particular satellite - a neutral particle accelerator - by a factor of over a thousand, from 25 tons to 40,000 tons. Naturally, some errors are to be expected when discussing systems which do '.:.','lwS.","'.';\, .• , ••
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computer directed power throughout its flight. A typical ICBM flight consists of essentially three stages. In the first stage. lasting from one to five minutes depending on the specific missile design. the booster engines fire in order to carry the missile up to about 200 kilometers above the earth, out of the range of the sensible atmosphere. When the boosters quit tiring, the missile consists of a "bus" carrying perhaps ten independent, armed reentry vehicles (R V s). During the second stage of flight, the bus releases individual RVs one at a time, aiming each at a different target by means of short-duration rocket thrusts. The third stage consists of the RVs' free fall flight to their targets in the US over roughly 7000 kilometers to sea and land at an altitude of 1200 kilometers. The most reasonable time to eliminate an ICBM is during the first stage, called the boost phase. At this time all of the warheads are in the. same place, and the characteristic
which is placed some distance away and held at a positive potential of about 100 million volts. As the ions are pulled to the electrode. they pick up speed until. as they pass through its opening, they are moving at close to the speed of light. At this point the beam consists of negatively charged ions. If allowed to continue in this form. the mutual repulsion between these ions will lead to divergence of the beam. Furthermore, charged particle beams are bent by the earth's magnetic field, which makes it very difficult to aim accurately. To overcome these problems, the ion beam is passed through a chamber containing a thin gas of neutral atoms. The ions in the beam undergo charge-exchange collisions with the gas, giving up their extra electron and leaving the chamber as a neutral beam. A beam of this type, with sufficiently high current. can be used to disable enemy missiles once they cleared the earth's atmosphere. Lasers are. in general, very simple
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a~d .eleJ~~t d~vi;~s . W(hiCh· couvt·en energy 'Ifom one lorm sue h as e eetricity) to another, a beam of coherent light rays. The basic laser consists of a tube of lasant material with parallel mirrors facing each other at either end. The tube is surrounded by an energy input device, such as an electric lamp. Some of the energy given off by the lamp is absorbed by the electrons in the lasant material, raising them to a higher energy level. This process is called "pumping," an analogy with the raising of water into a storage tower. These "excited" electrons are very unstable, and will spontaneously fall back to their orig-
cal physics, " ... factors of ten begin to be important; factors of 100 can win or lose an argument, and factors of 1000 begin to be embarrassing." Very little has been written about what a space-based weapon actually consists of and how it might work. The pejorative term "Star Wars" evokes images of laser beams streakjng through the black void of space, f'triking enemy fighters and blasting them to pieces in a glorious shower of sparks and flame. For many people, this is all they need to know about the technical :;ide of the issue. But to make an intelligent decision about whether to invest a large sum of money and wager a substantial part of our security on these systems, it would be helpful to know something about the basic technology involved. Much of this technology is still in its infancy, and some is merely speculative. Moreover, it is also potentially very powerful, with revolutionary applications in both military and commercial fields. The first step in developing a defensive weapons program is to define what targets the weapons are to shoot at. In the present program, these targets are offensive ballistic missiles. primarily ICBMs. The term "ballistic" refers to the fact that these missiles rely strictly on their initial thrust and the earth's gravity to lead them to a target. This is in contrast to a cruise missile. which relies on
Iy, this leaves three minutes to identify, aim at, and shoot down the missile. During the second and third stages of flight, it becomes more difficult to identify targets and distinguish them from decoys. Other defenses need to be developed for these post-boost targets. Realizing that there is only a short time to identify and shoot down a booster, the motivation for using beam weapons becomes clear. A typical velocity for a rocket powered anti-ballistic missile might be 1 km per second. which means it would have to be within about 200 km of the missile's launch site to have any chance of intercepting the ICBM I during the boost phase. Imagine try-\ ing to place anti-ballistic missile bases within 200 km of Soviet missile , silos. Laser beams, however, move ' through space at 300,000 km per second, and high energy particle beams move at roughly the same speed. The effective range of these weapons can therefore be measured in thol!sands of kilometers. Particle beams have been around much longer than laser beams, and operate on the simple principle that opposite electric charges attract. In a particle accelerator, negatively charged atoms are produced in a source chamber by adding an extra electron to neutral hydrogen gas. These negative atoms - called ions are attracted to a hollow electrode
r
inal levels. When this occurs, the difference in energy between the two levels is used to create a particle called a photon. which is literally a single ray of light. When a photon encounters another excited electron, it stimulates the fall of that electron back to its original level. resulting in the release of another photon. Since all identical 'atoms have the same electron energy levels. this new photon will be identical to the original. Moreover. the new photon will be emitted in the same direction as the original. and "in phase" with it. That is. they will be travelling together in the same direction in lockstep, The mirrors at the Gnds of the laser are used to reflect the photons back and forth through the rod. In this way, only light rays travelling directly perpendicular to the mirrors are allowed to stimulate more photon emission. One of the mirrors is usually only half-silvered. so a fraction of the beam will escape thhrough that end and continue on through space. This beam will be composed of identical light rays - all the 'same "color". Because the rays are all in phase. they will not interfere with each other. and so the beam hardly spreads out. This lack of spreading makes lasers attractive for space wea~ons, since they must travel large distances very quickly without losing much energy along the way.
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see page 5
James Eridoll is a Graduate SllIdefll in Nuclear Engincering and a sta.O· wri/cr/or (hc Michigan Rcvicw.
THE HROTC COLLEGE PROGRAM. $2,000 EXPaSE MONEYAND
ANAVY OFFICER COMMISSION. The two-,ear NROTC Co1leae Protrtam offen you two ,..". 01 e:zpen.se IDOD8Y' that', worth up to '2.000. plua the challen.. of bemmi~ a Navy Officer with early respoasibilities and decision-making au ority. ~. your ur llast two ,.an in coUece the Navy pays for uniforms, NROTC textbooka aDd an allowaDClof 1100 a month for up to 20 months. Upon lP"8duation and campietionof requirements. you become a . Navy Officer. with important decision-Makin, responsibilities. Call your Navy reple&el1tatiw for more information on this c"-Ilengin.g program.
