SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN (SABD) ARC 2423 BUILDING SERVICES PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS MAY 2015
CASE STUDY BUILDING: AVENUE K, KUALA LUMPUR
TUTOR: MR. SIVARAMAN
GROUP MEMBERS: NG WEI YING LIM WAI MING LUCAS WONG KOK HOE STANLEY WONG KHUNG YOU TAN MING LONG WANG PUI YEE
0316366 0317068 0309421 0317236 0311069 0316283
TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 BUILDING INFORMATION 1.1 Avenue K 1.2 Aim and Objectives 1.3 Scope of Research 1.4 Hinder of Research
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2.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 Types of Water Supply System 2.2.2 Gravity and Pumped Combination System 2.2.3 Cold Water Storage and Distribution 2.3 Case Study 2.3.1 Indirect Cold Water Supply System 2.3.2 Gravity and Pumped Combination System 2.4 Component of System 2.4.1 Bulk Water Meter & Valve 2.4.2 Sump Pump 2.4.3 Domestic Cold Water Suction Tank 2.4.4 Booster Pump (Hydropneumatic System) 2.4.5 Water Storage Tank 2.4.6 Pipe Sizing and Plumbing 2.5 Analysis 2.6 Conclusion
3 3 4
3.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature review 3.2.1 General Distribution 3.2.2 Building Electrical Distribution 3.3 Case study 3.3.1 TNB Room (High Voltage Room) 3.3.2Consumer Room (High Voltage Room) 3.3.3 Emergency Power System 3.3.3.1 Gen-Set Room 3.3.3.2 Generator set 3.3.4. Main Switch Room (Low Voltage Room) 3.3.5 Switch Board 3.3.5.1 Switchboard Frame 3.3.5.2 Bus 3.3.5.3 Splice Plates
31 31 32
6 12
28 30
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3.3.5.4 Through-bus 3.3.5.5 Over-current Protective Devices 3.3.5.6 Outer Covers 3.3.6 Distribution Board 3.4 Electrical Room Space Requirements 3.5. Analysis 3.6 Conclusion
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4.0 SEWERAGE, SANITARY AND DRAINAGE 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.2.1 Sewerage 4.2.2 Combined Sewer and Separated Sewer 4.3 Case Study 4.4 Component of System 4.4.1 Sanitary and Sewerage System 4.4.1.1 Water Closet (WC) [Siphon] 4.4.1.2 Basins 4.4.1.3 Urinal 4.4.1.4 Bottle Trap 4.4.1.5 Floor Trap 4.4.1.6 Floor Trap 4.4.1.7 Soil Stack Pipe 4.4.1.8 Waste Stack Pipe 4.4.1.9 Grease Interceptor 4.4.1.10 Sewage Ejector 4.4.1.11 Septic Tank 4.4.2 Drainage System 4.4.2.1 Roof Drain 4.4.2.2 Perimeter Drain 4.4.2.3 Sump Pump 4.4.2.4 Manhole 4.5 Analysis 4.6 Conclusion
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5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.2.1 Type of Elevator 5.2.1.1 Traction Elevator 5.2.1.2 Hydraulic Elevator 5.3 Case Study 5.3.1 Elevator 5.3.2 Escalator
77 77 77
61 64
75 76
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5.4 Lift System 5.4.1 Geared Traction Lift System 5.4.2 Operation of System 5.4.2.1 Control Room 5.4.2.2 Machine Room 5.5 Elevator Components 5.5.1 Elevator Car 5.5.1.1 Car Sling 5.5.1.2 Elevator Cabin 5.5.1.3 Car Operating Panel 5.5.1.4 Car Door 5.5.1.5 Car Operator 5.5.1.6 Guide Shoes 5.5.1.7 Entrance Protection System 5.5.2 Elevator Shaft 5.5.2.1 Guide Rails 5.5.2.2 Counter Weight 5.5.2.3 Suspension Cables 5.5.2.4 Landing Door 5.5.2.5 Buffers in the Pit 5.6 Escalator System 5.6.1 Operating System 5.7 Arrangement of Escalator 5.8 Escalator Components 5.8.1 Escalator Landing Platform 5.8.2 Escalator Truss 5.8.3 Escalator Tracks 5.8.4 Escalator Steps 5.9 Analysis 5.9.1 Arrangement of Elevators 5.9.2 Positioning of escalator 5.9.3 UBBL 5.10 Conclusion 6.0 AIR-CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Literature Review 6.3 Case Study 6.4 Components of System 6.4.1 Chiller Plant Room 6.4.1.1 Chillers 6.4.1.2 Switchboard Unit 6.4.1.3 Chilled Water and Condensed Water Duct 6.4.1.4 Chilled Water Make-Up Tank 6.4.1.5 Ductworks
88
95
114 116 117
123
126 127 127 127 130 132
6.4.1.6 Refrigerants 6.4.2 Air Handler Units (A.H.U.) 6.4.3 Fan Coil Units (F.C.U.) 6.4.4 Grilles, Registers, Diffusers (G.R.D) 6.4.5 Variable Air Volume (V.A.V.) Box 6.4.6 Cooling Tower 6.5 Analysis 6.6 Conclusion 7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature Review 7.3 Case Study 7.4 Active Fire Protection Systems 7.4.1 Alarm Initiation Devices 7.4.1.1 Smoke Detector 7.4.1.2 Gas Detector 7.4.1.3 Break-Glass 7.4.2 Notification Appliances 7.4.2.1 Alarm Bell 7.4.2.2 Speaker 7.4.2.3 Siren 7.4.2.4 Fireman Intercom System 7.4.2.4.1 Remote Handset Station 7.4.2.4.2 Fireman Intercom Panel 7.4.2.5 Lighting and Signage 7.4.2.5.1 Emergency Exit Sign 7.4.2.5.2 Emergency Exit Light 7.4.2.5.3 Fire Indicator Light 7.4.3 Fire Control/ Extinguishing Systems 7.4.3.1 Fire Hydrant System 7.4.3.2 Sprinkler System 7.4.3.3 Hose Reel System 7.4.3.4 Wet Riser System 7.4.3.5 Carbon Dioxide (CO²) Fire Suppression System 7.4.3.6 Fire Extinguisher 7.4.3.7 Fireman Switch 7.5 Passive Fire Protection Systems 7.5.1 Fire Roller Shutter 7.5.2 Fire Evacuation Routes 7.5.3 Fire Rated Door 7.5.4 Fire Staircase 7.5.5 Fire Lift 7.6 Analysis 7.7 Conclusion
147 148 149 149 150 152 156
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190 191
8.0 CONCLUSION 9.0 APPENDIX 10.0 REFERENCES
192 193 194
CHAPTER 1.0 BUILDING INTRODUCTION 1.1 Avenue K
Figure 1.1.1 Exterior View of Avenue K Mall Source: http://www.theantdaily.com/Documents/Article/13957/A-Ravishing-revamp_1024x 576.jpg Situated at Jalan Ampang, one of the busiest street in Kuala Lumpur and right next to Menara KLCC, Avenue K is a mid-rise commercial shopping mall complete with high-rise condominiums on top of the commercial block. Avenue K went through major refurbishment and facade upgrading works back in 2012 and was reopened to the public in 2013. The lower concourse level of Avenue K is connected to the KLCC LRT Station. Avenue K is owned by City Properties Sdn. Bhd. The building design consultant firms are GP Studio and ZLG Sdn. Bhd. respectively. The mechanical and electrical engineering firm in charge of Avenue K is Jurutera Perunding Urus Jaya Sdn. Bhd. 1.2 Aim and Objectives The objectives of this assignment are as below: - To introduce students to the basic principles, process and equipment of various building services systems through real life project (experiential learning).
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- To expose students to the integration of various building services systems in a building. - To allow students to demonstrate their understanding of building services systems - To develop students’ understanding and familiarity on the drawing conventions and standards for different building services systems 1.3 Scope of Research The scope of research for this assignment include documenting and analyzing the 6 following services within a building. Namely, water supply system, electrical supply system, sewerage, sanitary & drainage system, mechanical transportation system, mechanical ventilation & air-conditioning system and fire protection system. We are required to visit the selected case study building and visit its services plant rooms to obtain further understanding on these services based on our observations and research. 1.4 Hinder of Research During the site visit in Avenue K, we were guided by an operation manager and 2 service technicians. The technicians had covered pretty much everything we needed for our scope of research and were very helpful with our enquires and questions. We managed to looked into the water storage room, gen-set room, AHU, FCU & AC plant rooms, cooling tower, sprinkler and fire fighting room, sewer ejector, electrical room, control room and lift motor room during our visit to Avenue K. However, we are unable to access the transformer room due to strict rules set by the Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) that requires the presence of an electrician in order to access into the room. We are also unable to access to the lift pit due to safety reasons. Therefore, we are unable to observe the lift shafts. All in all, it was a rather informative site visit as we had obtained much data from site and is able to observe most of the services room and system. Not to mention the 2 technicians had also provided valuable information regarding the systems in the building.
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CHAPTER 2.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 2.1 Introduction Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA) is the one and only Water Supply Distributor in Malaysia. JBA acts as the main source of distributor that distributes water through out the country. The water distributed is then received by its own private company that varies according to each states. Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn. Bhd. (SYABAS) is the private corporation that receives water supply from JBA and caters water throughout Selangor and Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur. SYABAS is responsible for maintaining and upgrading the the existing water supply facilities and collection of water bills. SYABAS is also responsible for up keeping the safety level of water source. Nestled within the urban city central of Kuala Lumpur, Avenue K receives its water supply from SYABAS. The water distribution system used by Avenue K is gravity and pump combination. Avenue K receives its water source from SYABAS via gravity distribution system and the water is directed into suction tanks located at the Basement Level 2 of the building. It then uses direct pump system to transport the water up to the water storage tanks located at the rooftop of Avenue K. Water is then distributed to the tenants according to their needs via gravity distribution system.
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2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 Types of Water Supply System The water distributed for fire protection, domestic, commercial, agricultural, and industrial uses is treated. The general guidelines for treated water are: The water must be clean, colourless, odorless, free from suspension and harmful bacteria. Water supply system is set up in urban and suburban areas, as well as most of the rural areas. The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure (Mohanty, 2012). There are 3 types of water distribution system: - Gravity system - Direct pumped system - Gravity and pumped combination. The choice of the distribution system depends on the topography of the site, location and extent of the distribution area and elevations and site conditions. 2.2.2 Gravity and Pumped Combination Distribution System The gravity and pumped combination system is the most commonly used distribution system for commercial buildings. The treated water from SYABAS flows into suction tank for temporary storage and is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir. The water is then supplied to tenants by the action of gravity. This distribution system stores excess water in reservoir during low demand periods and supplies water during high demand period. It is one of the most economical, efficient and reliable distribution system (Mohanty, 2012). However, problem associated with operation and maintenance of pumping systems might surface over the time.
Figure 2.2.2.1 Gravity and Pumped Combination Diagram Source: http://spot.pcc.edu/~rhatton/watersupply.pdf 4
2.2.3 Cold Water Storage and Distribution There are two types of distribution system. The direct systems and the indirect systems. For direct system, all fittings are provided with cold water direct from the main source. For indirect systems, all of the fittings are supplied with cold water indirectly from a cold water storage tank, with the exception of drinking water points.
Figure 2.2.3.1 Indirect Water System for Domestic Uses Diagram Source: http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/project_images/direct-and-indirect-cold-water-systems/indire ct-cold-water-system.jpg The advantages of indirect system include water runs at a slower pressure which minimize noise and wastage and allows particular appliances to be used. Indirect systems also serves as a reserve against failure of main water supply. Moreover, such system is able to reduce the demand on the water main and the size of the incoming pipe due to sudden demands would be met from the cistern. Therefore, smaller pipe dimeters could be used. Moreover, there is no risk of back-siphonage. Heating and hot water supply apparatus could be vented to the storage cistern itself, thus minimising safety valve requirements. 5
2.3 Case Study A case study is carried out at Avenue K for an in-dept understanding towards the water supply system. Avenue K Mall uses Gravity and Pumped combination water distribution system to ensure constant flow of water supply to its tenants. The main water is supplied by SYABAS and the volume of water flow is monitored by the SYABAS bulk meter. Water from the main source is then guided into the suction tank located at the basement level 2 of Avenue K via gravity system. The water pressure at this stage is very high. The water in suction tank is then pumped up to the water storage tank which is located at the roof top. Finally, water is then distributed to the tenants and also wash closets of Avenue K. 2.3.1 Indirect Cold Water Supply System
SYABAS
Tenants
Bulk Meter
Suction Tank
Storage Tank
Booster Pump
Figu Wash Closets
Figure 2.3.1.1 Flow Chart of the Cold Water System in Avenue K The main water source is from SYABAS. SYABAS approved bulk meter is located outside the mall (within site boundary) at ground level. It is located side by side along with the fire hydrant bulk meter that caters to Avenue K as well as existing domestic and fire fighting water meters that serve the LRT. The purpose of bulk flow meters are there to monitor the large amount of water flow in commercial buildings. The water tank room is located at the basement level 2 of Avenue K. The tank room houses 4 water tanks. Namely, the suction tank, make-up tank for cooling tower and 2 service apartment tanks. All the water tanks in the room are constructed of hot dipped galvanized press steel. 6 electrical booster pumps are connected to the suction tank. Indirect water supply system enable Avenue K to store water during low demand period. By doing so, each tenants and users are able to receive sufficient amount of water supply during high demand period and the supply is able to sustain for a day during water shortage. Moreover, the water pressure is greatly reduced as the pressure from water main is too high to be distributed directly.
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2.3.2 Gravity and Pumped Combination Distribution System
Figure 2.3.2.1 Schematic diagram of Gravity and Pumped Combination System in Avenue K Figure 2.3.2.1 illustrates the type of water supply system used in Avenue K. Water flows from the supply pipe via gravity system down to the suction tank in basement level 2. The water pressure is then reduced and booster pumps are required to pump the water up to the storage tank at level 8 mezzanine level. Water is finally distributed to the servicing pipes and tenants via gravity system again from the storage tank. The water pressure is increases during this process. 7
Figure 2.3.2 Ground Floor Plan showing the location of bulk water meter.
Figure 2.3.3 Bulk water meter in Avenue K
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Figure 2.3.4 Basement 2 plan showing the location of Water Tank Room Water Tank Room
Suction Tank
Booster Pumps
Figure 2.3.5 Suction tank at basement level 2 9
Figure 2.3.6 Booster pumps located right beside the suction tank
Figure 2.3.7 Sump pumps located at basement level 2
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Figure 2.3.8 Water Storage tank at the rooftop
Figure 2.3.9 Water Storage Room at basement level 2
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2.4 Component of System 2.4.1 Bulk Water Meter & Valve
Figure 2.4.1.1 Bulk Meter details plan of Avenue K Water bulk meters are typically installed at the ground level of the building. It connects the water main from SYABAS and it is used to control and monitor the heavy flow of water in commercial buildings. The bulk meter is also used to measure the volume of water used by the commercial building. There are several types of common water meters and the choice depends on the flow measurement method, the end user and required flow rates. Water meters are generally owned, read and approved by a public/ private water company, which in this case is SYABAS.
Figure 2.4.1.2 Section drawing of the bulk water meter in Avenue K. Figure 2.4.1.2 Shows the section drawing of Avenue K's bulk meter which is located at the Ground level. Number 1 labels the CW incoming pipe from SYABAS water main. The 12
water then flows through the constant flow valve and meter before entering the rising main to suction tank which can be seen in number 12 region.
Figure 2.4.1.3 Water Meter Register in Avenue K Figure 2.4.1.3 shows the close up view of the water meter reading in Avenue K. The type of water meter used in Avenue K is Turbine Meter and is generally used for commercial buildings where a monitor of high water flow rates is necessary. It is less accurate at low flow rates compared to displacement and jet meters which are more suitable for residential and small scale commercial buildings. Higher flow rates are achieved by using Turbine Meter as there are lesser pressure loss during the water flow from the main source. This meter is made of cast iron.
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Figure 2.4.1.4 Main Shutoff Valve Components Source: http://www.betterbricks.com/building-operations/water-distribution As seen on Figure 2.4.1.4, the basic valve components are the body, seat, stem and packing/ gasket. The bulk meter is completed with valves system. The presence of valves are critical in any piping system. The valves in Avenue K are made of cast iron. The function of the valve is to regulate and control the movement and amount of the water flow into the building. Valves perform four basic function which include: - Starting, stopping and directing the water flow -Regulating or throttling flow -Preventing back flow -Relieving or regulating pressure Referring back to our case study building Avenue K, there are two valves at each ends of the bulk meter, known as the main shutoff valve. These valves are able to cut off the flow of water by opening and closing the valves of the water main and to the rising main. Little of no leakage occurs at this stage. However, these valves will be noisy during high pressure application.
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2.4.2 Sump Pump
Figure 2.4.2.1 Sump pump in Avenue K
Figure 2.4.2.2 Location of the pump in basement level 3 A Sump pump is an electricity powered pump that is used to keep basement of a building dry. It pumps out rainwater or excess water from leakage or pipe bursting that has accumulated in the sump pit. The pump will then discharge the rainwater and excess water into the sanitary sewer. Submersible pump is used in Avenue K as seen on figure 2.4.2.1. The pump is submerge into the manhole and discharge the excess water runoffs to the connecting drainage system. This is to prevent the flooding of basement levels.
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2.4.3 Domestic Cold Water Suction Tank
Figure 2.4.3.1 Schematic drawing of suction tank
Figure 2.4.3.2 Location of the suction tank 16
UBBL 247. Water storage. (1) Main water storage tanks within the building, other tank for hose reel systems, shall be located on ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. Domestic Cold Water Suction tank Specifications: - Dimension: 12000 x 5000 x 4500 (H) - Normal Capacity: 59400 gals - Material (exterior): Hot dipped Galvanized Pressed Steel - Material (interior): PVC A suction tank is required in indirect cold water distribution system. The size of the suction tank depend upon the demand of the building. The use of suction tank in Avenue K is able to reduce the water pressure from the main supply as the pressure from the main source is too high to be distributed to the tenants. The suction tank should have enough capacity to store at least one day's supply of water to the entire building. The suction tank is elevated on reinforced concrete beams with drip pan to prevent moisture condensation dripping to the ground. The drip pipe is connected to the overflow pipe from the tank. The suction tank is completed with a water tank float valve that will stops the inflow of water from the main source once the water level in the tank has reached its maximum capacity.
Figure 2.4.3.3 The water flow from the rising main that connects to the suction tank 17
Figure 2.4.3.3 shows the how the water flow from the rising main into the suction tank. The rising main comes with pressure reducing and stop valve that is able to manipulate the water flow. The rising main pipe diameter is too large to be connected directly to the suction tank and would result in severe strain on the valves. Hence, the rising main is provided with a manifold header so the inlet to the tank can be automatically supplied through several supply pipes, as shown in Figure 2.4.3.3. Each supply pipe from the rising main comes with a stop valve to control the water flow. During this process, the water pressure from the main source is greatly reduced.
