Microbiology World
Issue 7
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Chief Editor Mr. Sagar Aryal (Founder) Ambassador, iversity M.Sc. Medical Microbiology St. Xavier’s College, Nepal
Editors Mr. Saumyadip Sarkar ELSEVIER Student Ambassador South Asia 2013 Ph.D Scholar (Human Genetics), India Mr. Avishekh Gautam Ph.D Scholar Hallym University, South Korea Mr. Manish Thapaliya Ph.D Scholar, China Mr. Hasnain Nangyal M.Phil. Department of Botany, Hazara University, Pakistan Mr. Sunil Pandey ELSEVIER Student Ambassador South Asia 2014 B.Sc. Medical Microbiology Nobel Medical College, Nepal
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Table of Content Page No.
Animal Cloning: The Basic Technique
4-10
Interaction of Fried foods with some genes to influence body weight
11-18
Interview with Dr. Aftab Ahmad
19-26
Genetically modified organisms
27-31
Ebola mutation made pandemic
32-34
Migraine
35-40
Unwanted effects of vaccination: Concern for good practitioner
41-48
Bee and Bees Products
49-54
Progress in the fight against harmful fungi
55-58
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Animal Cloning: The Basic Technique Mr. Shaikh Rajesh Ali Assistant professor, Dept. of Microbiology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpore, Kol-131 Cloning is the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means. It has been used for many years to produce plants (even growing a plant from a cutting is a type of cloning).
Animal cloning has been the subject of scientific experiments for years, but garnered little attention until the birth of the first cloned mammal in 1996, a sheep named Dolly. Since Dolly, several scientists have cloned other animals, including cows and mice. The recent success in cloning animals has sparked fierce debates among scientists, politicians and the general public about the use and morality of cloning plants, animals and possibly humans.
Importance of cloning: The main reason to clone animals is to mass produce organisms with desired qualities, such as a prize-winning orchid or a genetically engineered animal -- for instance, sheep have been engineered to produce human insulin. If you had to rely on sexual reproduction (breeding) alone to mass produce these animals, and then you would run the risk of breeding out the desired traits because sexual reproduction reshuffles the genetic deck of cards.
Other reasons for cloning might include replacing lost or deceased family pets and repopulating endangered or even extinct species. Whatever the reasons, the new cloning technologies have sparked many ethical debates among scientists, politicians and the general public. Several governments have considered or enacted legislation to slow down, limit or ban cloning experiments outright. It is clear that cloning will be a part of our lives in the future, but the course of this technology has yet to be determined.
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Animal Cloning techniques: Cloning refers to the development of offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. Thanks to advances in genetics however, cloning can also occur artificially by using certain cloning techniques. Cloning techniques are laboratory processes used to produce offspring that are genetically identical to the donor parent. Clones of adult animals are created by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. There are three variations of this method. They are the Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer technique, the Roslin Technique and the Honolulu Technique. It is important to note that in all of these techniques the resulting offspring will be genetically identical to the donor and not the surrogate, unless the donated nucleus is taken from a somatic cell of the surrogate. 1. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: The term somatic cell nuclear transfer refers to the transfer of the nucleus from a somatic cell to an egg cell. A somatic cell is any cell of the body other than a germ (sex) cell. An example of a somatic cell would be a blood cell, heart cell, skin cell, etc. In this process, the nucleus of a somatic cell is removed and inserted into an unfertilized egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg with its donated nucleus is then nurtured and divides until it becomes an embryo. The embryo is then placed inside a surrogate mother and develops inside the surrogate.
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2. The Roslin Technique: The Roslin Technique is a variation of somatic cell nuclear transfer that was developed by researchers at the Roslin Institute. The researchers used this method to create Dolly.
In this process, somatic cells (with nuclei intact) are allowed to grow and divide and are then deprived of nutrients to induce the cells into a suspended or dormant stage. An egg cell that has had its nucleus removed is then placed in close proximity to a somatic cell and both cells are shocked with an electrical pulse. The cells fuse and the egg is allowed to develop into an embryo. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate.
3. The Honolulu Technique: The Honolulu Technique was developed by Dr. Teruhiko Wakayama at the University of Hawaii. In the Honolulu technique, unfertilized eggs are used as the receiver of the donor nuclei. Once the nuclei are removed from receiver cells, the donor www.microbiologyworld.com
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cell's nuclei are inserted into them. There is no culturing done on the cells. After one hour, the cell accepts the new nucleus. After five more hours, the egg cell is then placed in a chemical culture which jumpstarts the cell's growth, just like fertilization does in nature. In the culture is a substance that stops the formation of a second cell, which usually forms before fertilization. After the jumpstart, the cell develops into an embryo. The developing embryo is then implanted into a surrogate and allowed to develop.
Cloning of Dolly the first clone mammals: In 1996, cloning was revolutionized when Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the RoslinÂŹ Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was the first cloned mammal.
Wilmut and his colleagues transplanted a nucleus from a mammary gland cell of a Finn Dorsett sheep into the enucleated egg of a Scottish blackface ewe. The nucleus-egg combination was stimulated with electricity to fuse the two and to stimulate cell division. The new cell divided and was placed in the uterus of a blackface ewe to develop. Dolly was born months later.
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Dolly was shown to be genetically identical to the Finn Dorsett mammary cells and not to the blackface ewe, which clearly demonstrated that she was a successful clone (it took 276 attempts before the experiment was successful). Dolly has since grown and reproduced several offspring of her own through normal sexual means. Therefore, Dolly is a viable, healthy clone.
Since Dolly, several university laboratories and companies have used various modifications of the nuclear transfer technique to produce cloned mammals, including cows, pigs, monkeys, mice and Noah. Polly and Molly the first two cloned transgenic pharm animals: Polly and Molly (Born 1997 - died unknown), two ewes, were the first mammals to have been successfully clonedfrom an adult somatic cell and to be transgenic animals at the same time. This is not to be confused with Dolly the Sheep which was the first animal to be successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell where there was no genetic manipulation carried out on the adult donor nucleus. Polly and Molly, like Dolly the Sheep was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland.
The creation of Polly and Molly was building on the experiments of Somatic Nuclear Transfer that had led to the cloning of Dolly the Sheep. But the crucial difference was that in creating Polly and Molly, scientists injected in their DNA a new gene. The gene chosen was of a therapeutic value to Humans to demonstrate the potential of such Recombinant DNA technology combined with Animal Cloning to produce pharmacological and therapeutic proteins to treat human diseases. The protein in question was the human blood clotting factor IX. Another difference to Dolly the Sheep was the source cell type of the nucleus that was transferred. In the case of Dolly the Sheep, the nucleus that was transferred came from mammary gland cells from a 6-year-old ewe but in the case of Polly and Molly the nucleus of Fibroblast cells were used.
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Flow scheme illustrating how the Roslin Institute researchers used lipofection-mediated gene transfer to stably transfect diploid fetal donor cells, isolated from a Poll Dorset sheep embryo, with a mammary gland-specific expression vector containing human Factor IX cDNA (pMIX1). The ovine b-lactoglobulin (BLG) promoter upstream of the Factor IX coding sequence on pMIX1 had previously been shown to direct high level expression of a heterologous gene in sheep mammary glands. Molly and Polly represent the first two cloned transgenic pharm animals shown to contain a human gene of pharmaceutical importance. www.microbiologyworld.com www.facebook.com/MicrobiologyWorld
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Interaction of Fried foods with some genes to influence body weight Ammara Nawaz1, Hasnain Nangyal2, Rubina Naaz3, Antima Sharma4, Upvan Bhushan5 1Department 2Department
of Botany, Hazara University, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan
3Department 4Herbarium
of Zoology, Punjab University, Pakistan
of Botany, KUST, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan
and Plant Systematic Laboratory, Department of Botany H.N.B. Garhwal Central University 5Department
of Botany, University of Jammu
Obesity is a common and widespread disorder today. The number of obese peoples is increasing day by day. For thousands of years obesity was scarcely ever seen. It became familiar in 20th century. Before which obesity was not recognized much. In 1997 the World Health Organization (WHO) documented obesity formally as a global epidemic. In 2005 WHO estimation shows that as a minimum 400 million adults (9.8%) are obese, with higher toll among women than men. In 2008, The World Health Organization (WHO) claimed that 1.5 billion adults, 20 years and older, were fat including over 200 million males and just about 300 million females were overweight. Obesity is a word derived from the Latin obesitas, which means "stout, heavy or plump". Ä’sus is the past participle of edere (to eat), with ob (over) added to it. This documents its first usage in 1611 by Randle Cotgrave. So much excessive body fat is deposited in an obese person that it might have a depressing consequence on their health and body. If bodyweight of a person is at least 20% higher than it should be normally, he or she is considered obese. If Mass Index (BMI) value of a person is between 25 and 29.9 he is thought to be overweight. If calculated BMI value is 30 or over in a
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person then he or she is said to be obese. BY using BMI value we can categorize people as follows: BMI (kg/m2)
Classification
< 18.50
Underweight
18.50–24.99 normal weight 25.00–29.99 Overweight 30.00–34.99 severe obesity 35.00–39.99 morbid obesity ≥ 40.00
super obesity
The BMI is a arithmetical measurement actually which is derived by knowing your height and weight. Although it is usually considered to be a useful way to estimate healthy body weight of a person but it is unable to measure the percentage of adipose tissue in the body at all. So we can say that the BMI measurement can be deceptive. Because a muscleman having a large weight may have a high BMI but have much less adipose tissue than an unfit person whose BMI is lower. However, in general, the BMI measurement can be a useful indicator for the 'average person'. To calculate your BMI, BMI Calculator is used as; BMI is defined as the subject's weight divided by the square of their height and is estimated as follows.
