June 2015 Issue of Microbioz India,

List of Winners of May Issue

New Cross word Game Inside

Recent Research News

ISSUE. June 2015. VOLUME .02

INDIA

M

Interview…

Pf.Neil Woodford, AMRHAI, England

JOURNALS Call for Papers June 2015 ISSUE

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Contents

07 Cover Story: Coping with Climate Change and Reducing Infectious Disease Risks: Heading towards

28 Recent open scholarship Positions for pursuing higher education from different reputed university of the world.

Environmental and Public Health Concerns

12 25 Recent Research news Informations: Collected from worldwide sources

An Interview with, Pf.Neil Woodford, Head, AMRHAI, England

22

38

Biotech and Pharma business news

Microbioz India, Crossword games of June 2015 Issue of

updates

Microbioz India, and list of winners of May 2015 Issue

“It was always great fun designing novel assays at the bench, but now my role is more focused on leading and overseeing the strategic direction of PHE’s AMRHAI Unit, which is highly enjoyable. The breadth of work around AMR has given me fantastic opportunities throughout my career, which perfectly suits my ambitious nature.” …See More @ Page No.25

Pf.Neil Woodford Head, AMRHAI, England

Editorial Lines D

ear readers and respected members first of all I would

MICROBIOZ INDIA

heartly like to thanks you all for yours loving appreciations and supports for smoothly publication of each issue of Microbioz India Magazines, A monthly official publication of Microbioz Journals.

I hope cover story of June 2015 Issue of Microbioz India no doubt will highly attracts huge number of readerships from all around the world ,The cover story of this issue is interconnection between climate change and public heath which entitled: “Coping with Climate Change and Reducing Infectious Disease Risks: Heading towards Environmental and Public Health Concerns�

The cover story of Magazine is covered by Microbioz India team member Rodel Estadillo Alo, Biology Department, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University, General santos City, Philippines.

Dealing with such significant issue unties us into reality that people are undeniably contributors leading environmental anomalies. Evident paradigm on this is recently the threat brought by the climate alterations caused by human activities, and thus its effects are greatly extended to mankind premises; terrestrial, aquatic and wildlife habitats.

As we introduce our readers each month with Scientists/Academicians this month Microbioz India team performs an Interview with one of eminent Scientist and famous Microbiologist from England, named Pf.Neil Woodford, Head, Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit (AMRHAI), Public Health England.

Microbioz India June 2015 issue of magazine also has huge collection of different research news informations collected from worldwide sources. Along with research news magazine also has collection of few business news updates from all around the world.

For better support to young students here is also a collection of recent scholarships updates for pursuing higher education from different reputed university of the world.

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Cover Story‌

Heading Towards Environmental & Public Health Concerns

Dealing with such significant issue unties us into reality that people are undeniably contributors leading environmental anomalies.

Evident paradigm on this is recently the threat brought by the climate alterations caused by human activities, and thus its effects are greatly extended to mankind premises; terrestrial, aquatic and wildlife habitats.

Initially, climate change is regarded as an environmental threat and concern, but lately it was supported that its drastic influence played significant role in featuring infectious diseases.

Cover Story‌

Coping

With Climate Change and Reducing Infectious Disease Risks: Heading towards Environmental and Public

RodelEstadilloAlo Biology Department, College of Natural Science and Mathematics Mindanao State University-General Santos City, Philippines rodel.alo03@gmail.com

Health Concerns.

ealing with such significant issue unties us into reality that people are undeniably contributors leading environmental anomalies. Evident paradigm on this is recently the threat brought by the climate alterations caused by human activities, and thus its effects are greatly extended to mankind premises; terrestrial, aquatic and wildlife habitats.

Initially, climate change is regarded as an environmental threat and concern, but lately it was supported that its drastic influence played significant role in featuring infectious diseases. This review presents a narrative and environment-friendly information on our awareness and know-how about climate change as it correlates on the expanse of Microbiology.

D

Climate change and its Interventions Aside from the ecological concerns brought by climate change, it also intervenes with the public health concerns. Many studies were already conducted to provide baseline details to support as evidences deliberating climate change the auxiliary factor for such rise of infectious diseases. Over the past decade, climate alterations has already caused profound and often complex changes in the prevalence or severity of some infectious diseases( Harvel, et.al., 2009).A number of researches on climate change explained that the rising concentration of atmospheric GHGs is human-induced. To say the least, the excessive use of fossil fuels, rapid industrialization, large-scale deforestation, and conversion of forest ecosystems into agricultural lands, have consequently bombarded the atmosphere with excessive GHGs. Normally, GHGs would only trap much heat to warm the planet at a level that is favorable to most, if not all, of the living organisms. However, their increased concentrations caused more and more solar radiation to be trapped in the biosphere, which, in turn, increase the global temperature to a level that is detrimental to most life forms.

According to Harvel, et.al, the potential for infectious diseases tends to increase with climate warming. Since then, the frequency of studies examining climate-disease interactions has continued to increase, producing clear evidence that changes in mean temperature or climate variability can alter disease risk. Some of the best examples of climate responses of infectious diseases to date are from ectodermic hosts and from parasites with environmental transmission stages that can persist outside the host.

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Cover Story‌

Figure 1.)Evident consequences brought by Climate Change; a.) Drought, b.)Crop Damage and c.)Animal Extinction.

Photo credit: Google images

Infectious diseases caused by climate change Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi and that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another as World Health Organization gave its definition.

Climate-disease interactions involve ecological and physiological mechanisms which are greatly influenced under certain conditions (Gilman et al., 2010; Johnson and Paull, 2010). Technically, climate change had been related with the emergence of infectious diseases in wide array of scope; aquatic and terrestrial wildlife. Climate change can have direct impacts on distribution, life cycle, and physiological status of hosts, pathogens and vectors.