Figure 2.4.3.4 Pressure reducing valve on rising main Pressure reducing valves are attached to the rising main to regulate the water pressure from the main source. A meter also comes together with the valve to provide pressure reading on the rising main.
Figure 2.4.3.5 Detail drawing of the pressure reducing valve. 18
Figure 2.4.3.6 Overflow pipe The suction tank is fitted with 2 overflow pipes which is able to discharge water out of the tank in case of the failure of float valves. The failure of float valves will result in inward water exceeding maximum capacity and water overflow and flooding will occur. It is a safe rule to allow the overflow pipe twice the diameter or four times the sectional area of the supply pipe. Overflow pipes will then discharge to the properly tapped water supply sink that is connected to the drainage system.
Figure 2.4.3.7 Reading scale attached on outside of the suction tank 19
As seen on figure 2.4.3.7, a reading scale is attached on the outside of the suction tank to display its current inward water capacity. This reading scale is connected to the float valve within the tank and directly depended on it.
Figure 2.4.3.8 Ladders that lead up to the inspection hole The suction tank has several inspection holes that are used for inspection and maintenance and servicing of the tank. Ladders are attached to the tank that leads up to the opening of the tank. Avenue K carries out its water tank maintenance every once a year.
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2.4.4 Booster Pump (Hydropneumatic System)
Figure 2.4.4.1 Electricity powered Hydropneumatic system is used for the booster pump
Figure 2.4.4.2 Schematic drawing showing the pump sets Avenue K uses electricity powered hydropneumatic system booster pumps to pump the water from suction tank to the water storage tank located at the level 8 mezzanine. The hydropneumatic system pumps are ideal for large commercial building variable demand of water. This system consist of 6 high pressure multistage centrifugal pumpsets, suction and delivery manifolds with valves,base frame and control panel as seen on figure 2.4.4.3. The booster pump acts as a pressure booster in high rise commercial building. At peak water demand period, all the pumps will operate, similarly if there is a drop in water demand the duty pump speed starts to reduce and stop entirely. 21
Figure 2.4.4.3 Components of booster pumps Source: http://www.xylemindia.in/product-catalogue/lowara/Hydropneumatic_Pumping_System.p df 2.4.5 Water Storage Tank
2.4.5.1 Water Storage Tank at Level 8 Mezzanine 22
The 2 water storage tanks are placed next to the cooling tower make-up tank in Avenue K. All the roof top water tanks are enveloped with sun-shading louvers to prevent direct heating from the sun. Domestic Cold Water Storage tank Specifications: - Dimension: 1000 x 5000 x 4500 (H) -Capacity Volume: 245.6m3 - Material (exterior): Hot dipped Galvanized Pressed Steel - Material (interior): PVC The service water storage tank is made of galvanized pressed steel exterior with interior PVC linings. The outer shell of the water tank is made of modular square panels that are known as the sectional panel tank. The general requirement of rooftop water storage tank include cover on the tank to prevent animals and particles from trapping inside the tank. Inspection holes are also mounted on the top of the tank for regular inspection and maintenance. The water storage tank components in Avenue K is quite similar to its suction tank. Overflow pipe is used to discharge excessive water at times of float valve and float failure. The water storage tank is also provided with a reading scale to show the level of water in it. Vent pipes are also attached on the top of the water storage tank to allow air exchange within the water tank.
Figure 2.4.5.2 Float valve and float Source: http://hayesplastic.com/WebRoot/RSTO/Shops/BT0247/5134/97DC/DB84/0F50/6A8E/0 A0C/05E8/6C3F/bfvcom.jpg Float valve and float system is used to control the amount of water entering the tank. Once the tank has reached its maximum capacity, the float will float up to the water surface and water supply will be cut off. 23
Figure 2.4.5.3 Distribution pipes Distribution pipes are connected to the water storage tank. Water is then distributed to the tenants via service pipes. Each distribution pipes is attached with a gate valve. The distribution pipe diameters are made of copper with 4 inches diameter each.
Figure 2.4.5.4 Gate Valve The gate valves at these distribution pipes open by lifting a round wedge out of the path of the water and is often used to prevent or permit the flow of water. 24
Figure 2.4.5.5 Service pipes connected to the distribution pipe. The distribution pipes will then split into multiple service pipes. These service pipes will distribute water according to its designated location. These service pipe are 3 inches each and made of copper.
Figure 2.4.5.6 Rising main Figure 2.4.5.6 The rising main is connected to the suction tank. Booster pump will pump the water from the suction tank to the water storage tank. The pipe diameter for the rising main is 4.5 inches and made of Galvanized Steel. 25
Figure 2.4.5.6 Overflow Pipe Overflow pipes are attached to the top of the water storage tank. These overflow pipes are the same as the ones attached on the suction tank. The overflow pipe are 4.5inches in diameter and made of PVC. The discharge will be lead to the drainage system of Avenue K.
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2.4.6 Piping Sizing and Plumbing The selection of pipes and sizing varies according to different function and purpose. Oversizing of pipes will result in high cost and it may be unnecessary. It will also cause delay in receiving water at outlets. However, undersizing of pipes may result in slow or even no water during peak demand period. It will also create noise as the water pressure is too high to flow through such a narrow pipe. The types of pipes used in Avenue K are copper, PVC and galvanized steel and below are the details:
(a) Copper
(b) PVC (C) Galvanized Steel Figure 2.4.6.1 Types of Pipes in Avenue K
Type of Pipe Copper Pipe Type L PVC
Water System Usage Distribution Pipe, Rising Main, Service Pipe Overflow Pipe
Piping Description Rigid, Blue in Color, will not corrode and long lasting Rigid, lightweight, lifespan of 30 years
Galvanized Steel
Rising Main, Supply Main
Rigid, will corrode over time, long lasting due to galvanized process
Table 2.4.6.2
Pipe Usage Rising Main Overflow Pipe Distribution Pipe Service Pipe
Diameter (inches) 6 5 4 3 and below Table2.4.6.3
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2.5 Analysis UBBL 89. Chases. A Chase made in a wall for pipes and other service facilities shall leave the wall at the back of the chase not less than 100 millimeters thick in external walls and not less than 100 millimeters thick in a party wall and shall not be wider than 200 millimeters. UBBL 247. Water storage. (1) Main water storage tanks within the building, other tank for hose reel systems, shall be located on ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. UBBL 123. Pipe and service ducts. The enclosure must be sufficient enough to allow accommodation of pipes, stop cocks and permit access for repairs modifications. The cold water supply system in Avenue K conforms to the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 by installing their suction tanks in basement level which meets the requirement of By-law 247. Cleaning and servicing of the water tanks are carried out annually which adheres to the maintenance regulation set by SYABAS. Moreover, the suction tank and water storage tanks are elevated from the ground and placed on the RC beams. This enable enough room for the accommodation of pipes and connections, which permits enough room for plumbers to excess for maintenance and service. This placement method of water tanks in Avenue K successfully meet the requirements of By-law 123. The indirect cold water supply system used in Avenue K is a good choice as it provide reserve against failure of mains supply. Indirect cold water supply system requires the presence of suction and storage tank and when sudden demands are met from the storage cistern which then fills slowly, thereby making the demand on the main more even. This is much more economical as the size of the service pipe is able to be reduced to a more proper sizing. It also reduced pressure on the system installation, which reduce the noise level. Leakage will be reduce and less water will go to waste. The Turbine bulk meter used as master meters in Avenue K is also an excellent choice for water distribution. Turbine bulk meter is suitable for high rise and large commercial buildings as it is highly accurate in monitoring high flow rates. Furthermore, the water storage tanks are covered and protected from direct sun glare.This adheres to the general hygiene guidelines of a water tank where it is required to be covered to avoid animals and other particles from entering the water tank. Most of the major distribution pipes used in Avenue K are copper and galvanized steel pipes. The use of copper pipe is able to avoid corrosion built up in the pipes and is long lasting. Galvanized steel pipes are long lasting as well but they are prone to corrosion over the time. New buildings no longer install galvanized steel pipes and opted for copper pipes instead. We would suggest Avenue K to replace most of its major pipes to copper or PVC pipes to avoid corrosion built up within the pipes. Moreover, PVC is 28
economical and lightweight. Major pipes which transfer high pressure water should be of copper pipes to withstand the strain of the pressure. The hydropneumatic system booster pump in Avenue K is electricity powered and its electrical consumption is rather high. The pump sets also required its own generator set in case of power failure to ensure continuity of watter supply. Avenue K could consider installing lower energy consumption pumps like the hydraulic pumps to lower the overall energy consumption of the building. The hydraulic pumps should be sufficient for medium rise commercial building like Avenue K.
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2.6. Conclusion. Through this case study on Avenue K, we have definitely gained a better insight towards cold water supply system. We now understand how the water supply system works and distributed in Malaysia. An extensive research is carried out after the site visit to obtain sufficient info for the writing of this report. The management of Avenue K has fulfilled the UBBL requirements by conforming to the by-laws and the annual maintenance. SYABAS proposed guidelines are also adhered by Avenue K. Being a medium high rise commercial building, the current water supply system has proven to be efficient. The gravity and pumped combination system also proven to be the most economical distribution system for commercial buildings like Avenue K and most importantly, they are able to provide constant flow of water supply to the tenants via this system.
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3.0 Electrical Supply System
3.1 Introduction Electricity is the most dominant kind of energy in a modern building. Electricity supplies electrical outlets and lighting fixtures. Ventilation, heating, and cooling equipment depend upon electrical energy. Electricity provides energy for elevators and materials transporters, and energy for signal and communication equipment. Lighting is the major user of electrical energy in most buildings. In commercial buildings, motors are the second heaviest use of electrical energy, for heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) systems, plumbing pumps, elevators and most industrial processes. As a designer, we have responsibility for seeing that power is available where needed for our client’s equipment, and for making sure that the lighting and appliances are appropriate and energy efficient.
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3.2 Literature review 3.2.1 General Distribution
Figure 3.2.1.1 Transmission of electricity from power plant to commercial customer Source: http://www.avalon-energy.com/sample.aspx?C1=28
Figure 3.2.1.1 shows that the general distribution of electricity, it usually generated by electro-mechanical generators driven by steam produced from fossil fuel combustion, or the heat released from nuclear reactions or from other sources such as kinetic energy extracted from wind or flowing Centralized power stations allows efficient electrical transmission, electrical power can then be dispatched relatively long distance to where it was needed.
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3.2.2 Building Electrical Distribution
Figure 3.2.2.1 Diagram of building electrical distribution system Source: http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~jef22/myweb4/electrical.htm
Figure 3.2.2.1 shows a building’s electrical distribution, and below shows the following steps of how electricity is being transmitted in a building.
1. Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) then enters the TNB substation located inside the building which is the High Voltage Room consists the Switch Gear Room & Transformer Room. 2. Electricity is then transmitted to the Low Voltage Room, which is the Main Switch Room. It functions as a distribution room that consist of main control switches, circuit breakers and meters. 3. Electricity is then continued to the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) Room consisting signal distribution frames connecting telecommunication wirings. 4. Electric Risers connect the wirings to the Electrical Rooms in every floor to supply electricity to the upper floors. 5. Electricity is then transmitted to the Distribution Boards for control switches of the electrical appliances. 6. Gen-Set Room is connected to the LV Room (Main Switch Room) which has a backup generator in case TNB fails to supply electricity.
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3.3 Case studies
Avenue K is a commercial building consisting of 17 floors, including the basement car park, it requires the most amount of electricity compared to residential buildings. Electricity comes from a main power source, which is the Malaysia’s Electric Utility Company Tenaga National Berhad (TNB). This topic is to give an understanding on how electricity is being generated and how it is being transmitted and distributed throughout the building. Similar to like most shopping malls in Malaysia, the TNB substation is placed in the back of the building at the ground floor with a protective enclosure. This is where high voltage is being reduced to low voltage for small electrical distribution throughout the whole building. Gen-Set Room
TNB substation
Consumer Room
Main Switch Room
Distribution Board
Electric Room
Figure 3.3.1 Electrical distribution in Avenue K
Figure 3.3.1 shows the electrical distribution in Avenue K, starting from: -
TNB Substation (High Voltage Room) Consumer Room (Medium Voltage Room) Main Switch Room (Low Voltage Room) Gen-Set Room Electric Rooms Distribution Boards
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3.3.1 TNB Room (High Voltage Room)
Figure 3.3.1.1 TNB substation Sources: http://www.infopages.net.my/product-details.aspx?pid=2484
Figure 3.3.1.2 High Voltage Switchgears Source: http://www.tngks.net/kgg/index.php/group-of-companies/al-khayarinswitchgear-factory
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Figure 3.3.1.3 Location of TNB substation The TNB substation (Figure 3.3.1.1) is the direct linkage from the transmission cables receiving large amount of electricity, the room consist of high voltage Switchgears (figure 3.3.1.2) which direct control of the whole building’s electricity. In the case of emergency, this room is to maintain the incoming power from TNB. This TNB Substation is under the power of TNB and no other than TNB authorized personal may access this room. Substations are part of the electricity supply network that enables the widespread use of electricity at home, work, places for education, leisure, commerce, health care, etc. The size of substations can be very variable, depending on whether they serve mainly residential properties, or also commercial and industrial units, etc. Schools and institutions such as hospitals and commercial buildings often have their own substation. The purpose of substations is to transform the voltage from long-distance high voltage power lines to the voltages used to supply the building. Electrical substation is a combination of electrical components including switchgear, step down transformer, auxiliaries, busbar. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off during normal operation by manual command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short circuit. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electric power via the outgoing transmission lines. 36
3.3.2 Consumer Room (Medium Voltage Room)
Figure3.3.2.1 Consumer room
Figure 3.3.2.2 Location of Consumer room 37
Figure 3.3.2.3 Switchgear The consumer room receives 11KV of electricity from TNB substation transformer, and then it will transfer the 11KV of electricity to the consumer transformer, which will step down the 11KV to 415V and 240V. A high-voltage switchboard is an assembly point which receives power from the HV generators. A common busbar system runs through the board to which the power sources are connected through switchgear. The busbar act as a ‘manifold’, and feeders are taken from it, through circuit-breakers or contractors, to all power-consuming services such as transformers, motors or interconnectors.
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3.3.3 Emergency Power System An emergency power system is an independent source of electrical power that supports important electrical systems on loss of normal power supply. A standby power system may include a standby generator, batteries and other apparatus. Emergency power systems are installed to protect life and property from the effect of loss of primary electric power supply. Mains power can be lost due to downed lines, malfunctions at a sub-station, inclement condition, planned blackouts or in extreme cases a grid-wide failure. In modern buildings, most emergency power systems have been and are still based on generators. Normally, these generators are Diesel engine driven, although smaller buildings may use a gas engine driven generator and larger ones a gas turbine. With regular generators, an automatic transfer switch is applied to connect emergency power. One side is connected to both the normal power feed and the emergency power feed; and the other side is connected to the load designated as an emergency. If no electricity comes in on the normal side, the transfer switch uses a solenoid to throw a triple pole, single throw switch. This switches the feed from normal to emergency power. The loss of normal power also triggers a battery operated starter system to start the generator, similar to using a car battery to start an engine. Once the transfer switch is switched and the generator starts, the building's emergency power comes back on (after going off when normal power was lost. Unlike emergency lights, emergency lighting is not a type of light fixture; it is a pattern of the building's normal lights that provides a path of lights to allow for a safe exit, or lights up service areas such as mechanical rooms and electric rooms. Exit signals, Fire alarm systems (that are not on backup batteries) and the electric motor pumps for the fire sprinklers are most always on emergency power. The electric motor pumps for the fire sprinklers are almost always on emergency power. Other equipment on emergency power may include smoke isolation dampers, smoke evacuation fans, elevators, handicap doors and outlets in service areas. Hospitals use emergency power outlets to power life support systems and monitoring equipment. Some buildings may even use emergency power as part of normal operations, such as a theater using it to power show equipment because "the show must go on."
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3.3.3.1 Gen-Set Room
Figure 3.3.3.1.1 Diesel Generator
Figure 3.3.3.1.2 Location of Gen-set room
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NFPA 110 (1999 edition) requires generators to be located in a dedicated room, separated from all other areas and spaces by 2-hour fire rated barriers. NFPA 110 is very clear that nothing else may be located, stored or mounted inside the generator room, which includes normal power distribution equipment. The purpose of 2-hour fire rated barrier separating the generator from the rest, is to protect the generator. The conventional wisdom is, if a fire starts on the outside of the generator room, the generators will operate for 2-hours before the fire breaks through. That should be enough time for the firemen to extinguish the fire and to evacuate the building, if need be. So, nothing may be stored in the generator room, but NFPA 110 does permit the following emergency power supply system equipment in the generator room: Energy converter (generator) Day tank of fuel Support equipment for the room (HVAC equipment, lighting equipment, etc.) Conductors Disconnecting means Overcurrent protective devices Transfer switches Control devices Supervisory devices Support devices needed for the system to operate as a safe and reliable source of electric power The last term (support devices) can be interpreted to include necessary manuals and tools to safely operate the generator, but does not include tools to perform repairs, repair parts, discarded materials, replacement filters and oil. Battery powered emergency lights are required in the room, connected to the load side of the transfer switch, whereby the lights will illuminate during a normal power outage. The room must be maintained to a temperature of not less than 70°F, unless the generator is equipped with a water jacket heater that maintains the engine temperature at 90°F. Where the generator is equipped with a water jacket heater, the room must be maintained at a temperature of not less than 40°F.
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3.3.3.2 Generator Set
Figure 3.3.3.2.1 Fuel cell starter of diesel generator
Figure 3.3.3.2.2 Detail drawing of generator set Source: http://generatorjoe.net/html/stepxstepGenerator.asp 42
The generator that use by Avenue K is a diesel generator. It is the combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator (often an alternator) to generate electrical energy. This is a specific case of engine-generator. A diesel compression-ignition engine often is designed to run on fuel oil, but some types are adapted for other liquid fuels or natural gas. Diesel generating sets are used in places without connection to a power grid, or as emergency power-supply if the grid fails. Sizing of diesel generators is critical to avoid low-load or a shortage of power and is complicated by modern electronics, specifically non-linear loads. In size ranges around 50 MW and above, an open cycle gas turbine is more efficient at full load than an array of diesel engines, and far more compact, with comparable capital costs; but for regular part-loading, even at these power levels, diesel arrays are sometimes preferred to open cycle gas turbines, due to their superior efficiencies. If there is no electric supply from TNB station, the generator set will generate electricity automatically by using the petrol from the fuel tank. The electricity generated will transfer to Low Voltage Room to provide electricity. The generator set acts as a backup power of the building, in case of power outage from the main power supply. Gen-set would normally will be installed in offices, commercial buildings, shopping mall and other large scaled building. This is because gen-set will automatic start to generate and supply emergency electric power when the main electrical distribution of electricity is distributed.
