REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning
Towards CO2 neutral urban development
REAP REAP
Towards CO2 neutral urban development
Introduction
The largest port in Europe with its industrial and logistics complex is probably one of the last places you would expect to find an ambitious environmental climate programme. Yet it is here in Rotterdam – a cityregion housing one and a half million residents – that two years ago the Rotterdam Climate Initiative came into existence. The Rotterdam Climate Initiative, part of the Clinton Climate Initiative, is an ambitious climate programme in which the City of Rotterdam, The Port of Rotterdam NV, DCMR Environmental services Rijnmond and Deltalinqs work together to achieve significant reductions in CO2 emissions and to prepare the city for climate change. By 2025 Rotterdam aims to have booked a 50% reduction in CO2 emissions (climate mitigation) in the Rotterdam region-compared to the levels in 1990 for both the city and the port. At the same time the region must be able to adapt and cope with the consequences of climate change such as a rise in sea level (climate adaptation). Transformations of the city and port together with new developments should significantly contribute to achieving these targets over the coming years. This must go hand in hand with the creation of new economic opportunities. Climate issues become an opportunity for the city. The ultimate aim is to create a city that is not only climate resistant and CO2 neutral, but also prosperous and attractive. The climate programme is not autonomous. It must become an integral part of the day-to-day policies and practices. The programme is not only aimed at a few prominent green buildings, but especially targets existing neighbourhoods, districts and cities. A crucial aspect is the change in scale from the level of individual buildings to cluster level, district level and even to the level of the entire city and region. Within this framework the Rotterdam Climate Initiative has commissioned two studies concerning CO2 reduction at district level. The study ‘CO2 intelligent urban development in the Maas and Rijn harbours’ explores ways in which the CO2 targets can be visualised, applied and achieved. REAP (Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning) goes one step further and incorporates CO2 and energy directly into the planning and development process. A general system has been developed which will lead to CO2 neutral city planning. This system can be applied in other regions and should enable neighbourhoods, districts and possibly even cities to become CO2 neutral.
Paula Verhoeven Program Director Climate, City of Rotterdam, Rotterdam is partner of the Rotterdam Climate Initiative
Content
Introduction
4
The REAP methodology
8
Generic scenarios
28
CO2 map 48
Application of REAP in Hart van Zuid 52
Conclusions and recommendations
106
Colophon
110
TheREAP REAP The methodology methodology Andy van den Dobbelsteen
CITY PRODUCTIE warmte/koude: bio-WKK warmtepomp uitwisseling met de ondergrond geothermie stroom: PV technologie windturbine bio-WKK
DISTRICT PRODUCTIE warmte/koude: bio-WKK warmtepomp uitwisseling met de ondergrond geothermie stroom: PV technologie windturbine bio-WKK
NEIGHBOURHOOD / CLUSTER PRODUCTIE warmte/koude: bio-WKK warmtepomp uitwisseling met de ondergrond stroom: PV technologie kleine windturbine bio-WKK
BUILDING
PRODUCTIE warmte/koude: zonnecollector warmtepomp uitwisseling met de ondergrond stroom: PV technologie kleine windturbine
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 10
REAP background Prospects for the future
Ten years ago few people thought that the climate was changing and even fewer realised that mankind was influencing the change. Since then opinions have altered and now the world is generally convinced of the seriousness of the situation: the climate is changing at an unprecedented rate, mankind is one of the major causes and fossil fuels are rapidly running out. Because of this, attention is concentrated on energy consumption and the consequences of this. However there are other forms of damage to both the environment and public health that must not be ignored. It is possible to arm ourselves against, or if required to flee, the consequences of climate change. However the biggest social problem is not climate change but the depletion of our energy reserves; a social economic problem rather than a technical one. In September 2008 the so-called ‘peak oil’ was achieved, the point at which more oil is consumed than can be produced. From now on the situation can only get worse. This will have far reaching consequences for what can and cannot be achieved. We are so dependent on the easy supply of fossil energy that we have imperceptibly become addicted. Not only George Bush’s America, but even our own little lowland country. Just before the start of the current world-wide economic crisis the price of oil reached a previously inconceivably high level (nearly 140 dollars a barrel) and at the time experts expected the price to double. That a price of more than 100 dollars a barrel has serious consequences could be seen in the reduction in sales of petrol guzzling SUVs in America. Energy affects everyone, but especially the poor and the people living the furthest away from amenities. The current economic crisis will come to an end and the price of oil will once again rise to a realistic level. It would be wise to use our time now in develop a different energy system.
Energy
The energy crisis does not mean that we have to cut ourselves off from the outside world and only use energy that we can generate ourselves – even if that were possible – but it is wise to make better use of our own energy potential. The surface area of the Netherlands is sufficient to generate enough solar energy to supply the economy of the whole world. Technically it is possible to realise a completely sustainable energy system but for the time being costs are prohibitive. We require a smart way of dealing with what we have and intelligent methods of making use of our resources.
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 11
olie productie (Mbbl/d) OPEC landen
PEAK OIL, oil production (Mbbl/d) OPEC countries, sorce WTRG Economics 2007 35.000
$70
$60
Thousend barrels per day
30.000 $50 25.000
$40
Production
$30
20.000
$20 15.000 Price
$10
$00
10.000 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
oil production oil price
January 1973 – May 2007
WTRG Economics 2007
In built up areas it is important to target the following measures: 01 Applying renewable energy sources. Within the foreseeable future there will simply be no other sources. 02 Make use of the available energy potential. This is an interpretation of the first measure at local level: renewable energy could be imported but it is far better to make use of local opportunities. 03 Make better use of waste streams. All buildings and urban areas generate waste streams that could be harnessed but rarely are. Making use of these waste streams would reduce the primary demand and so aid the introduction of sustainable energy sources. 04 Intelligent and bioclimatic design of buildings. This refers to making intelligent use of local conditions – climate, land and environment – in the design of buildings and districts. Buildings and neighbourhoods are no longer seen as objects out of context. 05 Energy savings in existing buildings: this will continue to be necessary as in 2025 (the period by which Rotterdam must halve its CO2 emissions) 80 – 90% of the built-up region will be made up of the buildings that are here today and which are frequently far from energy efficient.
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 12
A new approach The three step strategy
Since the end of the 1980’s sustainable approaches to urban areas have followed the three step strategy: 01 Reduce consumption 02 Use renewable energy 03 Supply the remaining demand cleanly and efficiently reduce the demand
generate sustainably
provide clean & efficiently
avoid energy demand by architectural measures
generate renewable energy on the building level
generate energy clean and efficiently with fossil resources on the building scale
building
This strategy towards energy use is known as the Trias Energetica. It forms the guideline for a logical, environmentally conscious approach but in the twenty reduce the demand utilise waste flows generate sustainably years that it has been in use it has not led to the required sustainability. In re-use generate avoid energy particular, the degree of penetration of renewable energy sources, step two, is waste flows renewable demand by minimal. Sustainable building in the Netherlands mainly concentrates on step 3, on the building energy architectural building scale on the building measures which in practice is often considered to be step 1. scale That so little use is made of sun, wind and other renewable energy sources has a lot to do with the step abruptly following a sub-optimal reduction in energy consumption and with the fact that an important intermediate step has not been explicitly mentioned. Time for reformulation.