/Ji[1/1< III/Oil Dwd/lllc Jan 31. IV8" (all l.i John e",{el/o
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The two most important criteria used for evaluating a laser or particle beam as a possible weapon are the divergence and total power of the emitted beam . These factors determine how quickly a "lethal" dose of energy can be placed on a target, and at what range this is possible. The "divergence" of a directed energy weapon refers to how parallel the beam (of laser light or neutral atoms) is when it leaves the device. The divergence determines how much beam spreading will take place during transit, and this in turn determines how much of the original beam energy will strike the target. Most lasers have very small divergences. For example, a beam which leaves a good chemical laser with a diameter of I meter would , after a 4000 km trip, have spread to only 1.3 meters. Neutral particle beams have much larger · divergences, due in part to the scattering which takes place in the neutralization chamber, and might spread to about 8 meters over the same distance. If the particular weapon in question produces enough power, of course, the beam divergence may nQt be crucial. Just how much power is 'req uired d epends on. bo th the type of weapon and ' ttie ' target. To give some idea of the power required, it is necessary to know how a beam weapon can disable a missile-carrying booster. The most direct method is to simply focus enough energy on the target to burn a hole through its skin. The energy
IIURA
density necessary to accomplish this is estimated to range from about 10 to 60 kilojoules per square centimeter. For comparison, a 100 watt light bulb expends 60 kilojoules every ten minutes. This number, expressed in kJ/cm is called a weapon's "hardness" . Assuming a beam spot of I meter in diameter and allowing the laser to follow the target for 10 seconds, a quick calculation shows that a laser must be able to deliver about 10 million watts of power to eliminate a booster. For comparison, a goodsized commercial power plant delivers about 1000 megawatts, or about 100 times more power. A particle beam, due to its larger divergence, would need to use all the energy of this power plant to deliver the same energy at the estimated range of 4000 km . Fortunately, particle beams can get by with somewhat less energy than this due to the nature of their interaction with the target. Since particle beams can penetrate anywhere from I to 20 centimeters into the missile, it is possible for these weapons to disrupt or destroy the sensitive electronics inside at much lower power levels. This brings the power requirement of neutral beams ,. down .to the still high level ,of.laser ' . bea ms, about ! 0 mega\V3tt s:'Th1S<'tif} ;.:, course, is the outpllt power; present lasers and neutral beams are not very efficient devices. A laser which converts five percent of its input "pumping" 'energy into light energy is considered very efficient by today's standards. Presumably this difficulty will be overcome in future designs . •
THE
WORLD
. DEFINED
300 bps
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Remember The Wall UgUSt. 1981 ma rked the twentieth ann iversary of the construction o f Ihe Ber lin Wall The significance of th iS evenl went largely unreported by the American press with the notable ex ception of Life magazine
A
Life published seventeen pages of color photos Of the 4.S00·mile border of the Soviel bloc Everywhere , soldiers stand ready 10 shool those who attempt to flee . The sobering im · plications of the Wail were not lost on the author of the article who wrote :
"It 's not the first rime a great power has tried to secure the margins of em· pire behind bulwarl<s of metal and stone. but the Iron Curtain is in one fundamental sense unprecedented. The Great Wall of China. Hadrian 's Wall built by the Romans across ttle north of Engiand-every other fortification of com· parable scale has been a
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Shamefully. ond to our great pe"l. we have allowed thiS groleSQue londmark to become a mere tourisl altraction
poulble to toke your morOI beanngs. this il I'" Joseph
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HILLSDALE COLLEGE FOf Q MI Of 36 Of IIWIM anon. ln1onno1!v. eMaVt. lend 110.00 10 "AlletnatIWK". MtIladOIe COllege. Hl1isdaie. MlchIQan .92<12
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In othe r wo rds . Ih e r, vn dreds of millions of people Within the Soviet bloc are , quite Simply . slaves . Such IS Ihe gr i m realily of the so c l alisI "dream :' The Image of the Wall. With its barbed-wire fences and maChine· gun-tOling gua rds . should be In · delibly etched in Ihe notional con sCiousness
" If there 15 any polltlcol 'oct In thiS wor.d 1rom whIch It shouid be
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1(j.·1. REVIEW
barncade th ro wn UP aQoins t the threat of inVaSion Unique in rllslory. the Iron Curtain IS predicated on ttle need to keep sublect peoples penned in After a few eorlv mOO/fica· hans and continued remoOeling over the yeors. it has beCome a remark · ably effective prison"
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Student Leaders?
The Eagle has Landed
The Michigan Student Assembly, MSA, and the Rackham Student Government, RSG, have gone too far. The University of Michigan is supposed to provide an open forum for conflicting ideas and views of the world. In an open and free university students are abe to benifit from the cross fertilization of ideas, cultures and ways of life. The present debate over Strategic Research on campus centers on the non-claasified open publishability of fundamental basic research. If it cannot be published, it is argued that it does not belong on campus. This argument was used by the Research Policies Committee, RSC, to vote 8-0 to disallow Professor Raymond Tanter's research for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, ACDA. Though many agreed that the research could aid the cause of peace, it would have utilized classified sources and perhaps nOl. been fully publishable. We can see merit in keeping the University open and free, which is whyMSA and RSG mandatory assessments have to go. Prior to Vice President Bush's October 7th visit to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Peace Corps, MSA and RSG voted tp condemn the Bush visit and endorsed the protest against B.ush. Suddenly free speech, open discussion of the issues and all the other fine ideals of the university were thrown out the window. Free speech for only those we support is not democracy, it is totalitarianism. We ask: How can an Administration show that an event is truly of importance to them? Simple, by sending the highest possible representative of the government to that event. As we clearly cannot have the leader of the free world denigrated by a bunch of hoodlums, that task fell on George Bush's shoulders. We submit, having seen the difference between the Union and the Briarwood Hilton, that the Bush visit to campus was not political. Had Bush been seeking support he clearly could have found it in any number of other venues. It is unfortunate to note that U of M no longer behaves like the bastion of intellectual freedom it pretends to be. MSA and RSG, though elected by no more than 15% of the student body, have the unique powers of taxation. Try to avoid paying your MSA and RSG fees and you will be awarded a hold credit. When MSA and RSG decide to present uniquely unAmerican views to the nation and world, and portray these as the views of the student body as a whole; then comes the time for the student body to rise up and free themselves. We say students of U of M, unite. Free yourselves. You have nothing to lose but the chains of MSA and RSG oppression. 13
