Microbioz India,February 2015

D

ear friends

welcomes you all in February 2016 edition of

Microbioz India magazine featured with most interesting cover story and valuable articles and globally picked Research news informations collected from worldwide sources. Dear friends cover story of this month entitled “New estimate of microbial numbers in our bodies” authored by one of famous Microbiologist, writer Dr.Tim Sandle, Ph.D, from Bioproduct Laboratory, U.K. Cover story make you clear number mysterious concept over Human Microbiota and some of featured Microorganism.

Dear friends start of year 2016 continuous with one of most contagious viral infection, outbreak named “ZIKA” virus transmitted through bite of infected Aedes mosquito number of Health Society and organization launch several notification of prevention and control of this outbreak.

Dear friends Microbioz India magazine from since last one year dedicated to build huge academic audiences and as we know our team members ,authors always tried to win heart of each audience for expel out quality cover story and maintain magazine contents in each edition and we ensure you all for doing same in near future. Collect lot of open scholarship position for pursuing higher education in the field of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Medical Sciences from reputed Universities of across the globe.

In last phase of this magazine how we can forget to announce the names of winners of our January 2016 edition of crossword, Dear friends we request you to all for earlier submission of your answers and other feedbacks about magazine editions.

Jeetendra Kumar Chief Editor

Cover Story: New estimate of microbial numbers in our bodies” Dear friends welcomes you all in February 2016 edition of Microbioz India magazine featured with most interesting cover story and valuable articles and globally picked Research news informations collected from worldwide sources.

“Zika” Virus: An Outbreak Continues Zika virus is one of contagious mosquito borne virus first time identified in Uganda in Rhesus monkey through monitoring network of sylvatic yellow fever.

Amazing way to convert agriculture waste to green products Researcher from University of Minnesota recently developed a new biopathway which is cost effectively convert agriculture waste to other green products.

Effect of Fructose rich food sources on health of offsprings Medication is an effective way for treatment of chronic sinusitis patients: Proper medication results improvement of nasal polyps in chronic patients of sinusitis, the statement shown in study published in February 2016 issue of The JAMA Network Journals.

Natural “Clay” of centuries ago used as most promising natural weapon against serious bacterial infection in present: Study shows Researcher from University of Columbia recently proved the use of most promising natural weapon that is “Clay” in ancient time for treatment of serious bacterial infection.

Scholarship updates collected from worldwide sources Collected an interesting scholarship update collecting from worldwide sources for pursuing higher education in Microbiology from reputed University of world.

Microbioz India include an interesting sections for Students/Research solve interesting crossword game and find list of winners of last edition of Magazine.

P

ick up a text book on microbiology or human

physiology. Chances are you’ll stumble across a reference to the number of microorganisms in the human body exceeding the number of cells ten-fold.

This has been established since the 1970s. But is this ‘assumption’ correct?

The microorganisms together with the associated genetic components found within the human body, constitutes what is known as the “microbiome” (an alternative name is “microbiota”, although this tends to be reserved for microorganisms only without the genetic material.) (1) The microbiome is best described as: "the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space" (2) Beginning in 2008, The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was “set the goal of identifying and characterizing the microorganisms which are found in association with both healthy and diseased humans” (3). The project was funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the European Union’s research focus on the "Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract."

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eginning in 2008, The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was “set the goal of identifying and characterizing the microorganisms which are found in association with both healthy and diseased humans” (3). The project was funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the European Union’s research focus on the "Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract." A mosaic of the diverse and pervasive microbiomes of the human body (illustration by Charis Tsevis).The project has generated considerable information about the microorganisms carried on and within the body, including full species richness as ascertained from metagenomic analysis (which provides a broad genetic perspective on a single microbial community).In metagenomic sequencing, DNA is recovered directly from environmental samples in an untargeted manner with the goal of members of the community. obtaining an unbiased sample from all genes of all Other techniques include extensive whole perspective on certain aspects of a given Whole genome sequencing is a laboratory organism's genome at a single time. This The project also included deep by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology copies of a piece of DNA across to millions of copies of a particular is a component of the 30S small 1542 nucleotides) in length. The classification and identification of microbes and shows proper sequences for most bacteria databases.