Where m and h are the subject's weight in kilograms and height in meters respectively.
Several studies and investigations are done to conclude the reason behind obesity. Some major reasons are: The fundamental reason of obesity and overweight is an energy disproportion between calories consumed and calories exhausted. Leading a sedentary lifestyle is the second basic reason of increasing obesity. The less you show physical activity in ur daily life around the lesser calories you burn which may turn you fat at the end. www.microbiologyworld.com
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Not sleeping enough doubles the possibility of becoming obese, according to research carried out at Warwick Medical School at the University of Warwick. Sleep deprivation causes to release Ghrelin, a hormone that stimulates appetite. On the other hand Leptin is produced when proper sleep is not taken by the person and Leptin decreases appetite.
According to an article (The Annals of Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 39, No. 12, pp. 2046-2054. DOI 10.1345/aph.1G33), certain medications which are generally used in different ailments may b a reason to make those people obese. These medications include are corticosteroids, antidepressants, and seizure medicines etc.
Some people show a habit of eating more than customary when they're bored, angry or stressed over time. This overeating causes weight gain in them and may cause chubbiness. In older persons, muscles tend to lose, particularly if the person is less active. Muscle loss can hold up the rate at which your body burns calories. If calorie intake is not decreased as you get older, then the chance of getting fat increases much more.
Many women after gaining fats in pregnancy fail to get rid of extra adipose tissue afterwards and theis results in obesity. Smoking is also a reason of gaining weight. Some rare genetic conditions may result in obesity, such as Prader-Willi syndrome. Certain Genetic characters inherited from parents may cause obesity .For instance having slow metabolic rate meaning taking longer to burn up calories or by having a great appetite genetically in a person can make losing weight more difficult. Many cases are seen in which fatness runs in families. Few medical conditions may also cause obesity as, Cushing's syndrome is a rare disorder that causes the extra secretion of steroid hormones. Hypothyroidism a disorder in which thyroid gland shows under activity may also cause obesity. In this condition thyroid gland does not produce ample thyroid hormone.
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Countless researches have been done in order to evaluate the relationship between obesity and genes of the body. Several genes have been identified that interact in gaining weight process in human body. For instance a gene, called FTO, makes 1 in every 6 people eat too much. A recent study has been done to find out the relationship between fried high calorie food and genes. In March 18, 2014 group of scientists worked out to study that persons who are genetically predisposed to obesity may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of eating fried foods. The results of a new study show that eating fried food more than four times a week had twice as big an effect on body mass index (BMI) for those with the highest genetic risk scores compared with lower scores. So we can say that genetic makeup can increase the effects of bad diet. We now all know that both having fried food and genetic variants are associated with adiposity (fatness). But the interaction between these two risk factors in relation to BMI and obesity has not been investigated. A prominent research was done by a team of US researchers, led by Lu Qi, Assistant Professor at Harvard School of Public Health and Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. They studied interactions between fried food intake and genetic variants associated with fatness. Over 37,000 men and women participated in three large US health trials. In this research Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess fried food consumption (both at home and away from home as take a ways) and a genetic risk score based on 32 known genetic variants coupled with obesity and BMI. Three categories of fried food consumption were differentiated as follows, 1. Less than once a week 2. One to three times a week 3. And four or more times a week Genetic risk scores ranged from 0 to 64 and those with a higher score had a higher BMI. Height and body weight were requested at each follow-up questionnaire in the start of the trials and. Other relevant Information, such as physical activity and smoking, was also noted. Consistent relationship between fried food eating and genetic risk scores on BMI was studied and recorded after this investigation.
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Among participants in the highest third of the genetic risk score, the differences in BMI between individuals who consumed fried foods four or more times a week and those who consumed less than once a week were 1.0 kg/m2 in women and 0.7 kg/m2 in men.
For participants in the lowest third of the genetic risk score, the differences were 0.5 kg/m2 in women and 0.4 kg/m2 in men.
It was feared in the study that the results may have been corrupted or changed from normal by other unmeasured or unknown factors such as a person may b a patient or on medications that cause some kind of fatness, despite carefully noting several lifestyle factors etc. The results indicated that the association between fried food consumption and adiposity may vary according to differences in genetic makeup of different persons but was noted that this genetic influence on adiposity may be customized by fried food usage. Professor Lu Qi said: "Our findings highlight the importance of reducing fried food consumption in the prevention of obesity, particularly in individuals genetically predisposed to adiposity." It was stressed that the genetic information can be very important for treating 'monogenic' type of obesity, caused by changes in a single gene. It was said by the researchers thatit would be too ignorant of us to suppose that genetics has nothing to do with obesity. Genetics cannot be denied in the management of obesity, and further studies are must required in this scope to understand obesity at its full. Only by knowing all the aspects of obesity related to food intake and hereditary we can address this major issue of todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s world. The results of this study indicated that eating fried food more than four times a week had twice as big an effect on body mass index (BMI) for those with the highest genetic risk scores compared with lower scores. In other words, genetic makeup can inflate the effects of bad diet. Thus the following research indicates that high calorie food for instance fried food taken in the research which is a major reason of increasing obesity affects more on the people who have genetic tendency towards fatness n developing brown fat. Ultimately all stress is given on the point that fatty food means high calorie food is one of the basic reasons of increasing obesity worldwide. Genetic makeup of the respected person and his hereditary history matters too. www.microbiologyworld.com
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Fig: Hisology of adipose tissue
Whatever are the reasons behind obesity is a serious disorder. It causes many other ailments too. Several health risks can b associated with obesity. Some are given below:
Obesity carries as a penalty cardiovascular coronary heart diseases. (Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee). Fat cells block the coronary veins and cause a fatal result. Heart attack rates are much higher recorded in fat peoples.
Bone and cartilage degeneration (Osteoarthritis) is also seen in obese persons at a higher rate. Fatness is a vital risk factor for osteoarthritis in most joints, especially at the knee joint (the most important site for osteoarthritis). A nine times increased risk in knee joint osteoarthritis in females has been reported. Osteoarthritis risk is also linked to obesity for other joints. A recent study has been done that obesity is a cause of thumb base osteoarthritis in males and females at an equal ratioIt is suggested after study that metabolic and mechanical factors arbitrate the effects of chubbiness on joints (University of Bristol).
Gallbladder diseases are also accelerated due to obesity according to studies. Overweight person has considerable risk factor for gallstones. www.microbiologyworld.com
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excess cholesterol, which is then delivered into the bile causing it to become supersaturated and this super saturated cholesterol increases the risk of gallstones in kidney. Some facts suggest that particular dietary factors (saturated fats and refined sugars) are the key factors in these cases (University of Maryland Medical Center).
Obesity can also result in respiratory problems. In an obese man the size of the lungs increases and the chest wall becomes very heavy, difficult to lift making respiration particularly hard. (Medical College of Wisconsin)
There are numerous reasons why obesity causes hypertension and high blood pressure. It is investigated that excess adipose tissue that are developed more than normal in a fat person secretes substances that acts on the kidneys, causing hypertension. It is also noted that in obesity higher amount of insulin is excreted. Excess insulin elevates blood pressure and ends in hypertension.
The major problem related to obesity is characterized by increased level of triglycerides, decreased HDL levels, and abnormal composition of LDL. (Howard BV, Ruotolo G, Robbins DC.)
Sleep apnea may also b a result of being overweight. Also, weight reduction has been coupled with analogous reductions in the cruelty of sleep apnea.
Type 2 diabetes risk may increase in the condition of obesity. Researches indicate that this is also one of the most changeable risk factor of this type of diabetes because it can be to some extent controlled through diet and exercise.
Several types of cancers have also been reported to affect by obesity. About 3.2% of all new cancers are linked to obesity according to a recent study.
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Seriously flabby people face continuous challenges to their emotions. Such as obese people face repeated failure in controlling their diet. They are disapproved by close ones even. Bad remarks are shown to them from the strangers. They may also experience unfairness at work and much more things that result in depression.
Fat girls experience irregularity of the normal menstrual cycle. They face interruption of the menstrual cycle, abnormal menstrual flow and severe pain associated with the menstrual cycle. Infertility in both sexes is also seen due to being overweight.