Figure 2. Host-Pathogen and Host-Pathogen- Vector Interactions

The influence of climate change on infectious diseases involves different mechanisms. These mechanisms are controlled by either phenotypic or genotypic variation.

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Cover Story‌ Thus, it can also be influenced by the ecophysiological aspect of the host and the pathogen. On the other hand, more research studies must be done for this kind of ecological endeavor, and thus more importance should be established to the coordination of ecological, public health and microbiological research fields for further scientific surveillance and mitigation strategies on climate change and its impacts on infectious diseases.

A.) Ancient fossils reveal rise in parasitic due To climate change.

B.)

Deadly Fungus Poisons Corn Crops Causes Cancer: A carcinogenic mold exacerbated by the warming climate.

Photo credit: Ewok Jorduman/Flickr

Climate sensitivities of infectious diseases The temperature of both the infection agents and the vector organisms are determined directly by the local climate.

Hereafter, there is only a limited range of climatic conditions where these infective or vector species can survive and reproduce. Infectious agents like protozoa, bacteria, viruses, etc and vector organisms like ticks, mosquitoes, etc. are of smaller size and they are most significant on issues like this. On the other hand, it is particularly notable that the incubation time of a vector-borne infective agent within its vector organism is typically very sensitive to changes in temperature. The level of precipitation, sea level elevation, wind and duration of sunlight are just the other known climatic sensitivities for the agent, vector and the host.

Climate change: coping and mitigation Climate change poses new challenges to the management of the world’s ecological balance, biodiversity and public health. Its worst effects resulted to species extinctions, both directly and through interactions with infectious disease. Species extinction resulted from the direct effect of climate change is accounted sometimes with an evolutionary concept such thing as survival.

On the other hand, death cases and extinctions from infections are reflected on the microbiological and clinical aspects to which climate change had set an important relation.

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Cover Story…

This interesting endeavor was initially studied and will be investigated again for scientific and clinical purposes. Previous research works had already established mitigation strategies to hamper climate change. For these reasons, efforts to come up with mitigation strategies are doubled throughout the world. These mechanisms are designed to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change.

Climate change interventions are divided into two broad categories: mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation interventions are designed to tackle the causes of climate change, while adaptation refers to interventions designed to assist people and countries in tackling the effects of climate change (Prowseet.al., 2010).

Mitigation interventions share similarities with development activities. For example, the introduction of new technologies, sustainable agricultural practices, the production of new products and services, such as Biofuels and environmental services, all of which can provide new sources of income and wellbeing in addition to reducing GHGs. Adaptation intervention, unlike mitigation, is premeditated on the effects brought by climate change. This includes adjustment of individual groups, institutions to a changing climate, increase in external shocks, in order to reduce vulnerability and thus improve the capacity to cope with and reduce the negative impacts of climate change (Prowse et.al., 2010).

“This review article is made to highlight the complexity in the relation between climate change and infectious diseases of wildlife. This review therefore conclude that the impact of climate change on infectious diseases is unlikely to arise from a linear effect of elevated temperature on one specific physiological or ecological process in the host-pathogen-vector interaction, but it can involve multiple targets, it can be counteracted by phenotypic acclimation and/or genotypic adaptation, it can depend by the ecological context of the host-pathogen-vector interactions, and it can be modulated by cumulative impacts of other stressor” ( Gallana, et.al., 2013).

References  D. Harvell, S. Altizer, I. M. Cattadori, L. Harrington, E. Weil, Ecology 90, 912–920 (2009). 

Gallana, M., Ryser-Degiorgis, MP., Wahli, T., Segner, H. Climate Change and Infectious Diseases of Wildlife: Altered Interaction between Pathogens, vectors and hosts. Current Zoology 59 (3): 427-437, 2013.



Gilman SE, Urban MC, Tewksbury J, Gilchrist GW, Holt RD, 2010. A framework for community interactions under climate change. TREE 25: 325–331.



Johnson PTJ, Paull SH, 2010.The ecology and emergence of diseases in fresh waters. Freshwater Biology 56.638–657.

 

Prowse. M., Snilstveit, B. Impact Evaluation and Interventions to Address Climate Change: A Scoping Study. March 2010.

World Health Organization, 2009. http://www.who.int/globalchange

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Research Update‌

Diagnosing cancer with luminescent bacteria:

Engineered

detect tumors in liver

M

Probiotics -- Story Courtesy: Science daily

any types of cancer, including colon and pancreatic, tend to metastasize to the liver. The earlier doctors can find these

tumors, the more likely that they can successfully treat them."There are interventions, like local surgery or local ablation that physicians can perform if the spread of disease in the liver is confined, and because the liver can regenerate, these interventions are tolerated. New data are showing that those patients may have a higher survival rate, so there's a particular need for detecting early metastasis in the liver," says Sangeeta Bhatia, the John and Dorothy Wilson Professor of Health Sciences and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT.Using a harmless strain of E. coli that colonizes the liver, the researchers programmed the bacteria to produce a luminescent signal that can be detected with a simple urine test. Bhatia and Jeff Hasty, a professor of biology at UCSD, are the senior authors of a paper describing the new approach this week in the journal Science Translational Medicine. Lead authors are MIT postdoc Tal Danino and UCSD postdoc Arthur Prindle.

Microbial help Previous studies had shown that bacteria can penetrate and grow in the tumor microenvironment, where there are lots of nutrients and the body's immune system is compromised. Because of this, scientists have been trying for many years to develop bacteria as a possible vehicle for cancer treatment. The MIT and UCSD researchers began exploring this idea a few years ago, but soon expanded their efforts to include the concept of creating a bacterial diagnostic. To turn bacteria into diagnostic devices, the researchers engineered the cells to express the gene for a naturally occurring enzyme called lacZ that cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. In this case, lacZ acts on a molecule injected into the mice, consisting of galactose linked to luciferin, a luminescent protein naturally produced by fireflies. Luciferin is cleaved from galactose and excreted in the urine, where it can easily be detected using a common laboratory test.

