Lighting & acoustic performance evaluation & design by Ming Long

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Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Contents Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------001 1.1 Aim and Objective 1.2 Site Information 1.2.1 Site Introduction 1.2.2 Site Selection Reasons 1.2.3 Technical Drawing 2.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES----------------------------------------------------------------------009 2.1 Lighting 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Nature Lighting 2.1.3 Artificial Light 2.1.4 Materials 2.2 Acoustic 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Internal Noise 2.2.3 Acoustic Level 2.2.4 Material Absorbent 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY-------------------------------------------------------------019 3.1 Light Analysis 3.1.1 Light Measuring Equipment (Digital Lux Meter) 3.1.2 Methodology 3.1.3 Formula for Light Analysis Calculation 3.2 Acoustic Analysis 3.2.1 Acoustic Measuring Equipment (Digital Sound Level Meter) 3.2.2 Methodology 3.2.3 Formula for Acoustic Analysis Calculation 4.0 CASE STUDY-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------025 4.1 Context Study 4.1.1 Building Orientation 4.1.2 Neighbourhood 4.1.3 Surrounding Issue 4.2 Existing Lighting 4.2.1 Daylight Factor 4.2.2 Existing Light Fixture 4.2.2.1 Lobby Lightings 4.2.2.2 Office Lightings 4.3 Existing Acoustic 4.3.1 Building Design Layout 4.3.2External Noise

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4.3.3 Internal Noise 4.4 Materials and Properties 4.4.1 Furniture Material 4.4.2 Wall Material 4.4.3 Ceiling Material 4.4.4 Floor Material 5.0 LIGHTING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION-------------------------------------------076 5.1 Literature Review 5.1.1 Architecture Lighting 5.1.2 Daylight Factor 5.1.3 Lumen Method 5.2 Light Zoning 5.2.1 Lobby 5.2.2 Office 5.3 Lux Meter Reading 5.3.1 Lobby 5.3.1.1 Daytime 5.3.1.2 Night Time 5.3.2 Office 5.3.2.1 Daytime 5.3.2.2 Night Time 5.4 Calculation and Analysis 5.4.1 Lobby 5.4.1.1 Daylight Factor 5.4.1.2 Artificial Lighting 5.4.2 Office 5.4.2.1 Daylight Factor 5.4.2.2 Artificial Lighting 5.5 Conclusion 6.0 ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION-------------------------------------------133 6.1 Literature Review 6.1.1 Architecture Acoustic 6.1.2 Sound Pressure Level (SPL) 6.1.3 Reverberation Time (RT) 6.1.4 Sound Reduction Index (SRI) 6.2 Acoustic Tabulation and Analysis 6.2.1 Sound Meter Reading of Lobby Space 6.2.1.1 Peak Period 6.2.1.2 Non-peak Period 6.2.1.3 Graph Analysis of Data (Peak Period and Non-peak Period) 6.3 Acoustic Ray and Contour Figure

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6.3.1 Acoustic Ray Figure of Lobby Space 6.3.2 Sound Contour Diagram of Lobby Space 6.4 Acoustic Calculation and Analysis for Lobby Space 6.4.1 Zone A 6.4.2 Zone B 6.4.3 Zone C 6.4.4 Sound Reduction Index (SRI) 6.5 Conclusion 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------159

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Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

1.0 INTRODUCTION Lighting and acoustic are some of the important considerations in architectural design and interior design as most of the time they must be properly integrated to fully enhance the characteristics and quality of a space. Depending on the function and characteristics of the space, lighting and acoustic design each has different requirements to be met in order to ensure optimal working efficiency and user experience. In a group of seven, we have chosen Menara Darussalam, located in Kuala Lumpur, as our case study building and conducted several visits to collect data regarding its lighting and acoustic design. This report is a compilation of our findings, calculations, analysis and conclusion complimented with precedent studies.

1.1 Aim and Objectives By observing and analyzing the types of lighting and acoustic design used on Menara Darussalam we aim to have a better understanding on the characteristics of a space on how it informs different design approaches for lighting and acoustic, and how different types of lighting and acoustic design and applications influence the working efficiency and user experience of a space, as well as suggesting solutions to improve the lighting and acoustic qualities in the case study space.

1.2 Site Information 1.2.1

Site Introduction

Menara Darussalam is a 41-storey skyscraper comprises of an office tower and the Grant Hyatt Hotel, located strategically in the heart of the Golden Triangle. The tower has met Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Green Building Index requirement and is certified accordingly. For our case study, we studied the lighting design and of office, and lighting and acoustic design of lobby area.

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1.2.2

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Site Selection Reasons

In order to maximize energy efficiency and sustainability, lighting and acoustic are taken into considerations when designing Menara Darussalam. In addition, as there are offices and hotel in the tower, study on different spaces provides us with a deeper understanding on how different types of space influence the lighting and acoustic design and selection.

1.2.3

Technical Drawings

Figure 1.2.3.1 Menara Darussalam site plan

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Figure 1.2.3.2 Ground floor lobby floor plan

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Figure 1.2.3.3 Ground floor lobby reflected ceiling plan

Figure 1.2.3.4 Lobby section A-A 4

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Figure 1.2.3.5 Lobby section B-B

Figure 1.2.3.6 Lobby section C-C

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Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Figure 1.2.3.7 Level five office floor plan

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Figure 1.2.3.8 Level five office reflected ceiling plan

Figure 1.2.3.11 Level five office section A-A

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Figure 1.2.3.9 Level five office section B-B

Figure 1.2.3.10 Level five office section C-C, D-D, E-E

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2.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES

2.1 Lighting

2.1.1 Introduction

Figure 2.1.1.1: Tama Art University Library

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Figure 2.1.1.2: Site plan of Tama Art University Library

Tama Art University Library is an academic library located in Hachioji campus at Tokyo. The entire first floor slopes gently from the front entrance. Its exterior glass walls and large arches allow the contours of the natural environment surrounding the campus to extend into the interior creating an exhilarating open space. The first floor features an all-purpose and gallery space available to hold various events and exhibitions as well as a theater area with a big screen. At the back of the first floor. Students are able to read the latest magazine issues and view video materials. On the second floor, there are open access stacks holding about 100,000 books as well as private reading seats and photocopying machines. A large collection of books covers the special fields of art, design and architecture, ranging from reference books necessary for the university classes to specialized research materials. In order to enhance its collection, they are collecting catalog of overseas exhibitions. 2.1.2 Nature Lighting

Figure 2.1.2.1 First floor plan which shows nature lighting.

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Figure2.1.2.2: 3-D sections showing lights penetrate in the building Lighting Design Strategies: Tama Art University Library is a 2 story building with a semi-basement. The total floor area is 639.46m2. The architect brings in natural lighting by using full sized windows on the exterior walls on four sides of the entire building, it allows ample amount of light penetrate into the library.

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2.1.3 Artificial Light

Figure 2.1.3.1: Interior of Tama Art University Library As the building is just exposed on the four elevation, almost 70% of the library are using artificial lighting. The reasons that Tama Art University Library using artificial light is the plan of the building is too big and daylight is hardly penetrate into the center of the building although full sized windows has used to light up the building. Besides, there is no atrium in the building to light up the center part, so artificial light is needed. As this building is a library, the lighting needs vary widely with the specific area of the library. Book stacks need good vertical light levels while study desks need good horizontal light. Lighting can give reading rooms, common areas and childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sections a spacious, welcoming feel and it can also bring focus to the circulation or reference desk. Type of light Artificial light Artificial light

Type of Type of Power/ W Colour temperature/ fixture luminaries (watts) K (kelvin) LED light Yellow 40 2700 bulb LED Track White 15 3000 Head Table 2.1.3.2: Table indicate type of fixture

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The artificial lighting used in Tama Art University Library is a ll indirect light. The circular plate like chandeliers provide reflective light.

2.1.4 Materials

Figure 2.1.4.1: Interior of Tama Art University Library Material Surface reflectance Surface Color Concrete 20-30% Shinny Light grey Table 2.1.4.2: Building materials used in Tama Art University Library The building material used in the library has a low reflectance value which around 20% to 30%. The shiny surface of concrete material helps to reflect some of the daylight and artificial light to the space to bright up the building. The furniture material that used are mostly wood with white paint. White objects do not absorb light, it is diffuse surfaces with a high reflectance. That is why the interior of the building used monotonic color which is white and grey.

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2.2 Acoustic

2.2.1 Introduction

Figure 2.2.1.1: Sendai Mediatheque, Japan

Figure 2.2.1.2 Site plan of Sendai Mediatheque Sendai Mediatheque is a library in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It was designed by Toyo Ito in 1995 and completed in 2001.

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Sendai Mediatheque hailed from various aspects, its structural innovation, versatility and functional significance for the residents of Sendai. The general concept of the building is free access to the public. The Sendai Mediatheque is a mixed-program public facility which combines library and art gallery.

2.2.2 Internal Noise

Figure 2.1.2.1 Floor plan of Sendai Mediatheque

The symbol represents above is the noise recognized in the library. Most of the noise sources come from the cafe which is a public area where people can enjoy their time with friends without any restrictions.

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2.2.3 Acoustic Level

high

low Figure 2.2.3.1: Acoustic level in Sendai Mediatheque differentiate by color. The figure above shows that the noise level decrease from the ground floor to the upper floor. The activities happen between these levels is becoming more lively from the upper floor to the lower floor. To access to another floor, staircase and lift are needed and it is covered by the â&#x20AC;&#x153;tubesâ&#x20AC;?(figure 2.2.3.4) which avoid sounds travel from each level to another. There is no void or open space between floor to floor, it helps the noise level of the library remain in a same atmosphere without disturbing each other. Floor level Ground 1 2 and 3 4 5 6

Program Reception, cafe and shops Children library, periodical, internet and administration Reference library, lending library and meeting room Exhibition for citizen Exhibition gallery Cinema, meeting room, administration and library

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Table 2.2.3.2 Program in each level of Sendai Mediatheque.

Figure 2.2.3.3: Section of Sendai Mediatheque.

Figure 2.2.3.4: Served space and servant space in Sendai Mediatheque

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2.2.4 Material Absorbent

Figure 2.2.4.1 Interior view of Sendai Mediatheque Material Used Floor

Absorption coefficient (1000Hz) 0.3 0.02

Ceramic floor tiles Smooth concrete, painted or glazed Ceiling Plaster smooth surface 0.02 Concrete with plane 0.06 Wall Glass 0.07 Seating Cloth-upholstered seats 0.88 Table 2.2.4.2 Building material and furniture used in Sendai Mediatheque.

In each level, there is no partition wall to separate out spaces for different purpose. All spaces are interconnected. To avoid sound transfer to another space, furniture placement has a big impact on sound reduction. Larger Upholstered pieces of furniture placed near windows or doors work great at absorbing sound. Seating area of the library is a high traffic area, thus the seats are mostly soft material with a well-cushioned rug which do a terrific job at absorbing sound.

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3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Light Analysis

The day lighting and artificial lighting in a space can be analyzed and studied to create a space with good and comfortable lighting quality. With the data collected from the site with specific equipment, the data is tabulated and translated into analysis information.

3.1.1 Light Measuring Equipment (Digital Lux Meter)

Figure 3.1.1.1 Lutron Digital Lux Meter LX-101 Display Device Dimension Weight Lux Measurement Ranges Zero Adjustment Over-Input Sampling Time Sensor Structure Operating Temp. Operating Humidity 19

13mm (0.5”) LCD Screen with Maximum Indication of 1999 Main Instrument: 108 x 73 x 23mm (4.3 x 2.9 x 0.9 inch) Sensor Probe: 82 x 55 x 7mm (3.2 x 2.2 x 0.3 inch) 160g (0.36 LB) with Batteries. 0 – 50,000 Lux. 3 Ranges Internal Adjustment Indication of “ 1 “ 0.4 second The exclusive photo diode & color correction filter 0 - 50℃ (32 to 122 ℉). Less than 80% R.H.