Figure 3.3.3.2.3 Ventilation system at Gen-set room
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3.3.4. Main Switch Room (Low Voltage Room)
Figure 3.3.4.1 Main Switch Room (LV room)
Figure 3.3.4.2 CO2 fire suppression system
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Figure 3.3.4.3 Location of Main Switch Room (LV Room)
Main Switch Room (LV Room) is where the main control panels located. This room consist of main switches for the entire building. The Main Switch Board allows the authorized personnel to shut down the power supply of any floor or the whole building for maintenance purpose. The Main Switch Boards used bus bar system, which connects to the other distribution boards to experience less current loss.
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3.3.5 Switch Board There are multiple elements that make up a switchboard. Included in the list of elements are a frame, buses, overcurrent protective devices, service metering, and outer covers.
3.3.5.1 Switchboard Frame
Figure 3.3.5.1.1 The frame of the switchboard Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemensbasics
The frame of the switch board houses supports the other components. The standard switchboard frame is 90 inches high and 32 or 38 inches wide. An optional height of 70 inches with widths of 32, 38, or 46 inches is also available
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3.3.5.2 Bus
Figure 3.3.5.2.1 Buses are mounted within the frame, vertical and horizontal Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemensbasics A bus is a conductor or set of conductors that serves as a common connection for two or more circuit. NEC article 408.3 states that bus bars shall be located so as to be free from physical damage and shall be held firmly in place Bus bars are required to have phases in sequence so that an installer can have the same fixed phase arrangement in each termination point in any switchboard. This is established by NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association). If it is a nonNEMA phase sequence, it must be marked on the switchboard. Buses are mounted within the frame. Horizontal bus bars are used to distribute power to each switchboard section. Vertical bus bars are used to distribute power via overcurrent devices to the load devices. Bus bars are made of tin-finished aluminum or silver-finished copper. Bus bars may either be temperature rated or current density rated. The current density rating specifies the maximum current per square inch of a bus bar cross section.
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Figure 3.3.5.2.2 Vertical and horizontal bus bar connections Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemensbasics Figure3.3.5.2.2 shows the rear view drawing of the switchboard illustrates vertical and horizontal bus bar connections. The vertical phase bus bars appear to be in reverse order because they are views from the rear, but are in the proper NEMA order as viewed from the front. A bus connector makes a mechanical and electrical connection between a vertical bus bar and its corresponding horizontal bus bar. In figure3.3.5.2.2 the connector can be clearly seen on the neutral bus. Compression lugs provided on this switchboard accept properly sized incoming power cables.
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3.3.5.3 Splice Plates
Figure 3.3.5.3.1 Rear view drawing of slice plates Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemensbasics Splice plates are used to join the horizontal bus bars of adjoining switchboard sections, as illustrated in the figure3.3.5.3.1. To make additional distribution sections easier to install when they are needed, the horizontal bus is extended and pre-drilled to accept splice plates. A new section is set flush against an existing section. The old and new sections are connected together with splice plates.
3.3.5.4 Through-bus The extended horizontal bus is also referred to as through-bus. Because the load requirements in downstream distribution sections are generally less than in upstream service sections, the capacity of the through-bus is tapered to a minimum of one-third the capacity of the incoming service mains. Full capacity or non-tapered, through-bus is available as an option. The ampacity of non-tapered through-bus remains constant throughout the switchboard.
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3.3.5.5 Overcurrent Protective Devices
Figure 3.3.5.5.1 Overcurrent protective devices, circuit breakers and disconnect switches Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemensbasics
Operator components are mounted in the front side of the switchboard. This includes overcurrent protective devices, such as circuit breakers and disconnect switches. These devices are mounted to the bus bars using straps connected to the line side of the devices.
3.3.5.6 Outer Covers Cover panels are installed on the switchboard so that no live parts are exposed to the operator. The front cover is referred to as the dead front. The panels are also used as trim to provide a finished look to the switchboard.
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3.3.6 Distribution Board
Figure 3.3.6.1 Distribution board Source: http://www.doepke.co.uk/dboards/dboards.
A distribution board is a control board or enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit breakers, and ground leakage protection units used to distribute electrical power to numerous individual circuits or consumer points. The board typically has a single incoming power source and includes a main circuit and a residual current or earth leakage protection device. Older distribution boards may include a series of fuses which supply the individual circuits; newer installations typically feature mini circuit breakers. A distribution board may be utilized to distribute either single or three phase supplies, depending on the installation specifics. Although distribution board equipment, layouts, and legislative requirements differ from country to country, the basic rules of “distributing� a single supply to various individual points while ensuring safety and control for each remains the same. Distribution boards are common place in most industrial installations and commercial or residential buildings. Most consist of a control board or enclosure supplied with a single incoming electrical feed line. The power is then split among several small circuit breakers or, in the case of older boards, fuses which in turn feed power to different consumption points or circuits. The core function of any distribution board is to allow individual circuits to draw power from correctly rated circuit breakers and for those circuits to be isolated without causing a disruption to the rest of the supplies. Most 51
importantly though, the distribution board offers protection to users and equipment from electrical shock or fire resulting from ground faults. Most distribution boards feature a single incoming supply cable feeding multi- or singlephase power to the board. The live feed from this cable is generally first connected to a main breaker, fuse, or residual current detector (RCD). These components allow the whole board to be isolated for repairs in the case of a main breaker or fuse while the RCD protects against ground fault shock and fire hazards. In the case of a single phase supply, the live feed is taken from the main breaker or RCD and bridged across the top of a series of individual fuses or mini circuit breakers. Multiphase supplies typically have several circuit breakers for each phase and with each group bridged along their incoming terminals. The neutral and earth cores of the supply cable are then connected to separate busway bars. Cables from the individual power outlets, light circuits, or machine points are then inserted into the distribution board on the opposite side of the supply cable. The live leads from each cable are connected to suitably rated circuit breakers and the neutral and ground leads to the appropriate busway bars. This creates a distribution environment where each circuit is fed by a suitable circuit breaker and may be isolated if the need arises without disrupting the rest of the supply. The most significant component of any distribution board is the RCD. This is the element which stands between the circuit user and potentially fatal electric shocks and catastrophic fires. For this understanding, these units should be correctly rated, regularly tested, and never bypassed. The cause of a tripped breaker or blown fuse should also always be investigated prior to a reset to avoid possible damage to equipment or appliances and electrical shock.
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3.4 Electrical Room Space Requirements
The space requirements for standby and emergency power systems do not rank at the top of an architect’s design list. Consequently, service personnel can find themselves in tight quarters when these power systems are jammed into areas that meet only minimum safety requirements and don’t take service- ability into account. Building service equipment must have an advocate early in the design process. It is far easier and less expensive to plan for adequate space in the design phase than to compromise on unit size and retrofit equipment to fit in cramped areas. 3.4.1 Basic Room Requirements Minimum requirements set for the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in the National Electric Code (NEC) is that a person must be able to complete service duties with enclosure doors open and for two people to pass one another. If maintenance must be done at the rear of the cabinet, similar access space must be available. The NEC also requires 3 to 4 feet (1m to 1.3m) of aisle space between live electrical components of 600 volts or less, depending on whether live components are on one or both sides of the aisle. This requirement holds even if components are protected by safety enclosures or screens. Installations over 600 volts require even wider aisle space, from 3 feet (1,) to as much as 12 feet (4m) for voltages above 75kV. Service rooms with 1,200 amps or more require two exits in case of fire or arcing. Because transformers vary, make sure minimum wall clearances are met as specified by the manufacturer. Specific rules and exceptions are spelled out by the NFPA in its recently revised NEC rules. 3.4.2 Gen Set Space Needs Caterpillar recommends floor space between an engine and parallel wall space or another gen set should not be less than the width of the engine. Overhead, there should be enough space allocated to allow convenient removal of cylinder heads, manifolds, exhaust piping and any other equipment for service. Consider specifying enough room for a chain hoist or overhead crane. Space fore and aft of the engine should allow camshaft removal. Batteries to start gen sets should be kept as near as possible to the engine to avoid long energy robbing cables. The fuel tank should be located near gen sets to prevent long fuel line runs which can tax fuel pumps. Access to this equipment for service must also be considered in the design phase.
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3.4.3 Switchgear Considerations Controls and switchgear are best housed in a separate air-conditioned room next to the gen set with a window into the engine room. Switchgear that can’t be placed in a separate room should be located to take advantage of incoming air to cool the switchgear. The enclosure should offer as much or more space as required by the gen set in a building. In fact, because enclosure square foot cost are lower than in a finished building, you will likely have more funds available for enlarging the enclosure space. EPG Designer as well as AutoCAD drawings available from your CAT dealer cite minimum clearances needed. The enclosure should offer expandable construction, withstand excessive winds, allow full service access to gen set, including the ability to lift the enclosure off the installation. When selecting a site for the enclosure, consider cfm air requirements for the gen set(s) as well as how exhaust fumes may travel. Pay particular attention to building ventilation inlet locations. Finally, consider the system’s needs for fuel storage, cooling, monitoring and maintenance. Fuel tanks can be built into enclosure bases, and is an option on the drop over enclosure- available from Caterpillar. Enclosure security is another concern. The enclosure must be lockable and tamper and vandal resistant.
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3.5 Analysis
Avenue k has a Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) substation which distributes all the power that the building needs. Distribution circuits are LED from a transformer located in an electrical substation, where the voltage is reduced from the high values are used for power transmission. The generator set will provide electric power when power supply cut off, it is to prevent discontinuity of daily activities and the disruption of business operations. Electric power supply: Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) Location TNB substation Level 2 Consumer Room Basement 1 Main Switch Room Basement 2 Gen-set Room Basement 2 Sub-board and distribution board Every floor Table 3.5.1 Location of electrical supply system room Unfortunately, we are not allowed to go inside to the TNB substation room. According to OSHA 1026.966(e)(3), only authorized electrical technicians are allowed to enter the substation. To prevent illegal access, the substation is protected with wall and entrance is locked as mentioned in OSHA 1926.966(e)(5) and OSHA 1926.966 (e)(2).
UBBL 240: Electrical isolating switch 1) Every floor or zoneof any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square meters shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relavant floor or zone served. 2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman’s switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force. The electrical system in Avenue K are deemed comprehensive and safe as they obeyed the Uniform Building by Law and Tenaga National Berhad requirement. The arrangements of the plants are well designed, as there is no transmission problem. The plant rooms are well maintained and organized accordingly. Based on the study, the electrical distribution system is suitable for Avenue K as it is a vital component of the building sue to the act that it contains a lot of users thus consumes a lot of electrical usage. The electrical services in Avenue K is sufficient in term of the electrical distribution and usage.
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UBBL 253: Emergency Power System 1) Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life and property. 2) Emergency power systems shall provide power for smoke control systems, illumination, fire alarm systems, fire pumps, public address systems, fire lifts and other emergency systems. 3) Emergency systems shall have adequate capacity and rating for the emergency operation of all equipment connected to the system including the simultaneous operation of all fire lifts and one other lift. 4) All wiring for emergency systems shall be in metal conduit or of fire resisting mineral insulated cables, laid along areas of least fire risk. 5) Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal supply to or within the building or group of buildings concerned, the emergency lighting or emergency power, or both emergency lighting and power will be available within 10 seconds of the interruption of the normal supply. The supply system for emergency purposes shall comprise one or more of the following approved types: 5a) Storage Battery Storage battery of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain at not less than 87.5 percent of the system voltage the total load of the circuits supplying emergency lighting and emergency power for a period of at least 1.5 hours; 5b) Generator set A generator set driven by some form of prime mover and of sufficient capacity and proper rating to supply circuit carrying emergency lighting or lighting and power with suitable means for automatically starting the prime mover on failure of the normal service.
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3.6 Conclusion After visit to Avenue K and do research on their building services, we can easily identify and understand relevant information related to water and electrical supply, sewerage, mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning as well as fire protection systems. We understood how each building services functions including the connections and position of different parts equipment.
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CHAPTER 4.0 SEWERAGE, SANITARY AND DRAINAGE
4.1 Introduction In order to manage human waste, industry waste and excess rainwater to keep the living area of human clean and comfortable, the drainage system, sewerage system and sanitary appliances play an important role. Drainage system is a system of piping to run off excess water whereas sewage system is to dispose the waste water and solids in a proper way. Waste water also called sewage, it can be defined as any liquid waste that contains animal, vegetable or chemical waste in solution. A fixture that connected to the sewer pipe is sanitary appliance which allows a person to put in sewage or liquids into the sewerage system and the medium used to flush the sewage into the sewer pipe is water. In Malaysia, the task of developing and maintaining an efficient and modern sewerage system is in charge by the Indah Water Konsortium (IWK). IWK manages the collection and treatment of sludge from sewerage system and septic tanks.
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4.2 Literature Review 4.2.1 Sewerage Sewerage is considered as the collection, treatment and disposal of liquid waste. Physical structures required for that collection, treatment and disposal are all included in sewerage work. Sewage is the liquid waste carried by a sewer and may include domestic and industrial discharges as well as storm sewage, infiltration and inflow. Sewage which forms in the sanitary conveniences of dwellings, commercial or industrial facilities and institutions is sanitary sewage. Storm sewage is flow derived from rainfall events and carried into sewers intended for its transporting. In addition, infiltration is water which enters the sewers from the ground through leaks. Besides that, water which enters the sewers from the surface, during rainfall events, through flaws in the system, or though connections to roof or basement drains is called inflow. A sewer is a generally closed pipe or conduit which carries sewage but normally not flowing full. A sanitary sewer is designed to carries sanitary sewage and excludes the others whereas a storm sewer carries storm sewage and any other wastes which may be discharged into the streets or onto the surface of the ground. In additions, a combined sewer carries both domestic and storm sewage and the system composed of it called combined system. On the other hand, separate system is the one which segregates the storm water. Sewage treatment includes any process which used to modify the characteristics of the waste water into a more harmless substance to the environment. Sewage disposal means the discharge of liquid wastes to the environment. Normally, sewage is treated in some manner before being discharged to the environment.
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4.2.2 Combined Sewer and Separated Sewer Combined sewer is designed to collect rainwater runoff, domestic sewage and industrial wastewater in the same pipe then transport to a sewage treatment plant to be treated and discharged to a water body. Between dry and wet weather, there will be large distribution in flow which will caused the combined sewer overflows. This overflow may cause serious pollution to the environment.
Figure 4.2.2.1 Diagram of combined sewer system. Source: http://greenlearningstation.org/resources/1/CombineWasteWaterOverflow.jpg Separated sewer is designed to collect storm water and wastewater with separate pipe. The system will be split into sanitary sewer system and storm sewer system and they will collect and direct waste water and storm water respectively. This provide more capacity and prevent flooding. Besides, it also allow stormwater to be used as water resources and prevent untreated amount of overflow directly into our waterbody.
Figure 4.2.2.2 Diagram of separated sewer system. Source:http://www.villageofshorewood.org/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=15 75 60
4.3 Case Study Avenue K Mall uses two pipe plumbing system. The soil waste will be discharged into septic tank whereas the sullage from restaurants, food court and sink will be treated differently. The sullage will be transport to grease interceptor. After treatment, it will be discharged to septic tank. Sewage ejector is located at basement 2 whereas grease interceptor is located at basement 3 of Avenue K. Roof drain is located at Level 8 Mezzanine level (Rooftop) of Avenue K. Sewerage system Sanitary appliances → Traps → Stacks → Septic Tank → Public Sewer→ Sewer Treatment → River Kitchen appliances → Traps →Grease Interceptor → Septic Tank → Public Sewer Drainage system Roof drain → Waste pipes → Sump pump → Main Sewer Pipes → River
Figure 4.3.1 Basement 2 Floor Plan showing the location of sewerage ejector room. Sewerage Ejector Room
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Figure 4.3.2 Upper Concourse Floor Plan. Toilet
Figure 4.3.3 Details of male and female toilets plan.
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Figure 4.3.4 Schematic diagram for plumbing system. Grease Interceptor
Sewage Ejector
Toilet
Sump pump
Kitchen
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4.4 Component of System Each system has their own components and each component plays their own role to support the system. If one of the components lose their function, the system may fail and not able to work efficiently. 4.4.1 Sanitary and Sewerage System Sanitary sewage from sanitary appliances will flow through trap then to soil or waste stack pipe. After that it will be transferred to septic tank. Other than sanitary sewage, sewage from kitchen will be direct to grease interceptor for treatment then transferred to septic tank. 4.4.1.1 Water Closet (WC) [Siphon] Avenue K uses the wall mounted WC which hides the water tank for aesthetic purpose. Flush water actually exists through a special fitting in the wall and there is no flush lever, instead, it will be replaced by a button on a rectangular plate on the wall above the toilet. If want to access the tank for maintenance, the plate can be removed. These toilets are quieter and save more spaces compare to those regular floor-mount models but these are more complicated to install. After flushing, soil waste will be disposed from WC outlet pipe to the soil stack pipe.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.4.1.1.1 (a) Water closet front view, (b) side view shows that it is joined to the wall and (c) diagram of WC. 64
Figure 4.4.1.1.2 Diagram of WC. UBBL 43. The Minimum Demension of Latrines, Water-Closets and Bathrooms In all buildings, the size of latrines, water-closet and bathroom shall be: (a) In the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet fittings, not less
than 105m by 0.75m; (b) In the ease of water-closets with fittings other than pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.25m by 0.75m; (c) In the case of bathrooms, not less than 1.5sqm with a width of not less than 0.75m; (d) In the case of bathrooms with closet fittings, not less than 2sqm with a width of not less than 0.75m.
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4.4.1.2
Basins
For aesthetic purpose, the plumbing lines of the basins are hidden beneath the basin and being covered as cupboard. Since it is in an open space, the maintenance is easy. Besides, if there is blockage, it’s convenient for repairing because it’s easy to access. The water used will flow to waste-water pipe.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.4.1.2.1 (a) The wall-mounted basin and (b) the plumbing lines underneath the basin. 4.4.1.3 Urinal The flushing system incorporated by this urinal to rinse urine from the bowl of the device to prevent odors is manual button. After flushing, urine and water flow into drainage line.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.4.1.3.1 (a) Water flush urinal and (b) schematic diagram showing function of urinal Source: http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/resource-book-waterless-urinalsecological-sanitation-method-saves-water-energy-and-uses 66
4.4.1.4 Bottle Trap Bottle trap sits right under the sink and it’s used to keep the bathroom hygienic and clean. The used water will be carried through the basin waste, then into the drainage and lastly into the sewer. Normally, there will be accumulation which causes a lot harmful gases and bottle trap prevents these gases to enter the bathroom.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.4.1.4.1 (a) Bottle trap beneath the sinks and (b) diagram of the function of the bottle trap. Source: http://carriethomson.hubpages.com/hub/Why-Do-We-Need-Bottle-Traps-ForThe-Wash-Basins#
4.4.1.5
Floor Trap
It collects waste water from sink, shower and bathroom etc. to avoid wetting of the whole toilet floor area. Other than that, it also help prevents gases from entering the place. The waste pipe is connected above the water seal of the floor trap.
Figure 4.4.1.5.1 Two different types of floor trap.