Obesity is now a common epidemic caused by numerous factors. Heredity as investigated plays a vital causal role. There are sequences variants present in any given population that increase or decrease an individual's risk for obesity in their surroundings. But it is unknown that which natural pathways are distorted by these variations to cause obesity, single gene disorders and animal models suggest a wide variety of possibilities. Now advancement has done and new molecular tools and resources are developed, now better and careful studies can be done to find common fatness genes in the future. By knowing these genes scientist will b able to know the major reason of obesity, that would definitely help in developing new and better therapies or interventions to deal with this common issue of today and provide tools for the understanding that how people act in response to their surroundings depending upon their genetic variants to become overweight or remain lean.
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Interview with Dr. Aftab Ahmad
Q) Dr. Aftab Ahmad, the name comes with the “Shining Star of Pakistan”. Many youngsters of scientific background foresees to become one and wish to lead the country into development. Before walking along with your scientific journey, lets start off with your childhood life. How your parents used to support your studies and motivate you to go for science. Comment: I belong to a village and both of my parents didn’t have formal education so initially it was not in anyone’s mind that I will be a Scientist. As from start I was good in studies and as most of the parents think and wish, so they also thought that I might be a doctor and I also wanted to be but later nature drag me to the science fields and now I really feel lucky that I joined it. There was always support for me in all its forms for my initial and higher studies.
Q) What was your subject when you were doing your graduation followed by your post graduation? How you have gathered the scientific outlook during your internship? Please share us the feeling also, when you become the gold medallist in your post graduation.
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Comment: My graduation was in area of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and I was lucky enough that this field started for the first time in University of the Punjab and we were the pioneer class. As the field was new, so it was taking its shape at that time. It was the same year when Honours program started in University so it was also start of semester system. I enjoyed my studies, tried to work hard and this is how I became the first Gold Medallist of BSc Hons program of my department. I did my research on HBV vaccine (recombinant) and had an interest in Biotechnology but at same time Stem Cells field fascinated me a lot so I switched from Microbiology/Biotechnology into stem cells biology and found it really interesting. As everybody feels, it is always great feeling to be the Gold Medallist and it was a memorable time for me when I toped in the subject.
Q) With big determination, requires big responsibilities. You have undertaken that responsibility to make your country, Pakistan from developing to developed nation. How you received this inspiration to provide inspiration to young minds?
Comment: I personally feel that everybody wants to do positive change in society and should look forward for it, but not all people take the reasonability on practical grounds. I think there is need of a push, this push is sometime internal and sometime external and for this push to work, one should try to opt the company of great people who inspire you. Pakistan is still a developing country and there is great need of development. One should try to recognize its strengths and should work in the direction in which he/she can do the best. From the beginning of University life, I felt that I could be good in networking and science communication so I joined a life science forum initially and soon became its President and that gave me initial training. When you start doing things, things become easy for you which could be very hard for other people and this is how you keep moving step by step and bring a positive change in the society and also in the thinking of thousands of people. Your positive practical examples inspire more than your words only so be practical in life.
Q) With the completion of your Doctorate in Philosophy (Ph.D.) of Cell and Molecular Biology, how you feel the benefit of research that needs to be communicated for the society. There has www.microbiologyworld.com
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been multiple research going on daily basis with multiple publications, but do you feel that these researches are still pending to be communicated for practical use? Comment: Research is very different in developed and developing countries and there is lot of room for improvement in developing countries like India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh etc. In developed countries, they have better infrastructure, more money, better scientific approach, more collaborations, lot of industrial collaboration and funding and all these things are lacking to greater extent in developing countries like Pakistan. I am great advocate that research should be translated so society could get benefit. I tried to had linkages with different medical professionals, hospitals etc. so we could push the things forward but as they are not many successful examples for these type of joint ventures so things got stuck. In addition, there is lack of trust in our society. So, in order to proceed further to translate research we have to overcome these barriers. There should be more core facilities in university, science parks and centre for excellence in developing countries so research could be better translated as well as communicated to mass.
Q) National Academy of Young Scientists (www.nays.com.pk), now has become one of the biggest platform of Pakistan to outlook the scientific background and behold the nation with the stand of scientifically developed. Can you please forward us how you started off this big initiative to put forward the youngsters of your nation? Comment: As I mentioned earlier that I was working in a life science organization at key position so it gave me lot of training and experience to proceed further. When I was working in USA, I thought that there should be a forum for all science fields and hence we started NAYS in Pakistan in the year 2009. The idea of academy was greatly appreciated by senior and young scientists and they joined it, soon we had a vibrant team and started many programs, which attracted more researches to be part of it. In addition, from start we tried to had good collaboration with other sister organizations and this greatly helped us to run different scientific programs and now NAYS is one of the most active National Young Academy (NYA) in the world. www.microbiologyworld.com
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Q) Islamic World has always stayed active and uniting the bright minds with Islamic World Young Scientists Academy (IYSA) (www.iy-sa.org) is a big collaborative benefit for the students and researchers. Being a chairman of this organization, can you outline the objectives you wished to follow? How you motivate the people of Islamic Countries who are still away from the scientific opportunities but still holds the courage to work forward?
Comment: After the success story of NAYS, we thought that we should look forward now and should translate this experience in other Islamic countries and hence IYSA was established in 2011. The basic idea is to bring together the researchers from Islamic world on the same platform so they could contribute for the development of science and technology in their respective country as overall Islamic World is lacking much behind in science and technology in current era. Global Young Academy (GYA) is doing great job at world level being the voice of young scientists across the globe. There is lot to do for IYSA yet and I hope when we will have active people from number of Islamic countries, we will be able to contribute in best way for the promotion of education, science and technology and sustainable development in society.
Q) Among your broad success stories, highlighting one about World Economic Forum (WEF). Being selected as a Pakistani Young Scientist, how you feel the standing platform provided for you? Big positions provide big responsibilities too, how you take this point when you were awarded along with Dr. Umar Anwar Jahangir? Comment: World Economic Forum is a big platform and they have top people from all the fields. It was really great to be part of this forum as young scientist. They have started a program to have voice of young scientists as well as opinion of young scientists on different issues to have sustainable development in the world. It is wonderful experience for me to be part of this forum as it gives you very good chance of networking with world leaders. I could meet our Prime Minister (Raja Pervaiz Ashraf) and Finance Minister (Hafeez Sheikh) during WEF meeting in Tiangin China which otherwise is very hard to meet. In addition, had an opportunity to meet both business and science leaders from all over the world. Moreover, you www.microbiologyworld.com
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can have better ideas about economy of different countries, innovation etc. and so you can play better role for your country. WEF gave me lot of new ideas and we even translated few of them in Pakistan (NAYS Ideas lab, Youth Innovation Workshop etc.) and still can translate many others. I think it is always better to have broader perspective of things so you can think globally and act locally and you can get very good picture by joining big platform like WEF.
Q) Curving out a little from the success stories and the struggles you kept always for the country. We would like to know your current objectives you feel to be done to make Pakistan a healthy nation with scientific outlook with wide approaches. Ms. Malala Yousafzai, shared her nobel prize for peace with Mr. Kailash Satyarthi (of India). She proved to be the brightest young lady of Pakistan. How you feel when you wish to see women of developing countries like Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, etc. working not for them but for the nation. Do you wish that women should receive the equal exposure as men gets in scientific background? Comment: First I congratulate both the Nobel Laureate and there is no doubt that it is great honour for both the countries. I am working with my male and female colleagues for the last more than 10 years and they are equally good. I even found that the young scientists from developing countries are more motivated than the developed ones and want to do lot for their countries but what they lack is proper guidance, training and resources. I am sure, if we can educate, guide and train them well, they can prove to be the best in the world. I am really happy to share that things are changing rapidly, I joined few meetings and workshop related to women in science and technology and really happy to share that the number of women scientists is increasing rapidly and some countries in the world even have more than 50% women scientists. Things are also changing in SAARC countries and there is an increase in number of women scientists and I agree that they should be provided with equal opportunities as the male scientists and gender gap and discrimination should be reduced so female could also play their role for development of developing countries. One thing we should remember that we canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t make rapid progress until we will involve female equally in almost all professions.
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Q) Microbiology – the science of unseen, is a major field which gets good exposure in developed countries. But still students don’t want to carry forward their research only because of lesser opportunities they receive. May be a sort of a panic rather than it is actually. Do you feel as Cancer Biology, Molecular Biology, Plant Genomics, Bioinformatics, etc Microbiology also should get wider platform for research?
Comment: I personally feel that Microbiology has even wider scope and greater applications as everything involves microbiology. Microbiologists should also be equipped with entrepreneurial skills so they could have their own start-ups and this way we can increase job opportunities for microbiologists. The field is really huge and there are endless opportunities in it, the only thing is to focus and explore them. Q) Ebola – a recent pandemic outbreak. What is your opinion on its spread and do you feel that it may spread in Asian countries in future?