generate energy clean and efficiently with fossil resources on the building scale
New stepped strategy
The New Stepped Strategy adds an important intermediate step in between the reduce the demand generate sustainably provide clean & efficiently reduction in consumption and the development of sustainable sources, and incorporates a waste products inspired by thegenerate Cradle-toavoid energy strategy (partially generate energy demand by renewable clean and efficiently Cradle philosophy): architectural energy with fossil 01 Reduce consumption (using intelligent and bioclimate design) building measures on the building resources on the 02 Reuse waste energy streams level building scale 03 Use renewable energy sources and ensure that waste is reused as food 04 Supply the remaining demand cleanly and efficiently
building
reduce the demand
utilise waste flows
avoid energy demand by architectural measures
re-use waste flows on the building scale
generate sustainably generate renewable energy on the building scale
generate energy clean and efficiently with fossil resources on the building scale
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 13
NEW STEPPED STRATEGY
00 standard building
01 reduce consumption – passive, smart and bioclimatic design
02 reuse waste energy streams – wast heat, waste water, waste material – in closed or connected cycles
03a renewable energy production for remaining demand 03b waste = food
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 14
As can be seen, the New Stepped Strategy has a new second step that makes optimal use of waste streams – waste heat, waste water and waste material – not only for each individual building but also on a city wide scale. Waste streams from one chain may be used in a different chain. For example, waste water can be purified and the silt fermented to form bio-gas which can be reused in the energy chain. The addition in step 3 (really 3b) concerns waste that can not be processed in our technical waste processing cycle and so must be returned to nature. This can only be done if the waste is safe (non-toxic) and if it can form nutrients for micro-organisms. Step 4 will continue to be necessary for the coming years, but eventually this will no longer be possible or desired. The development of new areas or the re-development of existing areas should already take this into account because the fourth step will remain a painful necessity in many other regions.
Old energy system versus sustainable energy system
If we consider the organisation of our energy system it is clear that a lot of primary energy (98% from fossil or nuclear sources) enters our society but at the same time a lot of heat is lost (in the air, water or ground) and nothing useful is done with many waste products. A source such as natural gas is delivered to all public and private amenities. Taking the quality of energy into account (exergy) this is a significant potential loss of energy. A gas flame of 1.200 – 1.500 ºC is much more appropriate for high-grade industrial processes (that actually require such high temperatures) than for heating a home to 20ºC. If homes are intelligently designed then a temperature of 25 to 40 degrees Celsius is more than sufficient for the heating; this temperature is released as waste heat by many kinds of processes (e.g. greenhouses or cooling systems in offices). Other amenities require higher temperatures, but these could be achieved using waste heat from other even higher-grade processes. A more sustainable system based on the usage of this waste heat (a so-called low-exergetic system) would require significantly less primary energy and this primary energy would only be used by the most high-grade functions. This is not an efficient system but it is very effective: we could become 6 times more sustainable (600% better), while we are currently plodding away at methods to achieve an improvement in efficiency of as little as 10%.
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 15
CASCADE: reuse of waste heat waste heat into the air and water power plant heavy industry
storage
horticulture
hotel and catering
offices
dwellings
agriculture
waste into the environment
power plant
cascade of waste heat
heavy industry storage
horticulture
hotel and catering
offices
dwellings
agriculture
waste
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 16
The REAP methodology Background
The foregoing played an important part in the study carried out into the development of a CO2 neutral Hart van Zuid, an area with three distinct neighbourhoods near the Ahoy, Rotterdam South. Although this study specifically relates to the Hart van Zuid, it forms a generic method which can be applied by Rotterdam to other districts. Gradually the various parties involved – dS+V, the public works department, TU Delft, DSA and JA – converted the New Stepped Strategy into a system which can be used to sustainably re-develop any district: the Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning (REAP). If the REAP method is correctly applied it will provide a sustainable energy neutral, even climate neutral, plan. The system will be explained step by step.
From building to neighbourhood
If the New Stepped Strategy is applied to an individual building it will undoubtedly generate a more sustainable building, but within the whole urban context this would be a waste – or a missed opportunity. No use is made of the direct surroundings. The energy consumption per building can, and must, be reduced. After this it is useful to determine whether waste streams from the building can be usefully employed. This is already being done for example by recycling heat from ventilated air and waste shower water. However, it is much more difficult to purify waste water from each building to reclaim bio-gas. In short: after step 2 there is still a significant demand for energy that according to step 3 must be solved using renewable energy sources. As has already been mentioned, this is technically possible but requires huge investment. A better idea is to consider a cluster of buildings and to determine whether energy can be exchanged, stored or cascaded (see schematic diagram). In other words, if at individual building level all the waste heat has been recycled, the remaining demand for heat or cooling can probably be solved by buildings with a different pattern of energy requirements, buildings with an excess of the required energy or which produce waste heat (or cold).
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 17
THE REAP METHODOLOGY
city
district
neighbourhood / cluster
building
reduce the demand
utilise waste flows
generate sustainably
provide clean & efficiently
avoid energy demand by urban measures
connect to communal energy grid
generate renewable energy centrally
generate energy clean and efficiently with fossil resources centrally
avoid energy demand by urban measures
exchange and balance or cascade energy on the district scale
generate renewable energy on the district level
avoid energy demand by environmental measures
exchange and balance or cascade energy on the neighbourhood scale
generate renewable energy on the neighbourhood level
avoid energy demand by architectural measures
re-use waste flows on the buidling scale
generate renewable energy on the building level
generate energy clean and efficiently with fossil resources on the building scale
REAP (Rotterdam Energy Approach & Planning)
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 18
REUSE WASTE ENERGY STREAMS + USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
01 02
04
04
E H
C
05
07 03
04
E
E electricity H heat C cold
06
H
C
01 wind turbine 02 PVT panels 03 cluster / building 04 biological waste 05 bio cogeneration plant 06 greenhouse 07 green
01 An example of exchange: due to internal heat production, modern offices start cooling as soon as outdoor temperatures exceed 12º C. At these temperatures homes still require to be heated. This provides opportunities for heat exchange during spring and autumn. Another example is the combination of supermarkets (always cooling) with homes (frequent heating). 02 An example of energy storage at cluster level: heat and cold are only available in excess when there is little demand for them. For an optimal energy balance energy should be stored during seasons when the exchange as mentioned in example 1 is not required. 03 An example of cascading: a greenhouse captures much passive solar energy which usually disappears as waste heat into the air. A heat exchanger could enable this waste stream (usually about 30º C) to be used to heat homes, provided these homes are well insulated and make use of a low temperature heating system. If all waste streams at cluster level are being used optimally it then becomes possible to see if primary energy can be generated sustainably. Although solar panels and solar collectors or a heat pump with ground collectorsystems can be installed in each individual building, it is much more economical to set these up at cluster level. Kringloop
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 19
HEAT / COLD
reduce the demand
utilisewaste flows
generate sustainably
district
- bioclimatic and smart design - orientation - conservatory
- tune demand and supply - cascade heat - treat waste water - heat / cold storage - functional implant
- bio CHP - heat pump, exchange with underground - geothermal heat
neighbourhood / cluster
- bioclimatic and smart design - orientation - conservatory
- tune demand and supply - cascade heat - treat waste water - heat / cold storage - functional implant
- bio CHP - heat pump, exchange with underground
- bioclimatic and smart design - orientation - conservatory - insulation (glass) - building mass
- heat recovery from exhaust air and waste water, breathing window - heat / cold storage
- solar collector - heat pump - exchange with the underground
building
provide clean & efficiently
- micro (bio) CHP - HP boiler 107
From neighbourhood to district
If a project can be tackled at an even higher level, district level, potential discrepancies in the energy balance at neighbourhood level (for example excess demand for waste heat or cold) may be solved. At district level it is reasonable to assume that other functions are available with a totally different demand, and therefore supply pattern. And just as at cluster level, it is also possible to exchange, to store and to cascade energy (see schematic diagram). Certainly at the larger amenities such as shopping centres, swimming pools and concert halls the energy pattern is so specific that by combining a number of these different amenities it is likely that an energy balance can be achieved. Hart van Zuid provides good opportunities for this. In addition to exchange, storage and cascading, another option is possible at neighbourhood level: energetic implants. This is an intriguing term for adding a function to complete missing links in the energy supply chain. Once the existing amenities in the area have been optimally tuned to each other – here as an example we consider only the heat balance – there will be a residual demand for heat or cold (but not both). In this case it is only necessary to look for an amenity that requires extra heat on a yearly basis (for example a swimming pool) or that requires cold (for example an ice rink).