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Power Supply Power Consumption Accessories Included

DC 9V battery. 006P, MN1604 (PP3) or equivalent Approx. DC 2 mA Instruction Manual x 1 Carrying Case x 1 Table 3.1.1.1 General Specifications of Light Measuring Equipment:

Lux Range

Resolution

2,000 Lux

1 Lux

20,000 Lux

10 Lux

50,000 Lux

100 Lux Table 3.1.1.2 Electrical Specifications of Lux Meter

*Accuracy: Âą (5 % + 2 decimal point) Note: Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lamp of 2856K temperature.

3.1.2 Methodology

Data Collection Methods 1. Push the Power Switch from 0 to 1 to switch on the device. 2. Select the desired measuring Range (10 Lux). 3. Record the Lux by holding the Sensor Probe at the desired height of measurement (1m and 1.5m). 4. Record the data displayed on the LCD of the device. 5. Repeat steps 3 & 4 until all data are completed.

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Figure 3.1.2.1 Position of Lux Meter at 1m Meter at 1.5m

Figure 3.1.2.2 Position of Lux

3.1.3 Formula for Light Analysis Calculation Daylight Factor: The simplest form of description of the daylight distribution, penetration and intensity is the daylight factor, expressed in percentage. This is the ratio of the internal illuminance (E internal) at a point in a room to the instantaneous illuminance (E external) outside the building on a horizontal surface (Malaysia standard outdoor daylight level is 32000lux). Formula:

DF = E internal Ă&#x2014; 100% E external

Where, DF = Daylight factor E internal = Indoor illuminance E external = Outdoor illuminance (According to the Department of Standards Malaysia (MS 1525: 2007)) Zone Very Bright

Distribution Very large with thermal and glass problems Bright 3-6 Good Average 1-3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor Table 3.1.3.1 Daylight factors and distribution. (According to the Department of Standards Malaysia (MS 1525: 2007)) NOTE: The figure are average daylight factors for windows without glazing.

DF (%) >6

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Lumen Method: The lumen method is a simplified methods to calculate the light level in a room. This is a method that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. It is merely the total number of lumen available in a room divided by the area of the room. Formula:

E = n x N x F x UF x LLF A

Where, E= average illuminance over the horizontal working plane n= number of lamps in each luminaire N= number of luminaire F= lighting design lumens per lamp, flux UF= utilization factor for the horizontal working plane LLF= light loss factor A= area of the horizontal working plane Applications Illuminance (Lux) Entrance and Exit 100 Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room 100 General offices, shop and stores, reading 300-400 and writing Toilet 100 Table 3.1.3.2: Recommended average illuminance levels (According to the Department of Standards Malaysia (MS 1525: 2007) )

3.2 Acoustic Analysis

Sound and Acoustic analysis plays a role in the acoustic design performance, sound and noise level of a space. The analysis might involve in design fine tuning in order to achieve the standards from ANSI, IEC, and ISO. A simple and fairly effective method of diagnostics can be performed with an acoustical equipment.

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3.2.1 Acoustic Measuring Equipment (Digital Sound Level Meter)

Figure 3.2.1.1 IdB Noise Indicator Measurement Resolution Measured quantities

30-120 dB 1 dB  Measurement in dBA of the instantaneous sound pressure level Lp, using the Fast time constant  Max hold of the Lp level  Measurement of the A weighted continuous equivalent sound pressure level LAeq

Linearity ± 1.5 dB (type 3 according to IEC 804 and IEC 651) Power Supply 36 hour battery operation Dimension 160mm x 64mm x 22mm Weight 150g Table 3.2.1.2 General Specifications of IdB Noise Indicator

3.2.2 Methodology

Data collection method: 1. Push the Power Switch from 0 to 1 to switch on the device. 2. Record the dB value by holding the Noise Indicator at 1m height, approximately at waist height ( ear level while sitting)

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3. Press the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Leqâ&#x20AC;? button and wait for the data to be stable. Press again to get the data. 4. Record the data displayed on the device. 5. Repeat step 2, 3 and 4 until all data are completed.

Figure 3.2.2.1 Position of Noise Indicator at 1 meter

3.2.3 Formula for Acoustic Analysis Calculation

Calculation for Reverberation Time: Reverberation time (RT) is a measure of the amount of reverberation in a space and equal to the time required for the level of a steady sound to decay by 60 dB after the sound has stopped. The decay rate depends on the amount of sound absorption in a room, the room geometry, and the frequency of the sound. Reverberation Time Formula: RT = (0.16 x V) A Where, V = Volume of space A = Total absorption (Material Covering Area x Absorption Coefficient)

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4.0 CASE STUDY

4.1 Context Study

4.1.1 Building Orientation

Figure 4.1.1.1 Site Plan with marked site

Figure 4.1.1.2 Main entrance of Menara Darussalam office Building

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The main entrance of the office building is situated facing east which is away from the main road facing the KLCC Convention Centre. The faรงade of the office building entrance receives the highest amount of morning sunlight due to its orientation while the faรงade of the hotel entrance receives the highest amount of evening sunlight. Date Time Sun path diagram

Date Time Sun path diagram

9.00 am

21st March 12.00 noon

4.00 pm

9.00 am

22nd June 12.00 noon

4.00 pm

9.00 am

22nd December 12.00 noon

4.00 pm

Table 4.1.1.1 Table of sun path diagram for the site at critical time. According to the sun path diagram, the ground floor lobby is shaded by surrounding buildings most of the time around the year and the level five office is 26

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exposed to sunlight at different facades during different time, except in the morning.

4.1.2 Neighbourhood

The Menara Darussalam is located next to the KLCC Convention Centre and Aquaria KLCC. The road situated in front of the site is the Penang Road (Jalan Pinang). Beside the KLCC Convention Centre is their designated car park.

Figure 4.1.2.1 Image of KLCC Convention Centre beside Menara Darussalam

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4.1.3 Surrounding Issue

i) Strong Sun Glare

Figure 4.1.3.1 Direction of the morning sun hitting directly on the faรงade of the office lobby Since the faรงade of the office lobby is facing towards the east, it is likely to receive a high amount and strong morning sun glare upon the lobby and entrance. However, with the strategic position of the existing context, the KLCC Convention Centre is used indirectly to shade the main entrance of the office tower as the KLCC Convention Centre is positioned higher than the ground level of the Menara Darussalam. The entrance of the office lobby also has an overhang installed directly above the glass door to reduce direct sun penetration and a fountain feature with vegetation in front of the entrance to cool down during the afternoon.

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Figure 4.1.3.2 Fountain feature with vegetation outside the entrance of the office building Due to the strong sun glare during the day from almost all sides of the building, the exterior of the double glazing of the 41-storey building is bronze tinted to reduce the heat gain by varying degrees and light penetration by reflecting them.

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Figure 4.1.3.3 Illustration showing the reduction of heat gain and light (source: http://www.commercialwindows.org/images/3_17ReflectiveCoatings.jpg)

Figure 4.1.3.4 Direction of the evening sun hitting directly on the faรงade of the hotel lobby

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In the evening, the setting sun falls upon the façade of the hotel lobby causing heat to build up. However, about 2/3 of the façade is directly shaded with the by the existing high rise buildings situated opposite of the hotel’s lobby. ii) Loud Noise and Sound

Figure 4.1.3.5 Sound and Noise from Jalan Pinang The heavy traffic in the morning on Jalan Pinang during working hours from 7am to 9am contributes sound and noise pollution to the building. While the traffic remains as a source of sound pollution, the beeping sound of the traffic light also causes disturbance to the site. In the evening, the routine repeats as the heavy traffic starts to build up from 6pm to 8pm.

Figure 4.1.3.6 Traffic on Jalan Pinang

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4.2 Existing Lighting

4.2.1 Daylight Factor

Ground Floor Plan

Figure 4.2.1.1 Day-lighting diagram for Lobby Floor Plan

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This figure above shows that the interior of the lobby is quite well-shaded and getting sufficient sunlight at the same time. Level Five Floor Plan

Figure 4.2.1.2 Day-lighting diagram for Level Five Floor Plan From the figure above, the office could get sufficient daylight and save energy if the lighting design takes into consideration of the daylight factor. The daylight factor (DF) is a very common and easy method used to measure the subjective daylight quality in a space. The ratio of outside illuminance is described over the inside illuminance, expressed in percent. The higher the DF, the more natural light is available in the room. The reference point in the room is attained by light in 3 types of path shown as below: 1. Sky component (SC) - direct light from the sky to the reference point 2. Externally reflected component (ERC) - Light reflected from an exterior surface to the reference point.

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3. Internally reflected component (IRC) - Light entering through the window but reaching the reference point only after reflection from an internal surface.

4.2.2 Existing Light Fixture

4.2.2.1 Lobby Lightings

Type of Light Type of Fixture Type of Light Bulb

Artificial Light Image of Light Fugato Fixed Compact Fluorescent Lamps Material of Fixture Full Gloss Mirror Finish Type of Luminaries Warm White Power (Watt) 35 No. of Light Bulb 1 Color Temperature, K 2800 Diagram of Light Average Rate Life 50,000 (Hours) Life Cycle Cost Low Lumens Maintenance Excellent Beam Angle 36 Color Ranging Index 80 Type of Light Type of Fixture Type of Light Bulb

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Type of Light Type of Fixture Type of Light Bulb Material of Fixture

Artificial Light Image of Light Table Lamp LED Bulb Fabric with Aluminum Finish Stand Type of Luminaries Warm White Power (Watt) 60 No. of Light Bulb 1 Color Temperature, K 2200-2700 Diagram of Light Bulb Average Rate Life 25,000 (Hours) Life Cycle Cost Low Lumens Maintenance Excellent Beam Angle 310 Color Ranging Index 80 Type of Light Type of Fixture

Artificial Light Surface Mounted Downlight HID Lamp Cast Aluminum, Alloy Warm White 60 1

Image of Light

Color Temperature, K Average Rate Life (Hours) Life Cycle Cost Lumens Maintenance Beam Angle Color Ranging Index

3000 - 4300 5000 - 24000

Diagram of Light Bulb

Lumen

120

Type of Light Bulb Material of Fixture Type of Luminaries Power (Watt) No. of Light Bulb

Low Excellent 36 80

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4.2.2.2 Office Lightings Type of Light Type of Fixture

Artificial Light Image of Light Sereno TBS528 recessed Type of Light Bulb MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco Material of Fixture High Quality Steel, Painted White Armstrong Ceiling Type of Luminaries Warm White Power (Watt) 28 No. of Light Bulb 2 Color Temperature, 3000 Diagram of Light K Average Rate Life 15,000 (Hours) Life Cycle Cost Low Lumens Good Maintenance Beam Angle 36 Color Ranging 80-85 Index Type of Light Type of Fixture

Artificial Light Image of Light Fluorescent Light Fixture Light MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco of High Quality Steel

Type of Bulb Material Fixture Type of Luminaries Power (Watt) No. of Light Bulb Color Temperature, K Average Rate Life (Hours) Life Cycle Cost Lumens Maintenance Beam Angle Color Ranging Index

Warm White 28 1 3000 15,000 Low Good 310 80-85

Diagram of Light

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Type of Light Type of Fixture Type of Light Bulb Material of Fixture Type of Luminaries Power (Watt) No. of Light Bulb Color Temperature, K Average Rate Life (Hours) Life Cycle Cost Lumens Maintenance Beam Angle Color Ranging Index

4.3 Existing Acoustic

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Artificial Light Latina Downlight MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco Body and Gear Box: Metal Warm White 18 2

Image of Light

2700 6500

Diagram of Light

High Average 90 82

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4.3.1 Building Design Layout (Lobby Space)

Figure 4.3.1.1 Lobby floor plan indicating the zoning method Zone A Lounge Area Zone B Central Lobby Area Zone C Reception Area Table 4.3.1.2 indicates each zone's function The lobby space of Menara Darussalam is zoned into 3 major areas which consists of the lounge/ waiting area, central lobby space and reception area. Zone A is the area where they usually receive guests and visitors. With the presence of elevators, Office workers and service workers usually dominates the central lobby area during peak hours by navigating in and out of the building. The reception area consists of a counter with receptionist and the door connecting to Grand Hyatt Hotel lobby.