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4.4.1.6
Floor Trap
It is important for ventilation of the system by allowing air from the fresh-air inlet to rise through the system and carry the abominable gases which then provide some purification for the piping. Moreover, vent pipe also breaks the possible siphonage of water out of trap by introducing air near a fixture. The size of vent pipe is 50mm. Besides, the system of air vent will parallel with the drainage system and extend through the roof.
Figure 4.4.1.6.1 Vent pipe. Law Of Malaysia Act 133 Street, Drainage, Building Act 1974, Section 57 No water pipe, stack pipes or down spout used for conveying surface water from any premises shall be used or permitted to serve or to act as ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.
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4.4.1.7
Soil Stack Pipe
It is a vertical waste pipe. This pipe will carries waste from toilet to the sewer. After sewer, it will be send to the public sewer line. The size of this pipe is 100mm.
Figure 4.4.1.7.1 Soil stack pipe. 4.4.1.8 Waste Stack Pipe Waste drainage from sinks, tubs and shower are carried away by waste stack pipe but not soil sewerage from the sanitary fixtures. For Avenue K, waste stack pipe, soil stack pipe and vent pipe are all make of cast-iron so that they are more durable. The size of horizontal waste pipe is 30-50mm whereas vertical waste pipe is 75mm.
Figure 4.4.1.8.1 Waste stack pipe. Law Of Malaysia Act 133 Street, Drainage, Building Act 1974, Section 56(1) Rain water pipes not to be used as soil pipe state that: “No pipe used for the carrying of rainwater from any roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying off the soil and drainage from any privy or water closet or sullage water.� 69
4.4.1.9
Grease Interceptor
The waste is passed from those kitchen sinks of restaurants through the circuitous path within the grease interceptor. As the grease floats to the top, it will be trapped between baffles whereas the more fluid waste passes through at a lower level. This grease interceptor requires periodic servicing and it is located at Basement 3 of Avenue K.
Figure 4.4.1.9.1 (a) Grease interceptor and (b) grease that floats on top of the tank.
Figure 4.4.1.9.2 Diagram of how grease interceptor works. Source : http://www.omahapumping.com/grease-traps-101/
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4.4.1.10 Sewage Ejector This is installed when subsoil drainage, fixtures or other equipment are situated below the level of public sewer. The drainage will flow into this pit by gravity, from the pit, the content will be ejected up to the building sewer. In Avenue K, this sewage ejector is located at Basement 2.
Figure 4.4.1.10.1 Sewage ejector.
4.4.1.11 Septic Tank It is a sedimentation chamber which provides storage for the sludge and scum. Besides, it also helps break down the waste solids. It is constructed of concrete which has resistant to decay. If the septic tank does not being maintained or pumped, the accumulated solids will clog the soil. The waste water that discharged from Avenue K to the tank will be retained for a day or more in order to have sufficient time for the grease float to the top and finer solid sink. When it is about 70% purified, it can be left for second treatment.
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4.4.2 Drainage System Rain water is collected at the basement and pump out of the building through the drainage system. When it rain, rainwater enter from roof drain and flow into the manholes through drain water pipe. Water in the sump will be discharged when it reached a level which will cause water overflow in the basement. 4.4.2.1 Roof Drain It is used to direct rainwater from the roof to the ground to prevent rainwater from pooling at the roof. This help to prevent extra water load adding to the building. Besides, roof drain allows drainage for rainwater without clogging. The materials used in Avenue K are PVC which is more sustainable. It also helps provide aesthetic view by being able to hide on top of the roof. Rain water
Rain water
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.4.2.1.1 (a) Roof drain and (b) diagram of the flow of rain water from roof drain to sump pit. 72
4.4.2.2
Perimeter Drain
Perimeter drains helped direct rain water and reduce chances of flooding. It is also used to prevent ground water from penetrating into the foundation of building. If ground water penetrates into foundation, it might destroy the foundation. 4.4.2.3
Sump Pump
Rainwater from roof drain or perimeter drain will be transfer to sump pit. When the water level of sump pit reaches a limit, sump pump will pumps out the water automatically. In Avenue K, sump pump is submerged into the manhole and located at basement 3. The minimum depth for sump pits is 750mm whereas the minimum area is 0.25 m².
Figure 4.4.2.3.1 Sump pump.
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4.4.2.4
Manhole
It provides access to a sewer for testing, visual inspection of sewers, maintenance of flow or water quality-monitoring instruments and removing obstruction in the sewer line. Furthermore, it also allows joining of sewer or alignment of sewer or both and help in ventilation of sewage. It is provided when there is change in grades or sizes of sewer. Normally, at the junction of two or more sewer there will be manhole provided.
Figure 4.4.2.4.1 Manholes.
Figure 4.4.2.4.2 Diagram of manholes. Source : http://www.traceyconcrete.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/figure4.jpg 74
4.5
Analysis and Findings
Through our analysis and observation, the sanitary, sewerage and drainage systems in Avenue K obeyed the Law of Malaysia. Drainage System Law 115 All roofs of buildings shall be constructed as to drain effectually to suitable and sufficient channels, gutter, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of these By-Laws for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on and off from the roof. According to the law above, Avenue K has provided sufficient roof drains to direct the rainwater from the roof top to the sump pit. Floor drain is much more aesthetic compare to gutter. UBBL 123. Pipes and Service Ducts (1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes. Cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be: (a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings branches and mains together with support and fixing; and (b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes. Stop cocks and other controls there 10 enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated. (2) The access, openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed. For those pipes that used for sanitary, sewerage and drainage system, they followed the law above and provide adequate access for the maintenance and repairs. This is very important as it may affect the efficiency of the system or cause failure in the system. The failure in system may reduce the sustainability of the building. One pipe plumbing system conveys both soil and waste water to the drain directly whereas the two pipe plumbing system collects soil and waste water separately. Avenue K uses two pipe plumbing system which is more costly compare to one pipe plumbing but it is worth. By using two pipe plumbing, storm water collected can be reused as the water resource for toilet flushing or cleaning in the building. Moreover, it provides more capacity compare to one pipe plumbing which then help to prevent overflow of combined sewer.
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4.6 Conclusion In conclusion, by analyzed and studied the sewerage system, we found that it plays an important role in keeping the cleanliness and hygienic of the building and also the sustainability of the building. The sewerage system of Avenue K is considered obeyed to the Laws of Malaysia and functions efficiently. Other than the system itself, its maintenance also plays an important role. Without maintenance, the system will not last. Furthermore, the failure of system may cause damage to the building structure or endanger the health of building users.
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CHAPTER 5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
5.1 Introduction Elevators are the most commonly used mode of vertical transportation in modern buildings, namely commercial, office, and residential structures having more than three stories. Elevators are used to move persons from levels to levels within a structure. Elevators are also used to move goods and in some cases motor vehicles. They provide ease of movement between floors as well as function as a transportation device for various goods.
5.2 Literature Review Development of modern technology has led to the creation of mechanical transportation in tall structures such as the elevator and escalator. Avenue-K makes use of the mechanical systems in order to provide ease of access for its users. However, the design of the mechanisms has to be taken into proper consideration during the design process of the building such as the type of building, nature of the building’s occupancy, orientation, waiting time and other else. Standardization of the system has been done in order to provide a faster and easier way in designing of the mechanical transportations in a structure. It also serves to economize the production of the materials and parts needed to assemble the mechanical systems. Mechanical transportation systems also allow people who were previously unable to climb stairs, for example the disabled and the elderly to move throughout a building. It also enables structures to be built higher as building materials can be transported easily to upper floors when constructing the building. Vertical transportation consists of elevators and escalators while horizontal transportation consists of travelators. 5.2.1 Type of Elevator There are two types of elevator system which is traction elevator and hydraulic elevator. Traction elevator includes geared traction, gearless traction, and machine-room less. For hydraulic elevator, it includes conventional hydraulic elevator, holeless hydraulic elevator and roped hydraulic elevator.
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5.2.1.1 Traction Elevator Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight. Geared Traction Elevator Geared traction elevators have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction elevators are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. The maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator is around 250 feet. Gearless Traction Elevator Gear-less traction elevators have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2,000 feet per minute and they have a maximum travel distance of around 2,000 feet so they are the only choice for high-rise applications. Machine-Room Less Elevator Machine-room less elevators are traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the elevator cab when maintenance or repairs are required. The control boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the highest landing and within around 150 feet of the machine.
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5.2.1.2 Hydraulic Elevator Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft. Conventional Hydraulic Elevators Conventional hydraulic elevators have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet. Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators Hole-less hydraulic elevators have a piston on either side of the cab. In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below the pit. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel distance. Non-telescoping pistons only allow about 20 feet of travel distance. Roped Hydraulic Elevators Roped hydraulic elevators use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.
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5.3 Case Study 5.3.1 Elevator In Avenue-K, the elevator system used is geared traction system. The types of elevators used are passenger elevator, fireman’s elevator and also freight elevator/cargo lift.
Figure 5.3.1.1 Passenger Elevator
Figure 5.3.1.2 Fireman’s Elevator
Figure 5.3.1.3 Freight Lift 80
A case study is carried out at Avenue K for an in-dept understanding towards the elevator system. First of all, generator from the electric room will generate electricity to the control and machine room. The control room is in charge of controlling and moitoring the lift system. When a user interacts with the elevator, the signal will be transmited to the control room and machine room respectively. After that, the geared motor in the machine room will respond to the user’s call by moving the elevator car up or down, thus giving feedback to the user.
Figure 5.3.1.4 Elevator System in Avenue K
In Avenue-K, there are a total of 20 elevators, whereby 16 are passenger elevator, 3 are fireman’s elevator and the last one is the freight elevator, also known as the cargo lift. UBBL 124. Lifts. For all-non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided. UBBL 153. Smoke detectors for lift lobbies. 1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. 81
Figure 5.3.1.5 Mezzanine Floor Plan Showing Location of Control Room
Figure 5.3.1.6 Level 4 Floor Plan Showing Location of Machine Room 82
Figure 5.3.1.7 Ground Floor Plan Showing Location of Elevator
Figure 5.3.1.8 First Floor Plan Showing Location of Elevator Passenger elevator
Fireman’s Elevator
Freight Elevator 83
5.3.2 Escalator The case study of the escalator system shows that electricity is generated by the generator from the electric room. The electric is then transferred to the electric motor of the escalator. A manual operation is required to activate or deactivate the escalator.
Figure 5.3.2.1 Escalator System in Avenue K
Figure 5.3.2.2 Concourse Floor Plan Showing Location of Escalator 84
Figure 5.3.2.3 Upper Concourse Floor Plan Showing Location of Escalator
Figure 5.3.2.4 Ground Floor Plan Showing Location of Escalator 85
Figure 5.3.2.5 Mezzanine Floor Plan Showing Location of Escalator
Figure 5.3.2.6 First Floor Plan Showing Location of Escalator 86
Figure 5.3.2.7 Second Floor Plan Showing Location of Escalator
Figure 5.3.2.8 Third Floor Plan Showing Location of Escalator
Parallel Arrangement Elevator
Crisscross Arrangement Elevator 87
5.4 Lift System 5.4.1 Geared Traction Lift System In Avenue-K elevator system, electric elevator is used. All 3 types of elevators are driven by geared traction machines. Geared traction elevators generally serve mid-rise buildings with speeds normally found between 200 to 500 feet per minute. The geared machine is designed such that the drive sheave is connected to the motor through a gear train. Power from the motor is transferred to the drive sheave through reduction gears. The geared elevator machine is more prone to wear and tear than the gearless elevators. The machines have a bronze spiral worm gear connected to the hoist motor which drives a bronze ring gear. These gears mesh at very tight tolerances.
Figure 5.4.1.1 Components of a geared elevator installation with solid state-control and motor drive. Source: http://www.expresslift.co.in/traction.html
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5.4.2 Operation of System 5.4.2.1 Control Room The elevators are computerized and all the control happens in a control room located at the mezzanine floor. The computer system provides constant interaction between the monitoring system and the passengers in the elevator. The system will showcase the location of each elevator 24 hours a day. When an elevator experiences a breakdown, it is immediately detected by the system and the system will notify the monitor server so that maintenance can be carried out.
Figure 5.4.2.1 Control Room Located at Mezzanine Floor of Avenue K
UBBL 154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of main power failure. 1) On failure of main power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with door open. 2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation.
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Figure 5.4.2.2 Dedicated elevator display computer terminals are part of the extensive control and communication equipment installed at the control room
Figure 5.4.2.3 Phone to Communicate With Passenger in Selected Elevator 90
5.4.2.2 Machine Room The machine room in Avenue K is located at level 4 and on top of the lift shaft. It is located in such a way that it provides the greatest efficiency while pulling the elevator car up and down due to gravity. Ventilation dents are provided to prevent the machine from overheating while under operation.
Figure 5.4.2.4 Machine Room Located at Level 4 of Avenue-K
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Figure 5.4.2.5 Geared Machine (Hoisting Sheave) A traction elevator configuration uses ropes (cables) to raise and lower the car. The term “traction” is used because friction happens between the rope and the traction machine’s drive sheave. As the drive sheave turns the rope is pulled across the drive sheave and the car is then either lifted or lowered depending on the direction of the turning drive sheave.
Figure 5.4.2.6 Primary Velocity Transducer (PVT) Primary velocity transducer (PVT) obtains the load information under the elevator car and is used for pre-torquing and operational control. It is used as safety purpose.
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Figure 5.4.2.7 Governor The governor is a mechanical speed control mechanism. The governor helps to monitor the speed of the car in the downward direction by using a rope. If the car travels downwards with too much speed, the governor is tripped and a set of safeties are triggered to stop the elevator car.
Figure 5.4.2.8 Electric Transformer for Elevator Electrical supply is provided from the transformer at the basement floor. The high output electrical energy is then transported to the elevator’s transformer to power up the electric motors. 93
Figure 5.4.2.9 Electric Control Cabinet By using variable voltage frequency technology, the elevator control cabinet is able to achieve constant speed regulation on motor and elevator speed, which provide comfortable experience during the starting and operation of the elevator. The electric control cabinet also improves the elevator’s operation efficiency and saves energy consumption.
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5.5 Elevator Components Elevator has two main elements which is the elevator car and the elevator shaft. 5.5.1 Elevator Car
Figure 5.5.1.1 Components of an Elevator Car Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-partone.html The primary components of an elevator car are: 1. Car sling 2. The elevator cabin 3. Car Operating Panel 4. Car Door 5. Car Operator 6. Guide Shoes 7. Entrance-protection system
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5.5.1.1 Car Sling
A car sling is the framework which encloses the cab. The ropes, guides, and platform are attached to the sling. The width and height of the sling depends on the platform width and cab height respectively.
Figure 5.5.1.1.1 Car Sling Components Source: http://www.stanleyelevator.com/traction-elevator-modernization/
A general car sling consists of: two stiles, two strike plates, a cross-head, a safety plank (called a bolster on a hydraulic equipment type), and brace rods.
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Specification of each component Stiles Stiles are two vertical channels running parallel to the rails. The stiles are connected to the crosshead and the safety plank. They provide a connecting point for one end of the brace rods. The length of the stiles depends on the cab height. Safety Plank Safety Plank is located at the bottom of a sling for a geared traction elevator. It is equipped with safety. The stiles are connected to the crosshead and the safety plank. Cross-Head Cross-Head is the channels running horizontally between the stiles at the top of the sling. The cross-head is used as a counterpart to the safety planks. Besides that, the cross-head is the connecting point for the rail guides and hoist ropes. The cross-head act as the load-bearing structural element of the sling. The size of the cross-heads depends on the load of the car. Brace Rods There are generally four brace rods. One end attaches midway up each stile and the other end attaches to a corner of the platform. Brace rods provide stability for the elevator car. Besides that, they ensure that the platform is level. Strike Plates Two strike plates are mounted to the underside of the safety planks. The strike plates are the contact points between the buffer springs and car sling if the elevator car travels too far below the lowest terminal landing. Sling Hitch The car hitch plate is used to secure the ropes to the cross-head. The ropes are secured in the center of the cross-head
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5.5.1.2 Elevator Cabin
Figure 5.5.1.2.1 General elevator cabinet construction Source: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/45731178/Elevator-Cab---PDF
The elevator cabinet is the interior of the car where passengers stand while being transported. The cabinets are completely enclosed with openings being only the car door, an emergency trap door as well as ventilation apertures. An elevator cabinet has many choices for the finished interior materials such as stainless steel, cold rolled steel, bronze and plastic laminate. Both the freight and passenger cabin sizes are designed to the A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators & Escalators size standards.
Figure 5.5.1.2.2 Passenger Elevator Cabin
Figure 5.5.1.2.3 Freight Elevator Cabin 98
5.5.1.3 Car Operating Panel Car Operating Panel is a device mounted inside a car, on which the items necessary for car operation such as Car Buttons, Door Open/Close Buttons, Alarm Button, and Inter Communication System are located. Some panels are provided with switches and buttons that are used by elevator operators and others, inside the Service Cabinet. Controls that do not concern the normal passenger are grouped in a locked compartment in the car panel. These include a hand operation switch; light, fan, and power switches; and any special control such as security and emergency device.
Figure 5.2.1.3.1 Car Operating Panel in Passenger Elevator of Avenue-K
The double banked car operating panel is advisable for a higher number of floors, because the single banked version would be too long. As the length of the faceplate with a double banked panel is smaller than a single banked panel, the buttons are accessible by all. A further advantage of the double banked arrangement is the possibility to insert name plates alongside the buttons.
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5.5.1.4 Car Door All the passenger and fireman’s elevators use center opening elevator car door. As for the freight elevator/ cargo lift, the door used is a two vertical sliding doors. The two vertical sliding doors can either be operated automatically or manually. Most elevators only have a front opening door.
Figure 5.5.1.4.1 Center Opening Elevator Car Door
Figure 5.5.1.4.2 Two Vertical Sliding Doors UBBL 152. Opening in lift shafts. 1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by D.G.F.S. 100
5.5.1.5 Car Operator
Figure 5.5.1.5.1 Car Operator Source: http://www.wittur.com/en/elevator-components/car-doors/amd-2-car-dooroperator.aspx
Figure 5.5.1.5.2 Plans and Sections of Car Operator System Source:http://www.weiku.com/products/18052484/Selcom_Elevator_Car_Door_Operato r_VVVF_.html A door operator is a motor-driven device mounted on the elevator car that opens and closes the car doors. (Electrical KnowHow, 2009) 101
5.5.1.6 Guide Shoes Elevator car doors contain guide shoes which are devices used to guide both car and counterweight along the path of the guide rails. In addition they also make sure that the lateral motion of the car and counterweight is kept at a bare minimum while it is travelling along the guide rails. The guide shoes used in the elevators of Avenue-K are roller guides. Roller Guides are guide shoes which use rollers that rotate on guide rails (A set of three wheels that roll against the guide rails) rather than sliding on the rails.