Heat & cold
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 20
PRODUCTION PRODUCTIE
CITY
heat / cold: warmte/koude: bio cogeneration plant bio-WKK heat pump with ground collector warmtepomp geothermal met de ondergrond uitwisseling
C
geothermie electricity: stroom: technology PVPVtechnologie wind turbine windturbine bio cogeneration plant bio-WKK
PRODUCTION PRODUCTIE
DISTRICT
heat / cold: warmte/koude: bio cogeneration plant bio-WKK heat pump with ground collector warmtepomp geothermal uitwisseling met de ondergrond geothermie electricity: stroom: PV technology PVwind technologie turbine windturbine bio cogeneration plant bio-WKK
PRODUCTION PRODUCTIE heat / cold: warmte/koude: bio cogeneration plant bio-WKK heat pump with ground collector warmtepomp uitwisseling electricity: met de ondergrond stroom: PV technology PVsmall technologie wind turbine kleine windturbineplant bio cogeneration bio-WKK
PRODUCTION heat / cold: solar collector PRODUCTIE heat pump with ground collector warmte/koude: electricity: zonnecollector PV technology warmtepomp small wind turbine uitwisseling met de ondergrond stroom: PV technologie kleine windturbine
NEIGHBOURHOOD / CLUSTER
BUILDING
D
N
B
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 21
POWER
reduce the demand
utilise waste flows
generate sustainably
district
- orientation - daylight penetration - less electrical equipment
- waste (water) treatment (for biogas)
- PV technology - small wind turbine - bio CHP
neighbourhood / cluster
- orientation - daylight access - less electrical equipment
- waste (water) treatment (for biogas)
- PV technology - small wind turbine - bio CHP
building
- orientation - daylight access - less electrical equipment
- PV technology - small wind turbine - electric car
provide clean & efficiently
- micro (bio) CHP - energy saving lighting - energy saving devices
The provision of renewable energy can then be tackled at district level. As has already been said, some sustainable measures can be implemented at building or neigbourhood level, but other more capital intensive projects are more appropriate at district level. Examples of this are the bio-gas fermentation installations that recycle bio-gas from waste water and use power-heat coupling to generate heat and electricity. Geothermic energy is also only feasible on a grand-scale.
From district to entire city and beyond
The next step to a higher level would be the city or region, the scale in which our current amenities are generally centrally regulated. In the city of Rotterdam there is of course the city heating network (fed with waste heat from the electricity generators). City heating provides heat at temperatures between 70 and 90º C. This is perfect for old buildings which are poorly insulated and with central heating systems based on such temperatures. However, in new housing projects the buildings are much better insulated and they would be better served with a heating system based on lower temperatures, such as floor and wall heating using temperatures lower than 50º C. The most modern homes would even be fine with temperatures lower than 30º C. What a waste to use city heating for these buildings.
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 22
HOSPITAL
SUPERMARKET H C E
ICE RINK
H C E
SHOP H C E
OFFICE
H C E
HOUSING H C E
SCHOOL
H C E
SWIMMING POOL H C E
Program: energy demand / M 2
H C E
H = heat C = cold E = electricity
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 23
SUN FILTER
GREEN ROOF
COMPACT
ORIENTATION
CLIMATE FACADE
GREEN FACADE
CONSERVATORY
Reduction
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 24
SUPERMARKET
HOUSING
H
C
DEMAND
DEMAND
SUPPLY
SUPPLY
ICE RINK DEMAND
SUPPLY DEMAND
SUPPLY
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
SWIMMING POOL DEMAND
SUPPLY DEMAND
SUPPLY
DEMAND
DEMAND
SUPPLY
SUPPLY
H
Exchange
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 25
GREENHOUSE
BIO COGENERATION PLANT
C D N B ASPHALT COLLECTOR
C D N B WINDMILL
C D N B
C D N B SOLAR COLLECTOR
WIND TURBINE
C D N B SOLAR PANELS
HEAT PUMP
C D N B Renewable production
C D N B C D N B
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 26
CITY HEATING
city
district
neighbourhood / cluster
building
reduce the demand
utilise waste flows
generate sustainably
provide clean & efficiently
avoid energy demand by urban measures
connect to communal energy grid
generate renewable energy centrally
generate energy clean and efficiently with fossil resources centrally
avoid energy demand by urban measures
generate renewable energy on the district level
avoid energy demand by environmental measures
generate renewable energy on the neighbourhood level
avoid energy demand by architectural measures
re-use waste flows on the buidling scale
generate renewable energy on the building level
City heating
generate energy clean and efficiently with fossil resources on the building scale
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 27
Once connection to the city heating is necessary or desired, the whole exercise of exchange, storage and cascading at neighbourhood and district level is no longer necessary (see schematic diagram). In that case the city heating takes care of the heating and potentially also the cooling (via absorption cooling). The problem with this is that the local waste heat can no longer be usefully used and disappears into the environment – the urban surroundings. Given the expected climate change – in which cities will become both directly and indirectly warmer – this situation is not desirable. For this reason the REAP concept aims first at solving the problems of energy demand and supply on a small scale, after which ‘help’ can be called in from higher levels. In addition the city heating can fulfil a useful role as backup system, or as a loading and unloading system for too much or too little heat in a district or neighbourhood. REAP can help make an existing neighbourhood sustainable, without requiring drastic urban planning measures. The following chapters will not only show that this can lead to CO2 neutral neighbourhoods but also how this can be done.