Leon Klinghoffer's death at the hands of terrorists has set off a change around the world. After an interminable period of inaction, the U.S. has swiftly dealt with terrorists. The frequently touted Shultz Doctrine, of retaliation against clearly identifiable terrorists has worked well in its maiden trial. Four 'F-14s from the carrier Saratoga intercepted an Egyptian Airlines jet as it attempted to reach Tunis. The result? Four Palistinean terrorists, members of Mohammed Abbas'Palistinean Liberation Front, PLF, now await trial in Italy. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak has been seriously compromised by his "chumminess" with PLO leader Yassir Arafat and by his less than honest communiques with Washington. Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi's Socialist government has fallen in the wake of revelations that Craxi escorted Abbas from Sicily to Rome and then allowed the known hijacker and terrorist to go to Yugoslavia. All of this, despite U.S. requests that Italy fulfill its treaty obligations to hold Abbas pending U.S. extradition. Included in the package filed by the State Department were transcriptions of broadcasts between Abbas and the Achille Lauro hijackers, monitored by Israeli inteJligence.'l'ri lhese·tapesthetetrorists called AbbasuCommander" and Abbas in turn issued explicit orders to his command. What next? With the clear knowledge that Mohammed Abbas, an Arafat right-hand man, is implicated in this despicable act of terror; no longer can thinkin~eople delude themselves that Yassir Arafat is now just another diplomat. Diplomats do not pian, support and condone terrorist acts. Terrorism thrives on the civilized community; it simultaneously attacks and hides behind law, justice and fair play. It is preferable to round up terrorists and prosecute them; however,in the absence of such means, we must not refrain from making terrorism a losing game. Mohammed Abbas must not be allowed to remain free to plan further attacks on innocents like Leon Klinghoffer. In this way Leon Klinghoffer shall truly be a hero. We must itot lose our new found resolve, we have a duty to ourselves, our future and to Leon Klinghoffer to see to it that terrorism is no longer zy a viable strategy at the hands of our enemies.
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THE MICHIGAN REVIEW
November, 1985
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(JJommentary in
The Refuseniks by Gerald Weis
As the Reagan-Gorbachev summit nears, questions arise as to what issues President Reagan will raise with the new Soviet Communist Party General Secretary, According to our State Department sources; two main factions compete for the President's ear, namely, the ideologues and the bureaucrats. In this view the ideologues are likely to press for a tough stand with Mikhail Gorbachev. The bureaucrats, on the other hand, are apt to stress the "need" for some new agreement with the Soviets. A key player in this scenario is U.S. Ambassador Paul Nitze. Our source indicates that Nitze is likely to chart a middle course. Nitze's briefing will likely stress the need to act secure. This can be achieved by firmly putting forth the U,S. position on issues o~. con~ern,
Jews became suspect. In Stalin's mind, they might have been agents of a foreign power - Isreal. As a result, the doors of higher education were closed to Jews. When~ there was no dissatisfaction on the part of Jews, the restriction on Jewish enrollment created it. In the Soviet Union, education is the main channel of upward mobility. Today it is a crime to teach or learn Hebrew in the Soviet Union. Only one language in all of mankind rates such a punishment. Many Jews are not hired into positions of merit because their non-Jewish supervisor fears the repercussions that may befall him/her if one of his/her subordinates applies for emigration. When one applies for an exit visa they are fired from their jobs, denounced by famil~ and friends (who must sign
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~euiew
Repression of Creativity in the Soviet Bloc
i . . E by CraIg T. Brown i i
In Eastern Bloc countries, repres~ sion comes in many forms. Besides ~ the repression of dissenting political thought and repression of non-state religion, there is perhaps the most i archaic of all repression, the repres~ sion of creativity. ~ The type of repression most commonly used behind the 'Iron Curtain' i IS that of censorship. Also popular in Eastern Bloc countries is the 'Star Chamber' type of trial, in which a i court of government officials decides that so~eon.e. such as A~atoly Scha-
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:-,akharov was dismissed from his job and later, imprisoned in the city of Gorky, Sakharov is now a symbol of the. repressed of the communist world. He serves as a reminder that the Solzhenitsyns as well as the Scharanskys cannot be forgotten: The stories of the oppressed of the Soviet Union are well known, but the most violent repression of creative thought is never publicized. Although we are able to get stories of scattered cases, much of the information must be s~uggled .out .and the accuracy of
~~~~~tr~l~!~~¥i~"'~i~~~~.,~W~~WW~t~;;,:~t~~,:\.;t'i';::~~.:=:.~:~=~l::!:':'':.i;.,:~~:.:e:=~:~~,. ,~~t. for the .,mos~ part, by the KGB. By firing them from ~ The term 'Politically threatening' is The country of Czechoslovakia is their jobs, the state opens them up to i used in a completely arbitrary sense at this very moment a center of "Parasitism" charges. ~ in most of these countries. Anything dissent in the Eastern·Bloc countries. In the Communist dogma, the So- i that makes the state look other than In January, 1985, the Czechoslovak
complex and the "heavy" SS 18's and SS 19's being called "light" by the Soviets so as n01 to admit toa SALT I violation); human rights; Soviet occupation of Afghanistan; the welfare of Andrei Sakharov, his wife, <:nd that of Soviet Jewry. By begining a new era in U.S.-Soviet negotiations with a list of problems to be resolved, Ronald Reagan can avoid appearing too eager to accept any treaty with the Soviets. Mikhail Gorbachev's French propaganda offensive met with limited success because Mitterand raised the issues of Afghanistan, human rights, the treatment of Sakharov and other dissidents, and the state of Soviet Jewry. Being Jewish in the Soviet Union today is a severe handicap. One's internal passport forever identifies you as "Jew", thus aiding in official . . . . . and unoffiCIal antI-semItIsm. DespIte . . . early recognitIOn of Israel by Stalm,