Comments: Ebola or ebola like outbreak can happen anywhere in the world but there is great difference in preparation among developed and developing countries. The developed countries have the necessary training and infrastructure to deal with any such outbreak which most of developing countries lack so I think the developed countries should also focus on capacity building of developing countries so they could meet this and similar challenges. It is worth mentioning that ebola is not air borne disease and do not spreads by air, which greatly reduce its spread to wider areas. Still there are chances for infection spread due to high global traffic, an infected person can travel from the outbreak area to other country and can, spread the epidemic. There is great need to have better screening at airports and border of countries should be less porous to stop such epidemic from widespread.
Q) Walking along with success stories, you have met multiple research scholars, students and scientists while visiting different nations. How you standardize the students of SAARC countries on the basis of scientific thinking and applying, compared with western countries.
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Comments: Young scientists from SAARC countries are equally good and when they go to advance countries they do great job, so there is no problem in the potential of researchers but there are issues with scientific culture and system here. I think, if we improve the scientific culture here, these researchers can do great job here as well.
Q) Students always wants to go abroad for their scientific research. Do you feel that Pakistan has got enough resources, to compete with scientific standards as other countries do? Do students will get the equal exposure as they wish to get there?
Comments: You are right, students want to study in advanced countries and I am in great favour of it as well. This is how they get exposure to good scientific environment as well as good resources so they perform better. Pakistan needs lot of more development yet to join the developed nations. Higher Education Commission of Pakistan has recently done great job by providing more funding to research institutes, established new universities, lot of indigenous and international scholarships and it greatly boost the research in Pakistan but then government cut the budget for these processes and hence progress halted. I think, there is great need to spend more money for education, science and technology in Pakistan. At least we should spend 4-5% of GDP on education and there should be educational emergency in the country only then we can join the race of developed countries. The scenario is pretty much similar in whole SAARC region as the total number of scientists from SAARC region which has population of over 1500 million are much lesser than Japan only which has population of around 125 million. I must say that the whole region should put more money for education, science and technology for sustainable development in the region. In addition, SAARC countries are geographically in the same region so they should improve collaborations with each other so resources could be utilized in best way. I will suggest SAARC should put forward a resolution to start a SAARC Science and Technology University and should have students from whole SAARC region which will not only promote research but also healthy collaboration in the region.
Q) Before concluding the big conversation about this scientific journey you wished to walk along with us, please share your life apart from science. www.microbiologyworld.com
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Comments: My life is pretty much around science and very less time for other activates but I love to travel around to see new places and meet new people, it always gives you good chance of learning. I have seen that scientists have a much busy life compared to many other professions and even if they want to come out of situation, it always attract scientists to do more and learn more. Beside science, I love Urdu literature and try to read when get time.
Q) Few words for the scientific people of developing counties and for Microbiology World.
Comments: I always say that developing countries have lot of challenges but on the same time they have lot of opportunities. We should avail these opportunities. The people in developing countries should have synergistic relationship so they could build each other and hence we could build our countries. Microbiology World is great platform for young microbiologist to share their ideas and get upto-date knowledge on key aspects of Microbiology. I wish you all the best for your future scientific programs and hope we will also have positive and healthier relations for sustainable progress in the whole region.
Interview Taken By:
Saumyadip Sarkar Science Communicator and Reviewer, Microbiology World, www.microbiologyworld.com saumyadip@microbiologyworld.com saumyadip.gis@gmail.com +91-8337967020
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Genetically Modified Organisms Hasnain Nangyal1, Ammara Nawaz2, Syeda Sammra Jaffri3, Antima Sharma4, Upvan Bhushan5, Sikander Khan Sherwani6 1Department
of Botany Hazara University, Manehra Khyber Paktoonkhwa 2Department
of Zoology, Punjab University
3CEMB, 4Herbarium
University of Punjab
and Plant Systematic Laboratory, Department of Botany H.N.B. Garhwal Central University 5Department
6Department
of Botany, University of Jammu
of Microbiology, Fedral Urdu University of Science Arts and Technology, Karachi
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) also called Genetically Engineered Organisms (GEOs), means those plants and animals having changed or altered genetic make-up.Alteration is done in order to prepare desired physiological traitexpression, to get an output of desired biological productsor to make varieties resistant to environmental conditions or pests.GMOs are usually manipulated by any non-natural wayto incorporate any gene from another organism into it. Genetic engineering (GE) techniques are used to achieve a trait not normally held by an organism, such as longer shelf life, disease resistance, different colors or flavors etc, which is afterwards introduced into the GMOs. Cloning and recombinant DNA technology are the basic techniques of GE involved to produce genetically modified organisms. Altering the genomes of plants and animals is being done since long. Traditional breeding techniques were used previously. Artificial selection is employed for specific, desired traits to get a variety of different organisms, ranging from sweet corn to hairless cats and many more. But this artificial selection has been limited to naturally occurring variations, in which organisms exhibitingparticular traits are chosen to breed subsequent generations. Now a dayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s however, www.microbiologyworld.com
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the field of genetic engineering has been advanced and enabled the Scientists to have defined control over the genetic changes introduced into an organism. Newgenes from one species can be introduced into a completely unrelated species using genetic engineering techniques. This has resulted in increasedagricultural performance and facilitated the production of valuable pharmaceutical materials. Crop plants, farm animals, and soil bacteria are some of the more prominent examples of organisms that have been subject to genetic engineering.
In the world of GE the works of Charles Darwin,Gregor Mendel's, Friedrich Miescher, Walter Sutton & Theodor Boveri, T. H. Morgan, A.H. Sturtevant, Barbara McClintock, George Beadle and E. L. Tatum, and Marshall Nirenberg &HarGobind Khorana cannot be ignored. In 1931 Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton demonstrated the direct physical recombination bythe linking of DNA from different chromosomes. Restriction enzymes were discovered in Late 1960s by Stewart Linn & Werner Arber in E.coli.DNA cloning technique was elaborated by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1973. Identification of the Ti plasmid in bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) used as a vector was also a landmark in GE. 1974 Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang and Herbert Boyer created the first genetically modified DNA organism. In 1975 a Conferencewas held in USA at which consensus on self-regulation and how the newly discovered recombinant DNA technology will be used was discussed and decided. In 1980 first transgenic mouse was produced.A Giant mouse produced by transferring growth hormone genes from a rat (1982). In 1983, Kary Mullis, a biochemist invented the polymerase chain reaction. China was the first to put GM crops on sale, namely a virus-resistant tobacco and a tomato. First transgenic domestic animal, a pig was developed in 1985. In 1987 a series of transgenic mice were produced carrying human genes.