The key goals of     

To develop a reference set of microbial the human microbiome.

To explore the relationship between disease To develop new technologies and tools for To establish a resource repository.

To study the ethical, legal, and social

Within the wider microbiome, there are defined areas there are ecological niches. So, the species, for example) is different to plenty of fungi to be found.)

genome sequencing (which provides a "deep" genetic microbial community that is of individual bacterial species). process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA. sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA sequences amplified from human subjects. The polymerase chain reaction in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few several orders of magnitude, generating thousands DNA sequence. 16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes. It is 1.542kb (or 16S rRNA gene is used as the standard for microbes, because it is present in most changes. Type strains of 16S rRNA gene and Archaea are available on public

the project included genome sequences and to perform preliminary characterization of and changes in the human microbiome. computational analysis. implications of human microbiome research. areas, such as the microbiome of the skin, and in the different types of microbes found on the back (bacteria like Staphylococcus the types of microorganisms found on the heel (where there are

Characterizing the microbiome is important. Understanding what is residential or transient to the skin, for example, helps inform about infection control. Knowing what is inside the gut (which is, incidentally, shaped in infancy and possibly through a mother’s breast milk) can explain patterns of obesity. As Wilder and colleagues put it “microorganisms are believed to influence human physiology through processes related to digestion, immunity, development, and resistance to pathogens” (4). The gut microbiome also heralds a new era of personalized medicine (or what the U.S. National Institute of Health calls “precision medicine.”) Here specific treatments can be tailored towards individual patients (5).

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This is because different bacteria can affect how medicines are processed by the body. Another concern is the impact of some of these microorganisms, both internal and those that reside on the skin, to medical operations and to environments within which pharmaceutical medicines are prepared (6).

(The gut Microbiome: Creative Commons)

While the microbiome is evidently of medical importance, a key question is "how big is it?" Back in 1972 a biologist called Sir Samurai T. D. Luckey probably over-stated the number of microorganisms. Luckey was a nutrition consultant with NASA for the Apollo space craft missions to the moon.

He made his estimation based on the an analysis of just 1 gram of faeces. The population he counted was then extrapolated to form a number for the population of bacteria within the human body.

A few years later, in 1977 a researcher called Dwayne Savage took steps to microbial cells within the human body more accurately. Savage calculated that numbered human body cells by a ratio of 10 to 1. A vast number, although he extract the microbiome and freeze-dried it, the resultant pile of dust would 200 grams. Importantly, Savage stated his assessment was only a prediction, calculations. This starting point was later shown to be an unreliable estimated the human body.

The population estimates by Luckey and Savage were, despite their estimates, accepted as 'fact' by many biologists and the 10 to 1 ration microbiology text books. It is only in recent years that some microbiologists both the ratio and number of microorganisms residing within the human body.

“A further variable, the new research suggests, is that the numbers of microbial cells varies between different people.”

estimate the numbers of microbial cells outnoted if you were to only weigh approximately based on Luckey’s original of the numbers of cells in

foundations being made on reproduced in countless have come to question

New research, from research centres in Israel (Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot) and Canada (Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto), turns this oft repeated ratio on its head. The new finding puts forward a more even ratio of one-to-one. To illustrate this, the researchers took a ‘typical man’ as a reference point. Imagine a man who weighs 70 kilograms, is aged between 20–30 years old and stands 1.7 metres tall. This man, microbiologists Ron Milo, Shai Fuchs and Ron Sender calculate is made up of around 30 trillion human cells and 39 trillion bacteria. This is a much closer difference and it means that the original 1970s estimate could be off by as much as 25 percent. The largest quantity of cells in the human body are red blood cells, at close to 25 trillion. Second to these erythrocytes are platelets; followed by fats cells, muscle cells and other cells.