"We realized that if we gave a Probiotics, we weren't going to be able to get bacteria concentrations high enough to colonize the tumors all over the body, but we hypothesized that if we had tumors in the liver they would get the highest dose from an oral delivery," says Bhatia, who is a member of MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science.

For more information go through story source.

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Research Update…

Microfluidic cell-squeezing device new possibilities

in

vaccines

fresh

cell

based

- Story Credit: Kevin Leonardi | Koch Institute

As cells pass through the Cell Squeeze device at high speed, narrowing Microfluidic channels apply a squeeze that opens small, temporary holes in the cells' membranes. As a result, large molecules — antigens, in the case of this study — can enter before the membrane reseals.

Researcher from MIT

Courtesy of SQZ Biotech opens new mystery that use a Microfluidic cell-squeezing device to introduce specific antigens inside

the immune system’s B cells, providing a new approach to developing and implementing antigen-presenting cell vaccines. Such vaccines, created by reprogramming a patient’s own immune cells to fight invaders, hold great promise for treating cancer and other diseases. However, several inefficiencies have limited their translation to the clinic, and only one therapy has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. While most of these vaccines are created with dendritic cells, a class of antigen-presenting cells with broad functionality in the immune system, the researchers demonstrate in a study published in Scientific Reports that B cells can be engineered to serve as an alternative.“We wanted to remove an important barrier in using B cells as an antigen-presenting cell population, helping them complement or replace dendritic cells,” says Gregory Szeto, a postdoc at MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the paper’s lead author.

A new vaccine-preparation approach Dendritic cells are the most naturally versatile antigen-presenting cells. In the body, they continuously sample antigens from potential invaders, which they process and present on their cell surface. The cells then migrate to the spleen or the lymph nodes, where they prime T cells to mount an attack against cells that are cancerous or infected, targeting the specific antigens that are ingested and presented. Despite their critical role in the immune system, dendritic cells have drawbacks when used for cell-based vaccines: They have a short lifespan, they do not divide when activated, and they are relatively sparse in the bloodstream.B cells are also antigen-presenting cells, but in contrast to dendritic cells, they can proliferate when activated and are abundant in the bloodstream. However, their functionality is more limited: Whereas dendritic cells constantly sample antigens they encounter, a B cell is genetically programmed only to bind to a specific antigen that matches the receptor on its surface. As such, a B cell generally will not ingest and display an antigen if it does not match its receptor.

For more information go through story source.

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Research Update‌

Risks

for

Because

Contact eyes

lens has

wearers: changed

Microbiomes results in risk of more infections

-Story Source: NYU, Langone Medical center

In a study report on their work to be presented at the annual meeting of the American Society for Microbiology on May 31 in New Orleans, NYU Langone researchers say they have identified a diverse set of microorganisms in the eyes of daily contact lens wearers that more closely resembles the group of microorganisms of their eyelid skin than the bacterial grouping typically found in the eyes of non-wearers. Specifically, the NYU Langone team found that the eye surface, or conjunctiva, has surprisingly higher bacterial diversity than the skin directly beneath the eye and three times the usual proportion of Methylobacterium, Lactobacillus, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas bacteria in the eyes of the study's nine contact lens wearers than is typically found on the surface of the eyeballs of 11other men and women in the study who did not wear contact lenses. When measured and plotted on a graph, statistical germ diversity scores showed that the eye microbiome of contact lens wearers had a composition more similar to that of the wearer's skin than the eye microbiome of non-lens wearers."Our research clearly shows that putting a foreign object, such as a contact lens, on the eye is not a neutral act," says senior study investigator and NYU Langone microbiologist Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello, PhD."What we hope our future experiments will show is whether these changes in the eye microbiome of lens wearers are due to fingers touching the eye, or from the lens's direct pressure affecting and altering the immune system in the eye and what bacteria are suppressed or are allowed to thrive," says Dominguez-Bello, an associate professor at NYU Langone.

"These findings should help scientists better understand the longstanding problem of why contact-lens wearers are more prone to eye infections than non-lens wearers," says Dominguez-Bello, whose research focuses on the different microbiomes of the gut and other body parts, how they interact, and how contemporary lifestyle practices may affect the microbiome and increase disease risk. Such understanding, she says, should point to better means of preventing infections."There has been an increase in the prevalence of corneal ulcers following the introduction of soft contact lenses in the 1970s," says study coinvestigator Jack Dodick, MD, professor and chair of ophthalmology at NYU Langone. "A common pathogen implicated has been Pseudomonas. This study suggests that because the offending organisms seem to emanate from the skin, greater attention should be directed to eyelid and hand hygiene to decrease the incidence of this serious occurrence," he says.

For more information go through story Source MICROBIOZ INDIA

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Research Update…

Honey Bee colonies declined by small parasites through infecting Larvae

I

-Story Source: UC San Diego

n this week’s issue of the journal PLOS ONE, the scientists report that a microsporidian called Nosema ceranae, which has

been known to infect adult Asiatic and European honey bees, can also infect honeybee larvae. They also discovered that honey bee larvae infected with the microsporidian have reduced lifespans as adults. “Previous research suggested that Nosema ceranae could not infect honey bee larvae,” said James Nieh, a professor of biology at UC San Diego who headed the research effort with graduate student Daren Eiri, the first author of the study. “But this was largely based upon indirect evidence: spore counts in newly emerged adult bees, which typically have low spore counts.”