First transgenic plant producing a
pharmaceutical was produced in 1988. In 1990 GM used to make chymosin, an enzyme used in making hard cheese. In1991 first gene therapy trials on humans were done. In 1994 widespread use of genetically modified crop plants in the USA was seen. In 1995, a transgenic tobacco variety was developed to produce hemoglobin. In 1996 first cloned animal, Dolly the sheep, was announced. 1996 Council Directive 90/220/EEC made deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms. First GM labeling rules were introduced to provide
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consumers with information regarding the use of GM ingredients in food in 1998. Till now numerous advances in GE along with GMOs have been witnessed. Advantages of GMOs 1. Novel replacement proteins such as drugs, vaccines isolated from GE animals are helpful in treating and preventing human diseases. 2. Genetic engineering can produce high-value industrial products, such as spider silk, for both Medical and defense purpose. 3. GE animals consume fewer resources and produce less waste. 4. Genetically engineered animals show improved food production capabilities, meat and milk etc. helping to meet the global demand for more efficient, higher quality and lowercost sources of food. 5. Transgenic cows are developed producing milk with less lactose or cholesterol. 6. Scientists are attempting to produce disease-resistant animals, such as influenzaresistant pigs. 7. Insulin, growth hormone, and blood anti-clotting factors are been obtained from the milk of transgenic cows, sheep, or goats. Research is also under progress to manufacture milk through transgenesis for the treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU), hereditary emphysema, and cystic fibrosis. 8. Toxicity-sensitive transgenic animals have been produced for chemical safety testing. 9. Microorganisms have been engineered to produce a wide variety of proteins 10. Human gene therapy involves adding a normal copy of a gene (transgene) to the genome of a person carrying defective copies of the gene. For instance a calf with a gene that makes the substance that promotes the growth of red cells in humans. 11. Genetic modification of foods allows for increased food production and more resilient and nutritious crops. 12. Food can now be fortified with different minerals nutritional elements through genetic Engineering. For example â&#x20AC;&#x153;golden riceâ&#x20AC;? has been produced to cure colorblindness. 13. Pest-resistant crops are produced which decrease the use of toxic chemical pesticides which were used to be applied to crops for pest control. www.microbiologyworld.com
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14. Higher crop yields. This also helps in reducing the food prices globally. 15. Now crops can be grown at extreme climates, for example, dry or freezing environments For example, a type of tomato is made by GE that grows in salty soil. 16. As more crops now can be grown and at more places, this helps in decreasing global warming through the increase of oxygen. 17. Better tasting food are produced by GE and the quality is also enhanced. 18. GE has produced crops with small maturation time of the, so they can be harvested sooner and more often during the year. 19. High disease resistant plants and animals are produced. 20. Genetically modified plants need less processing in factories making it easy to handle, easy usage and also cheap. 21. Allergy-causing properties in some foods can b eliminated in GMOs. 22. Crops are engineered that are more weed, disease and pest resistant making it environment friendly. 23. Crops that can tolerate aluminum, boron, salt etc are produced by GE. 24. GE is also applied in aquaculture to produce better fish in terms of size, resistance to diseases, temperature tolerant etc. 25. Microorganisms are developed to clean fuel producers and to be used as biodegraderes. 26. Genetically modified plants are produced capable to produce vaccines for example hepatitis B vaccine. Philosophical and Religious Issues related to GMOs It was surveyed in 2007in America by the International Food Information Council (IFIC).1000 Americans participated in it. 33% of respondents believed that biotech food products may be beneficial for them. 23% of respondents did not know biotech foods had already reached the market. Only 5% of those polled said that they would take action by altering their purchasing habits as a result of concerns associated with using biotech products. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, public acceptance trends in Europe and Asia are mixed depending on the country and current mood at the time of the survey (Hoban, 2004). Attitudes toward cloning, biotechnology, and genetically modified www.microbiologyworld.com
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products differ depending upon people's level of education and interpretations of what each of these terms mean. Support varies for different types of biotechnology; however, it is consistently lower when animals are mentioned. The ethical issues surrounding GMOs include debate over our right to "play God," as well as the introduction of foreign material into foods that are abstained from for religious reasons. Some people believe that tampering with nature is intrinsically wrong, and others maintain that inserting plant genes in animals, or vice versa, is immoral. When it comes to genetically modified foods, those who feel strongly that the development of GMOs is against nature or religion have called for clear labeling rules. Future of GMOs Keeping all above points in mind it can be concluded that GMOs isa widely debated topic and in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s world of biological sciences it has a major rule. A lot of research work is going on to make this more secure, adoptable, and better for human welfare. In future research of GMOs it has been approved that following things should be taken care of: 1. GMOs should be planned to reduce environmental risks. 2. More extensive studies of the environmental benefits and risks associated with GMOs are needed. 3. These effects should be evaluated relative to appropriate baseline scenarios. 4. Environmental release of GMOs should be prevented if scientific knowledge about possible risks is clearly inadequate 5. In some cases, post-release monitoring will be needed to identify, manage, and mitigate environmental risks. 6. Science-based regulation should subject all transgenic organisms to a similar risk assessment framework and should incorporate a cautious approach, recognizing that many environmental effects are GMO- and site-specific.
Ecologists, agricultural scientists, molecular biologists, and others need broader training and wider collaboration to address these recommendations.
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Ebola mutation made pandemic Saumyadip Sarkar Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India saumyadip.gis@gmail.com A team of researchers from Broad Institute and Harvard University in collaboration with Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation rapidly sequenced 99 Ebola viral genomes in response to the pandemic outbreak of the Ebola Virus disease in West Africa [2]. World Health Organization has reported 4507 confirmed cases between 30th December 2013 to September 14, 2014 [1].
To carry out the research on Ebola viral genome, 99Ebola viral genomes were collected from the 99patients in first 24days of outbreak in Sierra Leone. This lead to the identification of 300 genetic modifications that made Ebola distinct to previous outbreaks. Most importantly, the variations found indicated that the Ebola virus outbreak started from single introduction to humans, and eventually it spread from person to person over months. The variations were in the coding regions (sequence that code for proteins). The research team immediately extended their results of the mutation identified in National Centre for Biotechnology and Information’s (NCBI’s) database even before they publicize the results to make the data available in global scientific community. “Deep sequencing” technique had been the new takeover to work on large scale of geneomic data available on Ebola Virus. In this technique, increasing the times of sequencing will generate larger confidence in the results. Researchers used the sequence depth of about 2000times for each Ebola genome from each of 78patients. This high resolution allowed the team to efficiently identify multiple mutations in the protein coding regions of the genome. Later half in the identification of this pandemic spread of the virus, researchers revealed that Ebola has the common ancestor dating back from the first recorded outbreak in 1976. While
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identifying the transmission and the evolutionary pathway, indicated the current outbreak diverged from Guinea to Sierra Leone because of 12 people who attended a same funeral.
Mutations, one patient sample per row; beige blocks indicate identity with the Kissidougou Guinean sequence (GenBank accession KJ660346).The top row shows the type of mutation (green, synonymous; pink, nonsynonymous; gray, intergenic), with genomic locations indicated above. Picture Source: Science Magazine (DOI: 10.1126/science.1259657)
A total of 395 mutations were identified and the genetic clues does provide valid reason for the extensive spread of the disease. In future multiple researchers from different scientific communities have communicated and is undergoing their research to immediately come to a conclusion to move down this Ebola Virus outbreak.
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The research was supported by Common Fund and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease in National Institute of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, National Science Foundation, National Environment Research Council, World Bank, and European Union Seventh Framework Programme. References 1. Study warns swift action needed to curb exponential climb in Ebola outbreak. World Health
Organization,
Geneva.
September
22,
2014.
(http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/ebola-study/en/)
2. Story Source: Stephen K. Gire, Augustine Goba, Kristian G. Andersen, Rachel S. G. Sealfon, Daniel J. Park, Lansana Kanneh, Simbirie Jalloh, Mambu Momoh, Mohamed Fullah, Gytis Dudas, Shirlee Wohl, Lina M. Moses, Nathan L. Yozwiak, Sarah Winnicki, Christian B. Matranga, Christine M. Malboeuf, James Qu, Adrianne D. Gladden, Stephen F. Schaffner, Xiao Yang, Pan-Pan Jiang, Mahan Nekoui, Andres Colubri, Moinya Ruth Coomber, Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigboi, Michael Gbakie, Fatima K. Kamara, Veronica Tucker, Edwin Konuwa, Sidiki Saffa, Josephine Sellu, Abdul Azziz Jalloh, Alice Kovoma, James Koninga, Ibrahim Mustapha, Kandeh Kargbo, Momoh Foday, Mohamed Yillah, Franklyn Kanneh, Willie Robert, James L. B. Massally, SinĂŠad B. Chapman, James Bochicchio, Chery Murphy, Chad Nusbaum, Sarah Young, Bruce W. Birren, Donald S. Grant, John S. Scheiffelin, Eric S. Lander, Christian Happi, Sahr M. Gevao, Andreas Gnirke, Andrew Rambaut, Robert F. Garry, S. Humarr Khan, Pardis C. Sabeti (2014). Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak. Science Magazine 345(6202): 1369-1372.
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Migraine Ammara Nawaz1, Hasnain Nangyal2, Nighatziaudin3, Antima Sharma4, Upvan Bhushan5, Sikander Khan Sherwani6 1Department
of Zoology, Punjab University, Pakistan
2Department
of Botany, Hazara University, Khyber Paktoonkhwa Pakistan
3Department
of Biochemistry, Agriculture University, Faisalabad Pakistan
4Herbarium
and Plant Systematic Laboratory, Department of Botany H.N.B. Garhwal Central University 5Department
6Department
of Botany, University of Jammu
of Microbiology, Fedral Urdu University of Science Arts and Technology, Karachi
Migraine is a primary type of headache. It is characterized by extremely severe paroxysmal headache, usually confined to one side of the head and frequently coupled with nausea, visual disturbances and sensitivity to light etc. It is also termed as Hemicrania. Epidemiological studies have recorded its high prevalence and high socio-economic and personal impacts. It is now ranked by the World Health Organization as number 19 among all diseases world-wide causing disability. Brief History Migraine is one of the oldest medical conditions afflicting mankind. It was first recorded during the Mesopotamian Era in about 3,000. B.C. A few notable migraine sufferers throughout history include Thomas Jefferson, Julius Caesar, Cervantes, Sigmund Freud, Ulysses S. Grant, Lewis Carroll and Vincent Van Gogh.
In history migraines was treated with trial-and-error methods, based upon the prevailing medical knowledge of the time or superstitions. Some of the treatments prescribed by early physicians such as Galen and Hypocrites, included www.microbiologyworld.com
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•
Drilling a hole in the skull to free "evil spirits"
•
Purges and bloodletting
•
Applying a hot iron to the site of pain
•
Inserting a clove of garlic through an incision in the temple.
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Types of Migraine Many times of migraines have been classified depending upon the symptoms faced by the patient. Mostly migraine is classified as
Migraine without Aura It is also termed as common migraine type. This headache is associated with changes in the size of the arteries inside and around the skull. During the pre-headache phase, blood vessels constrict and when vascular dilation occurs, the migraine starts. The blood vessels are thought to become inflamed as well as swollen, and it is believed that migraine pain is caused by this inflammation, as well as by the pressure on the swollen walls of the blood vessels. It remains for about 4-72 hours. Photophobia, phonophobia , vomiting and nausea are also seen with it.