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(Human Body Cells: Creative Commons)

It also stands that this ratio is not stable and it periodically slips more in favour of human cells. With each act of defecation, more bacteria are lost from the body than are added to it. Here, the researchers write: “The numbers are similar enough that each defecation event may flip the ratio to favour human cells over bacteria.” Although with the speed bacteria divide at, the numbers drift back some hours later. This occurs because the enormous bacterial mass forms about one-half of the total faecal mass.

This was assessed by taking the volume many bacteria reside in a gram of the mammalian digestive system. Water material is stored as faeces before being A further variable, the new research between different people. This could be equates to 10 trillion to 20 trillion may further diminish the bacterial The new calculation is based on various (using techniques like magnetic1.3 microorganisms to every 1 human seems, was a misassumption that whereas in fact they are concentrated in the organisms primarily fall into the Bacteroides.)

“How much does this matter?

The finding does not reduce the importance of microorganisms and it does not mean pathogens present a lesser health risk.

Moreover, the new finding is not only be of academic interest for microbiologists; it could alter the way scientists approach the study of both antimicrobials and personalised medicines.”

of the average male colon—409 millilitres—and how faeces. The large intestine (colon) is the last part of is absorbed in the colon and the remaining waste removed by the process of defecation. suggests, is that the numbers of microbial cells varies as wide as 52 percent between individuals (which bacteria.) To add to this, certain illnesses or influences content in a human. cell counts and calculations based on organ volume resonance imaging.) This has produced a new ratio of cell. The reason for the original under-estimation, it microorganisms in the body are evenly distributed, the colon (of the approximate 500 different species, genera Bifidobacteria, Faecalibacterium, and

With these organisms, many species of Bifidobacteria, a genus of Gram-positive organisms, have a symbiotic bacteria-host relationship.

A prominent example is Bifidobacterium longum. This bacterium is used a probiotic, based on some research which indicates the organism aids good digestion. The bacterium can also inhibit the growth of pathogens like Candida albicans and Escherichia coli (7). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (the only species yet identified for the species) represents a significant proportion of the gut flora (around 5 percent of all intestinal bacteria). There is some connection with reduced levels of the bacterium and autoimmune diseases like with Crohn's Disease, obesity and asthma (8). With Bacteroides, this is a large genus of Gram-negative bacteria. In total, the genus constitutes the most substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal flora. There is some research that connects the organism with human weight. Here the bacterial genus is connected with the lean or obese phenotype in humans (9).The new interpretation of the data, relating to the microbial composition of the human body, is published in bioRxiv. The research paper is titled “Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body” (10). Importantly, the finding concerns bacteria only. The numbers of viruses will be considerably higher (11). The viruses in the body make up the human virome.

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How much does this matter? The finding does not reduce the importance of microorganisms and it does not mean pathogens present a lesser health risk. Moreover, the new finding is not only be of academic interest for microbiologists; it could alter the way scientists approach the study of both antimicrobials and personalised medicines. Both of these areas, which impinge on medical microbiology, are cutting edge subjects for ‘microbiology today’.

References             

Sandle, T. “Human Microbiome of the Skin: Advances in Metagenomics”. EC Microbiology 1.3 (2015): 162-165 Lederberg J, McCray AT. ’Ome Sweet ’Omics—a genealogical treasury of words. Scientist. 2001;15:8 Turnbaugh, P. J.; Ley, R. E.; Hamady, M.; Fraser-Liggett, C. M.; Knight, R.; Gordon, J. I. (2007) The Human Microbiome Project, Nature 449 (7164): 804–810 Wilder, C., Sandle, T. and Sutton, S. (2013). Implications of the Human Microbiome on Pharmaceutical Microbiology, American Pharmaceutical Review, June 2013, 16 (5): 17-21 Sandle, T. (2014) Medicines and the Microbiome, The Medicine Maker, Issue 1, p18-19 Cox, B. (2013). Are Cleanrooms Clean? Human Microbiome Project Raises Some Questions, The Gold Sheet, 47 (11): 16-18 Correa, N. B. O. et al (2005) A Randomized Formula Controlled Trial of Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus for Prevention of AntibioticAssociated Diarrhea in Infants. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 39(5):385-389.