Because Eiri and his co-authors conducted their experiments with larvae exposed to spores and reared in the laboratory, they said the extent of larval infection needs to be studied further using field bee colonies to determine the true impact of larval infection on colony health. Nieh noted that a study conducted recently by other scientists detected low levels of Nosema DNA in honey bee larvae, suggesting that larval infection can occur in field colonies.“However, no study had directly investigated whether larvae could become infected with Nosema ceranae,” said Eiri. “Our study provides a direction to continue investigating this question outside the lab and in the field using entire colonies The UC San Diego discovery may also clarify a mystery. “One puzzling aspect of Nosema ceranae infection is that infection in adult bees usually decreases after medication is given by beekeepers to a colony, but can later resurge,” Nieh said. “Some of this resurgent infection could be due to transmission between bee colonies or to adult bees that have a low, but resistant level of infection.” Those unanswered questions suggest the impact of this microsporidian on honey bee colonies deserves a second look. “We hope that our study will spur further research into how Nosema ceranae is transmitted and into the potential infection of larvae in natural and managed honey bee colonies in the field,” said Nieh.

For more information go through story source.

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Research Update…

Dose of alcohol with Cannabis leaf increases level of THC in blood -Story Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC)

Cannabis plus alcohol is one of the most frequently detected drug combinations in car accidents, yet the interaction of these two compounds is still poorly understood. A study appearing online today in Clinical Chemistry, the journal of AACC, shows for the first time that the simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis produces significantly higher blood concentrations of cannabis’s main psychoactive constituent, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), as well as THC’s primary active metabolite, 11hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), than cannabis use alone. Currently, 23 states and the District of Columbia have legalized medical cannabis, and Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska have decriminalized recreational cannabis use. As cannabis becomes more widely accessible, the verdict remains out on whether cannabis intoxication increases the risk of car accidents. Experts agree, however, that the combination of cannabis and alcohol raises the chance of crashing more than either substance by itself. In a study of 1,882 motor vehicle deaths, the U.S. Department of Transportation found an increased accident risk of 0.7 for cannabis use, 7.4 for alcohol use, and 8.4 for cannabis and alcohol use combined. To shed light on the ways in which cannabis and alcohol interact to negatively impact driving, a group of researchers studied 19 adult participants who drank placebo or low-dose alcohol (with a target peak breath-alcohol concentration of approximately 0.065%) 10 minutes prior to inhaling 500 mg of placebo, low-dose (2.9% THC), or high-dose (6.7% THC) vaporized cannabis. The researchers found that with no alcohol, the median maximum blood concentrations for low and high THC doses were 32.7 and 42.2 µg/L THC, respectively, and 2.8 and 5.0 µg/L 11-OH-THC. With alcohol, the median maximum blood concentrations for low and high THC doses were 35.3 and 67.5 µg/L THC and 3.7 and 6.0 µg/L 11-OH-THC—which is significantly higher than without alcohol.

“The significantly higher blood THC and 11-OH-THC [median maximum concentration] values with alcohol possibly explain increased performance impairment observed from cannabis-alcohol combinations,” said lead study author Marilyn A. Huestis, PhD, of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland. “Our results will help facilitate forensic interpretation and inform the debate on drugged driving legislation.”

For more informations go through story source.

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Research Update‌

Recent researches shed light on complexities of emerging zoonotic malaria

-Story Source: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Z

oonotic malaria has been shown to be caused by two genetically distinct Plasmodium knowlesi parasite subpopulations

associated with different monkey host species in Malaysia, according to new research published in PLOS Pathogens. The authors believe this could have important implications for how the parasite adapts and spreads in humans. Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic malaria parasite which is common in forest-dwelling macaques. In recent years, increasing numbers of cases of knowlesi malaria have been reported in humans. The disease is now the most common form of human malaria in many areas of Malaysia, and has been reported across south-east Asia. The new study, led by researchers at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and University of Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), used sensitive genotyping methods to analyse samples of 599 P. knowlesi infections (552 in humans and 47 in wild macaques) at 10 sites in Malaysia. They identified two genetically divergent subpopulations of P. knowlesi in human cases, each associated predominantly with a different species of reservoir host - long-tailed macaques and pig-tailed macaques respectively. Zoonotic malaria has been shown to be caused by two genetically distinct Plasmodium knowlesi parasite subpopulations associated with different monkey host species in Malaysia, according to new research published in PLOS Pathogens. The authors believe this could have important implications for how the parasite adapts and spreads in humans. Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic malaria parasite which is common in forest-dwelling macaques. In recent years, increasing numbers of cases of knowlesi malaria have been reported in humans. The disease is now the most common form of human malaria in many areas of Malaysia, and has been reported across south-east Asia. The new study, led by researchers at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and University of Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), used sensitive genotyping methods to analyse samples of 599 P. knowlesi infections (552 in humans and 47 in wild macaques) at 10 sites in Malaysia. They identified two genetically divergent subpopulations of P. knowlesi in human cases, each associated predominantly with a different species of reservoir host - long-tailed macaques and pig-tailed macaques respectively.

For more information go through story source.

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Research Update‌

Stem cell switch on the move -Story Source: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg

T

he roots of a plant are constantly growing, so that they can provide the plant with water and minerals while also giving it a

firm anchor in the ground. Responsible for these functions are pluripotent stem cells. In order to avoid differentiation and to remain pluripotent, these stem cells are dependent on signals from their neighbouring cells. These signals are generated by only a small group of slowly dividing cells in the so-called quiescent centre inside the root. "Solving the mechanism by which signals within the root control stem cell activity has implications for the general workings of the stem cell regulation in plants and humans," Laux said. He also explained that this will allow scientists to study how plant growth adjusts to different environmental conditions, adding that "this is a fascinating field of research in the era of climate change."

Of all the cells in plants and animals, pluripotent stem cells are the most multi-functional. When they divide, they produce two types of daughter cells: some become new stem cells, while others differentiate to replace tissue or form new organs. To maintain its stem cells, the organism generates the signals that block differentiation inside special stem cell niches. These niches are the only place where stem cells can exist. For blood stem cells, for example, the stem cells reside in the bone marrow.Laux's group of researchers had previously discovered the transcription factor WOX5, which is necessary for generating signals, in the cells of the root's quiescent centre. However, what its precise role is has remained unclear until now.