Generic Generic scenarios scenarios Duzan Doepel Design DSA, JA
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 30
Generic scenarios The transition to CO2 neutrality is not as far off as one may think. The technology already exists for designing an energy neutral building or district. It is even possible to design buildings that generate more energy than they consume. Achieving the most efficient energy system through application of REAP results in hybrid buildings and urban configurations that follow a spatial logic that differs to that of traditional urban planning. The strategic combination of programs that complement each other in terms of energy exchange and the ideal distance and density of the program in relation to factors such as mobility or energy storage, generate a new set of design principles for urban planners and architects. The spatial implications of applying this technology and the implications for buildings and cities are mind-boggling. Decentralisation and diversification of energy supply, where consumers become producers and city regions become autonomous is already technically feasible and a probability in the long term. The transition from fossil fuelled urbanism to renewable city planning will be incremental and can be aided by the application of tools such as REAP. Short-term implementation of this technology in an existing urban fabric however, is a complex matter. It is not merely a question of technology. New economic and organisational structures are needed to facilitate this step. For the purposes of this investigation, efficiency (CO2 reduction) and economy (payback-time for sustainable investments) form the most important factors that determine the choice for a hybrid energy solution and the optimal scale of the application. The new organisational structures and incentives that are necessary to achieve these goals are touched on in the final chapter of this publication. In order to illustrate how this methodology works, a number of generic scenarios are developed. The parameters that confront designers in an existing urban fabric such as responding to existing buildings and available infrastructure, local climate and available (affordable) technology form the basis for these scenarios. Scenarios one, three and five illustrate differing existing building or building clusters that will be renovated or extended. Scenarios two, four and six deal with new buildings or clusters. The examples illustrate how REAP can be applied in different conditions and on different scales. It is essential to map the energy demand before applying REAP. A CO2 map indicating the energy demand (for heating, cooling and electricity) gives insight into the (existing) consumption patterns of a building, cluster or neighbourhood. Once this has been calculated the three steps in the REAP methodology can be applied: 01 Reduce consumption (using intelligent and bioclimatic design) 02 Reuse waste streams 03 Use renewable energy and ensure that waste is reused as food
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 31
APPLICATION OF REAP ON DIFFERENT SCALES
EXISTING BUILDING
NEW BUIDLING
SCENARIO 1
SCENARIO 2
SCENARIO 3
SCENARIO 4
SCENARIO 5
SCENARIO 6
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 32
SCENARIO 01 Retrofit of an existing small cluster of houses Step 00 Map the energy supply and demand > City gas and (fossil) electricity form inputs. Step 01 Reduce consumption > Insulation i.e. multi-layered glass, by applying green roofs and facades. Energy efficient lighting and appliances. Natural cross ventilation for summer cooling. More efficient heating by high return gas boiler (HR107). Cogeneration of heat and electricity is also possible with a HRe. Step 02 Reuse waste streams > Heat winning from wastewater. Garbage separation and compostation. Step 03 Renewable production > Electricity and heat from sun collectors. Extra electricity from wind turbines (provided that they are higher than the surrounding buildings).
ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM
03 04
E
01
EXISTING
05
06
02
H
E
01
NEW
H heat E electricity W warmte E energie 01 gas 02 boiler 01 gas 02 PVT CV ketel 03 panels 03 storage PVT cellen 04 vat 04 opslagvat 05 transformer 05 inverter 06 HR-boiler 06 wind HR-ketel 07 turbine
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 33
STEP 01: reduce the energy demand by insulation
IMPRESSION OF EXISTING SITUATION
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 35
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 36
SCENARIO 02 Autarkic large cluster of new houses Step 00 Map the energy demand > How much energy is consumed given that the building is intelligently designed? Step 01 Reduce consumption > Through smart design. Optimal orientation, good insulation by applying green roofs, facades and multi-layered glass. Energy efficient lighting and appliances. Natural cross ventilation for summer cooling etc. Step 02 Reuse waste streams > Heat winning from wastewater. Heat pump with ground collector made possible by large number of houses. Step 03 Renewable production > electricity and heat from sun collectors. Extra electricity from wind turbines (provided that they are higher than the surrounding buildings).Cogeneration of heat and electricity using organic waste on cluster scale.
ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM
02
04 03
H
C
E
05
05
01
H
C
WH heat warmte K C cold koude E E electricity energie 0101 insulation isolatie 0202 wind turbine wind turbine 0303 PVT folie PVT foil 0404 biobio WKK cogeneration plant 05 biologisch afval 05 biolological waste
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 37
SMART DESIGN
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 38
SCENARIO 03 Collective heating of an existing housing cluster Step 00 Map the energy demand > How much energy is consumed? Step 01 Reduce consumption > Energy efficient lighting and appliances. Application of city heating in existing housing (necessitates huge infrastructural investments). Step 02 Reuse waste streams > Waste heat from renewable energy production on city scale heats water for city heating. Step 03 Renewable production > Cogeneration of heat and electricity using organic waste on city scale.
ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM WH heat warmte EE electricity energie 03 E
E
E
01 02
IMPRESSION EXISTING BUILDINGS WITH CITY HEATING
H
04 05
E
H
E
H
E
0101 gas gas 0202 electricity stroom 0303 boiler CV ketel city heating 0404 stadsverwarming green electricity 0505 groene stroom
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 39
SCENARIO 04 Collective heating of a new housing cluster Step 00
Map the energy demand > How much energy is consumed given that the building is intelligently designed? Step 01 Reduce consumption > Through intelligent design. Optimal orientation, good insulation i.e. multi-layered glass by applying green roofs and facades. Energy efficient lighting and appliances. Natural cross ventilation for summer cooling. Step 02 Reuse waste streams > cascading of high temperature city heat for household functions, culminating in low temperature heating in ceilings, floors and walls. Heat and cold ground collector on city scale. Step 03 Renewable production > Cogeneration of heat and electricity using organic waste on city scale. ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM
H
C
E
H
C
E
H
C
01 02 03
IMPRESSION NEW BUILDING WITH CITY HEATING AND CITY COOLING
E
WH heat warmte KC cold koude E E electricity energie city heating 0101 stadsverwarming city cooling 0202 stadskoeling green stroom electricity 0303 groene
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 40
SCENARIO 05 Energy exchange, existing apartments + new supermarket Step 00 Map the energy demand > The supermarket has a constant cooling demand and generates waste heat that can be used for heating the apartments. Step 01 Reduce consumption > Good insulation i.e. multi-layered glass by applying green roofs and facades. Energy efficient lighting and appliances. Natural cross ventilation for summer cooling. Step 02 Reuse waste streams > Heat winning from wastewater. Heat pump with ground collector. Step 03 Renewable production > Electricity and heat from solar collectors. Additional heat generation for ground collector in summer by greenhouse. Cogeneration of heat and electricity using organic waste on cluster scale.
NEW PROGRAM TO OBTAIN H : C BALANCE
SUPERMARKET
HOUSING
H
C
DEMAND
DEMAND
SUPPLY
SUPPLY
H
C
H
C
H
C
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 41
EXISTING + NEW PROGRAM
HOUSING
SUPERMARKET
STEP 02: H : C balance per program
SUMMER
WINTER
01 01
02
01 existing appartment building 02 new supermarket
> NEUTRAL > COLD
02
01 existing appartment building 02 new supermarket
> HEAT > COLD
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 42
H heat W warmte C cold K koude E electricity E energie
ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM
01 gas 01 gas 02 housing 02 woningen 03 greenhouse 03 kas 04 supermarket 04 supermarkt 05 05 PVT PVT panels cellen 06 06 bio cogeneration bio WKK plant
05
E
H
C
03
E
E 06
C
02
E
02 04
01
H
EXISTING SITUATION
C
NEW SITUATION
Bestaande bouw: uitwisseling op clusterniveau
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 43
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 44
SCENARIO 06 Energy exchange, new school, housing and sports complex Step 00
Map the energy demand > The ice rink has a constant cooling demand and generates waste heat. The swimming pool has a constant heating demand. The school and housing have a cooling demand in the summer and heating demand in the winter. Step 01 Reduce consumption > Through intelligent design. Optimal orientation, good insulation by applying green roofs, facades and multi-layered glass. Energy efficient lighting and appliances. Natural cross ventilation for summer cooling. Step 02 Reuse waste streams > Heat winning from waste water. Ground heat and cold storage. Optimal energy exchange between programs results in building volume. The number of apartments, m2 of swimming pool and ice rink are determined by the given program for the two schools. Step 03 Renewable production > Electricity and heat from solar collectors. Additional heat generation for ground collector in summer by atrium. Cogeneration of heat and electricity using organic waste on cluster scale.