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4.3.2 External Noise

Figure 4.3.2.1 Site plan indicates the industrial exhaust fans noise source The external noise of the lobby area of Menara Darussalam are mainly caused by the heavy industrial exhaust fans noise from the loading bay of Grand Hyatt Hotel and the adjacent car park of KLCC convention centre. These industrial exhaust fans operate all day long, thus creating a constant buzzing noise to at the front facade of the lobby.

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Figure 4.3.2.2 indicates the noise source from the smoking area The outdoor smoking area of Menara Darussalam produces noise as a group of smokers tend to clutter around that area during peak hour. The chatter between the smokers create noises.

Figure 4.3.2.3 indicates the noise source from the vehicular movement and traffic

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One of the major external noise source originates from the vehicular movement at the drop off point of Menara Darussalam. The ignition noise of the vehicles and the loading and unloading movement of the loading bay contribute to one of the major noise source between 8-10am and 5-7pm. The heavy traffic of Jalan Pinang during peak hours also acts as the main source of noise towards the site. The peak hours are between 7-9.30am, 12-2pm and 5-9pm.

Figure 4.3.2.4 shows the heavy traffic of Jalan Pinang

Figure 4.3.2.5 indicates the noise source from the water feature

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The outdoor water fountain in facing directly towards the drop off point of Menara Darussalam creates noise as with the vigorous flow of water. However, the noise of the water fountain is not as heavy as the traffic and industrial exhaust fans' noise.

Figure 4.3.2.6 shows the water feature at the drop off point.

4.3.3 Internal Noise

The internal noises of lobby space are mainly from the human activities, electrical and mechanical appliances. Lobby is the space where people first gather upon entering the building before dispersing to various destinations. Therefore, the noise produced from human activities is relatively high. Menara Darussalam's lobby is connected to the Grand Hyatt Hotel Lobby. There is quite an amount of hotel guests navigating in and out the lobby space of Menara Darussalam via the hotel lobby to get to the skybridge connects to Suria KLCC.

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Figure 4.3.3.1 indicates the noise source of the Port Technology Lift Access Card Device The elevators of Menara Darussalam require access cards in order operate. A Port Technology Access Card Device is found at the edge of lobby space. The device produces beeping noise as workers and guests checked into the floors that they intended to go. It is during peak hours when the frequency of the beeping noise from the device is at its highest.

Figure 4.3.3.2 shows the Port Technology lift access card device

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Model

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

PORT Technology 3.1 Access Card Device Schindler Manufacturer Elevator Corporation

Dimensions Specifications

Image of Device

64.5 x 142 x 25.5mm (2.54 x 5.59 x 1.00inch) 1060mm Height

Rated Power

LED

RGB

Decibel Level

45dB

Card Reader Frequency

13.56MHz

Range of Application

Temperature: -10 - 60Â°C Humidity: 0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 90%

Device Diagram

Operating Floors Lobby and Level Five Table 4.3.3.3 shows the specifications of the Access Card Device

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Figure 4.3.3.4 indicates the noise source of the opening and closing of doors The opening and closing of doors in the lobby space produce noise as well as bringing in the external noise. The decibels readings around the door area fluctuates greatly when the guests, doorman and workers opens 2 main lobby doors. Moreover, the clatter of footsteps of the hotel guests produces noise as they access into the lobby of Menara Darussalam via Grand Hyatt Hotel lobby. The door on the left side of the lobby plan is connected to the restaurant bar of the building. The noise produced is relatively low as compared to the main lobby doors and the hotel connecting door.

Figure 4.3.3.5 shows the lobby doors and the connecting door to Grand Hyatt

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Figure 4.3.3.6 indicates the noise source from human activities The human activities include the gathering and chattering of people at the lounge area. The interaction between the doorman and guests also produces noise. The clatter of footsteps, human movement and hushed chatter of the building users produce an inconsistent noise source as they navigate in and out of the lobby. The human interactions happening at the receptionist counter also contribute to the noise generated from human activities.

Figure 4.3.3.7 shows the lounge area 46

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Figure 4.3.3.8 indicates the noise produced by the 4 elevators The operation of the elevators acts as the main source of noise in the lobby. The noises produced by the elevators include the 'bing' notification sound due the arrival of elevators and the opening and closing of the elevator doors. All four lifts are fully operated during the peak hours, which is between 8-10am, 12-3pm and 5-8pm.

Figure 4.3.3.9 showing the escalators in lobby space 47

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Model

Specifications

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Schindler 7000

Image

Load (kg) Speed (m/s)

1600 7.0

No. of Stops

Travel Height (m)

154

Trips Per Year

500,000

Elevator Type Operating Floors

Single Deck Lobby and Level Five Table 4.3.3.10 shows the specifications of the escalator

Figure 4.3.3.11 is the reflected ceiling plan of the lobby indicating the noise produce by the speakers. The acoustic equipment installed in the lobby space is ceiling speakers. Figure 4.3.3.1.7 indicates the noise source coming from the ceiling speaker. Soft classical background music is played in the evening, between 5-7pm. 48

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Model

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Bosch White LHM 0606/10 6W Ceiling Speaker Manufacturer Bosch Security System

Rated Power

199 mm (7.8 in) Speaker Diameter: 152.4 mm (6 in) 6W

Rated Voltage

100V

Amperage

0.06A

Weight

620g

Diameter Specifications

Decibel Level

106dB/ 98dB (SPL)

Effective Frequency Range

80Hz â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 18kHz

Opening Angle

55Â°

Operating Floors

Lobby and Level Five

Image of Device

Device Diagram

Table 4.3.3.12 shows the specifications of the ceiling speaker

Figure 4.3.3.13 indicates the noise source from the air conditioning system 49

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4.4 Materials and Properties

Figure 4.4.1 Materiality in Lobby

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Figure 4.4.2 Materiality in Level Five

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4.4.1 Furniture Material Lobby

Material

Fabric

Color

Chocolate Brown

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.12

0.28

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

20%

Total Surface Area (m2)

1.66

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Material

Leather

Color

Copper Bronze

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.40

0.58

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

70%

Total Surface Area (m2)

1.62

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Material

Timber

Color

Dark Brown

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.15

0.1

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

60%

Total Surface Area (m2)

0.42

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Material

Timber

Color

Dark Walnut Hardwood

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.19

0.25

0.37

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

30%

Total Surface Area (m2)

2.005

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Material

Artificial Stone

Color

Black, Light Beige

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.36

0.48

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

90%

Total Surface Area (m2)

5.5

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Material

Timber

Color

Brown Oak

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.15

0.1

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

30%

Total Surface Area (m2)

1.8

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Material

Leather

Color

Black

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.40

0.58

0.40

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

15%

Total Surface Area (m2)

0.92

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4.4.2 Wall Material Lobby

Material

Aluminium

Color

Silver

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.15

0.22

0.38

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

100%

Total Surface Area (m2)

0.72

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Material

Travertine

Color

Brown

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.01

0.02

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

80%

Total Surface Area (m2)

59.17

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Material

Timber

Color

Dark Brown

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.15

0.1

Absorption Coefficient

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

70%

Total Surface Area (m2)

68.3

Material

Ceramic

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Color

Absorption Coefficient

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Cream

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.01

0.02

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

80%

Total Surface Area (m2)

31.36

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Material

Wallpaper

Color

Silver Woven

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.15

0.25

0.35

Surface Texture

Rough

Surface Reflectance

70%

Surface Area (m2)

30.45

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Material

Valentino Travertine

Color

Brown

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.01

0.02

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

80%

Total Surface Area (m2)

40.5

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Material

Tinted Glass Panel

Color

Transparent

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.18

0.04

0.02

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

80%

Total Surface Area (m2)

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Material

Aluminium Frame

Color

Bronze

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.35

0.44

0.54

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

80%

Total Surface Area (m2)

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Office Level Five Material

Concrete

Color

White

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.01

0.02

Surface Texture

Rough

Surface Reflectance

80%

Total Surface Area (m2)

275.615

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Material

Aluminium Frame

Color

Bronze

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.35

0.44

0.54

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

80%

Total Surface Area (m2)

383.62

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Material

Tinted Glass Panel

Color

Transparent

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.18

0.04

0.02

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

80%

Total Surface Area (m2)

42.62

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4.4.3 Ceiling Material

Lobby Material

Plaster

Color

White

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.03

0.02

0.04

Surface Texture

Rough

Surface Reflectance

70%

Total Surface Area (m2)

189.42

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Office Level Five Material

Gypsum Board

Color

White

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.29

0.05

0.07

Surface Texture

Rough

Surface Reflectance

70%

Total Surface Area (m2)

965.24

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Material

Plaster Ceiling

Color

White

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.03

0.02

0.04

Surface Texture

Rough

Surface Reflectance

70%

Total Surface Area (m2)

154.19

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4.4.4 Floor Material

Lobby Material

Porcelein

Color

White Marble

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.01

0.02

Surface Texture

Smooth

Surface Reflectance

100%

Total Surface Area (m2)

179.21

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Office Level Five Material

Concrete

Color

Unfinished Grey

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.01

0.02

Surface Texture

Rough

Surface Reflectance

45%

Total Surface Area (m2)

1107.01

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Material

Concrete

Color

Unfinished Grey

Absorption Coefficient

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

0.01

0.02

Surface Texture

Rough

Surface Reflectance

50%

Total Surface Area (m2)

12.40

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5.0 LIGHTING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 5.1 Literature Review

Light is an electromagnetic wave that covers the electromagnetic spectrum that includes x-ray, radio wave, microwave and more. Visible light is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum which the human eyes receive and contributes to humanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sight. Because of the visible light, human are able to perceived space in terms of depth and distance, and colours. Like any waves, light can be reflected, refracted, interfered, transmitted and absorbed. The most notable light source on earth is the sun, of which solar energy is used in the photosynthesis of plants, which in turn provides the energy needed for all living organisms.

5.1.1 Architecture Lighting

In the field of architecture, lighting in a space must be strategically planned to ensure human comforts and working efficiency, depending on the types of the space. It is also the main element that contributes to the experience and mood of a space, as people primarily perceived a space through their vision, which uses the information of contrast, brightness and colours. Therefore consideration on lighting design is very important during design stage in accordance with the function of the space and its users. There are two sources of lighting: Daylighting and artificial lighting. Daylighting are the light emitted by the sun, while artificial lighting is man-made light sources ranging from fire during historical times to fluorescent light now. Although utilizing daylighting is preferable as it does not require additional active energy to function thus it is more sustainable, it is unlikely for a building to function entirely just on daylighting, especially when the building needs to be used at night. Therefore artificial lighting is needed to create an efficient building.

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To measure the effectiveness of lighting, there are a few terminologies used, as shown in the table below: Terminology Luminous intensity (I)

Definition The force that generates the light that we see, independent of the visual sense. The radiated power emitted by a light source in all Luminous flux directions, evaluated according to the sensitivity of the (F) human eye. 1 lx is defined as the illuminance produced by 1 lm of area of 1m2. Therefore, Illuminance (E) luminous flux incident on an đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;Ľ = đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x17E;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D; .