Laux's team studied the stem cells in the model organism of the Arabidopsis plant, or rock cress, which is part of the Brassicaceae family of plants, including mustard and cabbage. Studies have already shown, however, that many of these findings also apply to crops such as rice. When the signal WOX5 enters the stem cells through pores, it binds at specific DNA sequences, the promoters, of target genes and recruits an enzyme via a so-called adaptor protein. This enzyme changes the DNA's protein shell, the chromatin, causing the respective gene to be no longer effectively readable. But why does WOX5 switch off its target gene CDF4 in stem cells? Laux's team of researchers has shown that the CDF4's function is to initiate the differentiation of the stem cell's daughter cells. If the concentration of the CDF4 protein would be too high in the stem cells, then the stem cells would also be forced to differentiate and the plant would have to stop root growth. Where the concentration of WOX5 is high enough, the stem cell niche is able to maintain the pluripotent stem cells.

For more information go through story source.

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Research Update‌

New antibiotics may be created through wastewater treatment -Story Source: University of North Carolina at Charlotte

For years scientists have been aware of the potential problems of antibiotics being present in wastewater, and the research of engineering professor Olya Keen is showing that treatments to clean wastewater may actually be creating new antibiotics and further contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance in the environment.

An assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at UNC Charlotte, Keen began her current research into the behavior of antibiotics in wastewater in summer 2014. She recently presented her initial findings at a conference of the American Chemical Society held in Denver, Colo."This research is a small piece of a larger question," Keen said. "There are varieties of antibiotics found in wastewater, and, at this point, we are just testing one. It is in a class of antibiotics that all have similar compositions, so we anticipate that other antibiotics in this class may respond the same way."The antibiotic Keen and her student are studying is doxycycline, which falls into one of the more widely used classes of antibiotics. Their research to date is showing that chlorine used to treat wastewater is actually changing the makeup of the doxycycline and forming new antibiotics."Wastewater treatment is designed to break down biological substances but not antibiotics," stated Keen.

"Surprisingly enough, though, we are finding in the lab that not only is chlorine not breaking down antibiotics, but it is actually creating even stronger antibiotics than the original doxycycline."Antibiotics find their way into wastewater in several ways.

Those not broken down by the human body are passed to wastewater, expired antibiotics from homes and hospitals are dumped into wastewater, and there is discharge of antibiotic materials from pharmaceutical companies. "Wastewater tests have found every type of antibiotic known," Keen said. "The problems antibiotics cause when they are not broken down by treatment is they get into streams, where bacteria are becoming immune to them, and more dangerous, super bug, bacteria can be formed."Keen's lab is working with controlled samples, treating doxycycline with chlorine. Using a mass spectrometer, they separate samples by the mass of the molecules to identify their makeup. The next step in their research will be to treat and test real-world wastewater samples. Nicole Kennedy-Neth, a doctoral student in the Infrastructure and Environmental Systems Ph.D. program, is performing the laboratory experiments.

For more information go through story source.

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Business News‌

French Biotech firm Cellectis Jumps 14% on talks of sale to pfizer -Story Source: CNBC

Cellectis, the French biotech company, is in talks about its potential sale, with Pfizer of the US considered to be among the buyers. Two people familiar with the situation said Cellectis was in negotiations over a deal, but warned no outcome was certain, report Bryce Elder, Arash Massoudi and Andrew Ward in London and David Crow in New York. One person said Pfizer has approached the company about a deal that could value it at as much as â‚Ź1.5bn.The US drug company already owns 9.47 per cent of Cellectis after the pair forged a partnership to develop cancer drugs together. It is unclear if other parties were also in the sale talks with Cellectis.

Pfizer declined to comment and Cellectis had no immediate comment. An acquisition of Cellectis would strengthen Pfizer's push to become a serious player in a new category of cancer drugs called immuno-oncology.

For more information go through story source.

By: Everett Rosenfeld

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Business News‌

Gilead announces investment of 100$ in opening of new laboratory -Story Source: Center watch, news online

Gilead Alberta, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gilead Sciences, has opened the first of two new laboratory buildings at its Edmonton, Canada campus, and announced an additional $100 million investment to further expand and upgrade the site as the biopharmaceutical company broadens its pipeline of treatments in areas of unmet medical need. Gilead Alberta's two new laboratory buildings will allow for close to 170 additional scientists in Edmonton and enable Gilead Alberta to expand to support the development and manufacturing of investigational drugs, supply active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) for clinical research programs and contribute to new product launch supplies in the areas of hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV/AIDS and oncology. A second laboratory building is under construction and set for completion in the spring of 2016. The additional $100 million investment at the campus will include the construction of a new process tower for the additional manufacturing of API, a maintenance facility and upgrades to the existing site. The process tower will expand the capabilities of the operations in Edmonton to allow for the handling of more potent compounds. Edmonton is home to Gilead's largest operation in Canada, with more than 300 employees. In 2014, Gilead invested more than $100 million in R&D in Canada, almost half of that in Alberta.

For more information go through Story Source.

MICROBIOZ INDIA

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An Interview Pf.Neil Woodford Head, AMRHAI Public Health England “Microbioz India, perform an interview with Pf.Neil Woodford, Head Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit (AMRHAI), Public health England.

Pf.Neil is an eminent Microbiologist and Scientist having work experience on Antimicrobial Resistance. Microbioz India team feels great while making his interview we all wishes him a great future a head. Here are few interesting points of Interview with him are given.�

Interview Report…

Microbioz team: Why did you opt for microbiology as a career?