viet Union is the most progressive i perfect is threatening and the wrfter is human rights movement, Charter 77, society in the world - a workers i forbidden from publishing his work. celebrated its cigth anniversary. It is paradise, hence emigration is taboo. i, In extreme cases, such as the case of incredible that tM group even lasted In general only two groups have been ~ Dr. Andrei Sakharov, the offender is more than a few months. Since its allowed to emigrate, the baltic Gerplaced either in a prison camp or a advent in 1977, the Secret Police has mans and the Jews. The Soviets treat i closed clly. directed a tremendous hate campaign emigration as a good to be traded i "Let us learn to express our opinagainst the group, which consists of with the West. This translates into ~ ion without heeding the masters' remany great thinkers such as journalist opening and closing the spigots of ~ action and without fear for our lives." Jiri Dienstbier. emigration according to the state of : - Andrei D. Sakharov Over 1,200 people signed the manEast-West relations. This statement was published in ifesto of Charter 77. The bravery of In 1974, the U.S. recognized this the premier issue of the Samizdat these people must be applauded for link, between emigration and the Bulletin. The Samizdat is a movethis feat. Most of the signatories to state of relations, by the lackson-Vament of repressed writers in commuthe charter have since lost their jobs nik Ammendent to Soviet Most Fanist countries, providing a vehicle for and arc almost continually harassed vored Nation legislation. Many the repressed works to be published. by their peers and by the KGB. Many Sakharov's famous memo of 1971 of their children have been dismissed see page 11 to leonid Brezhnev was one of the from school and are under continG Id Tl" . A . P bl' h . most famous repressed works; not for uous police surveillance. Moreover, era nelS IS ssocw/e u 15 er of . .. l b ' . . J \{. I . R' . Its artIstIC stye, ut because of the theIr parents arc subject to terronsl t Ie IC ligan enell' , t' h ' . reputatIOn 0 t e wnter. Sakharov IS attacks. still known as one of the Soviet Perhaps the most persecuted of the Union's most brilliant scientists and Eastern Bloc artists arc the poets. The EMIGRATION FIGURES also as the father of the Soviet Hystory of I va Kotrla, a Czech poet, In 1·97:1: .,').700 "sa, lIefe granted drogen Bomb. typifies such repression. Iva Kotrla, In 1974· 20.60() \ i,as "cr,' granted In the work, Sakharov brings up who has never been allowed to pubIn 1'175: I LBO """ "ere granted many issues considered taboo in the lish any of her work in her native In 1976· 14.1}6 II"" "erl' grantl'd Soviet Union such as political perseland, was forced to leave a CzechoIn 1977: 17.()20 lisas "en' granted cution and economic problems, He slovak university in 1970, two yCar" In 14n :lO.O(X) II"" lIelT granted out 140.()(~) applicatIOns lor Inl ilalions from )<,rad lIere made. suggests SOlutions that would solve after the SO\ iet invasion o( tilt' . In 1479: SI.(XX) \ J"" lIere granted and a further 200.000 Jnl 1l01l0n, 'Acre requested frol11 hrae!. the national problems but would also Sl'C page II In i'lHO: 215(~) """ "l'rl' grantl'd allow political dissenters to make In I<)SI 'i.4JI II"" \I\'fl' grantl'd - Ie" than y" of those "aJtmg. Craig 1'. Br/ml/ /I a Frnl!lI}([1/ II/ 1.s. I their views known. In short, SakhaIn 1%2· 2.671l """ \I ere granted. For the lirst IIl11e. appilcanb \\Olild not he all<l\\cd to rl'-arpil al/d a S{af1It'fllcr lor Ihe .\/Ic!llg011 roy dared to suggest that communism In 1983: I.JIS \ 1'>.1' were granted and Emigration ha, \ Irtuall\ ccu\cd. Rcriclt. does not work. As a result of this,
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page 8
THE MICHIGAN REVIEW
No\cmbcr. 1985
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iprcial Itiraturr ***~************************** Statement on Freedom of Speech and Artistic Expression: Rights and Obligations of Speakers, Performers, Audience Members, And Protestors at the University of Michigan Civil Liberties Board (as approved by SACUA January 24, 1977, and by President Fleming on January 26, 1977) (Approved by the Regents, October 21, 1977)
During the past month protesters ha\'e interrupted, or tried to disrupt, the speeches of several invited Unirersity gllests, including Vice President George Bush, Clarence PendletOI/, and NBC's Today show. The fol/owing set of guidelines and sanclions, lI'hich according 10 the Office of the Regents is still in effect to this day, would hal'e remedied the con/licts between the actil'ists and the speakers and alldience. We feel that these gllidelines hare been ignored. and that the Regenls and President Shapiro shollld immediately begin enforcing Ihcl11. Flirthermore, the gUidelines dearl.\' prohihit resollltions slIch as ,hof(' passed by "'S~I (11/(/ 'he Rockham Student GOl'ernment. •• It ••• ' ••••••• , ••••• ' •••• "
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PRf:,\i\18Lf. RCl'Cntl'vcnts at The lIni\'(~rsity of Michigan and elsewhere emphasize the pressing need for Ihe mcmb<:rs of the University community Induding faculty. students. and employees to reallirm f()rmally their deep and lasting commitmcnt to freedom of speech and artistic l'xpression. and to clarify the consequences of that commitment with respect to University aCli\lties and C\Tnts. Freedom of speech in this ('ontl'.\t will be laken to encompass all forms of communication and artistic expression as well as the frl'l'dom to listen. watch. or otherwise participate in such communication. It is hoped that thi s rcalTirmation will win the support, in spirit as well as in leller, of people representing the entire' spectrum of opinion of the Univer'>Ity community for creation of a truly open lorum. o ne in which diverse points of view can be expressed and heard. hpression of diverse points of view is of the highest importance. not only for those who l'SPOUSl' :1 causc or position and then defend il. hut also fo r th ose who hcar and pass judgement on that dl'fc il sc. For this reason . freedom of 'p''l'ch mu st not ordinarily be restricted. govnned or curwilcd in any wa y by content except · wheR' the law. as interpreted by the Supreme Court of Mi chigan. or the Supreme Court of the l in itcd States. holds that such an ex pres,ion dOl'S II ot 1:1 11 within constitutionally proil'l'lt'd frl'e spel'ch. In all instances. Uni\'ersity <lulilorili,', shou ld act \\ 1Ih maximum (on-