Miquel, S., Martín, R., Rossi, O., et al (2013) Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health. Current Opinion in Microbiology 16 (3): 255-261.

Wexler, H. M. (2007). Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20 (4): 593–621 Miquel, S., Martín, R., Rossi, O., et al (2013) Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health. Current Opinion in Microbiology 16 (3): 255-261.

Wexler, H. M. (2007). Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20 (4): 593–621 Sender, R., Fuchs, S., and Milo, R. (2016) Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body, bioRxiv, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/036103 Saey, T. H. (2014) the vast virome. Science News. Vol. 185, p. 18.

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Featured Article…

“Virus is transmitted through bite of infected Aedes mosquito mainly aegypti family this is the same mosquito that transmits dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. Zika virus disease outbreaks were reported for the first time from the Pacific in 2007 and 2013 (Yap and French Polynesia, respectively), and in 2015 from the Americas (Brazil and Colombia) and Africa (Cape Verde).

In addition, more than 13 countries in the Americas have reported sporadic Zika virus infections indicating rapid geographic expansion of Zika virus.�

Image Credit: Zika Virus, Creative Commons

Z

ika virus is one of contagious mosquito borne virus first time identified in Uganda in Rhesus monkey through monitoring network of sylvatic yellow fever. Recently virus known to be an outbreak and according to CDC Brazilian Health Association reported 35, 00 cases since October 2015 to January 2016.Virus belongs with a class Flavivirus and transmitted through mosquito named Aedes

Structure of Virus The structure of ZIKV follows that of nucleocapsids approximately 25-30 nm membrane derived lipid bilayer that virion is approximately 40 nm in measure roughly 5-10 nm. The surface like symmetry.

other flaviviruses.

It contains a in diameter surrounded by a hostcontains envelope proteins E and M. The diameter with surface projections that proteins are arranged in an icosahedral-

Virus reproduction and growth in host cell is same like other Flavivirus. First, the Aedes mosquito, source: Wikipedia virion attaches to the host cell membrane receptors via the envelope protein which induces virion endocytosis. Next, the virus membrane fuses with the endosomal membrane and the ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the cytoplasm of the host cell. It is then translated into a polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved to form all structural and non-structural proteins. Replication then takes place at intracellular compartments known as cytoplasmic viral factories in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in a dsRNA genome. The dsRNA genome is then transcribed resulting in additional ssRNA genomes. Assembly then occurs within the endoplasmic reiticulum and the new virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus and then excreted into the intracellular space where the new virions can infect new host cells. (According to microbe wiki) Transmission and Incubation Period Virus is transmitted through bite of infected Aedes mosquito mainly aegypti family this is the same mosquito that transmits dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. Zika virus disease outbreaks were reported for the first time from the Pacific in 2007 and 2013 (Yap and French Polynesia, respectively), and in 2015 from the Americas (Brazil and Colombia) and Africa (Cape Verde). In addition, more than 13 countries in the Americas have reported sporadic Zika virus infections indicating rapid geographic expansion of Zika virus. Mostly virus incubated within 6 to 7 days.

According to CDC Brazilian Health Association reported up to 3500 cases since October 2015 to January 2016 and recently government reported about 3000 pregnant women infected with Zika Virus in Columbia.

Precautions According to CDC the major preventive options are,    

No vaccine exists to prevent Zika virus disease (Zika).

Prevent Zika by avoiding mosquito bites (see below).

Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus bite mostly during the daytime.

Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus also spread dengue and chikungunya viruses.

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Control Mosquito through insecticide, Source: ndtv

If you have baby or child then follows below precautions     

Do not use insect repellent on babies younger than 2 months of age.

Dress your child in clothing that covers arms and legs, or Cover crib, stroller, and baby carrier with mosquito netting.

Do not apply insect repellent onto a child’s hands, eyes, mouth, and cut or irritated skin.