Pf.Neil: Growing up I was convinced that I wanted to be a vet, but when I turned 17, I focused my studies on microbes and infection. After completing my first degree in microbiology, I combined a part-time PhD with working as a research technician at St Mary’s Hospital in Paddington, London (it was at St Mary’s Hospital that Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin). During this time I was studying antibiotic resistance in gonococci (the bacteria that cause gonorrhoea) and it struck me how crucial an issue antibiotic resistance was in clinical microbiology and medicine.

Focusing my career on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has proven to be an exciting and timely choice, particularly when you consider the current international focus, huge political interest and increasing public awareness of AMR as a key issue facing humanity.

Microbioz team: Tell us a little more about your professional experiences; particularly any not mentioned in your resume/application?

Pf.Neil: I have worked for Public Health England (PHE) and its predecessor organizations for almost 30 years, and in 2012 I was asked to develop and lead PHE’s Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit; merging what had previously been two separate laboratories. This has certainly been a challenge, but PHE’s newly formed AMRHAI Unit has continued to grow in size and contribute to UK-wide and international work on AMR.In addition to my role at PHE, I am a scientific advisor to the independent Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, which was established in 2014 by the British Prime Minister, David Cameron, and is led by leading economist Jim O’Neill. I also serve on the advisory panel for the Longitude Prize 2014. The Longitude Prize will award up to £10million to anyone that can develop, or make inroads in developing, a diagnostic test that will conserve antibiotics for future generations. Having the opportunity to work actively with collaborators at numerous universities and a wide range of organizations across UK and overseas is another highly enjoyable aspect of my role.

Microbioz team: What is your favourite part of your current job and why is it your favourite part?

It was always great fun designing novel assays at the bench, but now my role is more focused on leading and overseeing the strategic direction of PHE’s AMRHAI Unit, which is highly enjoyable. The breadth of work around AMR has given me fantastic opportunities throughout my career, which perfectly suits my ambitious nature. I strive to introduce new technologies. Seeing them introduced as research methods and then developed and validated to the point where they can be offered for reference service delivery is essential as we deal with ever-increasing workloads, and the need to give our service users and other client’s accurate results faster. Throughout my career I have been (and still am at PHE) lucky enough to work with exceptionally talented people, and together we continue to deliver a body of published work that we are immensely proud of. Working for PHE allows me to interact on a daily basis with a huge and multidisciplinary group of scientific and medical colleagues, both at Colindale (our London laboratory base) and elsewhere in the organisation.The breadth and depth of their expertise in microbiology, epidemiology, bioinformatics and modeling (to name just a few disciplines) makes it a great place to work.

Microbioz team: How does your background and experience strengthen this academic department?

Pf.Neil: My Unit at Public Health England is not an academic department; we offer a large range of reference microbiology services, characterizing multiple bacterial species.

In addition we do sentinel laboratory-based surveillance projects, contracted evaluations of novel antibiotics and diagnostic tests, and grant-funded research projects. Managing these diverse activities draws on all of my experiences on a daily basis. It’s humbling to think that we’re building another chapter in the historical tradition at Colindale, of support to the clinical community, international collaborations and deep knowledge and expertise. I lead a team of almost 60 people and they regularly teach me new science; it’s my job to keep them doing that science, finding opportunities to fund the innovative work that drives reference microbiology forwards. I empower my senior team and challenge them constantly to reinvent themselves and what we do. Somehow, I manage to juggle science and management. My Unit is also a WHO Collaborating Centre, which allows us to contribute to efforts to increase international capability and share our experiences with colleagues from other countries.

This two-way learning process is tremendously rewarding. We are currently witnessing huge changes in clinical and reference microbiology, especially with the scale on which we now use techniques like whole genome sequencing; these would have been inconceivable five or even 10 years ago. At PHE, my Unit collaborates widely which is why we are recognized internationally. I am determined that our science will continue to be groundbreaking and to merit our excellent reputation.

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Interview Report…

Microbioz team: What are some of your proudest professional accomplishments?

Pf.Neil: It’s always a highlight for me when one of my team receives professional recognition for their work; this can be one of my PhD students passing their viva examination, seeing a colleague’s name on their first publication or getting their first research grant. Personally, I am incredibly proud to have risen through the ranks of PHE’s Reference Microbiology Services to lead the AMRHAI Unit. Our laboratory is highly regarded internationally and is an asset to the UK and North London.

Microbioz team: Mention few of your words in favour of Microbioz India.

Pf.Neil: Antimicrobial resistance is a huge international problem which must be tackled on an international scale. Microbioz India can play its part by disseminating key messages on antimicrobial resistance to help educate healthcare professionals. We need:    

Better antibiotic stewardship across medical, veterinary and agricultural sectors Faster diagnostics, not only to detect bacterial infections more effectively but also to indicate which antibiotics are active against the infecting strains. These diagnostics will decrease the length of or, in some cases, the need for empiric therapy A regular and sustainable supply of new antibiotics active against the increasing numbers of multi-resistant bacteria that we now face To build international capacity in the development of laboratory and surveillance capability in low and middle income countries

Scholarships Updates‌

STDF Short Term Fellowships for Egyptian Researchers, 2015 About Scholarship STDF short term fellowships from all Egyptian researchers to visit foreign research institutions. Fellowships are awarded to carry out basic and applied research projects jointly with foreign host professors or researchers. The fellowship is a personal, non-transferable award and is limited to a maximum of four months abroad (the fellowship should last at least 6 weeks and at most four months).

Eligibility Applications are open for all Egyptians working in Egyptian universities and research institutes in all fields. Other Egyptians who are integrated within the Egyptian Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) system are also eligible to apply for the STDF-STF. In conclusion, any researcher, faculty staff, or assistant (graduate student), is in principle eligible to apply for a STDF-STF fellowship. Applications are also open for faculty and research assistants (non-PhD holders) to carry out part of their MSc or PhD (well defined experiment) in a reputable laboratory abroad. In all cases, confirmation from a researcher abroad that he/she will provide the necessary working resources in his/her research facility for the duration of the fellowship being applied for is required (acceptance letter).