strainl. even in the face of obVIOUS bad taste or provocation. The belief that some opinion is pernicious. false . or in an y other way detestable cannot be grounds for its suppression . When a speech or some form of artistic expression such as a play or concert is disrupted or curtailed. ostensibly as a protest against a speaker or performer as a symbol of policy. institution. or nation. the effect is just as surely an allack against freedom of speeeh and artistic expression as an attack on the 11lIellectual content of the speeeh or performance. Protestors have ample opportunity to register their distaste for speakers or performers before' or after their performance. The Civil Liberties Board of the Senate Assembly recommends endorsement and adoption of the following guidelines pertaining to freedom of speech and artistic expression, and prompt establishment of an effective judiiary, body' a~".\TJW;' .uni \ ersi Iy or,cMich~gjli'l" :tb":' adjudicate violation's of freedom of speech and artistic expression in University activities. Sanetions and 'G uidelines I. It is the right of an)' and all speakers invited by members of the University community. 4f groups under the aegis of the University. to set forth their views and opinions at the University. 2. It is inappropriate for the Universit y to bar an y invited speaker from appearing before the University community. J. Within its lawful authority to do so. the University will protect the right of any invited speaker to talk and be heard. and also will protect the rights of those members of the University community who wish to hear and communicate with such an invited speaker. 4. It is the right of University officials to make a judgment when it is likely that the rights of any invited speaker to talk and the audience to listen may be infringed upon , and to take appropriate measures to safeguard these rights. even when such measures are not requested or desired. 5. Pressure to revoke an invitation for a speaker to appear at the University because of the potential for a violent reaction to the speech. constitutes intellectual blackmail, and cannot be tolC'rated. Likewise. the purposeful shunning of a controversial speaker of some merit solel y because his appearance may invite disruption or violence is contrary to the intellectual ideals of the University community. and is a major concession to demagoguery. 6. Within the conlines of a hall or physical facility. or in th e \'icinit) of where an invited speaker is addressing an assembled audience. protestors must not interfere unduly with the orderly communication between the speaker
and members of the audience. This prohibition against undue interference does not include suppression of the usual range of human emotions commonly displayed by an audience during heated diseussions of controversial topics. 7. The rights of protestors must be guarded as zealously as those of speakers. Protestors may certainly express their opposition to a speaker In an orderly fashion outside of the hall or physical facility or area where a leclUre or meeting is be ing held, or organize alternate forums. 8. Speakers dare encouraged to exchange ideas with members of the audience and to engage in a meaningful dialogue gnmane to the subject at hand so that points of contention can be directly addressed . This dialogue may be terminatl'd by the speaker. or by the chairperson. or by requesl of memhcrs of the audience 10 lb~chairpers()n, Ifand when tbi,exebange of ideas itself is used as a means of disruption and interferes unduly with the orderly communication between the w ca ker and the audiencc 9. If protestors within the confines of the hall or physical faCIlity interfhe with the communication between the speaker and the audience . the chairperson or University representati ve present must. if possible. put the protestors on notice that th('), arc interfering with the rights of the speaker and members of the audience. If the protestors do not stop their undue interference. the chairpersnn or University [('presentative should proceed with those measures deemed necessary to reestablish order. which may include the physical removal of the protestors from the area . Cancelling, adjourning to another time or placc. or allowing an extended interruption of a speech or meeting is tantamount to the complete denial of the right to speak as well as the right of the audience to listen. The overriding goal of the chairperson or University representative during a disruption must be to reestablish as rapidly as possible an atmosphere conducive to orderly communication bctween the speaker and the audience. 10. Application of these guidelines and sanctions against those in the University community or others outside this community who violate them shall be the responsibility of the President or those to whom he may delegate authority. II. Because frel"dom of speech plays such a critical role in the functioning of a university. interference with the exercise of this freedom by members of the University community is c\'idence of a blatant di sregard for the spirit of free Intellectual inquiry and. as such. constitutes grounds for severe University disciplin ary action. ~
Nove mber, 1985 '4
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Agnes of God by Molly Suessmuth
Anne Bancroft .. ,. .. Mother Superior Jane Fonda . Dr. Martha Livingston Meg Tilly ... ..................... ... ,. ... Agnes Directed by Norman Jewison
Agnes of God, in spite of its similarity to the classic mystery film, is a serious consideration of the age old questions about God, religion, and miracles. Meg Tilly plays Agnes, the young nun who has been isolated from modern society her entire life. Agnes. as a character, is a psychological puzzle. Her love for God ' and the cburch is beautifully innocent, but at the same time her naivete has forboding intensity that characterizes the film's plot. She becomes pregnant, but does not remember giving birth or strangling the child shortly after birth . Agnes' personality is
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three dimentional as Agnes and Li\ingston. and tends to be upstaged by the other ac tresses. She actively displays the church's adv oca te in the film . co ncerned primaril y with protecting the nunnery and Agnes. The photograph y and scenery stunninly portray the two extremes of the nunnery and the modern v.orld that pervade the film and characters. The photography shows that Livingston 's environment in modern Canada is very colorful. In Livingston's world. there are BMWs. fur coats. and plush apartments, but no room for miracles or the unexplainable. This contrasts with the nunnery which is nearly void of all color. but bright with Agnes' innocence, love and belief in miracles. The most important aspect of the film is that the skeptical Dr. Liv-
complex, but Tilly manages to find the necessa ry balance between overdramatization and dullness that commends her stunning performance. The plot revolves around her interaction with Dr. Livingston, a court appointed yuppie psychiatrist portrayed by Jane Fonda. It is her duty to decide if Agnes conciously killed the child and whether or not she must be legall y tried for murder. Livingston is the typical psychiatrist, bent on prying into Agnes' psyche not only to find answers to the courfs basic questions, but also for the reasons behind Agnes' schizophrenic tendencies. Livingston is determined to explain Agnes' case through modern psychiatry, battling the Mother Superior, portrayed by Anne Bancroft. Bancroft's character is not as
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ingston acknowledges Ihal she will never find the origins of Agnes' pregnancy. nor will she understand her personality through psychiatry . Tht' film is effective because the viewer identifies with Livingston . as she is the modern personality entering a world that is foreign 10 .1110S1 twentieth-century pe;)pk. Moreovcr. the audience shares her doubt and skepticism, .. 1.1511 (,.1 of God is controversial because it makes peo ple think about possibilities that either atheism or their religion keeps them from accepting. ~
.\1011l' ,')'l/('.ISIJ I//tl! is a Jllllior III Fllg· Iish and slalr II'riter .till' Ih<' ,\Iic/llgall R ('riel\'.