Adults: Spray insect repellent onto your hands and then apply to a child’s face.

Symptoms The major Symptoms are  

  

About 1 in 5 people infected with Zika virus become ill (i.e., develop Zika).

The most common symptoms of Zika are fever, rash, joint pain, or conjunctivitis (red eyes). Other common symptoms include muscle pain and headache. The incubation period (the time from exposure to symptoms) for Zika virus disease is not known, but is likely to be a few days to a week.

The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting for several days to a week.

People usually don’t get sick enough to go to the hospital, and they very rarely die of Zika.

Zika virus usually remains in the blood of an infected person for about a week but it can be found longer in some people.

There is no vaccine to prevent or specific medicine to treat Zika infections.

Treat the symptoms     

Get plenty of rest.

Drink fluids to prevent dehydration.

Take medicine such as acetaminophen (Tylenol®) to relieve fever and pain.

Do not take aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

If you are taking medicine for another medical condition, talk to your healthcare provider before taking additional medication.

References      

Center of Disease Control WHO ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/zika/ ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Faye O, Freire C, Iamarino A, Faye O, de Oliveira J, Diallo M, Zanotto P, Sall A. (2014) Molecular Evolution of Zika Virus during Its Emergence in the 20th Century. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Hayes E. (2009) Zika Virus Outside Africa. CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases ↑ 4.0 4.1 Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI. (2015) Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases

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.

Amazing

way

to

convert

agriculture

waste to green products

R

esearcher from University of Minnesota recently developed a new biopathway which is cost effectively convert agriculture waste to other green products. The concern research published in Journal Nature Chemical Biology.

According to Study, To establish the platform pathway, researchers examined the gene sequences from bacteria and fungi that turn the biomass into tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates. The researchers call this new metabolism "nonphosphorylative metabolism," which enables the production of useful products from TCA cycle with less than five steps, compared to previous 10 steps. Less steps in the process resulted in a 70 percent higher yield in production and a process that is overall better for the environment.

According to lead author, Kechun Zhang "We found that this new platform could be used to convert agricultural waste to chemicals that can be used for many other products ranging from chicken feed to flavor enhancers in food," "The pathway we developed was sustainable so it is better for the environment. This study is also one of the few examples of artificial metabolic pathways constructed so far," Zhang added.

Note: The above story is for information purposes only for more information go through original story source.

Story Source : University of Minnesota

Journal References Yi-Shu Tai, Mingyong Xiong, Pooja Jambunathan, Jingyu Wang, Jilong Wang, Cole Stapleton, Kechun Zhang. Engineering nonphosphorylative metabolism to generate lignocellulose-derived products. Nature Chemical Biology, 2016; DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2020

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Image Credit:newsnetwork.mayoclinic.com

New species of Borrelia identified: Caused Lyme Disease

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esearcher recently identified new species of bacteria responsible for Lyme disease. This new species provisionally named as Borrelia mayonii, prior to this the causative agent of Lyme disease was known to be, Borrelia burgdorferi

The research work recently published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases.

According to Researcher, The Mayo Clinic Scientist while working on US patient sample since 2003 to 2014 for evidence of Lyme disease using a method called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From 2012 to 2014, the researchers noticed unusual test results from 6 of 9,000 samples from residents of Minnesota, North Dakota and Wisconsin. "Using a laboratory-developed test with a method called 'melting temperature analysis,' we detected six specimens that produced a PCR result that was clearly different from B. burgdorferi," says Bobbi Pritt, M.D., director of the Clinical Parasitology Laboratory at Mayo Clinic who is first author of the study. "Mayo Medical Laboratories, the reference laboratory at Mayo, has tested more than 100,000 patient samples from all 50 states over the past decade using our PCR assay, but we've only recently detected evidence of B. mayonii."

Dr. Pritt adds, "At this time, there is no evidence that B. mayonii is present outside of the Upper Midwest. However, the public should continue to take the recommended precautions against tick bites, as Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases are well-established in much of the Northeast."