Figure 5.5.1.6.1 Roller Guide Shoes Source: http://www.unitecparts.com/products/roller-guides/
Figure 5.5.1.6.2 Drawing of Roller Guide Shoes Source: http://www.google.td/patents/US2100169 102
5.5.1.7 Entrance Protection System
All automatic elevators, regardless of whether or not equipped with detection beams, are required by ANSI to have safety edge device on the car doors that causes the car and hoistway doors, which operate in synchrony, to reopen when the safety edge meets any obstruction. Car doors are arranged to ‘’nudge’ when almost closed or after a specific time period.
Figure 5.5.1.7.1: Elevator car door with infrared sensor installation for safety purpose Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-partone.html
UBBL 153. Smoke detectors for lobbies. 2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening device controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a present time.
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5.5.2 Elevator Shaft An elevator shaft is the space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors which houses the elevator as well as the pit. The shaft terminates at the underside of the overhead machinery space floor or at the underside of the roof.
Figure 5.5.2.1: Elevator Shaft Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3ew2DpMM6k
The main components of an elevator shaft are: 1. Guide rails for both the car and counterweight. 2. Counterweight. 3. Suspension Cables. 4. Landing doors. 5. Buffers in the pit.
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5.5.2.1 Guide Rails The guide rails of an elevator are made of steel with a ‘T’ shape. Guide rails are used to guide and direct the course of travel of an elevator car and elevator counterweights and is usually mounted on the sides of the shaft. Traction elevators use two sets of guide rails. The rails to guide the elevator car are called main rails while the rails to guide the counterweight are called counterweight rails.
Figure 5.5.2.1.1 Elevator Guide Rails Source: http://www.medjugorje.com/medjugorje-today/headlines/960-special-releaseinformation-for-worldwide-medjugorje-movement.html
Figure 5.5.2.1.2 Drawings of Elevator Guide Rails Source: http://www.liftreport.de/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,print,0&cntnt01articleid=124&cntnt01showtem plate=false&cntnt01returnid=392
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Safety measure of Guide Rails The elevator safety gear is a mechanical device for stopping the car by gripping the guide rails in the situation of car speeding in downward direction. It is affected by a breaking action on the guide rails and for which special provisions are made so as to limit the forces on the car and counterweight to a permissible value
Figure 5.5.2.1.3 Elevator Safety Gear Source: http://www.elevator-components.cn/products_container/&productId=23.html
Figure 5.5.2.1.3 Drawings of Elevator Safety Gear Source: http://www.lift-report.de/index.php/news/130/381/Understanding-the-NaturalBehaviour-of-Elevator-Safety-Gears-and-their-Triggering-Devices
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5.5.2.2 Counter Weight The counterweights consist of individual flat plates of steel. The number of plates in the stack depends on the amount of weight required. The counterweights are secured within the counterweight frame by rods that run through the weights themselves. This design prevents the plates from becoming loose and falling out.
Figure 5.5.2.2.1 Components of Counter Weight Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-parttwo.html
Counterweight hitch plate is the attachment point for the other end of the ropes. The ropes are attached to the counterweight frame by a hitch plate similar to the car hitch plate. The car hangs on one end of the ropes and the counterweights hang on the other end.
A Counterweight guard is located in the pit area. It is designed to protect individuals working in the pit from being struck by the counterweights as they come down. 107
5.5.2.3 Suspension Cables Elevator cables are used to suspend and bear the weight of the elevator car and counterweight. They are generally made from thick steel wire ropes. They are used on traction elevators, and are usually attached to the crosshead and extending up into the motor while looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counter weights.
Figure 5.5.2.3.1 Elevator Suspension Cable Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeremymarshall/4777961696/
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Elevator Roping System
Figure 5.5.2.3.2 Various Type of Roping System Source: http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/overview/elevators/systems.html
Fig. a b c d e f g h i
Roping 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1 2.1 2.1 2.1 3.1 4.1
Roping Method Half Wrap(Single Warp) Full Wrap(Double Warp) Drum winding Drum Winding Full Wrap(Double Warp) Half Wrap(Single Warp) Half Wrap(Single Warp) Half Wrap(Single Warp) Half Wrap(Single Warp)
Principal Use Mid, Low-Speed Elevator High-Speed Elevator Home Elevator Small, Low-Speed Elevator High-Speed Elevator Freight Elevator Machine-Room-Less Elevator Large Freight Elevator Large Freight Elevator
From our observation, the passenger and fireman’s elevator use roping system e while the freight elevator/ cargo lift uses roping system f.
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5.5.2.4 Landing Door Landing door is installed to connect every floor of the building to the lift shaft. Landing door works dependently in conjunction with the elevator car door. It is opened or closed by electric motors. During emergency, the landing door can be opened or closed manually like the elevator car door. The difference between the car doors and the landing doors is that the elevator car door travels through the hoistway with the car but the landing doors are fixed doors in each landing floor. The passenger and fireman’s elevators use center opening landing door while the cargo lift uses two vertical sliding doors.
External Components of Landing Door 1. Landing Indicator 2. Call Button 3. Fireman’s Lift Switch
Safety Measure of Landing Door 1. Hoistway Door Interlock 2. Hoistway Emergency Door Key
UBBL 152. Openings in lift shaft. 2) Landing doors shall have a FRP (fire resistance period) of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour. 3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.
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Figure 5.5.2.4.1 Landing Indicator Source: http://www.eccelevator.com/shop/digital-hall-indicator-position-with-updownarrows/ Landing Indicator is used to show the specific location and direction of the selected elevator.
Figure 5.5.2.4.2 Call Button Source: http://imgarcade.com/1/cool-elevator-call-button/ Call Button is used to summon elevator to your current floor level. All elevators must have a call button installed beside them.
Figure 5.5.2.4.3 Fireman’s Lift Switch Source: http://www.2n.cz/en/products/elevator-systems/lift-phones/lift8/accessories/ During emergency situation, the fireman’s lift switch is toggled to over-ride the calling system returning all the lifts to the ground floor where the switch is located. The lifts will remain on the ground floor with door open for evacuation purpose until the switch is toggled back again. UBBL 155. Fire mode of operation. 4) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s lift switch. 111
Figure 5.5.2.4.4 Hoistway Door Interlock Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-parttwo.html The hoistway door locking mechanism is used to lock each landing door mechanically. They are also interconnected electrically to prevent operation of the elevator if any of the elevator’s hoistway doors are open. If a landing door is forced open, the interlock circuit will break and the elevator will stop immediately.
Figure 5.5.2.4.5 Hoistway Emergency Door Key Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-parttwo.html Hoistway Emergency Door Keys are used to unlock the hoistway door interlock during emergency. UBBL 152. Openings in lift shafts. 5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing door by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car. 112
5.5.2.5 Buffers in the Pit Buffer is a device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its limit and to soften the force with which the elevator runs into the pit during an emergency. They may be of polyurethane or oil type in respect of the rated speed. There are two principal types of buffers: 1) Energy accumulation: accumulate the kinetic energy of the car or counterweight. 2) Energy dissipation: dissipate the kinetic energy of the car or counterweight.
Figure 5.5.2.5.1 Spring Buffer Figure 5.5.2.5.2 Oil Buffer Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-parttwo.html
A Spring Buffer is generally used on hydraulic elevators. These devices are used to cushion the elevator and are mostly located in the elevator pit. An Oil Buffer is another type of buffer more commonly found on traction elevators with speeds higher than 200 feet per minute. This type of buffer uses a combination of oil and springs to cushion a descending car or counterweight. They are commonly located in the elevator pit.
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5.6 Escalator System
Figure 5.6.1 General Escalator Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Escalator,_Va%C5%88kovka,_Brno_(3).jpg
An escalator is a moving staircase generated by an electric motor. Escalator is able to carry people between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.
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5.6.1 Operating System
In Avenue-K, all the escalators are activated and deactivated by staffs manually. When the escalators are operating, they transmit signals to the escalator supervisory panel located in the control room. If any error occurs, red colour signal will appear on the escalator supervisory panel, indicating which escalator experiences the error.
Figure 5.6.1.1 Escalator Supervisory Panel
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5.7 Arrangement of Escalator The escalators in Avenue-K are constructed in two ways which are parallel arrangement and crisscross arrangement. The difference between the two arrangement is that in the crisscross arrangement, the upper and lower terminal entrances and the exits to the up and down escalators are separated by the horizontal length of an escalator, whereas in either of the parallel arrangements the two escalators face in the same direction.
Figure 5.7.1 Parallel escalator arrangement in Avenue-K
Figure 5.7.2 Crisscross escalator arrangement in Avenue-K
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5.8 Escalator Components
Figure 5.8.1 General Components of an Escalator Source: http://www.final-yearproject.com/2014/08/project-automatic-escalatorsystem.html#.VU5AEfmqjRY
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5.8.1 Escalator Landing Platform An escalator landing platform is the two platforms on the top and lower level of the escalator which houses the curved section of the tracks, as well as the gears and motors which drive the escalators. The top platform houses the motor sprocket assembly and main drive gear while the lower platform contains the step return idler sprockets. The platforms allows passenger to stand on it before stepping onto the steps. The platform can be removed so that maintenance can be carried out. The platform also has a comb plate installed between the stationery floor plate and the moving step. This design is needed to minimize the gap between the stairs and the landing, thus preventing objects from getting caught in the escalator gap.
Figure 5.8.1.1 Components of Escalator Landing Platform Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-components-partone.html
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5.8.2 Escalator Truss An escalator truss is the structural frame of an escalator consisting of the lower section, incline section, and upper section. It is made of a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just below the top. Each end of the truss is connected to the upper and lower landing platforms with a steel or concrete support system while it carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper and lower sections. The truss system is designed to carry the entire load of the escalator equipment as well as its users without collapsing. The structure is rigid enough to maintain close operating tolerances but will allow for building shift and vibration with a built-in system of shift-plates and Teflon pads.
Figure 5.8.2.1 Escalator Truss Source: http://en.vataple.com.cn/vataple.asp?ID=10030202&ESCALATOR%20TRUSS.html
Figure 5.8.2.2 Drawing of Escalator Truss Source: http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article_print.php?L=14&C=455
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5.8.3 Escalator Tracks The escalator track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which continuously pulls the steps from the bottom of the platform towards the upper level in an endless loop. The relative positions of these tracks form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate. The tracks are at their maximum distance apart when along the straight section of the truss. Therefore each back of a step will be at a 90 degree angle in relative to the step behind it, thus forming a staircase. The track will also carry the steps along the underside of the escalator truss in a flat manner before once again emerging from the comb plate and assuming the shape of a staircase.
Figure 5.8.3.1 Escalator Track System Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-components-partone.html
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Figure 5.8.3.2 Escalator Track Major Components Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-components-partone.html
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5.8.4 Escalator Steps Escalator steps are solid aluminium or steel linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. The edge of each step is connected to two wheels attached to the tracks, to enable the control of the orientation of the steps by the tracks.
Figure 5.8.4.1 Individual Escalator Step Source: http://www.seekpart.com/power-transmission/transmissionchains/escalator+step.html
Figure 5.8.4.2 Escalator Step Major Components Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-components-partone.html 122
5.9 Analysis 5.9.1 Arrangement of Elevators There are several elevator grouping patterns used in Avenue-K, the first being a group of 6 elevators facing each other and smaller groups of 2-3 elevators facing a corridor or safety staircase. The figures below illustrate the elevator groupings in Avenue K. In front of each elevator, a space of 3.5-4.0 meters is given to ensure ease for the elevator users to travel in and out if the elevators.
Elevator Grouping 1
Elevator Grouping 2
Elevator Grouping 3
Elevator Grouping 4
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As with any other commodity, the number of elevators will have an effect on the quality of service for the vertical transportations in the building. The positioning of elevators in Avenue such as the six elevators arrangement at the center of the main shopping mall significantly reduces the waiting time and also provides optimum usage when there is high traffic. 5.9.2 Positioning of Escalator The escalators of Avenue-K are positioned at the center of the mall as it is the most crowded space in the mall and it appears to be impractical to install elevator there. Therefore, the positioning of the escalators in Avenue-K provides good circulation in the mall. 5.9.3 UBBL UBBL 124. Lifts. For all-non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided. Since Avenue-K has 8 stories, it fulfills the by-law requirements by installing 16 passenger elevators. UBBL 153. Smoke detectors for lift lobbies. 1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. All the lift lobbies of Avenue-K conrain a smoke detector. Therefore, the elevators are well prepared for any fire emergency. UBBL 154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of main power failure. 1) On failure of main power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with door open. The elevators in Avenue-K are incorporated with a system that during emergency or power failure, the elevators are directed to the lobby automatically. 2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation. During emergency, after the elevators of Avenue-K reached the lobby for evacuation, a few elevators will resume normal operation using emergency power generated from the emergency electrical room at the basement floor level. 124
UBBL 152. Opening in lift shafts. 1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by D.G.F.S. All the elevator openings of Avenue-K will only open when they reach a protected lobby. This is for safety purpose as people might get caught between the gap of the lobby and elevator shaft. UBBL 152. Openings in lift shaft. 1) Landing doors shall have a FRP (fire resistance period) of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.
The landing door of the elevators of Avenue-K is highly fire resistant so that if there is a fire emergency, the fire can be hold off long enough for the fire brigade to come. 2) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre. The elevators of Avenue-K do not use any glass material as construction. Only the freight elevator/ cargo lift uses a small glass panel for vision purpose. The glass panel is definitely less than 0.0156 square metre. UBBL 155. Fire mode of operation. 1) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s lift switch. All the fireman’s elevator is installed with a fireman’s lift switch. During fire emergency, the fire fighters can toggle the switch to enable evacuation of all the passenger in each elevator. After that, the fire fighters can perform their duty without any distraction.
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5.10 Conclusion Vertical transportation is important in making a good building. The elevators and escalators in Avenue-K are able to provide convenience and comfort to the occupants and disabled people by following the UBBL requirements. Besides that, the elevators and escalators of Avenue-K are well installed with various safety measures in case of any emergency. Therefore, this case study shows that Avenue-K has an excellent mechanical transportation system.
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Chapter 6.0 AIR-CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION
6.1 Introduction In a hot humid climate country, air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems (ACMV) is an essential system in the Avenue K Shopping Mall as it is a multistoried building in an urban city central of Kuala Lumpur. ACMV systems helps to regulate the internal temperature of the building to reasonable comfort level during the day, circulates fresh air indoor and expels stale air. The process is repeated until an ideal temperature is achieved and maintained.
6.2 Literature Review Air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems executes cooling for commercial, residential or industry buildings. Air-conditioning systems are responsible for providing fresh outdoor air to regulate the indoor contaminants such as smells from occupants, volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) emitted from interior furnishings, cleaning chemicals, etc. A properly maintained and designed system will provide a continuous flow of fresh air in a building. Every air-conditioning system is designed to carry out either for comfort or industrial purposes. Air-conditioners designed for comfort purposes are usually found in homes, restaurants, hospitals, vehicles and public transports. They function to remove discomfort of allergies and help preserve the thermal comfort of a building.
There are four types of air conditioning systems: 1. 2. 3. 4.
The Window Air Conditioning System Split Air Conditioning System Centralized Air Conditioning System Packaged Air Conditioning System
In a large commercial building or an office building, the most efficient method to control the building’s internal temperature is by using the centralized air conditioning system. The centralized air conditioning system is made up of two major cycles: Refrigeration Cycle and Air Cycle.
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The Refrigeration Cycle is a process that removes heat from an area that is not wanted and distributes the unwanted heat to a meaningless area. The refrigeration cycle system requires at least five basic components to function:
1. The Compressor: Converts high pressure/temperature gas to high pressure/temperature liquid and rejects heat to the air or water. 2. The Condenser: Uses outdoor air as a place to reject the heat absorbed by the indoor air conditioner units. The refrigerant gas is compressed and condensed into liquid. 3. The Expansion Device: Lowers the boiling point of the refrigerant liquid. 4. The Evaporator: Causes the refrigerant liquid to evaporate. The refrigerant liquid will absorb heat from surrounding area. 5. The Copper Refrigerant Tube: A tube that connects the air conditioner parts. In Centralized Air conditioning, chilled water provided by the refrigerant plant is used to cool a building’s internal temperature and equipment.
Figure 6.2.1 Refrigeration Cycle Source: http://www.central-air-conditioner-andrefrigeration.com/images/Refigeration_Cycle_Diagram1.jpg
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The Air Cycle is a process to transfer treated air into the space that needs airconditioned. The five major components of an air cycle system are: 1. Air Handling Unit (A.H.U.): To collect and mix outdoor air with that returning from the building space. The air mixture is then cooled or heated, after which it is discharged into the building space through a duct system made up of five-feet diameter pipes 2. Air Filter: Catches the dirt and other foreign particles in the air, preventing them from entering the room. 3. Blower Fan: Propels the air for distribution. 4. Ductwork and Diffusers: Distributes the air from the AHU to their designated space. 5. Clean Air Intake: Introduces fresh air for distribution. Mechanical Ventilation is a process forces or induced ventilation by using mechanical air handling systems that allows more control than natural ventilations. Mechanical Ventilation systems have mechanical fans either installed directly in windows, walls or air ducts for supplying and exhausting air. The type of mechanical ventilation systems used in a building depends on the climate. In hot and humid climates, infiltration of air may need to be minimized or prevented to reduce interstitial condensation. In colder climates, exfiltration needs to be reduced to prevent interstitial condensation.
Figure 6.2.2 Example of How a Mechanical Ventilation Works Source: http://buildingcapacity.typepad.com/.a/6a0120a7f394a3970b0148c7ff894e970c-pi
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6.3 Case Study
Figure 6.3.1 Chilled Water Distribution System
Figure 6.3.2 A.H.U Air Distribution System
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Avenue K Shopping Mall is a multistoried commercial building that uses centralized air conditioning system and centralized extract system. Centralized air conditioning for even distribution of fresh cool air throughout the mall with low noise and energy consumption whereas centralized extract system in the basement parking for better air ventilation. In the basement, there is a chiller plant room where the large compressors, condenser, expansion device and evaporator are stored. All the components functions as a typical refrigeration system. The centralized air conditioning systems in the Avenue K shopping mall is evenly distributed on every floor above the basement. Every Grilles, Registers and Diffusers (G.R.D) on every floor are connected to the Air Handler Unit (A.H.U) and to the chiller through the vent ducts hidden in the ceilings. The advantage of the ducts being hidden in the ceiling is to provide a lesser noise air conditioning system and to isolate the ducts from being seen on the inside of the shops or ceiling.
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6.4 Components of System 6.4.1 Chiller Plant Room
Figure 6.4.1.1 Layout of Chiller/ A/C Room on Basement 2 Plan The Chiller Plant Room in the Avenue K shopping mall is found in the Basement 2 of the mall (Figure 5.4.1.1).The chiller plant room is a room where chilled water is being chilled and distributed to A.H.U. through the ductworks. The Chiller Plant Room is situated beside the Station Transformer and Low Voltage Room. The chiller plant room consists of Chillers, Switchboard Units, Chilled Water Duct, Ductworks, Refrigerants and a F.C.U.