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The Hanover Band of London by Eric Winiecke
On Saturday evening, October 12th, Hill Auditorium was visited by an orchestra from the past, T!le Hanover Band. The ensemble is a small chamber orchestra modeled after Beethoven's Burgtheater Orchestra of Vienna. It lacks a conductor, and the musicians perform on authentic nineteenth-century instruments. To add an even greater air of authenticity, the group performed an all-Beethoven concert, opening with The Overture to the Creatures of Prometheus Op. 43, followed by the First Concerto for Piano and Orchestra, ending with Symphony No.1 in C major. Op. 21. Unfortunately, the performance fell short of many expectations. This was obvious from the start of the performance. The flutist was the major culprit, overwhelming the orchestra with her constant mistakes. (Most of which were not half as ~ noticeable as the conciliatory expressions on her face.) The strings gave a good performance of the overture.'
Their tone was strong and clear, which added a remarkable brilliance to the sound . The real problems occurred during the First Concerto. Melvyn Tan, the soloist, entered the stage with vivacity and started a truly great performance of Beethoven's First Piano Concerto. This ended with his unusually long cadenza, in which Tan strayed from Beethoven's general style, bringing snickers and sneers from the majority of the orchestra. After the cadenza, the performance virtually fell apart. The clarinets' failure to enter on time started this downfalL Due to the lack of concentration on the part of the orchestra as a whole, this mistake commenced a domino effect throughout the orchestra, which eventually affected the soloist himself. After intermission. the orchestra began with renewed energy, actuall y doing justice to Beethoven's symphony. The flutist continued her mistakes. but by th is time the or-
chestra expected them and was not as easily distracted. The audience was pleased with the orchestra's performance of the First Symph ony. showing their appreciation by demanding an encore. The orchestra repeated the last movement of the symphony for the encore. Many of the mistakes made by the orchestra would not have occurred under the direction of a conductor. Traditionally , orchestras of the nineteenth-century did not use conductors. It took concentration and a gro'lp of talented musicians to ensure a competent effort. The Hanover Band lacked concentration, if not talented musicians. In short, the orchestra cheated their Ann Arbor audience of a good performance. ~
Eric Willi£'cke is II Sophom ore in LSA and a siatr IITiter fo r {he Michigall Rel'iell '
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page 10 THE MICHIGAN REVIEW
November. 1985
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Who Cares About 1h;taltl1 in ~tuitw Student ·Leaders? AIDS: Medical Murder Mystery ,w Joe Typh\)
Well, it has been quite some time since I last filled you in on the derring-dos of our Ann Arbor radical clan. Life has been exciting lately as the demonstrations heat up while tax deform cools down . The stories are {lying, so let's fling a few of them at you. IN-CARR-CERA TION ... Alfonse Carr of the Upper Peninsula Liberation Organization (UPLO) is this' month's People's Sit-In Coop Martyr of the Year. Alfonse , "that drunken slob" to friends and foes alike, sat in on a local State Representative's office for three days while demanding independence for the Upper Peninsula. "It helped that they had Molson's in the fridge," hiccupped AI. Poor guy. He has suffered a lot: missing many classes, being labeled an alcoholic, being stuffed into a crowded drunk tank, and having one hellacious hangover . . :
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Ellie Rhomboid (aka EI-Bo) says that her recent trip to Havana has convinced her of one thing: "It's a bcau li fu l cilY bUI Ihey should nol endorse McDona lds'cxploitation of rain forests by displaying that big Golden Arch downtown." Sounds like EI-Bo missed her connection ...
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Some University of Michigan activists have discovered a new form of discrimination . A few weeks ago, Sit-In Coop members shaved their heads in a mass demonstration to protest prejudice against balding people. The demonstrations continued and culminated on the Diag when one activist removed Willard Scott's toupee ...
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Sit-In Coop funnyman Henry Wiltzhopf likes to quote essayist Tom Wolfe on our favorite Commandante: "Daniel Ortega is Fidel Castro as played by Woody Allen . . . " Huh? Well, maybe the Prez could market.a new wine: Broadway Danny Rose' ... S~YODNYA
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The Chairman of the Sit-In Coop is now pursuing a graduate degree , to w,hit, a doctorate in general studies. When asked what his research may involve , the Chairman said , " An ything, as long as it does not get too specific . . ."
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Local Leftist leaders are not dismayed by the complete suspension of civil rights in Nicaragua. Says spokesperson Hal Humdrum, "There have been many problems recently with anti-Sandinista activities. People were doing terrible things, like shouting down Sandinista leaders who spoke in public in protest of the draft. One government minister gave a non-partisan speech at a university, honoring a public works program. He was heckled mercilessly. I think they should have felt honored that the government cared enough to send someone important. Another minister gave a lecture and nobody could hear him due to the anti-government radicals. Why couldn't these people use traditional means of dissent, like - wriling their Commanda n. <?r" (Q.t~~ . for new Sand inistas? This sort ' of behavior is disruptive and intolerable. We denounce their behavior and endorse the so-called 'crackdown' as another possible step in the Sandinista experiment ... "
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Some ecological activists got stoned recently and staged a pollution trial. Convicted were the presidents of General Motors, Dow Chemical, and Ford as well as three Diag squirrels. "The squirrels were making Ca-ca all over the cement," said SNR student Jamie Somers. The convicts were out of town and escaped punishment, except for two of the squirrels who were apprehended and crucified on the UGLi bulletin board ... And I will be back soon with more of . the adventures of our student leaders. Until then, power to the
people~
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Joseph Typho is a Senior in the School of Natllral Resources and BlIddhist Studies and is serl'ing as an . interpreter at the Reagan- Gorbachel' Summit.