STEP 02: H : C balance per program
SWIMMING POOL
SCHOOL
ICE RINK
HOUSING
0.1 m2
0.75 m2
0.3 m2
1 m2
Produces cold during entire year
Seasonal and time depandent
Produces wast heat during entire year
Seasonal and time depandent
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 45
PROGRAM
01 02
01
03 04 03 01 02 03 04
housing swimming pool school ice rink
01 02 03 04
housing swimming pool school ice rink
SUMMER
01 02
01
03 04 03
WINTER
01 02
01
03 04 03
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 46
ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM
E H C E 02 H K E
H
E C E
01
04
03
05
H C E 02
H C E
06 01
H heat W warmte KC cold koude EE electricity energie 01 school 01 school 02 housing 02 woningen 03 ice rink 03 ijsbaan 04 swimming pool 04 zwembad 05 greenhouse 05 kas 06 bio bioWKK cogeneration plant 06
H
C
IMPRESSION ICE RINK AND SWIMMING POOL
Nieuwbouw: uitwisseling op clusterniveau
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 47
REAPCO CO2 REAP 2 map map Dave Mayenburg Wim de Jager
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 50
CO2 map REAP provides a structure for CO2 intelligent development of a particular area. If CO2 issues are to play a role in spatial design and development then sufficient knowledge of the various CO2 intelligent possibilities must be available. At each step it must be clear what is actually feasible. The CO2 map has been developed to provide such an insight. The CO2 map gives a picture of the current situation and provides a toolbox for CO2 intelligent developments for the area. In reality the CO2 map is much more than just a map. It is an instrument providing information for each aspect of REAP in the form of maps and background information. Aspects related to energy saving and renewable energy production are in the form of a geographical map coupled to a GIS-system. All aspects, in particular those related to energy exchange, are in the form of generic information concerning CO2 intelligent opportunities. The maps related to energy saving and renewable energy production show the current potential at cluster level. There is an overview of which functions are present at each cluster. In addition, for each separate cluster the map shows how much energy could be saved and the amount of renewable energy that could be produced – heat and cold storage, urban wind, solar electricity and solar heat collection. Whereas the maps visualise the CO2 intelligent potential for the current situation, the toolbox gives guidelines for demolition, new building or additions to the programme. Such new developments benefit from the generic information in the toolbox. It is even possible to modify the building program based on REAP and in particular on the information in the toolbox. For the first step the toolbox indicates the potential minimum energy consumption per m2 – and thus the potential energy savings compared to the current situation – that is feasible for the different amenities. The generic information for the third step is an overview of the pre-conditions for the implementation of various forms of renewable energy production per building – heat and cold storage, urban wind, solar electricity and solar heat collection. The generic information in the toolbox for the second step is an overview of the consumption of electricity, heat and cold per m2 for the different amenities. This can be used to determine which functions can be combined energetically – demand and supply of heat and cold – for energy exchange within the program. It is also possible to determine whether it would be beneficial to incorporate an extra function in cases where the demand and supply do not match.
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 51
REDUCTION, ENERGY FLOWS AND RENWABLE ENERGY
provide clean & efficiently
avoid energy demand by urban measures
connect to communal energy grid
generate renewable energy centrally
generate energy clean and efficiently with fossil resources centrally
avoid energy demand by urban measures
exchange and balance or cascade energy on the district scale
generate renewable energy on the district level
neighbourhood / cluster
avoid energy demand by environmental measures
exchange and balance or cascade energy on the neighbourhood scale
generate renewable energy on the neighbourhood level
building
avoid energy demand by architectural measures
re-use waste flows on the buidling scale
generate renewable energy on the building level
city
district
Renewable energy map
generate sustainably
Energy flow map
utilise waste flows
CO2 reduction map
reduce the demand
generate energy clean and efficiently with fossil resources on the building scal
REAP (Rotterdam EnergieAanpak & -Planning)
ApplyingREAP REAP Applying toHart Hartvan vanZuid Zuid to Marc Joubert Design DSA, JA
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 54
Hart van Zuid How can REAP be applied to an existing, complex urban area, in this case the Hart van Zuid? Which decisions within the methodology must be made if the desired reductions in CO2 emissions are to be achieved, decisions at economic, political, public, urban development and architectural level? And what are the consequences for the buildings in a city and the open spaces in between? In addition the examples explicitly look for combinations of measures for CO2 reduction together with sustainable development by means of a combination of functions, social integration and integration of food production in the urban landscape (urban agriculture). CO2 reduction as spatial design.
IMPROVED ENVIRONMENT
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 55
WATER
URBAN AGRICULTURE
SHADE
SUSTAINABLE STREET LIGHTING
LANDSCAPING
WATER SQUARE
ROOF GARDENS
References environment
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 57
OVERVIEW MAP OF REDUCTION POTENTIALS
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 59
Existing building Hart van Zuid Largest function per block Total CO2 emission (kg/year) industry
2.800.000
office
reduction potential
other
emissions – reduction potential
school shop housing hospital
RENEWABLE ENERGY MAP: data per RE option
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 61
Existing buildings Hart van Zuid Largest function per block Renewable energy (MJ/Year) industry
12.000.000
office other
heat/cold storage
school
urban wind
shop
solar thermal
housing
solar electric
hospital
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 62
HART VAN ZUID PROGRAM
ZUIDPLEIN
at
ra
rst
ote
Metroplein
Zuidplein Hoog
Zuid ert
STREVELS WEG
M
Station "Zuidplein"
ziekenhuis
erra s
ZUIDERPARKWEG VAA
NW
Ahoy' Aho
EG
Zuiderparkplein
ywe
g
CHARLOIS
Zuiderpark
“De Vaan”
ERPA
RKW EG
Sportpark
ZUID
Zuiderpark
OLDEGA
ARDE
OL
E
RD
AA
G DE
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 63
HART VAN ZUID CLUSTERS
A
1 2
3 B
4
C 1 2 3 4
Zuidplein cluster Ikazia hospital Moterstraat cluster Ahoy cluster
A
B
C
HOUSING Addition: 665 houses + 531 parking places
HOUSING Demolitian old/build new retirement housing Simeon en Anna: 15.000 m² (50 m² bvo / house = 300 houses). +.150 parking places (0,5 ppl per house) Expansion Ikazia hospital: 3.000 m² + 350 parking places
CULTURAL Expansion event (conference) halls Ahoy: 10.000 m² Current number parking places 1.600 + 450 parking places (2007) + 450 parking places future expansion
RETAIL Addition: 26.000 m² (20.000 non-daily / 6.000 daily) + 574 parking places (174 non-daily + 400 daily = AH XL supermarket) SPORTS Removal Pool: 3.000 m² – 90 parking places CULTURAL Demolitian old theatre/build new theatre Zuidplein: addition 3.700 m² + 20 parking places TRANSPORT Renew bus station Addition P+R + 1.000 parking places
SPORTS Addition pool: 7.000 m² +210 parking places SCHOOLS Addition schools: 6.500 m² + 65 parking places (1 ppl per 100 m2) OFFICES/WORKING Addition offices/mixed office space: 13.000 m² + 93 parking places (1 ppl per 140 m2) Addition parking places total: 1.399 parking places
Addition theatre 2.000 chairs: 12.000 m² + 200 parking places SPORTS Renew sports palace Ahoy: annual 68.000 extra visitors See above mentioned Ahoy-parking places CATERING INDUSTRY Addition hotel 300 rooms: 15.000 m² + 150 parking places RECREATION Addition attraction: 10.000 m² + 600 parking places (in accordance with Plopsaland) Addition event area: 15.000 m² Addition parking places total: 1.850 (including 450 autonomous) Partition total parking places (3.450 places) area Ahoy: Location tennis court : 1.000 Ahoy-location: 1.450 Motorstraat area: 1.000 NB.Parking for Ahoy partly extended to another area. Namely the Moterstraat area and the location for the tennis court (see above).