Figure 6.4.1.2 Chiller Plant Room Layout 132
6.4.1.1 Chillers
Figure 6.4.1.1.1 Small Chiller Unit in Chiller Room
Figure 6.4.1.1.2 Large Chiller Unit in Chiller Room The Chiller Plant room in Avenue K consist of 2 large and 3 small chiller unit. The large chiller unit mostly functions in the morning while the smaller units are switched on during the night to reduce energy consumption. This is because during the day, the temperature of the mall is much higher than during the night due to the heat flow of 133
human traffic and heat from the sun. The Chillers are usually serviced every month or when needed. The chiller removes heat from a liquid through a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes through coils in air handlers, fan-coil units, or other systems, cooling and usually dehumidifying the air in the building. There are two types of chillers – air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled chillers are usually outside and consist of condenser coils cooled by fan-driven air. Water-cooled chiller are usually inside a building, and heat from these chillers is carried by re-circulating water to a heat sink such as an outdoor cooling tower.
6.4.1.2 Switchboard Unit
Figure 6.4.1.2.1 Switchboard Unit The Switchboard units can be found in the chiller plant room. There were five chiller switchboard units and two cooling tower switchboard units. The switchboards functions to operate the chillers in the chiller plant room and cooling towers at the roof. The switchboards also records the voltage input and output of the machines and the temperature limits.
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6.4.1.3 Chilled Water and Condensed Water Duct
Figure 6.4.1.3.1 Chilled Water Supply and Return Ducts
Figure 6.4.1.3.2 Cut Section of the Chilled Water Ducts Chilled and condensed water are supplied and returned through the ducts situated at the ceilings. They travel to chillers and A.H.U. with the help of chilled water pumps and condensed water pumps.
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6.4.1.4 Chilled Water Make-Up Tank
Figure 6.4.1.4.1 Chilled Water Make-Up Tank in Avenue K The Chilled Water Make-Up Tank is situated in the Basement 2 of the Avenue K. It used to supply water to chillers in the refrigeration plant room. The capacity of the tanks in the mall is up to an average of 15 Gallons per tank. There are a total of three Chiller Water Make-Up Tanks situated beside the domestic water tanks outside of the refrigeration room. The tanks are placed in plinths to avoid water leakage that leads to corrosion in long term.
Figure 6.4.1.4.2 Buoys used in Tanks to determine Water Level 136
6.4.1.5 Ductworks
Figure 6.4.1.5.1 Exhaust Air Duct, Fresh Air Duct and VAV Ductwork layout on Ground Floor Plan
Figure 6.4.1.5.2 A.C.M.V. Ductwork
A ductwork system is used to supply and return air to and from a room. In Avenue K, the ductworks are concealed in the ceiling of the mall and only revealed in the services rooms. Volume control dampers are installed in the ducts to control the amount of air flow in and out from the A.H.U., chiller and diffusers. 137
The ducts are available in many sizes depending on the importance of the space. Larger ducts are usually used connecting to larger halls or space which require more cooling. The air in larger ducts are then channeled into smaller ducts which distributes the air equally. Vent ducts are found in basements to distribute fresh air from the outside. During maintenance, an inspection for leakage, biological growth or water damage will be done to prevent pollutants from entering the building. The ducts are usually inspected every 1-2 years. The signs of poor performing air ducts include: 1. 2. 3.
The increase in monthly average utility bills. Changes in temperature of rooms. Duct locations in basement due to water damage or corrosion.
6.4.1.6 Refrigerants
Figure 6.4.1.6.1 Refrigerants used as coolants for the chillers A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle. In most cycles it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again. The refrigerants used in Avenue K chillers are the compressed R143A Tethre Fluoro Ethane gas. The refrigerants are refilled into the chillers when the level of refrigerant gas is low. The R143A gas is a commercially available hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant. It is used as a long-term replacement for R-12 in new machines and for retrofitting medium temperature CFC-12 systems. It does not contain any chlorine atom and it does not give any negative effect to the ozonosphere. It was rated excellent in safety performances; such as non-explosive, non-pungency, non-toxicity and non-corrosive to its surrounding. The gas is processed into liquid form before being sold to users. Used tanks are sent back to the factory to be replenished before future use. 138
6.4.2 Air Handler Units (A.H.U.)
Figure 6.4.2.1 Example of an A.H.U.
Figure 6.4.2.2 Location of A.H.U. rooms on First Floor Plan
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The Air Handling Unit plays an important role in the Central Air-Conditioning system. The A.H.U. is responsible to handle the air in a room. The A.H.U. takes in outdoor air and filters it for indoor distribution. The circulation of air is distributed by the blower in the unit. The air filter installed in the equipment is responsible filtration and cleaning of the flowing air. The air is distributed to every floor connected by the ductworks. The number of A.H.U. in the Avenue K is 30 units and they are placed in an A.H.U. room situated on every wing of the building. The A.H.U. rooms are located on: 1. Upper Concourse 2. Ground Floor 3. First Floor 4. Second Floor 5. Third Floor 6. Fourth Floor The A.H.U. produces a loud noise and great vibration to the occupants when operating. Therefore, in order to reduce that negative effect, vibration insulators are installed immediately into the ducts before and after the air handler. The rubberized canvas-like material allows the A.H.U. to vibrate without transferring too much vibration to the ducts attached. The A.H.U. is also raised on plinths to prevent corrosion from moist ground. The A.H.U. are inspected annually to prevent damage and leakages. The air filters will be removed and cleaned or replaced with new ones if the filters are punctured or torn. The blower and cooling coil will be dismantled from the unit and be cleaned thoroughly to prevent dust from attaching it. The pipes and fittings will be cleaned and stagnant water will be removed. The air flow valve will be cleaned as well to allow fresh air to enter.
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Figure 6.4.2.3 Cross section of an A.H.U diagram Source: http://www.trenttech.com/images/Installation/Figure%203/Large_AHU/Large_AHU_385. png
6.4.3 Fan Coil Units (F.C.U.)
Figure 6.4.3.1 Location of F.C.U. on First Floor Plan
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Figure 6.4.3.2 Cross section of an F.C.U diagram Source: http://www.trenttech.com/images/Installation/Figure%203/Fan_Coil/Fan_Coil_2_385.pn g
Figure 6.4.3.3 Example of a F.C.U. The Avenue K shopping mall uses Carrier branded ducted Fan Coil Units (F.C.U.) which are installed for small capacities and have less options than an A.H.U. It is connected to the chillers by the ductworks in order to distribute cool air in the mall. There are about 60 functioning F.C.U across every floor of the building excluding the basements. However, F.C.U. are found in services rooms such as the Chiller Plant Room, L.V. and H.V. room located in Basement 1 and 2. The F.C.U. are usually used in smaller rooms which are manually operated.
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The process of cleaning the F.C.U. is similar to the A.H.U. The difference in that is the size of the equipment and lesser components. Pipes and fittings are cleared to prevent stagnant water and repairs would be made to punctured or leaking parts. The maintenance is usually done in every 6 months to 1 year.
6.4.4 Grilles, Registers, Diffusers (G.R.D)
Figure 6.4.4.1 Example of Air Vent Grilles in Avenue K
Figure 6.4.4.2 Example of Air Vent Register in Avenue K
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Figure 6.4.4.3 Example of an Air Vent Diffuser in Avenue K There are three types of air vents used to distribute fresh and cool air in the building; the Grilles, the Registers and the Diffusers. The Registers are commonly found in the shops and the corridor, while Grilles and Diffusers are found in washrooms and services rooms. All the air vents are found placed in the indoor spaces.
6.4.5 Variable Air Volume (V.A.V.) Box
Figure 6.4.5.1 Example of a V.A.V. Box Source: http://www.yorkchoi.com/ProductImg/1000172l.jpg 144
Figure 6.4.5.2 Location of V.A.V. boxes in First Floor Plan Variable Air Volume (V.A.V.) is a type of mechanical system used in Avenue K. It differs from Constant Air Volume (C.A.V.) which supplies constant air flow where as V.A.V. varies the air flow with a constant temperature. The V.A.V. system includes more precise temperature controls and lower energy consumption. It produces lesser noise compared to C.A.V. systems. The V.A.V. system is found in all the shops concealed in the ceiling connected to the air vents by the ducts. There are exactly 268 V.A.V. installed in the building on every floor above the basement.
6.4.6 Cooling Tower
Figure 6.4.6.1: Cooling Towers at the Roof of Avenue K 145
Figure 6.4.6.2: Sectional Diagram Example of a Cooling Tower Source: https://hvactutorial.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/coolingtower.jpg?w=945&h=1016
After going through the condenser, water temperature will rise due to absorption of heat from the refrigerant in the condenser. The hot water is then channeled through the hot water inlet port in the cooling tower to rise beyond the top of the cooling tower. The water then exits through existing holes in the sprinkler. The sprinkler will then rotate while removing water and distribute it evenly to the top of the cooling tower. The water coming out of the sprinkler is then entered into the water column and comes in contact with the opposite direction of air flow (hot water down to the bottom of the cooling tower, while the air enters from the bottom to the next exit from the top). At the time of contact between water and air, the amount of heat to be released from the higher water temperature to a lower temperature air. As a result, the water temperature will drop. The cold water temperature is then accommodated in the bottom of the cooling tower (basin) and then circulated again to get to the condenser in order to absorb heat again. At the time of contact between water and air, some water will be vented into the air, so that the volume of water will be reduced, and to overcome them, then chilled make-up water which is connected to the domestic water lines with equipped buoys will remain to keep the water level in the container.
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6.5 Analysis During our visit to the Chiller Plant Room, we discovered that one of the large chiller unit was not functioning due to no maintenance done for the past 1 year. This caused an inefficient usage of equipment by operating 2 small chiller units to replace the larger chiller. The consumption of refrigerants and fuel to operate the chillers had increased at least by 50% after the large chiller became malfunctioned. We also noticed that the F.C.U. located in the Chiller Plant Room was malfunctioned. The increase in temperature could have damage other equipment if left unmaintained. According to the maintenance team, there were no maintenance done for the past 1 year because the malfunctioned equipment did not affect much in the operations in the mall.
UBBL 41. Mechanicals Ventilation and Air-Conditioning. (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. (2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified here in after shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning. (3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned. (4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws the provisions of these Bylaws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.
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6.6 Conclusion In conclusion, The Avenue K mall uses the centralized air-conditioning system which cools the building throughout the day and night. The systems used in the mall fits the requirement of the Malaysian UBBL 1984. This system has an advantage in commercial buildings which is its energy saving technology. The refrigerants used in the chillers are also environmentally friendly and easily obtained. However, the downside to this was the lack of maintenance done to the equipment. The temperature of the chiller room was unexpectedly higher than the basement parking space. Despite the outcome, no further damage have yet to happen as the maintenance team have been observing the services daily. Nevertheless, a proper inspection is required to be done for the safety of the inhabitants in the building.
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7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
7.1 Introduction Fire is a good servant but a bad master. Fire is a good invention that helps mankind but it is dangerous if you do not handle with care. Fire protection is one of the most challenging aspects of building design. Fire protection refers to measures taken to prevent fire from becoming serious, reduce the impact of uncontrolled fire and save lives and property. Materials, measures, and practices for preventing fire or for minimizing the possible loss of life or property resulting from a fire, by proper design and construction of buildings, by the use of detection and extinguishing systems, by the establishment of adequate firefighting services, and by the training of building occupants in fire safety and evacuation procedures. Many aspects of fire protection are rigidly governed by Uniform Building By-Laws 1984. Fire is a special kind of oxidation knowns as combustion. Fire has a triangle of needs: fuel, high temperature, and oxygen. These needs influence on the building design. The best way to avoid a terrible fire loss is to prevent ignite of fire. Common building design on fire safety measures intent to protect human life, building and contents and continuity of operation. Good building design with fire safety measures are the followings: - Provide adequate fire appliances, fire hydrants and other facilities to assist fire and rescue personnel. - Provide adequate fixed installation, where appropriate, for quick and effective detection and extinguishment of fires. - Designing and installing building services so that they do not assist the spread of fire, smoke or toxic fumes. - Designing and providing adequate and safe escape routes for the occupants of the building. - Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the rapid spread of fire or generate dangerous smoke. - Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by means of fire resisting walls and floors, providing fire stops to protect openings between floors and compartments. - Designing and constructing the exterior of a building so that fire is unlikely to spread to it from another burning building. (A. Hadi, & Azeme, 2008)
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7.2 Literature Review Buildings commonly contain three basic sources of ignition: chemical, electrical, and mechanical. In chemical combustion, most commonly known as spontaneous combustion, some chemicals reach ignition at ordinary temperatures within buildings. Electrical heat energy is most commonly supplied by resistance heating, a familiar process in many appliances and in space-heating equipment. Mechanical heat energy is produced by friction, by overheating of machinery, and occasionally by the heat of compression. (Walter et al., 2010) Relationship between Active fire protection system and Passive fire protection system Fire protection involves multiple forms/means of protection that include both active and passive elements. Active fire protection involves automatic sprinklers, clean agent suppression systems, standpipes for manual suppression, and fire alarm and smoke management systems. Passive fire protection primarily involves construction elements that either limit the spread of fire by containment, or provide fire-resistive protection to structural elements to mitigate high heat that would otherwise cause them to fail. A balanced fire protection design of active and passive protection systems in the building codes is defined as one having the optimum combination of life safety and structural protection. (Gregory, Oct 13, 2014) Active Fire Protection System Active fire protection system includes manual or automatic detection of fire, the use of fire and smoke alarms, firefighting and first aid. Active fire protection systems such as water sprinkler and spray systems are widely used in the process industries for protection of storage vessels, process plant, loading installations and warehouses. The duty of the fire protection system may be to extinguish the fire, control the fire, or provide exposure protection to prevent domino effects. For some applications foam pourers or fixed water monitors may be a more appropriate method of delivery than sprays or sprinklers. (Health and Safety Executive) Passive Fire Protection System Passive fire protection can provide an effective alternative to active systems for protecting against vessel failure. Passive fire protection is the design of building and infrastructures, use of fire resistance material in construction, provision of isolating fire, fire walls and doors, smoke doors, training of firefighting, signage, markings and evacuation of building in case of fire. Passive fire protection seeks to contain fires or slow their spread by means of fire-resistant walls, floors and doors as well as protecting critical structures such as load bearing columns and beams from collapsing pre-maturely during fire. This limits building damage and gives occupants more time to evacuate or reach an area of safety. (Fire Safe Europe, 2011)
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Fire Classification Fire is classified according to the type of fuel that is consumed by the fire. Fire extinguishers are distinguished based on the types of fires on which they are effective.
Figure 7.2.1 Table of Fire Classification Source: McGill University, 2015 Fire Alarm System Fire Alarm systems perform several functions vital to limiting life and property losses during fires. They can provide fire detection, early warning for evacuation, and local fire brigade (Emergency Response Team) or public fire department notification. (Central Station Alarm Association, 2011).
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7.3 Case Study A case study of fire protection system in Avenue K Shopping Mall is shown for clearer understanding through experiential learning process. Fire control room and firefighting system pump room are the important spaces installed in the building for fire protection purpose. Fire control room is the first contact for occupants who need help in the shopping mall. It is also the first place to get notified when any part of the building is on fire, alarming the occupants and contact with the nearest firefighting station. Fire control room in Avenue K consists of master control panel which installed with fireman intercom system for fire protection and CCTV monitoring panel for security purpose.
Figure 7.3.1 Fire Control Room (highlighted in red) located at Ground Level
Figure 7.3.2 Fire Control Room in Avenue K
Figure 7.3.3 Master Control Panel in Fire Control Room
UBBL 238. Command and control centre. Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard. 152
Firefighting system pump room consists of three pump sets, water tanks and control panels which are used for sprinkler system, hose reel system and wet riser system for active fire protection in Avenue K Shopping Mall. Jockey Pump The first pump to start will be the jockey pump. The controlling pressure switch is set to start the pump at a minimum pressure and stop it when the pressure reaches a maximum level. If a small leak exists in the wet riser piping - either on the wet riser or hose reel - the pump will start in order to compensate for the leak. Duty Pump If the pressure drops below certain level, this means a wet riser landing valve or a hose reel gate valve has been opened. The pressure switch that senses this set pressure activates and starts the duty pump. Stand-by Pump If for any reason the pressure continues to drop below a certain level, it means either the duty pump has not started or is not available (under repair...etc.). The stand-by pump then takes over the function that is not performed by the duty pump. The stand-by pump is set to cut-in at 95 psi. Once the water flow is not needed any more the pressure builds up in the piping network. The duty or stand-by pumps stops after the cut out pressure is reached at minimum level. The jockey pump continues to run until the system pressure reaches its cut out pressure of maximum level. For a low building, the system will be less complicated. However, the purpose of supplying water to the firefighting hoses is maintained. (JordanFire.Net, 2011)
Figure 7.3.4 Firefighting System Pump Room (highlighted in red) located at Basement Level 2
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Figure 7.3.5 Red Pipe is used as Main Water Supply for Fire Hydrant System in Avenue K
Figure 7.3.6 & 7.3.7 Firefighting System Pump Room in Avenue K
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Figure 7.3.8 & 7.3.9 Fire Pump Panels in the Pump Room
Figure 7.3.10 Sprinkler Water Tank
Figure 7.3.11 Pipes of Sprinkler System, Wet Riser System and Hose Reel System from Pump Room
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7.4 Active Fire Protection Systems Flow Chart for active fire protection system of Avenue K Shopping Mall Fire Outbreak Alarm Initiation Devices
Smoke Detector Gas Detector Break-Glass
Fire Alarm System
Alarm Bell Notification Appliances
Speaker Siren Fireman Intercom System
Remote Handset Station Fireman Intercom Panel
Lighting and Signage
Fire Control/ Extinguishing Systems
Fire Hydrant System
Emergency Exit Sign Emergency Exit Light Fire Indicator Light
Sprinkler System Hose Reel System Wet Riser System CO² Fire Suppression System Fire Extinguisher Fireman Switch 156
7.4.1 Alarm Initiation Devices 7.4.1.1 Smoke Detector Two common used smoke detectors are optical smoke detector and ionization smoke detector. Smoke detector used in Avenue K Shopping Mall is an optical type smoke detector designed for use on conventional / non-addressable fire alarm systems. Smoke detectors can detect the presence of smoke in an area when it reached the ceiling where the detector is normally located. Smoke detector is an automatic actuating device which is a first device to detect fire and notify the occupants in the building. It normally connected to the alarm system and power by central alarm system or a fire suppression system.
Figure 7.4.1.1.1 Optical Smoke Detector indicated with ‘O’
3. The alarm sound 1. Smoke enter the optical chamber
2. Infra Red light is scattered
Figure 7.4.1.1.2 How an Optical Smoke Detector Works Source: Safelincs, 2015 An optical smoke detector (also called photo-electric smoke detector) works using the light scatter principle.