SI unit cd (candela) lm (lumen)

lx (lux)

The luminous intensity per unit of apparent (projected) cd/m2 (Candela area of a primary (emitting) or secondary (reflecting) Luminance (L) per square light source. It is the visible light that enters human metre) eyes and enables sight. Table 5.1.1.1 Terminologies of lighting calculation (Source: Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 2010)

5.1.2 Daylight Factor

Daylight factor is defined as the ratio of indoor illuminance at a given point to the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance (Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 2010). It is used to determine whether the natural light level in a given space is sufficient for the users to conduct their activities. The formula to calculate daylight factor is given as below: đ??ˇđ??š =

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% đ??¸đ??ť

Where DF = Daylight factor, Ei = indoor illuminance and EH = outdoor illuminance. Zone DF (%) Distribution Very bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems Bright 3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6 Good Average 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor Note: The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing Table 5.1.2.1 Daylight factors and distribution (Source: MS1525, 2007)

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5.1.3 Lumen Method

Lumen method, also called light flux method, is used to determine the average number of overhead luminaires on the working plan in an area or a room. The luminaires are presupposed to be mounted in a regular manner in order to obtain a valid average number, as well as to provide uniform illumination (Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 2010). The equation for lumen method is given as below: đ?&#x2018; =

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

Where, N is the number of luminaires required, E is the illuminance level required (lux), A is the area of working plane (m2) and F is the average luminous flux from each luminance (lm). UF is the utilization factor, or coefficient of utilization (CU), which is an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces. It is calculated as the ratio of effective luminous flux to the total luminous flux of light source, thus it is always less than one. The equation used to calculate UF is as below: đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š =

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ąâ&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;

In addition, UF is also calculated using the zonal cavity method. Its value can refer to tables from Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Code Guide on lighting (or Society of Light and Lighting, SLL, which is a part of CIBSE). To locate the value, some data is needed, which includes the ceiling reflectance (Ď C), wall reflectance (Ď F), floor reflectance (Ď W) and the room index (also known as room cavity raito, RCR). Room index is given in the equation below: đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D; đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; đ?&#x2018;¤đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201D; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D; đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;Ś đ?&#x2018;¤đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľ = â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś (đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)

đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľ =

Where L is the length of the room, W is the width of the room and hRC is the distance between the luminaire and the working plane.

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Table 5.1.3.1 Coefficients of utilization for typical luminaires with suggested maximum spacing ratios (Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 2010) MF = maintenance factor, also known as light loss factor (LLF), is an allowance for reduced light output due to deterioration and dirt. MF can be obtained from the following equation: đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š = đ??żđ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??żđ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š Where LLMF is the lamp lumen maintenance factor, LSF is the lamp survival factor, LMF is the luminaire maintenance factor and RSMF is the room surface maintenance factor, of which all these values can be obtained from tables from CISBE Code Guide for lighting.

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Table 5.1.3.2 Typical values of LLMF and LSF for some commonly used luminaires after a range of hours of use (Source: SLL Code for Lighting, 2013)

Table 5.1.3.3 Luminaire categories and the typical location where various environments can be found (Source: SLL Code for Lighting, 2013)

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Table 5.1.3.4 Typical luminaire LMF for a range of luminaires, and a range of cleaning intervals, in the environments they correspond to (Source: SLL Code for Lighting, 2013)

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Table 5.1.3.5 Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) for direct, direct/indirect and indirect luminaires in rooms of different room indices, for a range of cleaning intervals, in the environments they correspond to (Source: SLL Code for Lighting, 2013) The room size in the table for RSMF is the room index.

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5.2 Zoning

5.2.1 Lobby

Figure 5.2.1.1 Lobby floor plan with zoning according to functions. Zoning A Lift Lobby B Lounge C Central Lobby D Reception E Porch Table 5.2.1.1 Zoning of lobby floor plan

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Figure 5.2.1.2 Lobby reflected ceiling plan with zoning according to functions.

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5.2.2 Office

Figure 5.2.2.1 Reflected ceiling plan with distribution of switches.

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Figure 5.2.2.2 Office reflected ceiling plan with zoning. The spaces are zoned by the distribution of switches. Since the office level is under renovation, the distribution of switch can show the intention of the architect to design the space, thus becoming a way to differentiate the zones.

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5.3 Lux Meter Reading

5.3.1 Lobby

5.3.1.1 Daytime

Figure 5.3.1.1.1 Tabulation data for daytime. Time: 9am -10am Whether Condition: Hazy *Black color text: Luminance at 1m and Red color text: Luminance at 1.5m.

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Figure 5.3.1.1.2 Tabulation data for daytime. Time: 4pm - 5pm Whether Condition: Cloudy *Black color text: Luminance at 1m and Red color text: Luminance at 1.5m.

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5.3.1.2 Night Time

Figure 5.3.1.2.1 Tabulation data for daytime. Time: 7pm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 8pm Whether Condition: Hazy *Black color text: Luminance at 1m and Red color text: Luminance at 1.5m.

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TABLE 5.3.1.1 Tabulation data of lobby (Ground Floor)

ZONE

GRID D3 E3 F3 G3 H3 I3 B5 B6 B7 B8 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8

9 a.m. – 10 a.m. 1m 1.5m 113 145 165 193 129 151 116 142 152 189 104 135 213 244 310 327 598 616 312 333 257 288 245 272 302 328 405 594 271 296 136 163 227 258 337 361 374 391 289 311 164 190 310 336 484 513 552 589 326 345 176 203 278 313 445 473 603 635 327 348 179 218 267 306 531 565 674 702 378 399 174 209 263 307 395 420 593 626 483 518

LUX LEVEL 4 p.m. – 5 p.m. 1m 1.5m 53 89 95 128 76 92 58 79 62 87 34 61 197 211 186 200 214 223 134 150 238 267 132 158 150 168 176 193 102 120 56 83 96 120 137 152 94 110 127 152 64 92 78 119 123 148 159 183 104 123 86 109 105 139 126 154 118 145 56 92 46 79 95 126 104 137 116 148 58 99 67 95 83 113 97 123 104 130 47 86

7 p.m. – 8 p.m. 1m 1.5m 23 48 27 55 25 57 23 54 10 27 7 17 20 46 22 26 14 19 11 18 21 42 47 64 31 33 21 24 8 17 19 38 87 96 141 152 45 48 11 19 34 53 42 50 124 130 68 85 24 31 25 49 23 48 136 154 47 65 21 27 23 50 56 71 119 138 39 57 21 28 20 36 48 65 89 102 36 56 24 30

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I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 K5 K6 K7 K8 L6 L7 L8 B9 C9 D9 D10 E9 E10 F9 F10 G9 G10 H9 H10 I9 I10 J9 J10 K9 L9

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153 289 387 278 356 303 278 376 526 386 248 337 534 338 296 526 363

190 325 417 306 378 338 307 408 550 416 273 389 593 364 365 580 398 5300 3800 2800 7700 2600 6600 2300 5700 2200 5000 2400 4900 2600 6000 2900 6700 4200 5400

46 108 78 67 78 234 97 68 82 58 76 87 107 67 56 89 52

70 132 112 93 103 268 126 104 98 76 109 95 122 80 78 114 71 289 223 189 321 147 275 125 245 106 242 115 266 123 291 130 329 238 276

26 42 76 82 24 14 21 68 43 9 22 43 38 19 28 31 10

45 55 93 93 31 30 39 86 46 18 34 46 40 25 32 34 19 9 10 40 68 70 91 65 80 75 89 71 92 68 65 13 54 11 8

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5.3.2 Office

5.3.2.1 Daytime

Figure 5.3.2.1.1 Tabulation data for daytime. Time: 9am -10am Whether Condition: Hazy *Red color text: Luminance at 1.5m.

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Figure 5.3.2.1.2 Tabulation data for daytime. Time: 4pm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5pm Whether Condition: Hazy *Red color text: Luminance at 1.5m.

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5.3.2.2 Night Time

Figure 5.3.2.2.1 Tabulation data for daytime. Time: 7pm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 8pm Whether Condition: Hazy *Red color text: Luminance at 1.5m.

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TABLE 5.3.2.1 Tabulation data by office (Fifth Floor) LUX LEVEL ZONE

GRID

A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8

9 a.m. – 10 a.m.

4 p.m. – 5 p.m.

7 p.m. – 8 p.m.

1.5m

414 425 410 375

414 425 1370 375

214 425 941 675

518 462 455 335

518 462 1370 335

418 662 935 235

201 244 253 311 410 241 241 244 224 186 201 224 239 227 150 186 195 207 218 268 908 176 157 139 133 136

859 244 253 311 410 241 666 344 224 400 201 324 470 400 370 481 688 343 218 268 426 476 257 420 433 336

660 942 453 311 310 521 866 344 424 284 201 198 470 400 266 481 688 885 785 268 715 476 557 672 433 336

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D19 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 E12 E13 E14 E15 E16 E17 E18 99

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

128 130 129 134 107 116 129 163 190 234

1020 367 420 280 1020 316 429 263 290 530

177 367 374 280 120 316 628 563 690 374

142 125 123 120 110 114 117 119 122 109 120 131 150 186 250 525 143 124 130 129 122 123 124 124 127 125 132 144 157 185 286

242 325 1002 320 555 314 417 410 555 163 220 231 235 510 546 502 243 224 240 229 223 194 175 240 183 294 231 231 357 485 286

531 925 506 320 617 314 186 410 555 97 220 231 939 964 546 599 243 224 210 229 223 101 118 128 133 194 321 144 357 485 286

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

100

E19 F16 F17 F18 F19 G16 G17 G18 G19 H16 H17 H18 H19 I16 I17 I18 I19 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3 E1 E2 E3 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 H1

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

340 171 192 253 396 160 173 282 294 128 160 239

340 414 392 426 396 360 262 282 294 928 260 1143

340 254 392 240 296 360 262 282 494 428 242 286

112 148 196 290 1710 861 725 478 262

322 248 396 290 773 861 725 811 262

521 348 521 290 118 361 225 855 262

234 185 538 225 181 485 256 172 546 264 162 132 127 540 240 169 132 120

600 558 538 845 481 485 556 372 811 464 414 332 433 540 408 369 243 220

480 439 438 816 481 385 556 372 268 464 319 332 277 340 274 369 259 220

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

101

H2 H3 H4 H5 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

212 160 118 108 530 230 173 131 105 530 276 150 116 140 670 285 168 130 110 650 230 162 120 118 540 227 183 145 126 673 300 240 153 140 680 300 209 180 165 200 233 203

512 975 418 208 530 430 473 231 625 736 476 511 316 320 919 385 368 230 410 650 407 362 425 284 540 327 483 245 326 1370 300 880 353 805 680 300 509 280 365 246 233 312

512 260 418 158 892 430 237 331 587 536 476 132 216 308 255 385 368 230 410 250 305 362 260 321 440 327 483 345 326 320 300 230 253 236 280 300 509 480 365 173 133 212

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

O9 O10 O11 O12 O13 O14 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 102

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

197 167 174 177 185 189 673 296 270 220 209 212 220 255 251 160 164 166 175 183

297 247 274 377 285 336 673 668 670 420 1100 212 220 630 451 360 464 406 375 483

113 124 174 277 285 190 473 883 670 774 865 212 220 383 351 360 464 661 375 483

340 285 245 240 305 265 320 365 223 222 217 300 232 1080 540 385 415 370 480 485 440

666 560 245 240 486 265 320 365 488 522 517 300 562 1080 540 720 527 426 480 485 433

455 268 445 540 429 365 320 161 270 522 517 300 994 64 540 946 107 600 580 485 303

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

103

R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 J16 J17 J18 J19 K16 K17 K18 K19 L16 L17 L18 L19 M16 M17 M18 M19 N16 N17 N18 N19 O16 O17 O18

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

570 344 385 330 312 371 1429

570 444 485 406 412 371 667

370 244 485 436 412 671 257

1360 1475 1220 1020

1360 1475 1560 1020

408 954 842 620

1550 1169 1138 1310

1550 1588 1138 1310

256 256 972 650

1278 131 165 222 388 140 187 219 296 150 195 251 314 179 188 230 319 180 200 252 337 215 243 294

1843 158 465 453 388 440 387 219 296 450 255 251 314 379 488 426 426 465 500 718 337 415 343 294

1022 158 465 453 388 127 387 280 296 450 255 251 314 218 485 274 426 516 493 334 337 415 343 294