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 64
Zuidplein cluster How can this cluster, with its mix of ‘60s urban development and ‘80s architecture, once again become attractive in and for the city? It is currently mainly a shopping centre, attracting people from the south of the city, with an unusual mix of infrastructure (the second busiest bus station in the Netherlands!) and a theatre but with no activities after opening times and with no links to the surrounding areas. At the same time, the building devours energy; heating in the winter and cooling in the summer. How can this urban development problem, coupled with Rotterdam’s CO2 targets, be transformed into a future oriented, attractive development? Step 00 Make an inventory of the current energy consumption. Step 01 Reduce consumption > New functions will be added: 20.000m2 shops, 6.000m2 supermarket. Theatre Zuidplein and the infrastructure intersection will be renewed. Better insulation of the existing shopping centre will in itself already significantly improve the situation. Step 02
Reuse of waste streams > The addition of housing will create a better heat-cold balance. The use of the waste heat generated by the supermarket and the typical morning and evening energy consumption in homes means that the match is perfect: 1m2 supermarket can heat 7m2 of housing! If 665 apartments are added, the heat-cold ratio becomes 1:1,08 assuming that use is made of heat and cold storage.
Step 03
Renewable energy generation > The remaining demand for heat can be solved by the addition of greenhouses on the first floor, these could be public areas (or greenhouses for growing tomatoes) or by the addition of PVT-panels. PV panels could also be installed on the roof to supply electricity for the whole shopping centre. The remaining energy required could be sustainably generated at a higher scale level.
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 65
STEP 00: reduction potential Zuidplein
STEP 01: reduce energy consumption through insulation + by balancing heat and cold demanding program
EXISTING + NEW PROGRAM
04
04 04
04
04
04 04
01
04
04
02 03
01 02 03 04
existing shops shops AH XL supermarket 665 houses
10.000 m2 10.000 m2 4.500 m2 46.550 m2
total cluster
71.050 m2
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 66
STEP 02: H : C balance per program
SUMMER
Energy demand total program H - 865 GJ C - 5.475 GJ E - 7.034 GJ
STEP 02: H : C balance per program
WINTER
Energy demand total program H - 7.788 GJ C - 1.755 GJ E - 7.595 GJ
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 67
STEP 03: resulting heating demand generated by greenhouse and renewable energy production
PV panels
greenhouse
Step 01
Step 02
Step 03
Reduce energy demand through insulation + heat and cold demanding program in balance
H : C balance total cluster
Resulting heating demand sustainably generated by greenhouse and renewable energy generation
total demand cluster: H - 8.654 GJ C - 7.231 GJ E - 14.629 GJ
Heat - Cold ratio H : C 1:0,8
H : C (dis)balance
thermal storage coverd heating demand 7.231 GJ resulting heating demand
1.423 GJ
contribution greenhouse
1.423 GJ
extra electricity demand due to usage greenhouse 181.815 GJ
ENERGY contribution PV panels resulting energy demand demand: H C E
1.422 GJ 12.224 GJ 0 GJ 0 GJ - 12.224 GJ
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 69
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 70
IMPRESSION INFRA-HALL
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 71
PROGRAMMATIC SECTION H heat W warmte W warmte K koude C cold K koude E energie E electricity E energie
02 02
01 infrastructuur hal 01 infra-hall 01 infrastructuur hal 02 woningen 02 housing 02 woningen 03 winkels 03 shops 03 winkels 04 parkeren 04 parking 04 parkeren 05 kas 05 greenhouse 05 kas
02 02
02 02
0 0
05 05 03 03
03 03 04 04
01 01 50 50
ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM W warmte H heat W warmte K koude C cold K koude E energie E energie E electricity 01 duurzame energie 01 green duurzame energie 01 electricity 02 supermarkt 02 waste supermarkt 02 heat 03 woningen 03 woningen 03 housing 04 winkels 04 winkels 04 shops 05 parkeren 05 parkeren 05 parking 06 kas 06 kas 06 greenhouse 07 PV cellen 07 PV cellen 07 PV panels
03 03
H H
C E C E
07 07 H H
C E C E
E E
04 04 05 05 05 05
H H
01 01
02 02 H H
C C
C E C E
06 06 04 04
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 73
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 74
Ikazia cluster The hospital cluster is to be extended over the coming years, but how can the current high CO2 emissions be restricted? By definition a hospital consumes a lot of energy at a relatively constant level seven days a week. This reduces the possibilities for creating an improved heat-cold balance by the addition of other functions. Step 00 Make an inventory of the current energy consumption. Step 01
Reduce energy consumption > The hospital can be optimally insulated by adding a climate facade. A new entrance will provide an improved link to the public areas. ‘Pyjama gardens’ on the green roofs with orchards and vegetable gardens will form a healing environment which will contribute to the patients’ more rapid recovery. Fresh home-grown tomatoes!
Step 02
Reuse waste streams> Recycling heat from waste air and water can be applied using heat and cold storage.
Step 03
Renewable energy generation > The demand for heat can be sustainably satisfied using the climate facade and asphalt heat collectors at the new Zuidplein. Any remaining energy requirements will be satisfied by renewable energy generation at a higher scale level.
The addition of a new entrance and a new facade round the hospital enables the current enclosed area of the hospital to contribute to the public space in Hart van Zuid and at the same time to drastically reduce CO2 emissions.
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 75
STEP 00: reduction potential Ikazia hospital
STEP 01: reduce energy consumption through insulation
EXISTING + NEW PROGRAM
01
02
01 existing Ikazia hospital 02 Ikazia hospital extension
30.013 m2 3.000 m2
33.313 m2
total cluster
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 76
STEP 02: H : C balance per program
SUMMER
Energy demand total program H C E
- 4.854 GJ - 7.522 GJ - 2.838 GJ
STEP 02: H : C balance per program
WINTER
Energy demand total program H - 27.508 GJ C - 395 GJ E - 2.838 GJ
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 77
STEP 01: reduce energy demand through climatic facade + STEP 03: resulting heating demand sustainably generated by climate facade and asphalt collectors
climate facade
Step 01
Step 02
Step 03
Reduce energy demand through insulation + heat and cold demanding program in balance
H : C balance total cluster
Resulting heating demand sustainably generated by climate facade and asphalt collectors
total demand cluster: H - 32.362 GJ C - 7.918 GJ E - 5.676 GJ
Heat - Cold ratio W : K 1:0,24
H : C (dis)balance
thermal storage coverd heating demand 7.918 GJ resulting heating demand
24.443 GJ
contribution climate facade contribution aspahalt collector contribution city heating
9.990 GJ 8.113 GJ 6.340 GJ + 24.443 GJ
extra electricity demand due to usage climate facade 999 GJ
ENERGY contribution PV panels resulting energy demand demand: H C E
0 GJ
6.675 GJ 0 GJ 0 GJ - 6.675 GJ
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 78
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 79
PROGRAMMATIC SECTION W warmte W H heat K warmte koude K C cold E koude energie E energie E electricity 01 ziekenhuis bestaand 01 bestaand 02 ziekenhuis ziekenhuis nieuw gedeelte 01 existing hospital 02 nieuw gedeelte 03 ziekenhuis glazen 02 hospitalvliesgevel extension 03 glazen vliesgevel 03 climate facade
03 03
01 02 01 02 0101 02 01 0201
01 01
5050
00
ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM W warmte warmte K K koude koude H heat E energie E energie C cold E electricity 01 01 ziekenhuis ziekenhuis bestaand bestaand 02 nieuw 02 ziekenhuis ziekenhuis nieuwgedeelte gedeelte 01 existing hospital 03 glazen vliesgevel 03 glazen 02 hospitalvliesgevel extension 04 duurzame energie 04 duurzame energie 03 climate facade 04 green electricity
03 02 01 02 01 01 01 02 02
01
H
H
E
03
01
E
04
04
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 81
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 82
Motorstraat cluster The aim is to build two new colleges on the re-developed Motor Street. This provides an opportunity for developing a balanced, multi-functional cluster. But which functions can be sustainably combined, taking energy, social and economic issues into account? A combination with housing improves social integration in the area by ensuring that the area is used throughout the day. Adding offices strengthens this mix. To achieve an energy balance in this cluster the intended 50m Hart van Zuid swimming pool can be combined with a new ice rink. The waste heat from the ice rink in combination with the swimming pool’s permanent demand for heat provide an opportunity for using thermal storage to create energy balance. The remaining demand for heat can be satisfied using a combination of solar collectors and greenhouses. Step 00
Make an inventory of the current energy consumption> This is to be a newly-built area so right from the start the perfect function mix can be set up. New functions are added to the cluster based around two new intermediate vocational colleges.