3. The alarm sound 1. Smoke enter the ionization chamber 2. The current inside the chamber is changed
Figure 7.4.1.1.3 How an Ionization Smoke Detector Works Source: Safelincs, 2015 An ionisation smoke alarm works by ionising the air between 2 electrodes which are positively and negatively charged, this creates a small current inside the chamber. 157
7.4.1.2 Gas Detector Gas detector measures and indicates the concentration of certain gases in an air via different technologies. Generally used to prevent toxic exposure and fire, gas detectors are often battery operated devices used for safety purposes. Gas detector is manufactured as portable or stationary unit and work by signifying high levels of gases through a series of audible or visible indicators, such as alarms, lights or a combination of signals. Gas detector alarm shown in figure 7.4.1.2.1 is installed outside the electrical room which provide LPG services, above the door for LPG (butane) detection. This gas detector is a fixed point device usually installed to monitor the level of gas produced from LPG tank.
Figure 7.4.1.2.1 Gas Detector Alarm
UBBL 153. Smoke detector. 1) All lifts lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors UBBL 225. Fire detection. 1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to the By-laws 2) In every office exceeding 92.9 square meters in area 3) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may combined with the public address system Tenth Schedule of UBBL 1984 1. Automatic Fire Detectors System 2. Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System 3. Signal Indicator Alarm System 4. Manual Alarm System
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7.4.1.3 Break-glass Break-glass is a manual actuating device to activate fire alarm. Electrically operated alarm may be operated from break glass call point and, once operated; the alarm will continue to sound automatically. The usual maximum travel distance to operate the alarm is 30m and the call points should be fitted at a height of about 1.4m above the floor, either on landings or corridors. The call point contains a depressed plunger pressing against a glass front. When the glass is broken the plunger is released and operates the alarm system. (Frederick, 1994)
Figure 7.4.1.3.1 Break-glass for Fire Alarm
Figure 7.4.1.3.2 Break-glass, Fire Alarm and Fire Extinguisher positioned in same place
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7.4.2 Notification Appliances 7.4.2.1 Alarm Bell Alarm bell may be used for fire alarm signals where their sound is distinctive and will not confused with similar audible signals used for other purpose. Bells may be provided with 4-inch through 12-inch gongs (in 2-inch increments). The 6- and 10-inch sizes are the most commonly used. Usually, bells with 4inch gongs are reserved for use as trouble signals. Generally, the larger the diameter of the gongs, the lower the frequency and the louder the audible signal.
Figure 7.4.2.1.1 Alarm Bell installed in Avenue K 7.4.2.2 Speaker Speakers are frequently used as fire alarm signalling appliances. Since they reproduce electronic signals, they can be made to sound like any mechanical signalling device and have the capability of reproducing unique sounds that are not practical on mechanical appliances. In addition, they may be used to give live or recorded voice instructions. Speakers are either direct radiating cone type, or of the compression driver and horn type. Speakers are generally operated from audio amplifiers delivering standard output line levels of 70.7 or 25 volt AC rms. The speakers are driven by an electronic tone generator, microphone, or voice synthesizer and an electronic amplifier. Two types are in wide use: Integral – that type in which the tone generator amplifier, and speaker are enclosed in a common housing. Remote – that type in which the speaker is energized from a remotely located tone generator, microphone and/or voice synthesizer and amplifier. (Central Station Alarm Association, 2011).
Figure 7.4.2.2.1 & 7.4.2.2.2 Speakers used in Avenue K 160
7.4.2.3 Siren Sirens usually are limited to outdoor applications but are sometimes used in extremely noisy indoor areas. Sirens are motor-driven or electronic appliances and may be either alternating or direct current operated. They are not very practical for use as coded audible signals.
Figure 7.4.2.3.1 Siren (circle in red) installed with Gas Detector Alarm UBBL 237. Fire alarm. 1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to the By-laws. 2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. 3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.
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7.4.2.4 Fireman Intercom System The Fireman Intercom System provides a reliable communication between the Fire Control Room and the remote Handset Stations. The system consists of a remote handset station and Fireman Intercom panel which is normally installed at the Fire Control Room. UBBL 239. Voice communication system. There shall be two separated approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other public address system between the central control station and the following areas: 1) Lift, lift lobbies, corridors, staircase
7.4.2.4.1 Remote Handset Station These telephone handsets are permanently installed throughout a building to allow Fire Fighters easy communication with the main control panel. The remote handset stations are located at staircase at every level. The Fire Fighter telephone stations provide a handset behind a locked door. Equipped with a “break glass” feature, the unit can be accessed by unlocking the door or breaking the glass section. The door is clearly identified with the words or “TELEFON BOMBA API” which means firefighter’s telephone, using large white lettering for easy identification. The breakable glass section clearly indicates “To open use key or break glass” in order to access the unit. The Fire Fighter Telephone handset rests on a cradle inside the enclosure. Lifting the remote handset from the cradle causes a buzzer to sound and lights a “Common Call” indicator or a zone indicator, if provided, at the Emergency Voice Evacuation panel, while the caller hears a steady tone indicating that a call is being made. (Mircom)
Figure 7.4.2.4.1.1 Remote Handset Station
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7.4.2.4.2 Fireman Intercom Panel Operation of two-way Voice Communication 1. The raising of any Remote Handset from its cradle shall: Indicate at the Control Panel the location of that Handset by means of a flashing visual red LED indication. Sound a distinct audible signal at the Control Panel; and Produce an audible tone in that Handset to indicate that the System is functioning until such time that the Master Handset at the Control Panel is raised from its cradle and the respective calling zone been selected, then the tone shall disappear and communication is established 2. The raising of the Master Handset and selecting the calling zone at the Control Panel shall: Silence the audible signal; Replace the flashing visual red LED indication with a continuous visual indication; Permit two-way communication with one or any number of Remote Handsets that are selected. By default, the communication shall be on privacy mode once the Master Handset is raised from its cradle, unless `PartyLine’ switch is otherwise selected. 3. If during the course of a normal private conversation between the Master Handset and a Remote Handset, one or more additional Remote Handsets are raised, then this condition shall be indicated by a flashing visual indication at the Control Panel. These additional handsets shall receive a “busy” tone and shall be able to listen to, or join in the conversation after the Control Panel has activated the corresponding selection switch. Alternatively, these additional Remote Handsets, once raised, shall be able to listen or join in the conversation when the `Party-Line’ switch is pressed & selected. (Multron, 2008)
Figure 7.4.2.4.2.1 Fireman Intercom Panel installed at Master Control Panel
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7.4.2.5 Lighting and Signage 7.4.2.5.1 Emergency Exit Sign Emergency exit sign is part of a complete life safety and fire protection system and is required in all public buildings. Exit signs are positioned at doorways and stairwells and are always illuminated. Emergency lights are usually installed inside, however, exterior pathways, parades and some public venues also have emergency lighting. The right light depends on a variety of factors.
Figure 7.4.2.5.1.1 Sign of ‘KELUAR’ means Exit in Malay
Figure 7.4.2.5.1.2 Emergency Exit Sign positioned at Doorway UBBL 172. Emergency exit signs. 1) Story exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment. 4) All exits signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
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7.4.2.5.2 Emergency Exit Light Emergency lighting is lighting for an emergency situation when the main power supply is cut and any normal illumination fails. The loss of mains electricity could be the result of a fire or a power cut and the normal lighting supplies fail. This may lead to sudden darkness and a possible danger to the occupants, either through physical danger or panic. Emergency lighting is normally required to operate fully automatically and give illumination of a sufficiently high level to enable all occupants to evacuate the premises safely. Most new buildings now have emergency lighting installed during construction; the design and type of equipment being specified by the architect in accordance with current Building Regulations and any local authority requirements. Emergency exit light is also called escape route light, used as an emergency escape lighting system provided to ensure that the means of escape can be effectively identified and safely used by occupants of the building. The main function of emergency lights and exit signs is to provide an illuminated pathway along a building’s egress routes so that occupants can exit safely during a power outage. Emergency lights are powered via batteries or a backup generator. (Safelincs Ltd, 2011)
Figure 7.4.2.5.2.1 Self-Contained Emergency Luminaire installed in Avenue K Self-contained emergency luminaire A luminaire providing maintained or non-maintained emergency lighting in which all the components, such as the battery, charging circuit, mains ballast, lamp, control unit, test and monitoring facilities (where provided) are contained within the luminaire or adjacent to it, i.e. within 1m cable length. UBBL 133. Interpretation. “emergency lighting� means the illumination obtained through either an independent or secondary source of electricity supply such as trickle charged accumulators or separate generators to the normal or duplicate lighting.
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7.4.2.5.3 Fire Indicator Light Fire detectors like smoke or gas detector are used to trigger the fire alarm. They are connected in parallel with each other but in series with the indicator lights. Once the fire detectors are activated, the fire indicator light will turn RED from GREEN to indicate a fire or overheat condition. Fire indicator lights often use for electrical room, gen-set room, AHU room and etc.
Figure 7.4.2.5.3.1 & 7.4.2.5.3.2 Fire Indicator Light positioned at Doorway
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7.4.3 Fire Control/ Extinguishing Systems 7.4.3.1 Fire Hydrant System The fire hydrant system is the backbone of the firefighting systems in a building or premises. The system is a water distribution system consisting of water tank, suction piping, fire pumps and a distributed piping system. The distributed piping system establishes connectivity throughout the building through fire hydrants, hoses and nozzles. The purpose of the fire hydrant system is to provide a readily available source of water to any point throughout the building. This helps in controlling fire during an emergency. Hydrant Systems can be of two types: External Hydrant System, where the hydrants are installed in the open, like the city or town water mains, or hydrant systems installed in the open areas in industrial or such other occupancies.
Figure 7.4.3.1.1 Fire Hydrant located outside Avenue K Internal Hydrant System, installed in buildings or structures to be protected. Hydrant System is designed as per national and international norms. Consideration in term of capacity of fire pump, size and arrangement of pipes used for hydrant system, pressure at hydrant point against the available fire risk. Water can be supplied through the fire hydrant system as a straight stream for combating deep seated fires and as a spray for combating combustible liquid fires. (Pona Corporation) Fire hydrant system is an important part system to support sprinkler system, hose reel system, and wet and dry riser system. Normally, high rise or large buildings have an internal system of water mains (standpipes) connected to fire-hose stations and landing valves. A standpipe is filled with water and is pressurized at all times and the pipes supplying water to the hoses are pressurized all the time. Pressure switches along the pipe control the starting of each pump. It is functioning with three main elements called jockey, duty and standby pump. In case of any fault, it will be indicated in the pump room control panel. Pressure gauge controls the water pressure. Jockey, duty and standby pump's working depends upon the water pressure. It will automatically cut-in and cut-out the water. (Fire Fighters Engineering) 167
7.4.3.2 Sprinkler System Typically, a Fire Sprinkler Systems are made up from a series of components including stop valve, alarm valve, fire sprinkler, alarm test valve and motorised alarm bell. In addition to this there are additional components that support this arrangement including a valve monitor, pressure switch and flow switch.
Figure 7.4.3.2.1 Illustration of Conventional Fire Sprinkler System Source: http://www.lasertechfirepro.com/services/automatic_sprinkler_system.JPG Normally a wet pipe automatic fire sprinkler system is fully charged with water coming from a known reliable water supply. The installation is pressurised with the alarm valve secured in the open position. When a fire sprinkler is exposed for a sufficient time to a temperature at or above the temperature rating of the heat sensitive element (glass bulb or fusible link) it releases, allowing water to flow from only the affected sprinkler. Additional fire sprinklers may also operate if they too are exposed to sufficient heat. When this occurs water from the water supply will pass through the alarm valve to the affected fire sprinkler and also past the alarm bell. The resultant pressure drop will also activate the alarm pressure switch, which in turn will activate an alarm calling the fire brigade. (Rporteous, April 30, 2010).
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Figure 7.4.3.2.2 Sprinkler Pump-Set
Figure 7.4.3.2.3 Sprinkler Pump Pressure Gauges
Figure 7.4.3.2.4 Schematic Diagram of Sprinkler System used in Avenue K UBBL 228. Sprinkler valves. 1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the fire authority. 2) All sprinkler systems shall be connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
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Sprinkler Head Types Fire sprinkler systems are actually heat activated, one sprinkler head at a time, and most fires usually require only one or two sprinklers to be extinguished.
Figure 7.4.3.2.5 & 7.4.3.2.6 Glass Bulb Sprinkler Heads installed in Avenue K Glass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heatsensitive liquid. This glass bulb holds the pip cap in place. When the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level, the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break, which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water. (Archtoolbox)
Figure 7.4.3.2.7 Operation of Fire Sprinklers
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Pendant Sprinkler Head
Figure 7.4.3.2.8 Water Sprinkler Pattern of Pendant Sprinkler Head
Figure 7.4.3.2.9 & 7.4.3.2.10 Pendent Sprinkler Head at Carpark and Shopping Area Pendant sprinkler heads hang down from the ceiling and spray water in a circle pattern. Upright Sprinkler Head
Figure 7.4.3.2.11 Water Sprinkler Pattern of Upright Sprinkler Head
Figure 7.4.3.2.12 Upright Sprinkler Head at Car Park Upright sprinkler heads project up into a space and have deflectors that spray the water downward. They are generally used in mechanical rooms or other inaccessible areas to provide better coverage between obstructions like beams or ducts. They also provide a circle spray pattern.
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7.4.3.3 Hose Reel System Hose reel system is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire and comprises hose reel pumps, fire water tank, hose reels, pipe work and valves. The hose reel system generally serves as an initial firefighting aid. The system is manually operated and activated by opening a valve enabling the water to flow into the hose that is typically 30 meters away. The system pressure loss will activate the pump ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide a water jet of typically a minimum of 10 meter from the nozzle.
Figure 7.4.3.3.1 Illustration of Conventional Hose Reel System Source: http://dynoklang.com.my/site/index.php?cat=29&page=71 When the hose reel is brought into use the pressure in the pipe immediately downstream of the pump check valves will drops below the field adjusted pressure setting of the pressure switch thereby triggering the pump to come into operation automatically to feed a steady supply of water to discharge through the hose. The hose reels are located at each lift lobby. Each hose reel has a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 30 m. Pressure reducers are installed at the end of each wet riser pipe to supply a lower pressured water to hose reels. Fire hose reels are located at strategic places in buildings to provide a reasonably accessible and controlled supply of water for fire extinguishing. The fire hose reel outlets should be properly housed in glass fronted cabinet secured under lock and key. (Petromas Infiniti)
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Figure 7.4.3.3.2 Hose Reel Pump-Set
Figure 7.4.3.3.3 Hose Reel Pump Pressure Gauges
Figure 7.4.3.3.4 Hose Reel installed at Car Park
Figure 7.4.3.3.5 Schematic Diagram of Hose Reel System and Wet Riser System in Avenue K 173
7.4.3.4 Wet Riser System The wet riser system is a typical installation in a high-rise building. It is used to supply water from the wet riser water tank, through wet riser pipes, distributed to each floor, and ending at the canvas hoses and hose reels. The wet riser canvas hoses are located at each lift lobby. Each canvas hose has a diameter of 65 mm and a length of 30 m. When the hoses are in use, the pressure at each floor is controlled by landing valves that return excess pressurized water back to the wet riser tank through drain pipes. Wet rising mains consist of vertical pipes similar to the dry rising main system with landing valves at each floor except the ground. The pipe system is connected to a permanent water supply normally a tank fed from the town mains. Duplicate automatic pumps, one duty and one standby supply this water to the pipe system.
Figure 7.4.3.4.1 Illustration of Conventional Wet Riser System Source: http://highrisefirefighting.co.uk/wr.html The tanks are fitted with an automatic warning system to indicate a low water level. At protracted incidents the wet rising main tank may need to be augmented and this can be achieved using conventional Fire appliances and additional water supplies (Hydrant, Open water etc). Due to the height of the building and the pressures used, water pressure reduction valves are fitted to the outlets at each floor. (Net-Gen, Mac 10, 2013)
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Figure 7.4.3.4.11 Wet Riser Pump-Set
Figure 7.4.3.4.13 Hose Reel Pump Pressure Gauges
Figure 7.4.3.4.12 Wet Riser Hydrant Valve
Figure 7.4.3.4.14 Wet Riser Canvas Hose (White)
Figure 7.4.3.4.15 Wet Riser Hydrant Valve located at the Roof Level of the Avenue K 175
UBBL 231. Installation and testing of wet rising system. 1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level. 2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby. 3) Wet riser shall be of minimum 152.4 mm diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested at a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars for at least twenty-four hours. 4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm instantaneous coupling fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1mm diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle and a variable fog nozzle.
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7.4.3.5 Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System Carbon Dioxide (CO²) is a clean and efficient fire extinguisher agent. It is colourless, non-conductive and non-corrosive inert gas which evaporates without leaving any residue after discharge. CO² works by smothering the flames and reducing the flames and reducing the oxygen content in the vapour phase of fuel or both in the air to the point where the combustion stops. The system is designed to operate automatically by actuation of the alarm sensing device or the CO² gas can be fired by operating the electrical key switch located outside the protected room. The CO² fire extinguishing system can be controlled and activated by manual, mechanical trigger systems or by automatic fire detection systems.
Figure 7.4.3.5.1 CO² Gas Tanks
Figure 7.4.3.5.2 CO² Fire Suppression Nozzle
Figure 7.4.3.5.3 Pneumatic time delay The pneumatic time delay delays the discharge of CO² for a predetermined amount of time. This extra time allows personnel to get out of the discharge area.
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Figure 7.4.3.5.4 CO² Fire Suppression System Piping Layout in Main Switch room
Figure 7.4.3.5.5 & 7.4.3.5.6 CO² Fire Suppression System Gas Tanks in GenSet Room and Transformation Room
Figure 7.4.3.5.7 CO² Fire Suppression System Control Box Situated Outside the Transformation Room
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7.4.3.6 Fire Extinguisher Fire extinguishers are extremely valuable for extinguishing fires at the early stages, but they cannot be used successfully to deal with large fires. Portable fire extinguishers are the first-aid firefighting appliances which can be carried by hand and from which the extinguishing agent can be expelled, usually under pressure.
Figure 7.4.3.6.1 Table of Type of Fire Extinguishers used for Specific Class of Fire Source: http://pixshark.com/class-a-fire-rating.htm
ABC Powder and CO² fire extinguishers are used in Avenue K. ABC Powder extinguisher is a dry powder type of extinguisher. Generally it is suitable for all classes of fire risks and is particularly suitable for fires in inflammable liquids. The powder consists of a finely divided, non-conducting, non-toxic, water-repellent material which cools the flames, separates them from the burning material and excludes oxygen. The dry powder stored in the body of the extinguisher is pressurised by nitrogen or air, which expels the powder when the release valve is opened. Alternatively, the dry powder may be expelled from the container by carbon dioxide gas after the breakage of a seal of a cartridge.
Figure 7.4.3.6.2 & 7.4.3.6.3 ABC Powder Fire Extinguishers is installed at certain Service Rooms, Lift lobbies and Staircases. 179
Carbon dioxide extinguishers are particularly suitable for computer rooms and fires involving electronic equipment. Carbon dioxide gas is suitable for use on Class B fires involving inflammable liquids and also on Class E fires which are those complicated by the presence of live electricity.