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

104

O19 P16 P17 P18 P19 Q16 Q17 Q18 Q19 R16 R17 R18 R19 S16 S17 S18 S19 F10 F11 G11 H10 H11

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

452 216 266 324 322 282 340 390

452 877 666 324 1296 682 706 625

452 1031 666 424 757 882 455 352

411 440 556 170 1023 1030 1170 1626 156 326 483 123 309

557 633 566 928 1023 1030 440 1629 156 326 483 123 309

648 412 266 425 531 430 240 119 143 428 462 116 310

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

5.4 Calculation and Analysis 5.4.1 Lobby 5.4.1.1 Daylight Factor Time 9a.m. - 10a.m. 4p.m. - 5p.m. Weather Hazy Cloudy Luminance at 1m 104 - 165 34 - 95 Average lux at 1m 129.83 63 Luminance at 1.5m 135 - 193 61 - 128 Average lux at 1.5m 159.17 89.33 Overall average lux value 144.5 76.17 Table 5.4.1.1.1 Average lux value zone A Time 9a.m. - 10a.m. 4p.m. - 5p.m. Weather Hazy Cloudy Luminance at 1m 136 - 598 56 - 238 Average lux at 1m 305.43 145.64 Luminance at 1.5m 163 - 616 83 - 267 Average lux at 1.5m 341.57 164.79 Overall average lux value 323.5 155.22 Table 5.4.1.1.2 Average lux value zone B Time 9a.m. - 10a.m. 4p.m. - 5p.m. Weather Hazy Cloudy Luminance at 1m 153 - 674 46 - 159 Average lux at 1m 362.6 88.52 Luminance at 1.5m 190 - 702 70 - 183 Average lux at 1.5m 393.24 118 Overall average lux value 377.92 103.26 Table 5.4.1.1.3 Average lux value zone C Time 9a.m. - 10a.m. 4p.m. - 5p.m. Weather Hazy Cloudy Luminance at 1m 248 - 534 52 - 234 Average lux at 1m 375.92 89.42 Luminance at 1.5m 273 - 593 71 - 268 Average lux at 1.5m 415.08 111.75 Overall average lux value 395.5 100.59 Table 5.4.1.1.4 Average lux value zone D Time 9a.m. - 10a.m. 4p.m. - 5p.m. Weather Hazy Cloudy Luminance at 1.5m 2200 - 7700 106 - 329 Average lux at 1.5m 4394.44 218.33 Overall average lux value 4394.44 218.33 Table 5.4.1.1.5 Average lux value zone E

105

7p.m. - 8p.m. Hazy 7 - 27 19.17 17 - 57 43 31.09 7p.m. - 8p.m. Hazy 8 - 141 35.57 17 - 152 45.93 40.75 7p.m. - 8p.m. Hazy 20 - 136 50.76 28 - 154 65.68 58.22 7p.m. - 8p.m. Hazy 9 - 68 28.83 18 - 86 37.42 33.13 7p.m. - 8p.m. Hazy 8 - 92 54.39 54.39

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Zone

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Daylight level in Malaysia, đ??¸đ??ť (lux)

Average lux value based on collected data, đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; (lux)

Daylight factor, DF đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; đ??ˇđ??š = đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% đ??¸đ??ť

Lift Lobby 110.34 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 32000 A

110.34 = 0.34% Lounge 239.36 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 32000

239.36 = 0.75%

Central Lobby 240.59 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 32000 240.59 C

= 0.75%

32000

Reception 248.05 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 32000 D

248.05 = 0.78%

Porch E

2306.39

2306.39 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 32000 = 7.21%

Table 5.4.1.1.6 Daylight factor calculation by zoning

106

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According to the calculation, zone A is getting the least daylight compare to the other zone areas. Zone B and C are getting the same amount of daylight and zone D is getting slightly higher of daylight factor. Zone E is getting the highest daylight factor because it is an outdoor area. Zone DF (%) Distribution Very bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems Bright 3–6 Good Average 1–3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor Note: The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing Table 5.4.1.1.7 Daylight factors and distribution (Source: MS1525, 2007) Referring to the MS 1525, zone A, B, C and D are having poor daylight distribution in the lobby. Especially zone A, lift lobby which located further away from the entrance, whereas lounge, central lobby and reception are receiving constant daylighting. Excessive exposure to the daylight will affect visual comfort in the interior. Therefore, tinted glass panel are used for the façade to control the amount of daylight infiltrates into the lobby without losing the visual relationship from inside to outside the lobby. Artificial lights are switched on during daytime to provide adequate lighting in the lobby. The porch which installed with a glass overhangs allowing more daylight infiltrates into the area and the lobby rather than using an opaque material for overhangs.

Figure5.4.1.1.1 & 5.4.1.1.2 Interior of lobby; Tinted glass panel used for the façade of the lobby.

107

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Figure 5.4.1.1.3 & Figure 5.4.1.1.4 Glass overhangs at the porch.

Figure 5.4.1.1.5 Section shows the daylighting in the lobby.

Figure 5.4.1.1.6 Lux contour diagram of daylight factor. The lux contour diagram shows the porch is the brightest area and the daylight has filled up most of the lobby area. The utilization of natural lighting is effective in the design of bringing in constant and sufficient daylight into the lobby. 108

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5.4.1.2 Artificial Lighting

Figure 5.4.1.2.1 Lobby floor plan with section cut line.

109

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Figure 5.4.1.2.2 Section A - A of lounge shows all the artificial lights are switched on including table lamps during the day.

Figure 5.4.1.2.3 Section A â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A of lounge shows only certain artificial lights are switched on during the night.

Figure 5.4.1.2.4 Section B â&#x20AC;&#x201C; B of central lobby shows all the artificial lights are switched on during the day.

110

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Figure 5.4.1.2.5 Section B – B of central lobby shows only certain artificial lights are switched on during the night.

Figure 5.4.1.2.6 Section C – C of reception shows all the artificial lights are switched on including table lamps during the day.

Figure 5.4.1.2.7 Section C – C of reception shows only certain artificial lights are switched on during the night.

111

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Artificial Light Calculation Zone A Dimension of room (L x W) Total floor area, A (m2) Type of luminaires Number of luminaires, N Room cavity height, hRC (m) Lumen of luminaires, F (lm) Reflectance values Room index, K: đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ??ž= â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś ( đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Illuminance requirement Illuminance level, E (lux): đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??¸= đ??´

112

13.13m x 2.82m 37.03 Compact fluorescent lamp 5 1.7 1105 Ceiling = 0.7

Wall = 0.5 K=

13.13 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 2.82 1.7 (13.13+2.82)

= 1.37 0.51 0.8 100 đ??¸=

5 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 1105 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.51 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 37.03 = 60.87

Floor = 0.2

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Zone B Dimension of room (L x W) Total floor area, A (m2) Type of luminaires Number of luminaires, N Room cavity height, hRC (m) Lumen of luminaires, F (lm) Reflectance values Room index, K: đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ??ž= â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś ( đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Illuminance requirement Illuminance level, E (lux): đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??¸= đ??´

113

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

4.49m x 8.45m 37.94 Compact fluorescent lamp 12

Adjustable compact fluorescent lamp 2

4.2

1105

Ceiling = 0.7 4.49 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 8.45 K = 4.2 (4.49+8.45)

Wall = 0.5

Floor = 0.2 K=

4.49 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 8.45 4.2 (4.49+8.45)

= 0.7

0.47 0.8

0.47 0.8 100

đ??¸=

12 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 1105 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.47 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 37.94 = 131.41

đ??¸=

2 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 1105 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.47 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 37.94 = 21.90

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Zone C Dimension of room (L x W) Total floor area, A (m2) Type of luminaires Number of luminaires, N Room cavity height, hRC (m) Lumen of luminaires, F (lm) Reflectance values Room index, K: đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ??ž= â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś ( đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Standard illuminance from MS 1525 Illuminance level, E (lux): đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??¸= đ??´

114

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

11.02m x 7.92m 87.28 Compact fluorescent lamp 20 4.2 1105 Ceiling = 0.7

Wall = 0.5 K=

11.02 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 7.92 4.2 (11.02+7.92)

= 1.1 0.47 0.8 100 đ??¸=

20 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 1105 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.47 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 87.28 = 95.21

Floor = 0.2

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Zone D Dimension of room (L x W) Total floor area, A (m2) Type of luminaires Number of luminaires, N Room cavity height, hRC (m) Lumen of luminaires, F (lm) Reflectance values Room index, K: đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ??ž= â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś ( đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Illuminance requirement Illuminance level, E (lux): đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??¸= đ??´

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

4.49m x 9.10m 40.86 Compact fluorescent lamp 9

Adjustable compact fluorescent lamp 2

4.2

1105

Ceiling = 0.7 4.49 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 9.10 K = 4.2 (4.49+9.10)

Wall = 0.5

Floor = 0.2 K=

4.49 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 9.10 4.2 (4.49+9.10)

= 0.72

0.47 0.8

0.47 0.8 100

đ??¸=

9 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 1105 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.47 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 40.86 = 91.52

đ??¸=

2 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 1105 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.47 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 40.86 = 20.34

Total illuminance for lobby = 60.87 + 131.41 + 21.90 + 95.21 + 91.52 + 20.34 = 421.22 (lx) According to the calculation, the lobby area has more than enough illuminance (421.22 lx), therefore meets the requirement of MS 1525 (100 lx). The minimum number of luminaires in zone A needed to meet the requirement can be obtained by: đ??¸đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´ đ?&#x2018; = đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 100 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 37.03 = 1105 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.51 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 = 8.21 Therefore the minimum number of luminaires needed for zone A is 9. For zone B, C and D: N =

100 đ?&#x2018;Ľ (37.94+87.28+40.86) 1105 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.47 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8

= 39.97 Therefore the minimum number of luminaires needed for zone B, C and D is 40. 115

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Compare this to the total number of luminaires in lobby area, which is 60, the area has 20 more luminaires. Zone E Dimension of room (L x W) Total floor area, A (m2) Type of luminaires Number of luminaires, N Room cavity height, hRC (m) Lumen of luminaires, F (lm) Reflectance values Room index, K: đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ??ž= â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś ( đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Illuminance requirement Illuminance level, E (lux): đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??¸= đ??´

20.00m x 5.75m 115 Surface mounted down light 18 3.08 120 Ceiling = 0.7

Wall = 0.5 K=

Floor = 0.2

20.00 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 5.75 3.08 (20.00 +5.75)

= 1.45 0.51 0.8 50 đ??¸=

18 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 120 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.51 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 115 = 7.66

Outdoor illuminance level is 7.66 lx, which has not met the requirement of MS 1525 (50 lx). To meet the requirement the minimum number of luminaires needed can be calculated as below: đ?&#x2018; = =

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 50 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 115

120 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.51 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8

= 117.44 The number of luminaires has to be increased to 118.

116

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Figure 5.4.1.2.8 Main light switch of lobby The light switch controls the lights in the lobby in a mode of several periods of time. The periods are morning, noon, evening, security (night) and off. All the artificial lights installed in the lobby will be switched on during the day time (morning and noon mode). Besides, lights at the porch will be switched on in the evening. , The system will automatically change to security mode when night fall from 7pm to 5 am. . Central lobby, lounge and reception are the main zones in the lobby. Vast different can be easily notice between daytime and night time. Several sections and pictures are shown as following to have a better understanding the mode of the artificial lighting active in the lobby.

Figure 5.4.1.2.9 & 5.4.1.2.10 Condition of central lobby during daytime and evening.

Figure 5.4.1.2.11 & 5.4.1.2.12 Condition of lounge during daytime and evening.

117

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Figure 5.4.1.2.13 & 5.4.1.2.14 Condition of reception during daytime and evening.

Figure 5.4.1.2.15 Lux contour diagram of artificial lighting during daytime.