by Karl J. Edelmann
AIDS, the Aquired Immunodefi- by their own defense mechanisms. In ciency Syndrome, is a conglomera- this case, the disease will arise betion of symptoms and diseases that cause the mechanisms are not workhave come to be recognized as un- ing properly. These diseases include iformly fatal. But where did this PneulIlo(l'stis Carinii pneumonia and modem-day plague come from and systemic' fungal infections, what is medical science doing to stop At present, a test is available that its spread? can detect the presence of antibodies There is now overwhelming evi- to the AIDS virus. Having antibodies dence linking a well-known virus to the virus does not necessarily called Human T-Cel! Lymphocyte mean that one has AIDS. If no Virus III, or simpl y HTLV-IIl, with antibodies are found, further investithe disease we now call AIDS. This gation into his disease will usually, virus has been studied for quite some but not always, show a cancer that time and, only recently, was found to was missed on initial examination . be the agent linked with AIDS. It is So what does this all mean for the presently believed that this virus, like general population? First, there is most viruses, was not disease-causing overwhelming evidence that HTLVuntil the last few years when it ran- I II is spread by intimate contact with doml y mutated to a pathogenic form . mucus membranes and blood prodMuch like a cold virus operates, ucts of those which harbour the virus. HTLV-III is believed to have This is the reason young hemophechanged one or two small pieces of liacs contract the disease. They have . ge.ll~~ic code..lhathaokeptthe>vj.rus ". received a · blood ,product which has benign. With its new-found virulence, been contaminated by the AIDS or disease-causing ability, HTLV-Ill virus. One will not catch the disease found its way into the highest-risk by shaking the hand of an AIDS population for transmitting the dis- victim and children will not contract ease, those who are in close contact the disease at school. with internal body secretions like Second, there is growing evidence · blood and mucus. that the disease can and has spread to Evidence is also mounting that the the heterosexual· community. The disease began in the in the African safest and most effective way to curnation of Zaire, where a large amount tail the spread of AIDS is by estaof the population exhibits resistance blishing and maintaining a monogato the virus in their bloodstreams. It mous relationship without sexual is interesting to note that in Africa, promiscuity. Third, evidence is also AIDS is a heterosexual disease among mounting that the sharing of needles all age groups. It is believed that the and other drug paraphernalia within disease then spread to the Caribbean the drug community contributes to island of Haiti , and finall y to the the spread of the disease. United States through the homosexFinally, a calm attitude must preual and/ or drug abuse population. vail when dealing with AIDS. MediBecause of a long latency period, cine has quickly made important AIDS only began to be recognized gains because of an urgency by the. and studies intensely in the early public to educate themselves about 1980's. this dreaded disease. Now comes the For a person to be classified as time when we must wait for the data having AIDS, several criteria must be to accumulate and be sorted out met. First, the person must be c1ini- before we can determine whether a call y immunodepressed, without an vaccine can be produced that will apparent reason. Kidney transplant fight AIDS. At present, a remedy for patients, Lymphoma patients, and the di,se"se does not exist. ~ Steroid-dependent arthritis patients all have a component of immunode- Karl 1. Edelmann is Medical Carrepression either because of the medi- spondenlfor the Rel'iew cations that they need to take or because of the disease that they have. They do not fit the AIDS symptom of immunodeficiency because thCKe is a knOll'll cause of illness present. Second, patients must have an illness that would normally be stopped
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Americans today, including members of organizations dedicated to aiding Soviet Jewry, believe the myth that Jackson-Yanik caused the spigots to close , They ad vocate r-epeal of JaCKSOn- Vanlk , It must be noted that the peak year of Soviet emigration , 1979, came despite Jackson-Yanik. No doubt, the Soviets would like us to repeal Jackson-Yanik. There is no evidence · such action would aid the flow of Jewish emigration, Isreali Prime Minister Shimon Peres backed down on commitments to build Yoice of America transmitters in Israel. This after the Soviets approached Israel with promises of better treatment for Soviet Jews and the easing of emigration restrictions. The Soviets have yet to comply. Since Mikhail Gorbachev's ascension to General Secretary of the CPSU , Soviet treatment of Jews has been inconsistent. Jewish dissidents
imprisoned in the Gulag have met with decreasing, then increasing restrictions on family visits, letters allowed and general routine. Jewish emigration remains at an all time low. There was a highly publicized simultaneous approval of visas for several Moscow re/usniki. but this so-called act of good will has yet to be repeated. Present Party line on Soviet Jewry is that all who wanted to emigrate have already done so. Clearly this is not so, just ask Anatoly Scharansky or any of a myriad of other rc/usniki languishing in the . Soviet Uni.on , fired from their jobs, alienated from their colleagues and friends and harrassed by the KGB. ~
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country. She was forced to find work as a maid until she married. Within the past four to five years she has gained a reputation both in and out of her country as one of the finest young Czech poets. She has since published two volumes of her poetry through the Christian Academy in Rome. She also gained recognition as a Samizdat poet when she published her novel , Trapping Angels. in 1984. Recently Iva and her husband Zdenek were put on trial and convicted of trying to smuggle manuscripts out of the country, in the trunk of their car. The charge: attempting to damage the Czech oslovak Republic's interests abroad. Zdenek and another man were sentenced to ten months' conditional imprisonment. As part of the trial , Iva's poetry was introduced and analyzed publicl y by the Institute for Research into Social Consciousness and Scientific Atheism. In order to persecute Iva for her Catholic beliefs, the poetry was deemed "distorted," supposedly "misrepresenting" historical facts. I va's husband is now a hostage of the state, meaning that any future offense would result in immediate imprisonmenl , plus the ten month original sentence.
The plight of Rumanian artists is embodied in the story of writer Dorin Tudoran. Tudoran became well known in his country because he dared to criticize the governing Ceausescu' regime. Tudoran is unlike other persecuted authors - he was once on the side of the Communist . Party, only recently resigning. Immediately following his resignation, he was persecuted from all sides. None of his work was published in Rumania and every aspect of his life was monitored by 'Big Brother.' In April, 1985, Tudoran embarked upon a hunger strike to gain permission to leave the country. After a period in which Tudoran was considered to be an "unperson," he was finally allowed. to leave Rumania. Tudoran arrived in the United States this past summer. The problem of repression of creativity is a most controversial and frustrating problem. Because of the strangle hold that the USSR has over Eastern Europe, we are forced to sit and watch as thousands of artists are persecuted or killed on the basis of · false charges in the tradition of Socrates. We must never forget the plights of Iva KOlrla , Andrei Sakharov and the
countless uripublicized cases of re·· pression in the Eastern Bloc. If we were ever to forgel the problems of these people, we would, in effect, be giving the oppressive govenments of Eastern Europe "Carte Blanche" to continue their repressive practices. 'ft.