Step 01
Reduce energy consumption > The most up-to-date techniques in energy saving will be used.
Step 02 Reuse waste streams > Balancing the heat-cold relationship by the addition of functions: 50 m swimming pool (permanent need for heat), ice rink (permanent need for cooling) as well as homes and offices. Step 03
Renewable energy generation > The resulting demand for heat can be completely satisfied by the addition of solar collectors on the roofs and the incorporation of a greenhouse in between the various functions. This greenhouse will also provide an additional (productive) space. Any remaining energy requirements will be sustainably generated at a higher scale level.
The cluster as a whole will become a highly efficient complex with a constant daily use and bustling with life both on week days and in the weekend. It will radiate a positive charisma affecting the whole neighbourhood.
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 83
STEP 01: reduce energy consumption through insulation + by balancing heat and cold demanding program
PROGRAM 05 01 05
02
01
05
03
01
02
01 01
05
04 03
01 01 03 01 300 houses 21.000 m2 02 school 17.000 m2 03 ice rink 20.000 m2 04 swimming pool 7.000 m2 05 offices 13.000 m2
total cluster
78.000 m2
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 84
STEP 02: H : C balance per program
SUMMER
Energy demand total program H - 7.801 GJ C - 13.637 GJ E - 6.496 GJ
STEP 02: H : C balance per program
WINTER
Energy demand total program H - 18.940 GJ C - 7.468 GJ E - 6.749 GJ
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 85
STEP 03: resulting heating demand sustainably generated by greenhouse and solar collectors
SUMMER
solar collectors
greenhouse
Step 01
Step 02
Step 03
Reduce energy demand through insulation + heat and cold demanding program in balance
H : C balance total cluster
Resulting heating demand sustainably generated by greenhouse and solar collectors + renewable energy generation
total demand cluster: H C E
Heat - Cold ratio H : C 1:0,8 - 26.741 GJ - 21.106 GJ - 13.245 GJ
H : C (dis)balance thermal storage coverd heating demand 21.106 GJ resulting heating demand
5.635 GJ
contribution greenhouse
5.635 GJ
extra electricity demand due to usage greenhouse 563.409 GJ
ENERGY contribution PV panels resulting energy demand demand: H C E
1.761 GJ
12.047 GJ 0 GJ 0 GJ - 12.047 GJ
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 86
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 87
PROGRAMMATIC SECTION W warmte K koude E energie H heat C cold 01 woningen W warmte E electricity 02 kantoor K koude 03 zwembad E energie 01 housing 04 ijsbaan 05 school 02 office 01 woningen 03 02 swimming kantoor pool 04 03 ice rink zwembad 05 school 04 ijsbaan 05 school 01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
0
03
50
02
02
01
02
02
02 04
01
05 05 02 05 05
03 04
0
50
ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM
H heat C cold E electricity
W warmte K koude E energie 01 W 02 K 03 E 04
woningen warmte asvalt koude zwembad energie ijsbaan
01 02 03 04
woningen asvalt zwembad ijsbaan
01 housing 02 asphalt 03 swimming pool 04 ice rink
02
02 01
02 01
01 02
02
02
H
E 01
H
E 01
H
E01
H
E
H
E
H
E H
E
03 04
E
C
H
E
03 04
E
C
H
C
H
C
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 89
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 90
Ahoy cluster How can this special complex, with its local and (inter)national allure, reduce CO2 emissions and contribute to an improvement of Hart van Zuid? The Ahoy hosts large scale, short-term events. This ‘leisure’ function would be strengthened by adding sustainable amenities such as a musicals theatre, a hotel, an events terrain or a children’s amusement park. A completely CO2 neutral recreation complex becomes reality. Step 00
Make an inventory of the current energy consumption > A lot of energy is used, but mainly for short periods. For example warming before an event, cooling while the building is full of visitors.
Step 01
Reduce energy consumption > CO2 production can be reduced by installing green roofs and a climate greenhouse.
Step 02
Reuse waste streams > A theatre, hotel, amusement park, events terrain and car parks will be added. It is not possible to create a 1:1 heat-cold relationship so more energy must be sustainably generated.
Step 03
Renewable energy generation > The remaining demand for heat and electricity can be satisfied by renewable energy generation using a combination of measures: a Bio-combined heat and power generation running on waste water from the hotel, a greenhouse, asphalt thermal collector at the events terrain, PVT cells in the halls and wind turbines on the high hotel towers would together satisfy the heat and electricity requirements of the complex.