Migraine with Aura Approximately one-third of migraine sufferers experience an aura prior to the headache pain. It is also called classic migraine. It is a recurrent disorder. Attacks of reversible focal neurological symptoms are experienced by the patient that usually develop gradually over 5-20 minutes and last for less than 60 minutes. The aura is a complex of neurological symptoms. The patient see wavy or jagged lines, dots or flashing lights or experience tunnel vision or blind spots in one or both eyes, hearing hallucinations and disruptions in smell (such as strange odors), taste or touch. Sometimes feelings of numbness, a "pins-and-needles" sensation or even difficulty in recalling or speaking the correct word is also observed. These neurological events may last sixty minutes and will fade as the headache begins.
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Other major types of migraine may be: 1.
Hemiplegic Migraine
2.
Ophthalmoplegic Migraine
3.
Retinal Migraine
4.
Basilar Artery Migraine
5.
Abdominal Migraine
6.
Familial hemiplegic migraine
Childhood Periodic symptoms which can be Precursors of Migraine A child may show following symptoms in early age that might cause him migraine in future. It includes severe vomiting and nausea periodically. Episodic midline abdominal pain is seen in child in attacks lasting 1-72 hours with normality between episodes. The pain may be moderate to severe and associated with vasomotor symptoms, nausea and vomiting usually called abdominal migraine. Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood may also result in migraine in future days.
Genetic Linkage to Migraine Pain Genetic basis of Migraine have always been questioned and investigated too. Recently using modern techniques and tools several genes have been reported to be involved in migraine pain. TRPM8 and LRP1are a long ago identified genes loci for migraine. A migraine-associated locus, LRP1, encodes the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 which has neural and vascular function on blood vessels. TRPM8 locus encodes a cold- and menthol-activated ion channel that is expressed in sensory neurons in both types of migraine. A MTDH gene was seen to be associated with migraine with aura only. MEF2D is a highly prevalent transcription factor in brain tissue. MEF2D restricts the number of excitatory synapses and causes migraine. TGFBR2 is also a gene for migraine, as a mutation in TGFBR2 leads to a seemingly monogenic, familial aortic dissection, and also associates with migrainous headaches. Each of these identified genes may contribute to the neuronal circuitry of migraine pain generation according to recent studies.
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General symptoms of Migraine The pain of migraine headaches usually begins gradually and intensifies over a period of minutes to hours. The pain of a mild attack may be dull and steady, but symptoms may present as throbbing, pounding, or pulsating behind the eye or in the back of the head and neck in more severe cases. The pain can be aggravated by light or sound, constant motion, or any physical activity. For many patients, the headaches begin as unilateral though in time the pain may spread, or switch to the other side.
Symptoms that accompany the intense headache may include: •
Blurred vision or blind spots
•
Chills
•
Sweating
•
Runny or blocked nose
•
Fatigue
•
Nausea and vomiting
•
Loss of appetite
•
Numbness, tingling, or weakness
•
Tender scalp
•
Problems concentrating
•
Sensitivity to light, sound, or smells
Symptoms may continue even after the migraine has gone away; this is sometimes called a migraine hangover, where the patient feels mentally dull with unclear thinking, has an increased need for sleep, and sometimes experiences neck pain.
Cure for Migraine Abortive Therapy It is an acute treatment for migraine sufferers. It includes: 1. Triptans [Sumatriptan (Imitrex) ,Naratriptan (Amerge) ,Rizatriptan (Maxalt)]. They are tablets used immediately after the pain is started. Its side effects are also observed. www.microbiologyworld.com
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2. Ergotamines (ergotamine tartrate and dihydroergotamine) work in the same way as triptans, causing vasoconstriction. Ergot derivatives should not be used if the patient has heart disease or high blood pressure. 3. Midrin
is
a
combination
of
isometheptene
mucate,
dichloralphenazone,
and
acetaminophen that provides both abortive and prophylactic therapy in migraine. 4. CGRP receptor antagonists include Olcegepant and Telcagepant. A significant recent advance in acute treatments relates to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists to block CGRP action as high levels of CGRP are found in external jugular venous blood during migraine attacks. Herbal cure Feverfew is a popular herb for migraines. Several studies, but not all, support using feverfew for treating migraines. Butterbur is another herbal remedy that has gained approval through clinical trials. Ginger is receiving attention as a migraine treatment because it has some antihistamine and anti-inflammatory properties. Aromatherapy has also been claimed to be a good treatment to migraine. Caffeine and some fish oil usage also helps on migraine relief. Peppermint and lavender oil massage has also good effect on migraine patients. Flax seeds are also helpful. Rescue medicines for migraine They are used when abortive medication fails. They are not a cure to migraine but can mask the pain for few hours. It includes sedatives, anti-nausea medicines, narcotics including pain killers and muscle relaxing pills. Preventive medications Persons having multiple migraine attacks in a single month are given preventive treatments to avoid such severe pain. Antidepressants, anticonvulsants, Botulinum toxin (Botox) ,and few more can be called as preventive medicines for migraine.
Apart from these medications massage, chiropractic, physical therapy, and the application of hot and cold compresses can be helpful in migraine. Exercise, yoga, aerobic exercises, breathing www.microbiologyworld.com
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techniques, relaxation techniques guided by physicians and physical activities may be also helpful. Recently acupuncture has been declared a safe and easy way to cure migraine. Certain vitamins and minerals usage is also good to cure migraine as vitaminB6, D, E, C and minerals named potassium and magnesium. Triggering factors in Migraine Some triggering factors of migraine pain are revealed as chocolate, caffeine, alcohol, menstruation in females, harsh sound, striking lights, missing meals, anxiety, foods having MSG (monosodium glutamate or Chinese salt), weather changes, smoke, hormonal changes, aspartame, certain foods or fruits depending upon the person or patient. Conclusion In a nutshell it can be said that migraine is a serious headache problem of today. It is being studied worldwide to get its proper cure and to know all its backgrounds and causes too. Several treatments of migraine are designed all its causes have been studied by scientists still much is there to be investigated. People suffering from this pain should make their life style better with proper sleep and awake cycle, meals at proper time, balanced diet, avoiding stress, doing regular exercise, yoga or other physical things to avoid this pain as much. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hard or nearly impossible to eliminate migraine but by changing and improving our ways of life we can avoid maximum pain conditions.
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Unwanted Effects of Vaccination: Concern for Good Practitioner Dr Sakshi Bhadouriya1, Dr Sunil Singh Tomar2 1M.V.Sc
(Vet. Virology, IVRI, Bareilly)
2M.V.Sc
(Vet. Clinical Medicine)
Introduction Vaccination can be defined as administration of an antigen (vaccine) to stimulate a protective immune response against an infection. It continues to be the only safe, reliable, and effective way of protecting animals against the major infectious diseases. Vaccine related complication is usually rare, nevertheless the use of vaccine is not free of risk. The advantages of vaccination are well documented and extensive whereas the risks for adverse effects are poorly documented. But adverse events are reported voluntarily by veterinarians to manufactures or government agencies whether a vaccine will causes adverse effects or complication, is influenced by following three criteria.
1. Consistency -- It means the clinical responses should be same if the vaccine is given to a different group of animals, by different investigators and irrespective of the method of investigations. 2. Specificity--- It means the association should distinctive and the adverse event linked specifically to the vaccine concerned. An adverse may be caused by vaccine adjutants and additives other than the active component. 3. Temporal relation â&#x20AC;&#x201D; It means administration of vaccine should precede the earliest manifestations of clear exacerbation of a continuing condition. Classification Post vaccination complication or adverse effects of vaccine can be classified in following ways. 1. Complication due to normal toxicity. www.microbiologyworld.com
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2. Complication due to errors. 3. Complication due to inappropriate responses. 1. Complication Due To Normal Toxicity Vaccines commonly elicit transient inflammatory reaction for the efficient induction of protective immune responses. This may be pain, local swellings which may be edematous and be warm to touch. But sometime an injection site abscess develops. Vaccines containing gram negative organisms may be intrinsically toxic owing to the presence of endotoxins that can cause cytokine release, leading to shock, fever and leucopoenia. Vaccinating pregnant animals may lead to abortion. 2. Complications Due To Errors If during administration of vaccine, sterilised procedure are not followed then there will be contamination leading to clinical disease. Also during vaccination there will be stress leading to reactivation of latent infection. For example, activation of equine herpes virus infection has been demonstrated following vaccination against African horse sickness.
In case of complication due to errors in manufacture, if proper aseptic measures are not taken, then there will be contamination leading to clinical disease and fatal death. Again if there will be improper inactivation of the vaccine agents then abnormal toxicity may appear. For ex. blue tongue vaccine have been reported to cause congenital anomalies in offspring of ewes vaccinated while pregnant.