Figure 5.4.1.2.16 Lux contour diagram of artificial lighting during the night. 118

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According to the lux contour diagram, yellow shows the highest lux level while blue show the lowest lux level. The lobby is getting sufficient and uniform lighting by artificial lights during the day, while only the center part of the lobby is the brightest area during the night. 5.4.2 Office 5.4.2.1 Daylight Factor Time Weather Luminance at 1.5m Average lux at 1.5m Overall average lux value

9a.m. - 10a.m. 4p.m. - 5p.m. Hazy Cloudy 107-908 163-1370 209.05 411.01 209.05 411.01 Average lux value zone1

7p.m. - 8p.m. Hazy 97-964 420.35 420.35

Time Weather Luminance at 1.5m Average lux at 1.5m Overall average lux value

9a.m. - 10a.m. 4p.m. - 5p.m. Hazy Cloudy 105-1710 208-975 328.47 515.72 328.47 515.72 Average lux value zone 2

7p.m. - 8p.m. Hazy 118-892 397.97 397.97

Time Weather Luminance at 1.5m Average lux at 1.5m Overall average lux value

9a.m. - 10a.m. 4p.m. - 5p.m. Hazy Cloudy 110-680 284-1370 270.53 485.40 270.53 485.40 Average lux value zone 3

7p.m. - 8p.m. Hazy 132-536 336.93 336.93

Time Weather Luminance at 1.5m Average lux at 1.5m Overall average lux value

9a.m. - 10a.m. 4p.m. - 5p.m. Hazy Cloudy 160-1550 212-1843 469.90 602.75 469.90 602.75 Average lux value zone 4

7p.m. - 8p.m. Hazy 64-1022 448.68 448.68

Time Weather Luminance at 1.5m Average lux at 1.5m Overall average lux value

9a.m. - 10a.m. 4p.m. - 5p.m. Hazy Cloudy 131-1626 158-1629 367.00 546.18 367.00 546.18 Average lux value zone 5

7p.m. - 8p.m. Hazy 119-1031 411.51 411.51

119

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Time Weather Luminance at 1.5m Average lux at 1.5m Overall average lux value

Zone

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

9a.m. - 10a.m. 4p.m. - 5p.m. Hazy Cloudy 123-483 123-483 279.40 279.40 279.40 279.40 Average lux value zone 6 Daylight level in Malaysia, đ??¸đ??ť (lux)

7p.m. - 8p.m. Hazy 143-462 291.80 291.80

Average lux value based on collected data, đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; (lux)

Daylight factor, DF đ??ˇđ??š đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; = đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% đ??¸đ??ť

310 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 32000

1 310

=0.97

422 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 32000

2 422

=1.32 32000

378 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 32000

3 378

=1.18

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4 536

536 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 32000 =1.68

5 457 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 32000 457 =1.43

279 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 32000

6 279

=0.87

Table 5.4.2.1.1 Daylight factor calculation by zoning Zone Very Bright

Daylight Factor (%) >6

Bright Average Dark

3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very large with thermal and glare problem Good Fair Poor

NOTE: The figures are average daylight factors for window without glazing Table 5.4.2.1.2 Daylight factor and distribution (Source MS1525, 2007) From the diagram above, zone 1 and 6 have poor light distribution while zone 2, 3, 4 and 5 have fair light distribution.

121

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Figure 5.4.2.1.1 Orientation of building From the figure above, zone 2, 3, 4 and 5 have a higher daylight factor compared to zone 1 and 6 due to the orientation of the building which faces towards the sunlight from the east. Zone 6 has the lowest daylight factor which is 0.87 because it is a toilet located at the center of the building, receiving minimal daylight. The readings appear to be too low for proper office use, thus artificial light is needed for maximum efficiency of the office spaces.

122

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5.4.2.2 Artificial Lighting

Figure 5.4.2.2.1 Reflective Ceiling Plan

123

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Figure 5.4.2.2.2 Section A – A

Figure 5.4.2.2.3 Section B – B

Figure 5.4.2.2.4 Section C – C

Figure 5.4.2.2.5 Section A - A

124

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Artificial Light Calculation Zone 1 Dimension of room (L x W) Total floor area, A (m2) Type of luminaires Number of luminaires, N Room cavity height, hRC (m) Lumen of luminaires, F (lm) Reflectance values Room index, K: đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ??ž= â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś ( đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Illuminance requirement Illuminance level, E (lux): đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??¸= đ??´

125

11.41m x 34.32m

MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco 46

391.59 Compact Fluorescent Light Globe 7

1.97

2600

600

Ceiling = 0.7 Wall = 0.5 11.41 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 34.32 K = 1.97 (11.41 + 34.32) K=

Floor = 0.2 11.41 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 34.32 1.97 (11.41 + 34.32)

= 4.35

0.53 0.8

0.56 0.8 300 - 400

đ??¸=

46 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 2600 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.53 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 391.59 = 129.50

đ??¸=

7 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 600 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.56 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 391.59 = 4.81

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Zone 2 Dimension of room (L x W) Total floor area, A (m2) Type of luminaires Number of luminaires, N Room cavity height, hRC (m) Lumen of luminaires, F (lm) Reflectance values Room index, K: đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ??ž= â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś ( đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Illuminance requirement Illuminance level, E (lux): đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??¸= đ??´

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7.92m x 20.87m 165.29 MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco 19 1.97 2600 Ceiling = 0.7

Wall = 0.5 K=

7.92 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 20.87 1.97 (7.92+ 20.87)

= 2.91 0.58 0.8 300 - 400 đ??¸=

19 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 2600 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.58 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 165.29 = 138.68

Floor = 0.2

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Zone 3 Dimension of room (L x W) Total floor area, A (m2) Type of luminaires Number of luminaires, N Room cavity height, hRC (m) Lumen of luminaires, F (lm) Reflectance values Room index, K: đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ??ž= â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś ( đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Illuminance requirement Illuminance level, E (lux): đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??¸= đ??´

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10.07m x 13.67m 137.66 MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco 16 1.97 2600 Ceiling = 0.7

Wall = 0.5 K=

10.09 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 13.67 1.97 (10.09+ 13.67)

= 3.02 0.58 0.8 300 - 400 đ??¸=

16 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 2600 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.58 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 137.66 = 140.22

Floor = 0.2

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Zone 4 Dimension of room (L x W) Total floor area, A (m2) Type of luminaires Number of luminaires, N Room cavity height, hRC (m) Lumen of luminaires, F (lm) Reflectance values Room index, K: đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ??ž= â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś ( đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Illuminance requirement Illuminance level, E (lux): đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??¸= đ??´

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32.53m x 11.25m

MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco 31

365.96 Compact Fluorescent Light Globe 7

1.97

2600

600

Ceiling = 0.7 Wall = 0.5 32.53 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 11.25 K = 1.97 (32.53 + 11.25) K=

Floor = 0.2 32.53 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 11.25 1.97 (32.53 + 11.25)

= 4.24

0.53 0.8

0.56 0.8 300 - 400

đ??¸=

31 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 2600 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.53 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 365.96 = 93.38

đ??¸=

7 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 600 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.56 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 365.96 =5.14

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Zone 5 Dimension of room (L x W) Total floor area, A (m2) Type of luminaires Number of luminaires, N Room cavity height, hRC (m) Lumen of luminaires, F (lm) Reflectance values Room index, K: đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ??ž= â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś ( đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Illuminance requirement Illuminance level, E (lux): đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??¸= đ??´

10.92m x 22.39m 244.50 MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco 25 1.97 2600 Ceiling = 0.7

Wall = 0.5 K=

Floor = 0.2

10.92 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 22.39 1.97 (10.92 + 22.39)

= 3.73 0.53 0.8 300 - 400 đ??¸=

25 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 2600 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.53 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 244.50 = 112.72

Total illuminance for office area = 129.50 + 4.81 + 138.68 + 140.22 + 93.38 + 5.14 + 112.72 = 624.45 The office area (zone 1 to 5) has met the illuminance requirement of MS 1525 for office area (300 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 400 lx) with an illuminance of 624.45 lx. The minimum number of MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco needed to reach the requirement is given as below: đ?&#x2018; = =

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

400 đ?&#x2018;Ľ (391.59+165.29+137.66+365.96+244.50) 2600 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.58 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8

= 34.62 Therefore the number of luminaires needed for office is 35. Comparing this number to the number of luminaires in the office area, which is 137, the area has installed 102 more luminaires.

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Zone 6 Dimension of room (L x W) Total floor area, A (m2) Type of luminaires Number of luminaires, N Room cavity height, hRC (m) Lumen of luminaires, F (lm) Reflectance values Room index, K: đ??żđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ??ž= â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ??ś ( đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Illuminance requirement Illuminance level, E (lux): đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??¸= đ??´

Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

1.96m x 6.38m 12.50 MASTER TL5 High Efficiency Eco 6 1.97 2600 Ceiling = 0.7

Wall = 0.5 K=

Floor = 0.2

1.96 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 6.38 1.97 (1.96 + 6.38)

= 0.76 0.81 0.8 50 đ??¸=

6 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 2600 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.81 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8 12.50 = 808.70

For the corridor connecting the office and the washroom (zone 6), the illuminance level is 808.70 lx, which is well above the required illuminance level by MS 1525 (50 lx). However, based on the observation on site, the corridor is not that bright, as the luminaires are recessed into the ceiling and partially hidden. đ?&#x2018; = =

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 50 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 12.50

2600 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.81 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.8

= 0.37 If the light is not recessed, the area only requires 1 light to meet the standard.

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From the figure above, the office block is fully exposed to daylight from all direction but due to low ceiling level which is 2.77m, daylight could not diffuse into the center of the building, thus the lux level appears to be very low in the middle of the building. Artificial lights are needed to maximise the usage of the space.

From the figure above, the area covered by artificial lights have a lux level range of 200 to 280. The distribution of light is relatively constant throughout the whole office area, showing the spacing of artificial light between each other is well planned. The lux level at zone 6 is lower than the other zones because the artificial light is blocked by a protruded wall, causing diffused light to render the space. 131

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5.5 Conclusion

As for conclusion, the lobby uses daylight and artificial light to produce a satisfying environment to the space. Although the lobby has a low daylight factor, it controls the using of artificial light to enhance the space, providing a space with sufficient lighting for the users. At zone B and D, sufficient luminance is provided for the user to carry out activities such as reading and doing reports. Zone c is the central lobby, the lighting is at a comfortable level, not too bright yet not too dim. Zone E had a lower lux level which doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t meet the standard of MS1525, therefore more lights are required to brighten up the space. Even though the lobby is full with high reflectance materials, there is no uncomfortable glaring. Therefore, this lobby is a good case study for us in designing it with good lighting planning and features. For the office space, the daylight factor is fair at zone 2, 3, 4 and 5 but insufficient for proper office usage, thus artificial lights are forced to switch on from morning to night. Through our studies, it can be seen that the artificial lights used are more than enough to meet the requirement of MS1525, thus different artificial light with lower luminance level can be considered or the number of artificial light can be reduced. The study of this office in term of lighting performance is not considered as a good example although it meets the requirement of illuminance level. Excessive uses in number of lights do not promote energy efficiency in designing with sustainability. In general, there are needs and desires to control different light levels in accordance with our daily activities and space requirement to create a certain desire effect. The careful control of illuminance is essential to provide visibility, safety and emotional satisfaction for the office. As a designer we must take into consideration the surfaces finishes and texture of the space to achieve the desire ambience environment.