Note: The above story is for information purpose only for more information go through original story source.

Story Source: Mayo Clinic

Journal References Bobbi S Pritt, Paul S Mead, Diep K Hoang Johnson, David F Neitzel, Laurel B Respicio-Kingry, Jeffrey P Davis, Elizabeth Schiffman, Lynne M Sloan, Martin E Schriefer, Adam J Replogle, Susan M Paskewitz, Julie A Ray, Jenna Bjork, Christopher R Steward, Alecia Deedon, Xia Lee, Luke C Kingry, Tracy K Miller, Michelle A Feist, Elitza S Theel, Robin Patel, Cole L Irish, Jeannine M Petersen. Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2016; DOI: 10.1016/S14733099(15)00464-8

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Image Credit: medimoon.com

Medication is an effective way for treatment of chronic sinusitis patients

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roper medication results improvement of nasal polyps in chronic patients of sinusitis, the statement shown in study published in February 2016 issue of The JAMA Network Journals.

Chronic sinusitis, an inflammatory condition of the sinuses, is common with estimates of prevalence as high as 12 percent in Western populations.

Based on endoscopic findings, the condition can be divided into chronic sinusitis with or without nasal polyposis. Nasal polyps originate in the sinuses and obstruct the sinus and nasal passages.

According to study, “Claus Bachert, M.D., Ph.D., of Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium, and colleagues randomly assigned 60 adults with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyposis not responsive to intranasal corticosteroids to dupilumab (by injection; n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) plus mometasone furoate nasal spray for 16 weeks. The study was conducted at 13 sites in the United States and Europe.�

Note: The above story is for information purposes only for more information go through original story source.

Story Source: The JAMA Network Journals.

Journal References Claus Bachert, Leda Mannent, Robert M. Naclerio, Joaquim Mullol, Berrylin J. Ferguson, Philippe Gevaert, Peter Hellings, Lixia Jiao, Lin Wang, Robert R. Evans, Gianluca Pirozzi, Neil M. Graham, Brian Swanson, Jennifer D. Hamilton, Allen Radin, Namita A. Gandhi, Neil Stahl, George D. Yancopoulos, E. Rand Sutherland. Effect of Subcutaneous Dupilumab on Nasal Polyp Burden in Patients with Chronic Sinusitis and Nasal Polyposis.

JAMA, 2016; 315 (5): 469 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.19330

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Image Credit: organicfacts.net

Effect of Fructose rich sources on health of offspring

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esearcher from Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine recently shown in a study that intake of Fructose rich food sources during pregnancy cause several effect on adult offspring which include, fetal programming of hypertension, insulin resistance and obesity.

The concern research presented on Feb. 5 in the oral session at 1:15 p.m. EST, at the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine's annual meeting, The Pregnancy Meeting™, in Atlanta.

According to Study, "While this study was done in a mouse model, it is an important indicator of the effect of the mothers' diet during pregnancy on the health of their children later in life," explained Antonio Saad, M.D. with UTMB Galveston and the lead researcher of the study. "Through this study, we know that consuming high fructose during pregnancy putts the child at future risk for a variety of health conditions including obesity and the many complications it causes."

Note: The above story is for information purpose only, for more information go through original story source.

Story Source: Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine

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Image Credit: vancouversun.com

Natural “Clay” of centuries ago used as most promising

natural

weapon

against

serious

bacterial infection in present: Study shows

R

esearcher from University of Columbia recently proved the use of most promising natural weapon that is “Clay” in ancient time for treatment of serious bacterial infection. The result is the natural clay from British Columbia Canada is used for fighting against multi drug resistance bacteria, since long time.

The study recently published in American Society for Microbiology's mBio journal. The researcher suggest used of rare minerals present in Clay may be used in serious infection caused by: ESKAPE strains of bacteria normally called Enterococcus faecium.

According to research study, "After 50 years of over-using and misusing antibiotics, ancient medicinals and other natural mineral-based agents may provide new weapons in the battle against multidrug-resistant pathogens."