How to apply Applicants should have to register online and then submit the application form via email.

Deadline The application deadline is 17 June, 2015.

Details http://www.stdf.org.eg/

PhD Student Position in Algebra at KU Leuven in Belgium About Scholarship The Algebra Section of the Department of Mathematics is offering a scholarship as a PhD student in the Section Algebra of the Department of Mathematics for one year. This can be extended to four years after a positive evaluation. Applicants will do research leading to a PhD at Algebra Section of the Department of Mathematics.

MICROBIOZ INDIA

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Scholarships Updates…

Eligibility   

You have a master degree in mathematics or an equivalent degree with an important mathematics component.

You are able to teach mathematics exercise classes in Dutch. If your knowledge of Dutch is not sufficient, then we ask you to follow language training classes so that your knowledge is sufficient after two years.

You have a very good knowledge of English, both spoken and written.

How to apply Interested applicants should send their

    

CV letter of application an electronic version of a recent research project (e.g. master thesis, scientific publication) transcripts of bachelor and master degrees By the online application tool below.

http://www.kuleuven.be/solliciteren/53290784&taal=E&type=VA

Deadline Application deadline is June 30, 2015.

Details https://icts.kuleuven.be/apps/jobsite/vacatures/53289917

PhD

Fellowship

in

Ecology

of

Listeria

Monocytogenes at University of Copenhagen in Denmark, 2015 About Scholarship University of Copenhagen is inviting applications for PhD fellowship in ecology of listeria monocytogenes. The successful candidate for the PhD scholarship must pass an enrolment at our Graduate School of Health and Medical Sciences before the Faculty can finish the letter of employment. Salary and other terms and conditions of appointment are set in accordance with the Agreement between the Ministry of Finance and AC (Danish Confederation of Professional Associations) or other relevant professional organizations.

MICROBIOZ INDIA

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Scholarships Updates…

Eligibility The successful candidate for the PhD scholarship must pass an enrolment at our Graduate School of Health and Medical Sciences before the Faculty can finish the letter of employment. The Graduate School strives to give our students the best international career prospects within our main research areas.

Key criteria for the assessment of candidates         



A master’s degree related to the subject area of the project The grade point average achieved Scientific skills and competences relevant to the PhD programme Previous publications Relevant work experience Labwork experience Other professional activities Language skills Interpersonal skills Other experience

How to apply The mode of applying is online. Applications – in English – must include all the following:      

Cover Letter, detailing your motivation and background CV including list of publications (if any) Diploma and transcripts of records Personal Recommendations A maximum of 3 relevant scientific works which the applicant wishes to have included in the assessment The application will be assessed according to the Ministerial Order no. 242 of 13 March 2012 on the Appointment of Academic Staff at Universities.

Deadline The application deadline is 15 June 2015.

Details http://jobportal.ku.dk/phd/?show=735629

A

cell

factory

to

produce

organofluorine

building blocks for pharmaceutical and fine industry

MICROBIOZ INDIA

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JUNE 2015 ISSUE

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Scholarships Updates‌ About Scholarship The introduction of fluorine into organic molecules can substantially modulate their physicochemical properties. More than 20% of current drugs and 35% of agrochemicals contain at least one fluorine atom. Despite of innovation of synthetic C-F forming methodologies, selective fluorination in complex organic scaffolds is still extremely challenging and often requires harsh reaction conditions and results in poor atom economy. Alternatively, synthetic chemists can use fluorinated building blocks to start a synthesis with. However, the synthesis of fluorinated building blocks requires the ferocious fluorination agents, i.e. fluorine gas. Therefore, there is an undiminishing need to allow reliable and predictable incorporation of fluorine groups into organic molecules, particularly under mild conditions. In this respect, microbial fermentation approaches to produce new fluorinated chemical is an attractive option. In contrast to man-made molecules; natural products containing fluorine are remarkably scarce, meaning that there is often little option for synthetic chemists to incorporate naturally occurring fluorinated building blocks in a synthesis.

Eligibility The other supervisor on this project is Professor David O’Hagan (School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews) Applicants should have obtained (or expect to obtain) a UK Honours Degree (or equivalent) at 2.1 or above in microbiology or microbial genetics or biochemistry or bioorganic chemistry. Experiences in Streptomyces genetics, protein overexpression and bioinformatics analysis are desirable.

How to apply Formal applications can be completed online: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/postgraduate/apply. You should apply for PhD in Chemistry, to ensure that your application is passed to the correct College for processing. Please ensure that you quote the project title and supervisor on the application form. Informal inquiries can be made to Dr H Deng (h.deng@abdn.ac.uk) with a copy of your cover letter, curriculum vitae and research proposal. All general enquiries should be directed to the Graduate School Admissions Unit (cpsgrad@abdn.ac.uk).

Deadline The application deadline is Wednesday, July 1, 2015

Details http://www.abdn.ac.uk/

Development of viral and bacterial pathogen identification assays and antibiotic resistance testing

for

a

point

of

care

platform

for

respiratory tract infections and oral diseases

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Scholarships Updates…

About Scholarship AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, the Austrian research institute with European format which focuses on the key infrastructure issues of the future, is looking to strengthen its team with the immediate appointment of a PhD Thesis “Development of viral and bacterial pathogen identification assays and antibiotic resistance testing for a point of care platform for respiratory tract infections and oral diseases” Point of care (POC) testing has the great advantage of rapid diagnostic results enabling immediate intervention and decentralized analysis at the general practitioner or at the dentist office. Those two scenarios will be addressed by the development of two diagnostic approaches: 1) identification and differentiation of pathogens (viruses and bacteria and their antibiotic resistances) causing respiratory tract infections, such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusistis using nasal swabs and 2) identification and differentiation of pathogens (bacteria) causing oral diseases such as caries and periodontitis using saliva.