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THE MI CHIGAN REVIE,W
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iiooks in
to disable distant target s would weigh in excess of 500 to ns ." While Jastrow's description of a neutral particle beam is more detail ed . it is clearer for the layman than th e UCS's attempt: "Physicists have known for some time that a hydrogen atom, which normally consists of one electron circling around a central nucleus. is capable of holding on to two electrons. although the second electron is held quite weakl y. The second electron gives this atom an excess of electrical charge; it is no longer electricall y neutral. Therefore, if an electrical force or voltage is applied to the atom. it will pick up speed. After the atom has been accelerated to the desired speed, it is a relatively easy matter to shake loose the extra electron. which , it should be remembered. is not very tightly attached to it. The end result is that we now ha ve a neutral but fast moving beam of atoms." Jastrow further argues that a more accurate estimate of the weight for a powerful enough neutral particle gun (for an SOl system) would be close to 25 tons, far below the UCS's estimate. The UCS attempts to show the impossibility of SOl by demonstrating the difficulties that technology would have to overcome. However, by failing to mention what researchers are doing to overcome these difficulties, the UCS leaves itself open to refu~ation.. The UCS . C0ffeCtl¥ , says t hat an electron beam would ". . . follow a curved path in the magnetic field of the earth and (therefore) are extremly hard to aim ." However. Jastrow tells us, ". . . scientists at Li vermore have found an ingenious way to get around these problems ... (a) laser is first used to clear a channel in the earth's magnetic field and the electron beam ... travels through this clear channel." While this UCS omission is understandable in that they may not have heard of the developments at the Livermore labs~ the UCS also makes serious and obvious errors within their book. Perhaps the most blatant is a chart, showing that even if no warheads were to get through an SOl system, ten p~rcent of the US
~euieUt
by Charles D. Lipsig
THE FALLACY OF STAR WARS. by Union of Concerned Scientists. Random House. New York, 1984. 293 Pages.
HOW TO MAKE NUCLEAR WEAPONS OBSOLETE. by Robert Jastrow. Little, Brown and Company. Boston, \985. 175 Pages.
Presently. one of the most widely and vehemently discussed subjects in science is the feasibility of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SOl). On one end of the spectrum is the Union of Concerned Scientists, who ,in The Fallacy of Star Wars. propose that such a system is technologically impossible and dangerous to nuclear stability. On the other side is former NASA scientist Robert Jastrow, who . in Hall' to ,\ fake Nile/ear Weapons Obsolete. says that SOl is highly likely to end the arms race by the 1990's. The Fallacy of Slar Wars was written by the UCS Panel on Ballistic Missile Defense. (That is, the pan of the book on SDL Another section. which discusses anti-satellite testing, was written by the UCS Panel on Anti- Satellite testing.) The members of the panel are Kurt Gottfried. Henry Kendall. Hans Bethe, Peter Claussen . eRichard Garwin. Noel Gaylor. Richard Ned Lebow. and Victor Weisskopf - a rather formidable cabal of eminent scientists. However. with a large number of writers. views Will differ within the group. In the UCS's case. this leads to internal contradictions. For example. in the introduction. the panel writes about Mutual Assured Destruction: "This demonic pact is not the product of careful military planning: it is not a policy or doctrine. Rather, it is a fact of life. It descended like a
~ ,\
medieval plague - momentous , inexorable. and somewhat mysterious. And even as the specter of atomic annihilation settle-d over the political terrain of East and West , it became common to regard the threat of mutual suicide as neither logical or moral." After reading this passage. one is left with the assumption that MAD is an evil that should be removed as quickly as society would a murderer. However, several pages later, this contradiction occurs: "But deterrence resting on the threat of such devastation (that is. MAD) had two saving graces." These "graces" were the limit on need for nuclear forces and nuclear stability. Dr. Robert Jastrow's Hall' to Make Nllclear H' eapons Obsolete is written consistently. leaving the reader without any doubt about the author's views. On Mutual Assured Destruction: "(MAD), although invented by intellectuals who have. probably never killed a fellow human , is nonetheless. a cruel policy, because it leaves the American people open to incineration by Soviet nuclear weapons. and only offers the incineration of the Soviet people as a deterrent to that dreadfull act." Through his book. this view does not change. The major portions of these books discuss both the technology being proposed for SOl and its feasibility . The UCS avoids discussing in any detail the current research , contenting themselves to say that such-and-such is impossible because such-and-such will happen. For example, on the possible use of neutral particle beams, the UCS states: "Neutral particles, such as hydrogen atoms, are not affected by the earth's magnetic field. Devices exist that accelerate and aim charged particles and convert them into a neutral beam before ejecting them . But a device that could produce a beam with sufficient intensity
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pop ul ati on would still be killed . The onl y way for this to be acce pted would be to say that ten pe rcent of the US population is alread y dead . Jastrow's book i~ clearl y written, readable. and designed for the layman. If there is any complaint. it is tha the chapter on counter-measures (0 SOl is put in an appendix. With constant publicity given to possible counter-measures. this chapter, which . successfully dispells man y of the widely stated m yths, should have a more prominent place. For example, one commonplace argument against SOl feasibility (especially those proposals involving lasers) is the use of reflective material on the missiles to reflect the lasers. Jastrow destroys this argument: "(A) problem with shining up the missile is that during the launch , it tends to get dirty, partly becasue of its own exhaust gases, and its luster is dulled. In addition, as the booster accelerated. it compresses and heats the air above it. and the plume of air sweeps downward around the side of the missile, oxidizing the surface, and also tending to take the shine away. Finally, the shine itself is obtained by applying material to the missile, but the coating has a different coefficient of expansion from the metal skin underneath . and tends to buckle when the missile is heated by the laser beam . This leads to the catastrophic failure of l,h e reflqctive layer." In one of the UCS's more surprising statements, the group states that" (a research) program has always had our support. It is needed to protect us from Soviet surprises, and it might uncover concepts that could actually pro vide a viable defense." However, they fail to tell the results already uncovered by research. On the other hand. Jastrow presents a clear account of what is happening in SOl research and how, through this research . nuclear weapons, and the possibility of nuclear war may become obsolete. ~
Charles D. Lipsig is a Junior In Slalisties and a staff writer for the Michigan Rcrjcl1'.