According to author of Research, "We're fortunate to be able to partner with UBC on this significant research program" says Lawrence Lund, president of Kisameet Glacial Clay, a business formed to market cosmetic and medicinal products derived from the clay. "We hope it will lead to the development of a novel and safe antimicrobial that can be added to the diminished arsenal for the fight against the ESKAPE pathogens and other infection-related health issues plaguing the planet."

Note: This Research is only for information purpose only for more information go through original story source.

Story Source: University of British Columbia

Journal References Shekooh Behroozian, Sarah L. Svensson, Julian Davies. Kisameet Clay Exhibits Potent Antibacterial Activity against the ESKAPE Pathogens. mBio, 2016; 7 (1): e01842-15 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01842-15

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Image Credit: foxnews.com

Bacteria

based

antibiotic

proved

to

be

an

anticancer agent: Study shows cientists from Princeton University, United States recently uncover mysterious thought over bacterial antibiotic named, “Tropodithietic acid” the results shows after study of mode of action of this antibody. The antibiotic is well addressed that helping as an anticancer agent too. This antibiotic produced by Bacteria of Roseobacter family which exists as symbiotic condition with an Algae, Bacteria provide protection from different pathogens to algae and in returns take food over algae. The study published in Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences.

S

The team of researcher used three types of dyes which evaluate 13 different types of diseased cells, with Tropodithietic acid profile and this matches with known drugs with anticancer activity named polyethers.

According to Researcher: Seyedsayamdost, "We often look at natural products as black boxes," said Seyedsayamdost, "but these molecules have evolved for millennia to fulfill a certain function. By linking the unusual structural features of TDA to its mode of action, we have begun to explain why TDA looks the way it does."

Journal References Maxwell Z. Wilson, Rurun Wang, Zemer Gitai, Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost. Mode of action and resistance studies unveil new roles for tropodithietic acid as an anticancer agent and the γ-glutamyl cycle as a proton sink. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016; 201518034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518034113

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Sarepta

waiting

for

FDA

approval

of

its

scrutinized DMD drug arepta Therapeutics is an US based pharmaceutical company waiting for FDA approval of its scrutinized DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) drug. The agency has prolonged its review of Sarepta's eteplirsen, which is designed to address the genetic defect that causes some cases of DMD, and promised to weigh in on the drug by May 26. The FDA had initially planned to hand down a final decision by Feb. 26, but the weather-related postponement of a key hearing last month disrupted the schedule. – Courtesy Fierce Biotech

S

References Fierce Biotech by Damian Garde

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Image Credit: Dr.reddy’s lab, Creative Commons

Dr.reddy’s

laboratories

confirmed

FDA

approval of its Sernivo spray

H

yderabad, India based drug manufacturing company Dr.reddys informed that its Sernivo Spray drug used in skin disorder confirmed USFDA approval for market.

According to the Economic times, In a BSE filing the company said: "Its US subsidiary, Promius Pharma, LLC, US has received approval for Sernivo Spray, 0.05 per cent from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Sernivo Spray, a prescription topical steroid, is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate plaque psoriasis in patients 18 years of age or older."

The company informed that the product will launch soon in market.

According to Dr. readdy’s co-chairman and CEO "The FDA approval of Sernivo Spray is a significant milestone for Promius as it validates our committed efforts and resources to developing differentiated dermatology products from concept to commercial launch.

References: The Economic Times

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Image Credit: University of Aberdeen,Wikkipedia

Reducing Animal Usage in Antifungal Drug Development: iRFP Reporter Strains and Imaging Fungal Infection About Project ungal infections are a continuing global problem. Mortality rates remain high, partially due to limited therapeutic options and increasing resistance to currently available antifungal agents. A major step in the pre-clinical development of new antifungals is the evaluation of their efficacy in mouse infection models. In most cases this relies upon survival curves and sampling groups of mice at different times to evaluate the antifungal effects on fungal burdens.