Eligibility  Study of molecular biology, microbiology, genetics, biotechnology, biomedical engineering or any related field  Knowledge in assay design and validation beneficial  Motivation for assay integration into novel diagnostic devices and the design and development of novel nucleic acid based analysis methods

How to apply We are pleased to invite interested persons who wish to contribute their knowledge and their ideas to the field of applied research.

Please attach meaningful application documents, including certificates and a photo.

Mrs. Maria Leonhard-Maurer, MSc Head of Human Resources 2444 Seibersdorf Tel.: +43(0) 50550 – 2032 E-Mail: maria.leonhard-maurer@ait.ac.at

Deadline Applications accepted all year round

Details www.ait.ac.at

Understanding the mechanistic uptake and exploring the translation of novel amino acid based ion pair complexes

MICROBIOZ INDIA

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Scholarships Updates…

About Scholarship Fully-funded BBSRC Industrial Case PhD Studentship (Full-Time) in collaboration with Quest Healthcare Ltd Applications are invited from ambitious, self-motivated candidates to work on a fully funded BBSRC project investigating the cellular mechanism of ion pair uptake. This opportunity is open to UK and EU Students, who have at least an Upper Second Class Honours Degree in Pharmacy or Pharmaceutical Sciences or a related subject. Findings from our group have explored the mechanism of dissolution enhancement for poorly soluble drugs using amino acids as counter ions.(ElShaer et al., 2013).

Similarly, their role in influencing permeability has also been studied (Elshaer et al., 2014). The current project aims to study the cellular mechanism of enhancement of permeability of model poorly permeable drugs in the presence of different concentration of oppositely charged amino acids. The project involves the application of various techniques including drug permeability assessment, physical characterization such as solubility assessment, differential calorimetric analysis as well as microbial assays such as rate kill studies and drug uptake assays in microbes.

Eligibility  



Eligible Applicants should hold at least a Bachelor (Hons.) Degree of either First Class or Upper Second Class or hold a Master’s Degree (MSc/MRes) in a related discipline.

EU Applicants will need to demonstrate adequate proficiency in English Language skills, with a Minimum overall score of 93 (Internet Based) (with a minimum score in each section of: R: 18, W: 23, L: 19 and S: 19) in TOEFL or IELTS with minimum marks of 6.0 in each section and an overall band of 6.5.

The Studentship is funded for 4 years, subject to a satisfactory progress review at the end of the first year, and with submission by 4 years is required. The anticipated Registration date is 1st October 2015.

How to apply To apply please complete the on-line application form at http://www1.aston.ac.uk/lhs/research/postgraduate-research/apply/ quoting the applications.

E-Mail: maria.leonhard-maurer@ait.ac.at

Reference: ‘CASE-Afzal_Quest’ on all

Deadline The Closing Date for All Applications is: Friday, 19th June 2015.

Details http://www1.aston.ac.uk/

Discovery

of

novel

pharmaceuticals

from

marine and desert microorganisms About Scholarship Microorganisms from extreme environments such as the deep sea and hyper arid deserts have been shown to produce a range of complex natural products with high biological activity. In this project you will investigate the chemistry of these compounds and their potential for treating a range of diseases. Via collaborations we obtain desert and marine samples from which you will isolate unique bacterial and fungal strains.

MICROBIOZ INDIA

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Scholarships Updates‌ Cultivating these under different conditions gives rise to varied metabolic profiles. You will use a range of chromatographic techniques to isolate the compounds from these cultured microbes. The next step will be to identify their chemical structures using spectroscopic techniques followed by testing the compounds in a range of biological assays to ascertain their biological activity and potential for use against human diseases.

Eligibility Applicants must hold, or expect to receive, a first or upper second class honours degree (or equivalent) in Chemistry, biochemistry or pharmacy with knowledge of Organic chemistry, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

How to apply Formal applications can be completed online: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/postgraduate/apply. You should apply for PhD in Chemistry, to ensure that your application is passed to the correct College for processing. Please ensure that you quote the project title and supervisor on the application form. Informal inquiries can be made to Professor M Jaspars, (m.jaspars@abdn.ac.uk) with a copy of your curriculum vitae and cover letter. All general enquiries should be directed to the Graduate School Admissions Unit (cpsgrad@abdn.ac.uk).

Deadline Applications accepted all year round.

Details http://www.abdn.ac.uk

2

MICROBIOZ INDIA

June

List of winners of May 2015

015

Edition Following candidates are successfully solved Microbioz India Cross Word game of May 2015 Rajeev

SGPGIMS, Lucknow, India

Poonam Katiyar

CSJMU, Kanpur

Ravi Gautam

Amity University, India

Ajeem Khan

Agriculture University, Pakistan

D.Lucy

New Castle University

Rehan Ahmed

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Faisal Ahmed

Gulf Medical university, UAE

Ramakrishnan

New Castle, university

Benda G

Peru

Taylor Francis

Ireland

Hints Key 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Dear readers here we are not mentioning names of few winners because of Late submission of answers, Winners will be communicated later via e-mail for Microbioz India, Certificate.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

www.proprofs.com

12.

13.

Solve Today MICROBIOZ INDIA

Spiral-shaped bacteria An organism that obtains its nutrients from dead organic matter An organism that lives in, on, or at the expense of another organism without contributing to the host's survival A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free oxygen A potent toxin that is secreted or excreted by living organisms Bacteria that are permanent and generally beneficial residents in the human body An organism in which another, usually parasitic, organism is nourished and harbored A carrier of pathogenic organisms, especially one that can transmit a disease Freedom from infection or infectious material The process of removing or killing pathogens Single-celled microscopic eukaryotes that produce vitamins and proteins Reduction of the number of microorganisms A substance, such as hydrogen peroxide, used externally to prevent or inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms

Solve this cross word and forward us scanned Copy of answers by 15th of June 2015 www.microbiozindia.com

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