Further, due to residual virulence, there may be some complications as in case of modified live herpes virus vaccine or calci virus vaccine which are given intranasal spread to oropharynx & cause persistent infection. Such a virus vaccine may infect other animals in contact. Even if these vaccine do not cause overt disease, they may reduce the rate of growth of farm animals with significant economic losses. In case of modified live parvo virus vaccine there is transient decrease in lymphocyte blastogenesis or even a lymphopenia in some puppies. Some poly canine viral vaccines cause a transient drop in absolute lymphocyte numbers and their responses to mitogens. This occurs even though the individual components of these vaccines www.microbiologyworld.com
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may not have this effect. Several vaccine combinations may cause changes between 5 &11 days after vaccination. For example CAV1&2 with CD is especially suppressive of canine lymphocyte responses to mitogens. 3. Complication Due To Inappropriate Response These complications are produced because of not inducing proper immune responses. These are classified into broadly into three types. A. Hypersensitivity reactions: (a) Type I hypersensitivity (b) Type III hypersensitivity (c) Type IV hypersensitivity B. Neurological reactions: (a) Neuritis (b) Encephalitis
C. Foreign body reactions: (a) Fibrosarcoma (b) Type IV reactions A. Hypersensitivity reactions (a) Type I hypersensitivity reaction â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Fig. 1 shows the mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity induced by vaccine Fig. 2 shows vaccine induced Type I hypersensitivity.
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Figure 1
Figure 2
(b) Type III hypersensitivity â&#x20AC;&#x201C; This type of hypersensitivity is immune complex mediated and it is seen after 6-8 hours of administration of vaccine. It may be local or generalised type III hypersensitivity reaction.
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Local Type III hypersensitivity reaction: Injection of a vaccine into an animal that has high levels of circulating antibody specific for that vaccine leads to formation of localized immune reactions. Ex-in eyes of vaccinated against infectious canine hepatitis. Some rabies vaccines may induce a local complement mediated vasculitis leading to ischemic dermatitis and local alopecia. This type of reaction is most often seen in small dogs such as Dachshunds, Miniature poodles, Bichon Fries and Terriers.
Figure 3: It shows the mechanism of local Type III hypersensitivity induced by vaccine.
Figure 4: It shows blue eye condition in a dog vaccinated with infectious canine hepatitis vaccine
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(ii) Generalised Type III hypersensitivity reaction: This type of hypersensitivity reaction has been noticed in passive immunization in case of dogs who had received a very large dose of equine antitetanus serum. This reaction is called as serum sickness and consists of a generalized vasculitis with erythema, edema, and urticaria of the skin, neutropenia, lymph node enlargement, joint swelling and proteinuria.
Figure 5: mechanism of generalized Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
(c) Type IV hypersensitivity reaction: The most common reaction of Type IV hypersensitivity reaction is granuloma formation at the site of inoculation within 24-72 hr of vaccination. This may be a response to depot adjuvants containing alum or oil. Vaccine containing water-in-oil adjuvant produce larger and more persistent lesions at injection sites than vaccines containing alum and aluminium hydroxide. These lesions can be granulomas or sterile abscesses.
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Figure 6: Mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivity reaction induced by vaccine.
B. Neurological reactions---Sometimes neurological reactions are produced as a complication to vaccination (a) Neuritis --- A polyneuritis has been associated with the use of certain virus vaccines ( most notably swine influenza in humans ) and the disease is called as Gullain-Barre syndrome. One case has been reported in dogs following vaccination with a polyvalent distemper – hepatitisparvovirus vaccine. The pathogenesis of syndrome is unclear. (b)Encephalitis – Rabies vaccine that contains central nervous tissue may provoke autoimmune encephalitis. Post vaccinational canine distemper virus encephalitis is a rare complication that may develop after administration of a modified live canine distemper vaccine. C. Foreignbody reaction – Vaccines when administered can be treated as a foreign body to produce either Type IV hypersensitivity reaction or fibrosarcoma. in inflammation and tissue repair. Precautions for post vaccination complication Following precautions can be taken to prevent post vaccination
complications.
•
Proper sterilization of syringe & needles before vaccination.
•
Reconstituted vaccine should be discarded at the end of each vaccination.
•
Training of immunization worker
•
Adrenaline (1: 1000 solution) should be used in the event of anaphylaxis
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An injection of antihistaminic drug & corticosteroid should be kept ready during vaccination
Conclusion Vaccination is the preventive measure to protect individuals against the infectious diseases. But the use of vaccine is not free of risk. Residual virulence and toxicity, allergic reactions, disease in immunodeficient hosts, neurological complications and harmful effects on the fetus etc are the most significant risks associated with the use of vaccines. Veterinarians should use only licensed vaccines and the manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recommendations should carefully be followed. Before using a vaccine, the veterinarian should consider the likelihood that an adverse event will happen, as well as the possible consequences or severity of this event. These factors must be weighed against the benefits to the animal. Thus a common but mild complication may require a different consideration than a rare, severe complication.
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Bee and Bees Products Hasnain Nangyal1, Nighat Ziaudin2, Abasin Baryal3, Antima Sharma4, Upvan Bhushan5 1Department 2Department 3Departmet
of Botany, Hazara University, Manehra Khyber Puktoonkhwa
of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Pakistan
of Forestry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Dir (U) Khyber Pakttonkhwa
4Herbarium
and Plant Systematic Laboratory, Department of Botany H.N.B. Garhwal Central University 5Department
of Botany, University of Jammu
History of bee (Apis mellifera L.) preceded humans on earth by 10 to 20 million years. Honey bees are one of the oldest forms of animal life still in existence from the Neolithic Age. Primeval humans gathered and ate the honey and honeycombs of wild bees, the only available sweet, as far back as 7000 B.C. Bronze Age societies celebrated preindustrial triumphs by drinking mead, probably the first intoxicating beverage, fermented from honey. In fact, the words mead and mellifera (the specific name for honey bees), which are similar in several languages, were derived from root words referring to honey bees, liquor, doctored drink, etc. In the past, words for mead, honey, and honey bee have been used interchangeably, revealing the importance placed on the alcoholic beverage derived from honey. Like honey, beeswax has been prominent in ancient folklore and mythology. In the pre-Christian era, wax was offered as a sacrifice to the gods; used in the rites of birth, circumcision, marriage, purification, and death; and used in embalming, sealing coffins, and mummification. The use of beeswax in religious candles carried over into Christian times and led to beekeeping by clergy and monks in order to ensure an adequate supply of the raw material. In the past, beeswax served as a medium of exchange and taxation; it was exacted as tribute from conquered nations and was used in writing, painting, sculpturing, and protecting works of art, as well as for illumination. Honey, beeswax, and propolis (a mixture primarily of plant resins and beeswax that bees use in nest contruction) have been used www.microbiologyworld.com www.facebook.com/MicrobiologyWorld
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extensively in pharmacopoeia since 2700 B.C. The principal medicinal value of honey arises from its antibacterial properties when used as a wound dressing. Honey bees originated in southern Asia, probably in the region of Afghanistan. The earliest record of humans gathering honey from wild colonies is from 7000 B.C. Man first kept bees about 3000 to 4000 B.C., perhaps as early as 5000 B.C. There is no way of knowing to what extent honey bees have evolved since then; we can assume that some evolution has taken place, particularly with regard to the social organization of the colony and foraging behavior. Apis mellifem, the most widely distributed of the species of Apis, is not native to the Americas. The first record of the introduction of honey bees to the western hemisphere was in 1530 in South America. It was introduced to North America by colonists from Holland in 1638. Since bees visit a broad range of host plants and are able to conserve heat by clustering, they have become widely dispersed and are now found throughout the world. Honey bees are limited in their distribution mainly by an absence of suitable forage and/or less than 19.8 cm (7.8 inches) of rainfall annually. The scientific name, Apis mellifera, was given the honey bee by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. It literally means "the honey-carrying bee * " A more descriptive name, A. mellifica, or "the honeymak- ing bee ' " was proposed in 1761. While this second name more accurately describes honey bees (which carry nectar but make honey), the rales governing precedence in scientific nomenclature dictate that the earlier name be retained. Nevertheless, the term A. mellifica can still be found in some bee literature. The Importance of Bees in Nature
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Bees as Part of Ecosystems Pollinators strongly influence ecological relationships, ecosystem conservation and stability, genetic variation in the plant community, floral diversity, specialization and evolution. Bees play an important, but little recognized role in most terrestrial ecosystems where there is green vegetation cover for at least 3 to 4 months each year. In tropical forests, savannah woodlands, mangrove, and in temperate deciduous forests, many species of plants and animals would not survive if bees were missing. This is because the production of seeds, nuts, berries and fruits are highly dependent on insect pollination, and among the pollinating insects, bees are the major pollinators. In rain forests, especially in high mountain forests where it is too cold for most bees, other pollinators like bats and birds play a greater role in plant pollination. In farmed areas, bees are needed for the pollination of many cultivated crops
and for maintaining
biodiversity in â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;islandsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of non-cultivated areas. The main role of bees in the different ecosystems is their pollination work. Other animal species are connected with bees: either because they eat the brood or honey, pollen or wax, because they are parasitic to the bees, or simply because they live within the bees nest.