F

Eligibility This project is funded by NC3Rs. Full funding is available to UK/EU applicants only. The successful applicant must be able to start work before 1 October 2016. Candidates should have (or expect to achieve) a minimum of a 2.1 Honours degree in a relevant subject.

How to Apply Apply online

Deadline Tuesday, March 01, 2016

For Details:

https://www.abdn.ac.uk

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Image Credit: University of Birbeck, Wikkipedia

Birkbeck International Merit Scholarship in UK, 2016 About Scholarship

B

irkbeck University of London is offering International Merit Scholarship for students of Thailand, Vietnam and India. These scholarships are available for pursuing one-year taught master’s degrees in September 2016.

The principal aim of Birkbeck is to provide part-time higher education courses which meet the changing educational, cultural, personal and career needs of adults; in particular those who live or work in the London region.

Eligibility Thailand: applicants must be Thai citizens and achieve a minimum final GPA of 2.8 in their bachelor’s degree from a recognised Thai university. To be eligible, applicants should secure an offer (conditional or unconditional) to study on a master’s degree programme from Birkbeck, University of London by 24th May 2016. To be eligible, applicants should secure an offer (conditional or unconditional) to study on a master’s degree programme from Birkbeck, University of London by 24th May 2016.

How to Apply Applications must be submitted by e-mail.

Deadline The application deadline for Thailand and Vietnam is 24th May 2016 and for India is 15th June 2016.

For Details: www.bbk.ac.uk

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Image Credit: University of New Castle

MRC PhD Studentship in the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences - Novel antibiotics

targeting

bacterial

gene

expression About Project he threat of multi-drug-resistant infections is now the most serious since the golden era of antibiotic discovery. There is a vital need for new antibiotics with new modes of action and binding sites to avoid cross resistance. RNA polymerase is the enzyme that performs transcription is a very attractive target for antibiotic discovery. In addition to this clear clinical importance, inhibitors of transcription have also proved to be powerful tools for investigation of the molecular details of the process.

T

Eligibility You must have, or expect to achieve, a minimum of an upper-second-class Honours degree or international equivalent, in biochemistry, biotechnology or related area and normally further research experience and/or a further qualification such as, for example, an Mres or MSc. The award is available to UK/EU applicants only. Depending on how you meet the Medical Research Council (MRC) eligibility criteria you may be entitled to a full or a partial award.

How to Apply Apply online

Deadline Applications accepted all year round

For Details: http://www.ncl.ac.uk/postgraduate/apply

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Image Credit: KU Leuven,Wikkipedia

Research

Grants

for

Researchers

in

Belgium, 2016-2017 About Scholarship

K

U Leuven is now accepting applications for specialization grants for researchers from the South. Funding is available for specializing in a certain research field, preparing a publication or participating in a training programme.

The grants are meant to help the researchers pay for a research visit to Belgium. The programme intends to offer new opportunities to researchers.

Eligibility   

Applicants should have obtained their PhD at least three years prior to applying.

Applicants should originate from one of the Least Developed Countries, Low Income Countries or Low Middle Income Countries, as indicated on the DAC list of OECD. Applicants should be employed by an institution located in one of the countries mentioned above.

How to Apply Apply online

Deadline Application deadline is 1 March 2016.

For Details: www.kuleuven.be

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Biology, Evolution and Molecular Genetics of Reproduction in Fungi About Project

P

roject work involves both applied and fundamental aspects of fungal biology. Research interests focus on the evolution of sexual reproduction and population biology of fungi including lichens, the application of fungi in the biotechnology and food sectors, and the control of disease caused by fungal animal and plant pathogens.

Eligibility This fellowship is for Self-Funded PhD Students Only. Studies utilise a range of complementary techniques such as classical microbiology work, biochemical analyses, molecular biology techniques including PCR and gene manipulation, and genomic analyses including next generation sequencing techniques.

How to Apply Home and EU applicants should contact the supervisor to determine the current funding status for this project. International applicants should visit our International Research Scholarships page for information regarding fees and funding at the University View Website.

Deadline Applications accepted all year round

For Details http://www.nottingham.ac.uk

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