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6.0 Acoustic Performance Evaluation

6.1

Literature Review

Sound can be defined as a vibration in an elastic medium. Elastic mediums can be any material such as air, water or physical object that after being deflected by an external force (sound vibration) can still return to its normal state. Sound can be reflected, absorbed, transmitted and diffracted. Most of the time, people tend to treat sound and noise as the same term but they are two distinctive terms in a subjective way. Sound is desirable whereas noise is unwanted sound. Even though noise is not desirable but some noise could be beneficial too such as fire alarms and music. Noise can cause health effect in both physiological and psychological. Other than that, it also has effect to communication and performance which interrupt occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; activities and cause problem if it is not being controlled. 6.1.1 Architecture Acoustic Architecture acoustic is the science of controlling sound in a space which might include the design of spaces, structures, and mechanical systems to meet the hearing needs. Pleasing sound quality and safe sound level are very important for creating suitable mood and safety in a space but it is hard to be achieved without proper design efforts as most of the buildings nowadays are lightweight building. Therefore, a proper acoustic design response in the early stage of design is important. There are always three common elements in all acoustic situations which are a sound source, a sound transmission and a sound receiver. In order to achieve the sound quality desired, the design will have to play around with these three elements. 6.1.2 Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Sound Pressure Level is the measure of the change in air pressure which caused by a sound wave and in the unit of decibels (dB). Audible sound pressure levels for human ear range from 20 ÂľPa till 20Pa. Since the scale is too large, a logarithmic scale was introduced. In logarithmic scale, the audible sound level for human ear range from 0dB SPL to 120-140 dB SPL.

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Table 6.1.2.1 Examples of sound pressure levels in relation to hearing threshold and pain threshold (in dB SPL). (Sources: SCENIHR, Potential health risks of exposure to noise from personal music players and mobile phones including a music playing function (2008) , Section 3.3.3.1, Page 17) Sound Pressure Level Formula: SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo), Where SPL = sound pressure level (dB) l = sound power (intensity) (Watts) lo = reference power (1 x 10-12 Watts) Sound level Measurement Thumb Method for dB addition: Difference between the 2 values Add to larger SPL 0, 1 +3 2, 3 +2 4-9 +1 10 or greater 0 (Source: Mr. Sivaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Building Science 2 Lecture 3 Architectural Acoustic Calculations slides) Power Additional Method for dB addition: The formula: L = 10 log10 (l / lo) Total sound intensity, Tl = lA + lB + â&#x20AC;Ś Combined SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x 10-12)

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6.1.3 Reverberation Time (RT) Reverberation is the interpretation of the persistence of sound after a sound is produced from a source and stop. A reverberation is caused by the repeated reflections of sound in an enclosed space. The definition for reverberation time is the time required for the sound level to decrease 60dB after the sound source has stopped producing sound (Stein and Reynolds). There are positive and negative effects by reverberation for architectural design. A same highly reflected surface apply to two different area will have different effect. For example, if it is located above the stage in an auditorium, it helps to improve the audio performance whereas if it is located in the rear of the auditorium, it will be distracting echoes to the audience. Therefore, specific reverberation time have to be considered for each space during the architectural design in order to achieve optimum performance. Reverberation Time Formula: đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; =

0.16 Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; đ??´

Where, V = Volume of space A = Total absorption Based on the formula, the factors that could affect reverberation time include volume of the space and the amount of reflective or absorptive surface within the area. A space with highly reflective surface will have longer reverberation time but if it has a lower volume of space, the reverberation time will be shorter than the one with higher volume of space. A space with either too short or too long reverberation time is no good depend on the usage of the space. 6.1.4 Sound Reduction Index (SRI) Sound Reduction Index is the measure of the level of sound insulation against the direct transmission of air-borne sound. By knowing the number of decibels lost when a sound of a given frequency (125-4000Hz) is transmitted through a partition, architect can make decision on which materials and the amount of materials needed for a better acoustic performance. This will help to reduce the possibility of external noise source permeating to the quiet space. Sound Reduction Index Formula: Sound Reduction Index (SRI) = 10log10 (1 / Tav) Where đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ł = (

đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;1 Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;?1 +đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;2 Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;?2 +â&#x2039;Ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x2019; đ??´đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;

)

Sn = Surface area of material n Tcn = Transmission Coefficient of Material 135

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6.2 Acoustic Tabulation and Analysis

6.2.1 Sound Meter Reading of Lobby Space

Figure 6.2.1.1 shows the zoning of lobby space

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6.2.1.1 Peak Period Date: 28 Sept 2015 (Monday) Time: 9am

Figure 6.2.1.1.1 Floor plan with sound level data for peak period at 9 a.m.

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Date: 28 Sept 2015 (Monday) Time: 12 pm

Figure 6.2.1.1.2 Floor plan with sound level data for peak period at 12 p.m. Based on the two figures above, the differences between the readings collected in the morning and afternoon are low. Besides, the readings outside the lobby have the higher decibels reading compare to the inside. This is because there is more noise sources with high decibel reading out there compare to the inside. The range of decibel reading for Zone A is 54 - 72dB, Zone B is 56 - 77dB and Zone C is 58-69dB. Zone B with escalators and main entrances have highest range of decibel reading compared to Zone A and Zone C as it is the densest human activity area. Office staffers have to pass through Zone B when check in and out of work and clock in and out during lunch hour (12 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2pm). The reading for Zone C increases dramatically as Grand Hyatt Hotel guests walk in and out of the lobby of Menara Darussalam via the connecting door.

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6.2.1.2 Non-peak period Date: 27 Sept 2015 (Sunday) Time: 9am

Figure 6.2.1.2.1 Floor plan with sound level data for non-peak period at 9 a.m.

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Date: 27 Sept 2015 (Sunday) Time: 2pm

Figure 6.2.1.2.2 Floor plan with sound level data for non-peak period at 2 p.m. Based on the two figures above, there are not much changes of decibel reading between these two periods. Therefore, during non-peak period, activities during weekend are consistent. The range of decibel reading for Zone A is 51 - 58dB, Zone B is 51 - 69dB and Zone C is 52- 60dB. The readings range for Zone A is the smallest among three zones. This is because Zone A is the area where not many people hang around during weekend. Zone B has the highest readings difference as the readings taken near the escalators fluctuates due to the operation of escalators by the building users.

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6.2.1.3 Graph Analysis of Data

(Peak Period and Non-Peak period)

Sound level (dB) against time (minute) in zone A 75 70

Sound level (dB)

65 60 55 50

45 40 35 30 0

Time interval (min) Peak hour

Non-peak hour

Figure 6.2.1.3.1 shows graph of Sound Level (dB) against time in Zone A.

Figure 6.2.1.3.2 shows section of Zone A. The sound level readings collected during peak period and non-peak period at Zone A were distinctive. This shows the density of human activity during peak period is higher than non-peak period. Zone A is the lobby lounge where people could rest and chat. Therefore, human activity is the main source of noise for Zone A. Based on the figure above, the sound level readings increase then drop

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and increase again which indicate there was a start of conversation and then it ends and another conversation starts again.

Sound level (dB) against time (minute) in zone B 80 75

Sound level (dB)

70 65 60

55 50 45 40 35 30 0

Time interval (min) Peak hour

Non-peak hour

Figure 6.2.1.3.3 shows graph of Sound Level (dB) against time in Zone B.

Figure 6.2.1.3.4 shows section of Zone B. The graph for Zone B (main lobby area) shows that there is a same pattern for both periods except that there was a sudden boost of sound level decibel for the non-peak period. This sudden increase could be caused by the opening of door which allows the external noise from the vehicular drop off point and fountain to penetrate into the lobby. From this data collected, it shows that the lobby doors did help to filter the external noise by reflection and absorption. Other than external noise, there is also internal noise which produced by human activities 142

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such as conversation and lift arrival. By comparing the peak period and non-peak period reading, it can be seen that the difference is caused by the increase of human activities during peak period.

Sound level (dB) against time (minute) in zone C 75 70

Sound level (dB)

65 60

55 50 45 40 35 30 0

Time interval (min) Peak hour

Non-peak hour

Figure 6.2.1.3.5 Graph of Sound Level (dB) against time in Zone C.

Figure 6.2.1.3.6 Section of Zone C.

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Zone C is an area which has the connecting door to the hotel lobby next door, reception and smoking area. Based on the graph for Zone C, there were slight increases in sound level readings in between every 5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10 mins interval. This is because of the hotel lobby next door. Hotel guests of Grand Hyatt Hotel will choose to pass through Menara Darussalam's lobby in order to get to the skybridge that connects to Suria KLCC. Since the peak hour for a hotel is not same as the peak hour of an office building lobby, the graph pattern of Sound Level in Zone C is different from Zone A and B.

6.3 Acoustic Ray and Contour Figure

6.3.1 Acoustic Ray Figure of Lobby Space

Figure 6.3.1.1 Acoustic ray Figure from air-conditioners.

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Figure 6.3.1.2 Acoustic ray Figure from human activities.

Figure 6.3.1.3 Acoustic ray Figure from escalators.

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Figure 6.3.1.4 Acoustic ray Figure from opening doors. The acoustic ray figures above show the locations of different sources of noise and the reflectance and absorbance of sound from wall surface of the interior. The reflectance of the interior for zone B is high due to the reflective surface of the lift and the glass door of the main entrance. Therefore, zone B will receive high noise disturbance. As for Zone A, the sound reflectance is lower than Zone B since there are cushioned armchair and carpet in the lounge area which can help in sound absorbtion and reduce noise disturbance. On the other hand, noises at Zone C that are generated by human activities will have higher sound reflectance since that zone does not consist any sound absorbing material.

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6.3.2 Sound Contour Diagram of Lobby Space Peak Period

Figure 6.3.2.1 showing sound Contour Diagram during peak period.

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Non-peak Period

Figure 6.3.2.2 showing Sound Contour Diagram during non-peak period.

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From the contour Figure shown, during peak period, Zone B has the higher sound level decibel compared to the other two zones. This suggests that Zone B has more human activities and noise sources compared to the other two zones. Other than that, it could also be that the sound got reflected by the window, walls, floors and ceiling for certain spot of the zone. By comparing the Figure for peak period and non-peak period, the pattern shown is about the same other than the sound level decibel is relatively low during non-peak hour due to the difference of human flow.

6.4 Acoustic Calculation and Analysis for Lobby Space

6.4.1 Zone A i) Sound Pressure Level

Highest sound level meter reading (dB) Lowest sound level meter reading (dB) Intensity for the highest reading, IH

Intensity for the lowest reading, IL

Total intensity, Tl

Combined Sound Pressure Level, SPL

149

Peak Hours 68

Non-Peak Hours 60

SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) 68 = 10 log10 (IH / 1x -12 10 ) IH = 6.31 x 10-6 SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) 58 = 10 log10 (IL / 1x -12 10 ) IL = 6.31 x 10-7 Tl = IH + IL = (6.31 x 10-6) + (6.31 x 10-7) = 6.94 x 10-6 SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x 10-12) = 10 log10 (6.94 x -6 10 / 1x 10-12) = 68.4 dB

SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) 60 = 10 log10 (IH / 1x -12 10 ) IH = 1 x 10-6 SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) 51 = 10 log10 (IL / 1x -12 10 ) IL = 1.26 x 10-7 Tl = IH + IL = (1 x 10-6) + (1.26 x 10-7) = 1.13 x 10-6 SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x 10-12) = 10 log10 (1.13 x -6 10 / 1x 10-12) = 60.5 dB

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ii) Reverberation Time, (RT) Materials (wall)

Area(m2 )

Glass wall 17.5 Timber Laminated 24 Panel Ceramic Wall 15.68 Cladding Timber door 2.3 Materials (floor & Area(m2 ) ceiling) Porcelain tiles 36 Plaster 36 Materials Area(m2 ) (furniture) Fabric chair 1.66 Leather chair 1.62 Timber table 1 0.42 Timber cabinet 3.52 Occupant 22 Total Sound Absorption

Acoustic Absorption Coefficient 0.18 0.22

Area x Absorption Coefficient 3.15 5.28

0.01

0.16

0.22 Acoustic Absorption Coefficient 0.01 0.05 Acoustic Absorption Coefficient 0.28 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.46

0.51 Area x Absorption Coefficient 0.36 1.8 Area x Absorption Coefficient 0.46 1.13 0.42 0.35 10 24.62

Total Floor Area (m2)= 159.9 Total Volume (m3 ) = 479.7 Calculation: RT = 0.16 x 479.7 24.62 = 3.11 s Analysis: The reverberation time for Zone A is 3.11s which is smaller value when compare to Zone B. This is due to the furniture exist in Zone B. Those soft cushion chair and carpet with high acoustic absorption coefficient contribute in sound absorption which reduces the reverberation time. Besides, Zone B is the area where people sit down and chat or rest, too much sound reflection will cause noise disturbance to the occupants and interrupt the conversation. Even though there are absorbing surfaces, the reverberation time for Zone B is still higher than the standard range of reverberation time (1.5s â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2.5s) due to highly reflective surfaces in Zone B. Therefore, more sound absorption materials should be included for this zone to enhance the comfort reverberation level.