Figure 7.4.3.6.4 CO² Fire Extinguisher is installed at Electrical Room and Gen- Set Room UBBL 227. Portable extinguishers. Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
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7.4.3.7 Fireman Switch The fireman switch is a switch-disconnect or isolator for special applications. These switches are on the outside wall of commercial buildings. They are designed to by easy to spot and are used by firemen to turn off neon-lighting or other hazardous electrical equipment in case of fire.
Figure 7.4.3.7.1 Fireman Switch
Figure 7.4.3.7.2 Fireman Switch Situated at Fire Staircase
The Fireman switch can also be used to operate the under voltage release or shunt trip in the main incoming breaker. If there is a fire in the building, the fireman uses an insulated rod (Fireman axe) to pull the handle to O position which isolates the utility supply to the building. It is used to prevent the wire explosion occur in the fire staircase. UBBL 240. Electrical isolation switch 1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square meters shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served. 2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
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7.5 Passive Fire Protection Systems 7.5.1 Fire Roller Shutter The fire shutter door is designed to provide a fire resistant barrier between different areas of a building. The main purpose of the door is to prevent the spread of fire and damage to the building, whilst also protecting certain areas of the building such as designated fire escape routes. Fire rated roller shutter used in Avenue K, having a 4 hours of FRP. Electric operation: Doors can be operated by 3-phase or 1-phase geared motor units which come complete with an emergency hand chain facility and a low level push button station. The motors integral controlled descent mechanism allows the door to close at a safe speed upon activation. Manual operation: Actuation of the door is by manual hand chain. With this type of operation the door should be left open and left to close under activation from a fire. ( ABC Industrial Doors)
Figure 7.5.1.1 Fire Shutter installed in Avenue K
Figure 7.5.1.2 Fire Shutter Serial Tag with Fire Rating
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7.5.2 Fire Evacuation Routes Emergency evacuation is the immediate and urgent movement of people away from the threat or actual occurrence of a hazard. In terms of fire safety, the final exits on an escape route in a public building are known as fire exits. They may or may not be located on the usual route of traffic when the premises are operating under normal circumstances. The final exit doors should open easily, immediately and, wherever practicable in the direction of escape, for examples, outwards into a place of safety outside the building. Sliding or revolving doors must not be used for exits specifically intended as fire exits. The emergency routes and fire exits must be well lit and indicated by appropriate signs, e.g. ‘Emergency Exit’ or ‘KELUAR’. In locations that require illumination, emergency lighting of adequate intensity must be provided in case the normal lighting fails, and illuminated signs used.
Evacuation Direction Fire Staircase Figure 7.5.2.1 Fire Evacuation Routes and Fire Staircase of Ground Level, Avenue K
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Figure 7.5.2.2 Mimic Diagram of Vertical Evacuation Routes Section for Avenue K UBBL 166. Exits to accessible at all times. 1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary. 2) The exits shall be so sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times UBBL 169. Exit route. No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit. UBBL 171. Horizontal exits. 1) Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits. 2) Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exits widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building.
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7.5.3 Fire Rated Door Buildings are compartmentalised to delay the spread of fire from one area to another. These compartments are usually linked by fire doors to allow the flow of circulation around the building. Fire doors have two important functions in a fire; when closed they form a barrier to stop the spread of fire and when opened they provide a means of escape. A well designed timber fire door required acting as a barrier to the passage of smoke and or fire to varying degrees depending upon its location in a building and the fire hazards associated with that building. It will delay the spread of fire and smoke without causing too much interruption to the movement of people and goods. A fire door is also required to provide resistance to the passage of a welldeveloped fire must be fitted with intumescent seals. These seals remain dormant under normal conditions but expand greatly in the heat of a fire to close the gap between the door and its frame.
Figure 7.5.3.1 Single Leaf Fire Rated Door in Avenue K
Figure 7.5.3.3 Double Leaf Fire Rated Door in Avenue K
Figure 7.5.3.2 Door Serial Tag with Fire Rating
Figure 7.5.3.4 Door Serial Tag with Fire Rating
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UBBL 162. Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls. 1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. 2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall. 3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. 4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour 5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951. UBBL 163. Half hour and one hour doors. 1) Fire doors conforming to the method of construction as stipulated below shall be deemed to meet the requirements of the specified FRP: a. Doors and frames constructed in accordance with one of the following specifications shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements for the doors having FRP of half-hour: i. Doors may be double swing provided they are mounted on hydraulic floor springs and clearances at floor not exceeding 4.77 millimetres and frame and meeting stiles not exceeding 3 millimetres. UBBL 164. Door closers for fire doors. 1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the proper sequence. 2) Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence. 3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases. UBBL 173. Exit doors. 1) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort. 2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.
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7.5.4 Fire Staircase A fire escape is an emergency exit, usually installed at the outside of a building or sometimes inside but separate from the main areas of the building. It provides a method of escape in the event of a fire or other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building inaccessible.
Figure 7.5.4.1, 7.5.4.2 & 7.5.4.3 Fire Staircase at Avenue K UBBL 110. No obstruction in staircases. 1) There shall be no obstruction in any staircase between the topmost landing thereof and the exit discharge on the ground floor. 2) There shall be no projection other than handrails in staircases, in any corridor, passage of staircase at a level lower than 2 metres above the floor or above any stair. UBBL 157. Protected shafts consisting of staircase. 1) A protected staircase or a protected shaft containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilating duct other than a duct serving only that staircase or shaft. UBBL 166. Exits to accessible at all times. 1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary. 2) The exits shall be so sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times UBBL 168. Staircases. 1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases. 2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these Bylaws. 3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres. 4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.
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5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing. UBBL 198. Ventilation of staircase enclosures. 1) All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square metre per floor. UBBL 202. Pressurised system for staircase. 1) All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.74 metres in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurisationa. Where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not less than 60 metres per minute through the doors which are deemed to be open.
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7.5.5 Fire Lift Fire lift is a lift installed primarily for passengers’ use, which has additional protection, controls and signals that enable it to be used under the direct control of the fire service. The lift should have direct access from the street and the electricity supply should be separate to that provided for other lifts. A special switch on the ground floor, close to the entrance of the lift, can be used by the firemen to cancel all calls and bring the car down to the ground, after which the lift is under manual control.
Figure 7.5.5.1 Firefighter Lift at Avenue K UBBL 154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure. 1) On failure of mains power all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open. 2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation. UBBL 243. Fire lifts. 1) In a building where the top occupied floor us over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall be provided, 2) A penthouse occupying not more than 50% of the area of the floor immediately below shall be exempted from this measurement. 3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby. 4) Fire lifts shall be provided at the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.
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7.6 Analysis Fire Protection System applied, installed and used in Avenue K is tested to be functioning well with regular maintenance. Although some of the installations or appliances are not the latest mode or version by the time, but they are confirmed to the current edition of the following standards. All the components, equipment and design installed for active and passive fire protection systems in Avenue K are followed the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984. UBBL 253. Emergency power system is the most important by-law to obey to ensure that almost all the systems both for active and passive fire protection system are functioning well and being supported by each of the systems to provide a better protection for life and property. UBBL 221. Test of fire resistance. 1) For the purpose of this Part requirements as to fire resistance shall be constructed as meaning that an element of structure shall be capable of resisting the action of fire for the specified period under the conditions of test appropriate to such element in accordance with BS 476: Part I: subject to such modifications or applications of such conditions of test as are prescribed to these By-laws. UBBL 253. Emergency power system. 1) Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life and property. 2) Emergency power systems shall provide power for smoke control systems, illumination, fire alarm systems, fire pumps, public address systems, fire lifts and other emergency systems. 3) Emergency systems shall have adequate capacity and rating for the emergency operation of all equipment connected to the system including the simultaneous operation of all fire lifts and one other lift. 4) All wiring for emergency systems shall be in metal conduit or of fire resisting mineral insulated cables, laid along areas of least fire risk. 5) Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal supply to or within the building or group of buildings concerned, the emergency lighting or emergency power, or both emergency lighting and power will be available within 10 seconds of the interruption of the normal supply. The supply system for emergency purposes shall comprise one or more off the following approved types: a) Storage Battery Storage battery of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain at not less than 87.5 percent of the system voltage the total load of the circuits supplying emergency lighting and emergency power for a period of at least 1.5 hours; b) Generator set A generator set driven by some form of prime mover and of sufficient capacity and proper rating to supply circuit carrying emergency lighting or lighting and power with suitable means for automatically starting the prime mover on failure of the normal service. 190
7.7 Conclusion Many people seem to be more rely on the active fire protection system to protection their life from fire tragedy. There are significant trade-offs made reduction in use of effective structural protection when active fire protection systems are used in buildings under the new code. “Both active and passive protection systems are needed to maintain life safety standards in today’s buildings,� said Le Clair. Therefore, a more balanced of active or passive fire protection systems should be promoting in order to improve life safety issue. Optimizing lifesafety systems, to some degree, is needed to keep our buildings competitive in the world market. However, being too aggressive compromises life safety.
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8.0 CONCLUSION
Overall, the services system in Avenue K mall obeyed the UBBL but the maintenance for some services did not carry out well. Although it does not cause much problems for now but it is better to keep the maintenance in-check so that the failure of system can be prevent. Through this project, we were able to learn about the roles of each services system in the commercial buildings. The service systems in a building can be categories into water supply system, electrical supply system, fire protection system, air conditioning and ventilation system, mechanical transport system and sewerage, sanitary and drainage system. Each of this system plays an important role in ensuring the building function properly and has their own components which have different functions. In addition, we also found that maintenance for the systems is important. Therefore, the spaces and access provide for the maintenance of the system must be adequate. For example, sewerage, sanitary and drainage system without maintenance, it may cause unpleasant odour or harmful gases leak into the building and harm the building users. Other than that, the choice of the type of system also plays an important role. A right choice of system will enable the building to save cost and resources. Besides, it also might help to protect the environment from pollution and massive use of natural resources. The site visit to Avenue K and the explanation of their technicians really do help us to develop further understanding about the various service systems in a commercial building. There is no doubt this knowledge will aid us in our future design works.
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9.0 APPENDIX
Figure 9.1 A group photo with the Operation Manager, Danny and the other 2 technicians in Avenue K.
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10.0 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 1) Mohanty, B. (2012). Distribution System. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/bibhabasumohanty/water-distribution-system 2) Valves. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://hawsepipe.net/chiefhelp/pipe_and_tubing/valves.htm 3) Water Distribution. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.betterbricks.com/buildingoperations/water-distribution 4) Industrial Valves Information. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow_control_flow_transfer/valves/industrial _valves 5) Suction Tanks. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://chestofbooks.com/homeimprovement/construction/plumbing/Principle-Practice/SuctionTanks.html#.VU419_mqqko 6) Storagre Tanks for Water. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Building-Construction-V4/Storage-TanksFor-Water.html#.VU54Kfmqqko CHAPTER 3.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 1) Generator Set Rooms & Enclosures (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.macallisterpowersystems.com/solutions/engineeringtoolbox/generator-set-rooms-enclosures/ 2) Application and installation duide for generator sets (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.ups.ru/docs/244/244.pdf 3) Keyes Life Safe Compliance, Generator Rooms (n.d.). Retrieved form http://keyeslifesafety.com/generator-rooms/ 4) John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey (2003) Building System for interior designers (pg 213) 5) Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 [G.N. 5178.1984}. KL: Penerbitan Akta M) Sdn. Bhd. 6) Switchboard Construction – Siemens Basics (n.d.). Retrieved from http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemens-basics 7) What is a Distribution Board? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-distribution-board.htm
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CHAPTER 4.0 SEWERAGE, SANITARY AND DRAINAGE 1) Steel, E., & McGhee, T. (1979). Sewerage general Considerations. In Water supply and sewerage (6th ed., pp. 266-267). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2) The Septic System. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from 3 http://www.bodwells.com/septic_system.php 3) Manhole, Purpose Location and Types of Manhole. (2011, January 9). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from http://www.studylecturenotes.com/engineeringtechnology/manhole-purpose-location-and-types-of-manhole 4) Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO) Home. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/cso/ 5) Lethbridge.ca,. 'Other Information'. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 May 2015. CHAPTER 5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 1) Elevator Components. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from https://www.thyssenkruppelevator.com/webapps/classroom-ondemand/LessonViewer.aspx?lesson=16408 2) Fire service mode (EFS). (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/Fire_service_mode_(EFS) 3) Basic Elevator Components - Part Two. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-parttwo.html 4) Escalators Basic Components - Part One. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-components-partone.html 5) Jain, P. (2012, August 4). Escalators. Retrieved May 10, 2015, from http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/escalators# 6) Escalators Basic Components - Part One. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-components-partone.html 7) Elevator Types. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from http://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/verticalcirculation/elevatortypes.html
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CHAPTER 6.0 AIR-CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION 1) Articles Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC), Refrigeration and More at Bright Hub's Mechanical Engineering Channel. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2015, from http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac 2) Building Capacity. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://buildingcapacity.typepad.com/blog/2011/01/how-do-you-optimize-a-forcedair-system-to-maintain-a-green-home-alistair-jackson-leed-ap-for-homes-raterresponds-part-4.html 3) Central Air Conditioning Units Tech Tips for Homeowners. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2015, from http://www.central-air-conditioner-andrefrigeration.com/central_air_conditioning_units.html 4) Cooling Tower. (2012, March 11). Retrieved May 1, 2015, from https://hvactutorial.wordpress.com/basic-hvacr/refrigeration-component-and-itsfunction/cooling-tower/ 5) The Refrigeration Cycle. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2015, from http://www.centralair-conditioner-and-refrigeration.com/Refrigeration_Cycle.html 6) Mechanical Services (UK) Ltd. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2015, from http://www.airconditioningwellingborough.co.uk/Air-Conditioning-Explained.asp 7) Variable Air Volume Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2015, from http://aec.us.com/variable-air-volume-systems.html 8) Articles Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC), Refrigeration and More at Bright Hub's Mechanical Engineering Channel. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2015, from http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac 9) Building Capacity. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://buildingcapacity.typepad.com/blog/2011/01/how-do-you-optimize-a-forcedair-system-to-maintain-a-green-home-alistair-jackson-leed-ap-for-homes-raterresponds-part-4.html 10) Central Air Conditioning Units Tech Tips for Homeowners. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2015, from http://www.central-air-conditioner-andrefrigeration.com/central_air_conditioning_units.html 11) Cooling Tower. (2012, March 11). Retrieved May 1, 2015, from https://hvactutorial.wordpress.com/basic-hvacr/refrigeration-component-and-itsfunction/cooling-tower/ 12) The Refrigeration Cycle. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2015, from http://www.centralair-conditioner-and-refrigeration.com/Refrigeration_Cycle.html 13) Mechanical Services (UK) Ltd. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2015, from http://www.airconditioningwellingborough.co.uk/Air-Conditioning-Explained.asp 196
14) Variable Air Volume Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2015, from http://aec.us.com/variable-air-volume-systems.html CHAPTER 7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 1) A. Hadi, A. H., Azeme, A. (May 14, 2008). Fire Requirements for high rise especially SoHo. 2) Ackruti Safety Innovations Ltd. (2011). General Principles of Fire Hydrant System. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://ackrutisafety.com/index.php/welcome/generalprinciples 3) Active Fire and Safety Services Ltd. Emergency Lighting & Exit Signs – Residential, Commercial, Industrial. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://www.activefire.ca/services/emergency-lighting-exit-sign.html 4) Archtoolbox. Sprinkler Head Types. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/firesupression/sprinklerheadtypes.html 5) Central Station Alarm Association. (2011). A Practical Guide to Fire Alarm Systems, Third Editiion. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://www.csaaintl.org/2011FireAlarmBookONLINE.pdf 6) Fire Fighters Engineering. Fire Protection Systems. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://www.firefightersengineer.com/firefightsys.htm 7) Fire Safe Europe. (2011). FireSafeEurope: Active or Passive Protection. Retrieved April 30, 2015 from website: http://www.firesafeeurope.eu/firesafety/active-or-passive-fire-protection 8) Frederick, E. H. (1994). Building Services & Equipment, Second Edition. Sprinklers, risers and hose reel installations. Longman Group UK Limited 1977,1994. 9) Gregory, K. S. (Oct 13, 2014). Balancing active and passive fire protection. Consulting – Specifying Engineer. Retrieved May 9, 2015 from website: http://www.csemag.com/single-article/balancing-active-and-passive-fireprotection/0aad69a658ba761877e77b3e7c6c5d5d.html 10) Health and Safety Executive. Active / passive fire protection. Retrieved April 30, 2015 from website: http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/techmeasfire.htm 11) JordanFire.Net. (2011). Standpipe Riser. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://www.khayma.com/jordanfirenet/stand_pipe.htm 12) Laser-Tech Fire Protection. (2011). Servicers. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://www.lasertechfirepro.com/services.html 13) McGill University. (2015). Fire Extinguishers: Extinguisher and Fire Classification. McGill. Retrieved April 30, 2015 from website: https://www.mcgill.ca/emfp/fireprevention/fire-extinguishers 14) Mircom. Fire Fighter Telephones. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website:
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http://www.mircom.com/media/datasheets/CAT5801_Fire_Fighter_Telephones.pdf 15) Multron. (2008) Fireman Intercom Systems. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://www.multron.com/scripts/myImages/Multron%20FI.pdf 16) Net-Gen. (Mac 10, 2013). Wet Riser (Wet/pre-pumped standpipes). High-Rise Fire Fighting. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://highrisefirefighting.co.uk/wr.html 17) Petromas Infiniti. Hose Reel System. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://www.petromas.com.my/catalog/hose-reel-system-p-140.htmL 18) Pona Corporation. Fire Hydrant Systems. Retrieved May 10 , 2015 from website: http://www.indiamart.com/pona-corporation/fire-hydrant-system.html 19) Rporteous. (April 30, 2010). Automatic Fire Sprinkler Sytems – Principle of Operation. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://firewize.com/blog/2010/04/automatic-fire-sprinkler-systems-principaloperation 20) Safelincs. (2015). Overview of Sensors. Retrieved April 30, 2015 from website: http://www.safelincs.co.uk/smoke-alarm-types-and-how-they-work/ 21) Safelincs Ltd. (2011). Emergency Lighting. Fire Safety Advice Centre. Retrieved May10, 2015 from website: http://www.firesafe.org.uk/emergency-lighting/ 22) Safelincs Ltd. (2011). Fire Doors. Fire Safety Advice Centre. Retrieved May10, 2015 from website: http://www.firesafe.org.uk/fire-doors/ 23) Thinking Buildings Universe. Fire hose reel system. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website: http://cbs.grundfos.com/CBS_Master/lexica/Fire/FI_Fire_hose_reel_systems.html # 24) Thomas Publishing Company. (2015). How Gas Detectors Work. THOMASNET.com. Retrieved April 30, 2015 from website: http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/instruments-controls/How-Gas-DetectorsWork 25) Walter, T. G., Alison, G. K., Bnejamin, S., & John, S. R. (2010). Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 11th Edition: Fire Protection. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pg 1083 – 1161.
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