What is Bees Venom? Bee venom (BV) therapy which utilizes the application of bee venom to treat various diseases has been used since ancient times in traditional medicine Honey bee venom as a well known pharmacologically active product of the hive. It is synthesized by the venom glands associated with the sting apparatus of worker and queens, stored in the venom reservoir, and injected through the sting apparatus during the stinging process.
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What is the composition of bees venom? Bee venom is a complex mixture of proteins, peptides and low molecular components. Nowadays its components have been characterised. The main components are proteins and peptides. The composition of fresh and dried BV differs mainly in regards to the volatile components; the overall biological activity is similar.
What is the main clinical use of bees venom? Assuming that arthritis is very old human disease and that Homo sapiens has probably found relief after bee stings, bee stinging is probably the first apitherapy received by humans. The father of modern Apitherapy the Austrian doctor Philip Terc had rheumatism and cured himself by bee stings. Terc hypothesised that the stronger the rheumatism form, the stronger the BV doses should be. He distinguishes three phases of healing: In the first phase the patient develops a pathological immunity with very weak reaction to bee stinging. In the second he is as sensitive to BV as normal people, with the development of a local painful reaction. In this phase healing begins. In the third phase healing is completed. Terc treats his patients with 1 to 50 bees per session. He reports on the treatment of 660 patients. 544 recovered fully, 99 improved and in the remaining 17 the treatment was not successful. What is honey? Honey is defined in the Codex Alimentarius of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as the natural sweet substance produced by honey bee from nectar of blossoms or from secretions of living part of plants or excretions of plant sucking insects on the living parts, which honey bees called,transform and combine with specific substances of their own, store and leave in the honey comb to ripen and mature.It is completely natural product.TheCodex and most of the food regulations world-wide, specify that no additives are permitted in honey.Even the product stored in the cells of the honey comb.When bees are fed sugar or syrups cant legitimately be called honey. Mostly honey is produced by the bees from the nectar which is secreted in flowers, but bees sometimes also collect the pploem sap of plants, in the form of honeydew which they collect, then they dry off most of the water to form a thick syrup which is sealed in the cells of the wax honeycome by thin wax cap. www.microbiologyworld.com
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What is the composition of honey? Honey is syrup which is highly concentrated solution of a complex mixture of sugars. This mixture is formed by the action of the bees enzymes on the sugars in the nectar, which are mainly sucrose with some glucose or fructose depending on the species of plant. The sucrose is almost all changed to glucose and fructose, which together account for about90% of the total sugar content of honey. More complex sugars make up the other10%.There is usually more fructose than glucose present in honey, on average 1.2times more Nectar from different species of plants contributes different species of plants contributes different amounts of glucose and/or fructose additional to the sucrose, so some floral types of honey have a relatively high content of fructose and some a relatively high content of glucose. Fructose is very soluble in water but glucose is not. Honey typically is about 17%
water
after the bees have
evaporated the nectar to form a sugar syrup. In most types of honey, glucose will not remain in solution at such a high
concentration,
and
glucose
crystals are formed. Some honeys which have a high content of fructose never
crystallize.
Besides
sugars,
honey contains a wide range of amino acids and vitamins. However, the quantities these nutrients present in the amounts of honey likely to be eaten are too low to be of nutritional significance when compared with the recommended daily intake. Honey also contains a wide range of polyphenols such as flavonoids. These give honey a significant antioxidant activity and may be involved in some of the therapeutic actions of honey.
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What is bee milk? Bees Milk is a natural dispersion of Beewax in water. Bees Milk makes it possible to Cold Formulate. A formulator is able to get the benefits of Beeswax in a formulation without having to heat that phase of the formula. The lipid composition in Bees Milk closely, mimics. The natural lipid composition in Bees Milk closely,
mimics
the
natural
lipid
composition of the skin, thus copying the sins own natural secretion, making Bees Milk matures emollient. Bees Milk is stabilized,
and
is
compatible
with
surfactants and other compounds of high ionic strength. Bees Milk very easy to work with. It is dispersible in water, glycol, and alcohol and provides the opportunity to cold formulate. Bees Milk is a highly stable emollient former and opacifier.
Scientific innovation. We have already known the scientific favor of bees products. In the result of our research we have observed new applications. For the first time we learned dead of bees as increase the impact of medicine.
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Progress in the fight against harmful fungi Mr. Shaikh Rajesh Ali Assistant professor, Dept. of Microbiology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpore, Kol-131 Source: Medical University of Vienna Summary: One of the world's largest gene libraries for the Candida glabrata yeast, which is harmful to humans, has been developed by researchers. Molecular analysis of the Candida glabrata fungus mutations led to the discovery of 28 new genes that are partly responsible for the yeast's tolerance of common drugs. Infectious diseases caused by fungi, viruses, bacteria and parasites represent the world's number one cause of death. A few dozen types of harmful fungi claim more than 1.5 million human lives every year.
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A group of researchers at the Max F. Perutz Laboratories has created one of the three world's largest gene libraries for the Candida glabrata yeast, which is harmful to humans. Molecular analysis of the Candida glabrata fungus mutations led to the discovery of 28 new genes that are partly responsible for the yeast's tolerance of common drugs.
Infectious diseases caused by fungi, viruses, bacteria and parasites represent the world's number one cause of death. A few dozen types of harmful fungi claim more than 1.5 million human lives every year. Especially people with a severely weakened immune system are at particular risk of infections with yeasts of the Candida species, with invasive infections being fatal in around 40 per cent of cases. Medications are expensive, and fungi are increasingly developing resistance.
The working group led by Karl Kuchler at the Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL) -- a research and training centre run jointly between the University of Vienna and the Medical University of Vienna at the Vienna Biocenter Campus -- coordinated an international study cooperation aimed at researching new tolerance and virulence genes in Candida glabrata. During this process, genetic methods were used to generate one of the three world's largest libraries of "knock-out fungi." More than 600 fungus mutations were created from which a single gene was specifically removed.
As now published in the journal PLoS Pathogens, the molecular analysis of the Candida glabrata fungus mutations revealed 28 new genes that confer anti-fungal tolerance, especially to the popular drug Caspofungin. The study, in which the coordinators in Vienna also collaborated with groups from the Johns Hopkins University, the Institute Pasteur in Paris, the Fraunhofer Institute in Stuttgart, the Imperial College in London and the Genomics Institute in Barcelona, also identified new intra-cellular stress sensors and signal transmitters in Candida glabrata. Removing these characteristics genetically leads to marked sensitivity to all of the anti-fungal medications currently used in clinical practice -- including Caspofungin.
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"Since genetically removing these virulence factors from Candida glabrata patient isolates markedly reduces their virulence as well as dramatically increases the fungal pathogens' sensitivity to medications, these signal transmitters are the best points of attack for the development of new and highly effective anti-fungal therapies," says Karl Kuchler from the MFPL. "These findings represent a new milestone in the discovery and characterization of Candida glabrata resistance genes, laying the foundations for the development of new antifungal medications. This means that, in future, it will be possible to treat the often fatal invasive infections with pathogenic fungi in a more targeted and efficient manner."
Worldwide, more than Euro 8 billion is spent worldwide on anti-fungal medications, and the overall costs of treating the conditions caused by pathogenic fungi exceed hundreds of billions worldwide. The second-most common Candida fungus harmful to humans, Candida glabrata, is a major clinical problem since it has sophisticated natural tolerance and can demonstrate resistance triggered by anti-fungal therapy to the most important medications. As a result, infections with Candida glabrata need to be treated with very expensive drugs such as Caspofungin. Caspofungin blocks the biogenesis of components of the carbohydrate-rich cell wall, which is only found in fungi. The treatment of Candida glabrata, however, is becoming increasingly difficult due to the fact that anti-fungal resistance is common, the costs of Caspofungin are very high and because the frequency of infections with Candida glabrata has increased tremendously. Journal Reference: Tobias Schwarzmüller, Biao Ma, Ekkehard Hiller, Fabian Istel, Michael Tscherner, Sascha Brunke, Lauren Ames, Arnaud Firon, Brian Green, Vitor Cabral, Marina Marcet-Houben, Ilse D. Jacobsen, Jessica Quintin, Katja Seider, Ingrid Frohner, Walter Glaser, Helmut Jungwirth, Sophie Bachellier-Bassi, Murielle Chauvel, Ute Zeidler, Dominique Ferrandon, Toni Gabaldón, Bernhard Hube, Christophe d'Enfert, Steffen Rupp, Brendan Cormack, Ken Haynes, Karl Kuchler. Systematic Phenotyping of a Large-Scale Candida glabrata Deletion Collection Reveals Novel Antifungal Tolerance Genes. PLoS Pathogens, 2014; 10 (6): e1004211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004211 www.microbiologyworld.com
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You can also send your articles to info@microbiologyworld.com or broneps1@gmail.com Selected ones will be published in our next issue of Nov-Dec 2014. Thanks, Microbiology World Team
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