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6.4.2 Zone B i) Sound Pressure Level Highest sound level meter reading (dB) Lowest sound level meter reading (dB) Intensity for the highest reading, IH

Peak Hours 75

Non-Peak Hours 63

SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) 75 = 10 log10 (IH / 1x 10-12) IH = 3.16 x 10-5 Intensity for the lowest SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) reading, IL 56 = 10 log10 (IL / 1x 10-12) IL = 3.98 x 10-7 Total intensity, Tl Tl = IH + IL = (3.16 x 10-5) + (3.98 x 10-7) = 3.20 x 10-5 SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x Combined Sound Pressure Level, SPL 10-12) = 10 log10 (3.20 x 10-5/ 1x 10-12) = 75.1 dB ii) Reverberation Time, (RT) Materials (wall)

Area(m2 )

Glass wall 24 Timber Laminated 20 Panel Materials (floor & Area(m2 ) ceiling) Porcelain tiles 120 plaster 120 Travertine wall tile 59.17 cladding Glass door 27.5 Travertine column 40.5 Materials Area(m2 ) (furniture) Timber table 2 1.8 Occupant 22 Total Sound Absorption

151

SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) 63 = 10 log10 (IH / 1x 10-12) IH = 2.00 x 10-6 SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) 51 = 10 log10 (IL / 1x 10-12) IL = 1.26 x 10-7 Tl = IH + IL = (2.00 x 10-6) + (1.26 x 10-7) = 2.13 x 10-6 SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x 10-12) = 10 log10 (2.13 x 10-6/ 1x 10-12) = 63.3 dB

Acoustic Absorption Coefficient 0.18 0.22

Area x Absorption Coefficient 4.32 4.4

Acoustic Absorption Coefficient 0.01 0.05 0.01

Area x Absorption Coefficient 1.2 6 0.59

0.18 0.01 Acoustic Absorption Coefficient 0.1 0.46

4.95 0.41 Area x Absorption Coefficient 0.18 10 32.05

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Total Floor Area (m2)= 404.97 Total Volume (m3 ) = 1214.91 Calculation: RT = 0.16 x 1214.91 32.05 = 6.06s Analysis: The value for reverberation time for Zone B is 6.06s which is over the standard and no longer within the comfort level. This is probably due to the highly reflective surface of the glass door, wall and porcelain tiles in Zone B. Therefore, it should minimize the use of highly reflective material such as glass or enhance the sound absorption by cover the glass up with curtain. Other than that, it could use carpet to cover the floor too.

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6.4.3 Zone C i) Sound Pressure Level

Highest sound level meter reading (dB) Lowest sound level meter reading (dB) Intensity for the highest reading, IH

Intensity for the lowest reading, IL

Total intensity, Tl

Combined Sound Pressure Level, SPL

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Peak Hours 68

Non-Peak Hours 58

SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) 68 = 10 log10 (IH / 1x -12 10 ) IH = 6.31 x 10-6 SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) 55 = 10 log10 (IL / 1x -12 10 ) IL = 3.16 x 10-7 Tl = IH + IL = (6.31 x 10-6) + (3.16 x 10-7) = 6.63 x 10-6 SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x 10-12) = 10 log10 (6.63 x -6 10 / 1x 10-12) = 68.2 dB

SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) 58 = 10 log10 (IH / 1x -12 10 ) IH = 6.31 x 10-7 SPL = 10 log10 (l / lo) 50 = 10 log10 (IL / 1x -12 10 ) IL = 1.00 x 10-7 Tl = IH + IL = (6.31 x 10-7) + (1.00 x 10-7) = 7.31 x 10-7 SPL = 10 log10 (Tl / 1x 10-12) = 10 log10 (7.31 x -7 10 / 1x 10-12) = 58.6 dB

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ii) Reverberation Time, (RT) Materials (wall)

Area(m2 )

Glass wall 17.5 Timber Laminated 24 Panel Ceramic Wall 15.68 Cladding Timber door 2.3 Glass door 5 Materials (floor & Area(m2 ) ceiling) Porcelain tiles 28 plaster 28 Materials Area(m2 ) (furniture) Leather office 0.92 chair Artificial stone 5.5 cabinet Occupant 22 Total Sound Absorption

Acoustic Absorption Coefficient 0.18 0.22

Area x Absorption Coefficient 3.15 5.28

0.01

0.16

0.22 0.18 Acoustic Absorption Coefficient 0.01 0.05 Acoustic Absorption Coefficient 0.7

0.51 4.95 Area x Absorption Coefficient 0.36 1.8 Area x Absorption Coefficient 0.64

0.01

0.055

0.46

10 25.46

Total Floor Area (m2)= 148.9 Total Volume (m3 ) = 446.7 Calculation: RT = 0.16 x 446.7 25.46 = 2.8s Analysis: The reverberation time for Zone C is 2.8s. It is the closest value to the standard reverberation time compared to the other two zones. This is because it has the lowest area compared to the other two zones.

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6.4.4 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)

Sound Reduction Index of lobby

Wall

Door

Materials

Sound reduction index(dB)

Surface area/m2

Glass wall Timber Laminated Panel Ceramic Wall Cladding Travertine wall tile cladding Travertine column Glass Timber door

26 22

44 68.30

Transmission Surface area x coefficient transmission material coefficient material -3 2.51 x 10 1.1x 10-1 -3 6.3 x 10 4.3 x 10-1

31.36

2.51 x 10-5

7.87 x 10-4

59.17

2.51 x 10-5

1.48 x 10-3

40.5

0.01

0.4

26 22

27.5 4.6

2.51 x 10-3 6.3 x 10-3

â&#x2C6;&#x2018;= 234.93

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6.9 x 10-2 2.89 x 10-2 â&#x2C6;&#x2018;= 8.09 x 10-4

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Wall

Door

∑T

overall =

Glass,

Timber Laminated Panel,

SRI = 10 log10 1 T 26 = 10 log10 1 T 2.6 = log10 1 T 102.6 = 1 T T glass = 2.51 x 10-3

SRI = 10 log10 1 T 22 = 10 log10 1 T 2.2 = log10 1 T 102.2 = 1 T T glass = 6.3 x 10-3

Ceramic wall cladding,

Travertine wall tile cladding,

SRI = 10 log10 1 T 46 = 10 log10 1 T 4.6 = log10 1 T 4.6 10 =1 T T glass = 2.51 x 10-5

Glass,

Timber Door,

SRI = 10 log10 1 T 26 = 10 log10 1 T 2.6 = log10 1 T 102.6 = 1 T T glass = 2.51 x 10-3

SRI = 10 log10 1 T 22 = 10 log10 1 T 2.2 = log10 1 T 102.2 = 1 T T glass = 6.3 x 10-3

(∑ surface area x transmission coefficient materials) ∑ surface area

ƩT overall = 8.09 x 10-4 234.93 = 3.44 x 10-6

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Therefore, SRI overall = 10 log10 1 T =10 log10 1 3.44 x 10-6 = 54.63dB Analysis: The internal noise of the lobby is directly transfer throughout the lobby as there is no partition or buffer zones that are erected within the space. However the glass curtain wall of the lobby and Travertine cladded columns are effective in blocking out the external noises as the largest readings differences between the interior and exterior of the lobby is 58 and 77 dB within a 4m range.

Figure 6.4.4.1 shows the reading difference within a 4m range

6.5 Conclusion

From the acoustic data collection and analysis, the lobby of Menara Darussalam has lower than average acoustic condition. The noise levels of peak and nonpeak hour ranges from 51 to 77 dB. The noise level of lobby is considered relatively high as the standard requirement recommended for a lobby space is 40dB. From the data collection and observations, the external noise sources are coming from the heavy traffic of Jalan Pinang during peak hours and the industrial exhaust fans from the loading bay of Grand Hyatt Hotel and the KLCC Convention Centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s carpark. The minor noise sources are coming from the fountains facing the exterior of the building as well as human activities such as the outdoor smoking area. The major internal noise sources are mainly from human activities within the lobby as well as the operation of escalators. The opening and closing of doors in the lobby also contributes to the internal noise source.

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The choice of materials used within the lobby space includes marble flooring, Travertine cladded columns, laminated timber panels, curtain wall and glass doors contributes to the high reverberation time findings. These materials has low sound absorption value, rather they have high sound reflectance properties. The lack of soft furnishings such as carpets, sound boards, curtains and upholstery also contribute to the long reverberation time. The reverberation time interval exceeds the optimal value of comfort reverberation level. Thus, it creates echoes and noise discomfort within the lobby space during peak hours as the human activities within the space is high. The desirable reverberation time for a lobby space is in between 1.5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2.5 seconds. However, our reverberation time finding is in between 2.8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6.06 seconds. In order to lower down the reverberation time, acoustic baffles could be applied onto the ceilings as well as increasing the lounge area of the lobby space. The application of carpet into the lobby space also helps in reducing the reverberation time. By increasing the lounge area of the lobby space, more armchairs with upholstery could be added as well as more soft furnishings such as pillows. This will lower down the reverberation time as well as adding a softer and cozy touch towards the lobby space of Menara Darussalam. Moreover, the choice of materials for the lobby design should be taken into considering during the design stage of the space as the current lobby building materials have high sound reflectance properties. The refurbishment of the lobby space in order to switch to more attenuation materials such as concrete and timber are often costly as it might require structural alterations. The Sound Reduction Index findings also helps the designer to decide on the choice and amount of building materials so that it can achieve the optimal acoustic condition.

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7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Stein, B., & Reynolds, J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings (11th ed.). New York: J. Wiley & Sons. 2. Acoustic 101 for Architects. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from http://www.sound-image.com/wp-content/uploads/Acoustics-101-forArchitects.pdf 3. Personal Music Players & Hearing. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/health/opinions/en/hearing-loss-personal-musicplayer-mp3/l-3/2-sound-measurement-decibel.htm 4. Room Illumination Level. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new/pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf 5. Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-residential buildings (first revision). (2007). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia. 6. Ginn, K. (1978). Architectural acoustics (2.nd ed.). Nærum: Brüel & Kjær. 7. Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). (n.d.). Toxicology, 248-250. 8. Lumen Method Calculations. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bsapplec/lumen.htm 9. Absorption Coefficient. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from http://www.acoustic.ua/st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf 10. MY ARCHITECTURAL MOLESKINE 庐: TOYO ITO: TAMA ART UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. (2011, November 17). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://architecturalmoleskine.blogspot.my/2011/11/toyo-itotama-art-university-library.html 11. Sendai Mediatheque. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Sendai_Mediatheque

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12. Sendai Mediatheque - Toyo Ito - Kevin McKitrick. (2010, September 1). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from https://kmckitrick.wordpress.com/sendai-mediatheque-toyo-ito-kevinmckitrick/ 13. Tama Art University Case Study and comparison with Peckham Library. (2014, March 19). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/fatimaakbar8/tama-art-university-case-study 14. Tama Art University Library by Toyo Ito. (2007, September 11). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from http://www.dezeen.com/2007/09/11/tama-artuniversity-library-by-toyo-ito/

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