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 91
STEP 00: reduction potential Ahoy
STEP 01: reduce energy consumption through insulation + by balancing heat and cold demanding program
EXISTING + NEW PROGRAM
03
01
02
02 02
02 01 Ahoy existing 83.289 m2 02 Ahoy new 22.000 m2 03 hotel 15.000 m2
total cluster
120.289 m2
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 92
STEP 02: H : C balance per program
SUMMER
Energy demand total program H - 2.009 GJ C - 15.891 GJ E - 5.456 GJ
STEP 02: H : C balance per program
WINTER
Energy demand total program H C E
- 18.083 GJ - 942 GJ - 5.456 GJ
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 93
STEP 03: resulting heating demand sustainably generated by greenhouse and PV panels + renewable energy generation
SUMMER
PV greenhouse
Step 01
Step 02
Step 03
Reduce energy demand through insulation + heat and cold demanding program in balance
H : C balance total cluster
Resulting heating demand sustainably generated by greenhouse and PV panels + renewable energy generation
total demand cluster:
Heat - Cold ratio H : C !:0,8
H : C (dis)balance H C E
- 20.092 GJ - 16.834 GJ - 10.913 GJ
thermal storage coverd heating demand 16.834 GJ resulting heating demand
3.258 GJ
contribution greenhouse
3.258 GJ
extra electricity demand due to usage greenhouse 325 GJ
ENERGY contribution PV panels
7.274 GJ
resulting energy demand
3.964 GJ
demand: H C E
0 GJ 0 GJ 3.964 GJ
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 94
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 95
SECTION WPROGRAMMATIC warmte K koude E energie H heat C cold 01 parkeren WE energy warmte 02 Ahoy bestaand K koude 03 theater E01 parking energie 04 hotel 02 Ahoy existing 05 kas 0103 theater parkeren 06 plopsaland 0204 hotel Ahoy bestaand 07 bio WKK 0305 greenhouse theater 0406 plopsaland hotel 0507 kas bio cogeneration plant 06 plopsaland 07 bio WKK 02
02
04
04
02
02
02
03
05
50
0
02
02
02
02
02
03
05
07
06
01 50
0
W warmte K ENERGIE koude FLOW DIAGRAM E energie 01 W 02 K 03 E 04 05 01 06 02 07 03 08 04 05 06 07 08
07
06
01
H heat C cold E energy
PV cellen warmte Ahoy bestaand koude hotel energie theater kas PV cellen plopsaland Ahoy bestaand biologisch afval (algen) hotel bio WKK theater kas plopsaland biologisch afval (algen) bio WKK
01 PV panels 02 Ahoy existing 03 hotel 04 theater 05 greenhouse 06 plopsaland 07 biological waste (algae) 08 bio cogeneration plant
03
03
01 04
02
05
07
08
07
08
06 01
H
C
E
04
02
05 06
H
C
E
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 97
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 98
Zuidplein These clusters together form the basis for the sustainable, economic re-development of Hart van Zuid. But how can they jointly, in addition to a better climate, contribute to an improved social climate between the clusters? An important measure is the digging out of the Strevelsweg to create a square or plaza; the actual ‘Zuid plain’. To start with this plain will already be greatly improved by simply giving priority to pedestrians and cyclists. Secondly, in order to become a proper plaza, clear facades are required; shops will be located on the shopping centre side with entrances at ground level. The entrance to the garage will be moved to the south side. A second lively shell will be built round the Ikazia hospital giving access to the plain. Thirdly continuation of the Zuiderpark right up to the plain will enhance its green feeling. Pavilions will be located on the plain to absorb exhaust fumes from the Strevels tunnel and to demonstrate a combination of sustainability, infrastructure and public open space. A sustainable and green Zuidplein adjacent to the Zuider Park: a new Hart van Zuid!
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 99
PLAN HART VAN ZUID
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 101
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 103
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 105
Conclusionsand and Conclusions recommendations recommendations Nico Tillie Andy van den Dobbelsteen Duzan Doepel
REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning – 108
Conclusions and recommendations The general aim of this study is to discover whether CO2 neutrality can be achieved within an existing part of the city, working from the urban planning and spatial design processes. A manageable method is arrived at based on the guiding principle of reduction of both energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Further, REAP is based on a realistic approach to economic, social, political and organisational structures. As usual a few comments need to be made. Other architectonic styles The use of REAP has been worked out and depicted in areas and (existing, remodelled and new) buildings with a particular style. The REAP methodology is however architecturally independent and allows for different solutions – and the associated different architectural expressions. Energy techniques An inventory of energy production on a city wide scale shows that some techniques are potentially much more profitable than others. This however does not mean that the less profitable techniques are not useful in the development of individual buildings. Although it would appear that wind induced energy in an urban area is of little significance, an effective combination of high rise building and wind turbines is still possible. This goes beyond the scope of this study. Financial, economic and organisational aspects Designs for the 2020s are based on the current (affordable) technologies. An in-depth study of financial-economic and organisational aspects goes beyond the scope of this report but a few recommendations can be made: • Develop a joint sustainability target for a particular area together with instruments such as a sustainability index. • Stimulate the different parties with benefits such as tax rebates to guarantee that targets are met. • Ensure that the factor time is taken into account. The best (financial) solution for a particular situation changes with time. • Develop new structures so that parties can attune energy supply. • Develop new instruments to guarantee the delivery of energy. Ideal solutions versus time The search for the perfect solution at the right place depends on different guiding factors – money, technology, organisation, information – which all change with time. In the near future this can lead to a completely different solution to the one suggested in this study. Recently it has become increasingly clear that the choice of projects is mainly determined by economical considerations, together with the available energy techniques. Financially this depends on energy prices, availability of money and potential subsidies. This serves to underline the fact that there are no ideal solutions, at most they are only temporary; the best combination of measures is continually changing.
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Never the less it is essential to gather more information and gain an insight into the principles involved. When solving issues of renewable energy production, and in particular up-scaling production, it is essential to relate to each individual situation and the above mentioned aspects such as time and money. For each step in the REAP methodology, it is useful to know which financial and organisational aspects are involved so that a well thought-out decision can be reached. CO2 neutral urban development is possible! After applying REAP to Hart van Zuid, calculations have shown that CO2 neutral urban development within the built up area of an existing city region is possible. That is why we, the authors, would like to encourage the reader to always consider where possibilities for small-scale energy exchange lie so that a gigantic effect can be achieved on a much larger scale.
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Colophon REAP Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning Towards CO2 neutral urban development AUTHORS Nico Tillie, project leader CO2 Pilot REAP sustainable city, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Andy van den Dobbelsteen, Climate Design & Sustainability, Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft Duzan Doepel, architect, DSA Wim de Jager, team leader sustainability Rotterdam Department of Public Works Marc Joubert, architect, JA Dave Mayenburg, adviser energy for the Rotterdam Department of Public Works The authors all played an integral role in determinning the content of this publication. TEKST Editors Andy van den Dobbelsteen, Duzan Doepel, Nico Tillie Translation Rachael Fox LAYOUT AND PRINTING Design Studio Minke Themans Design generic scenarios and application on Hart van Zuid DSA: Duzan Doepel, Eline Strijkers with Chantal Vos; JA: Marc Joubert with Roos Limburg Advisor Pieter Kers, Duurzaamuitgeven.nl, het vlakke land, Rotterdam Publisher Rotterdam Climate Initiative Cover photo Maarten Laupman Printing Ecodrukkers, Nieuwkoop COMMISSIONED BY: Hendrik-Jan Bosch, Policy coordinator Sustainable City, Rotterdam Climate Initiative Fred Akerboom, Project manager, Rotterdam Climate Initiative www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl EDITION 350
ISBN978-94-90169-02-2
Š Project group Hart van Zuid and Rotterdam Climate Initiative, Rotterdam, April 2009 The autors have done all in their capacity to determine the copyrights of the photos. Should you have questions regarding this please take up contact.
CONTACT PERSON Nico Tillie, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Galvanistraat 15 3029 AD, Rotterdam t + 31 (0)10 4895099 m + 31 (0) 653968511 e n.tillie@dsv.rotterdam.nl
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PROJECT GROUP HART VAN ZUID Nico Tillie, project leader CO2 Pilot REAP sustainable city, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Andy van den Dobbelsteen, Climate Design & Sustainability, Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft Duzan Doepel, architect, DSA Marc Joubert, architect, JA Wim de Jager, team leader sustainability Rotterdam Department of Public Works Roland van Rooyen, adviser energy for the Rotterdam Department of Public Works PARTICIPANTS WORKSHOPS Andy van den Dobbelsteen, TU Delft Duzan Doepel, DSA Marc Joubert, JA Roos Limburg, JA Wouter Verhoeven, Rotterdam Climate Initiative Mariette Bilius, DCMR Christian de Laat, DCMR Nico Tillie, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Marije ten Kate dS+V, City of Rotterdam Iris Dudok, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Karin Noordanus, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Rachna Deenstra, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Klaartje van Etten, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Aida Bubic, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Machiel Bakx, dS+V, City of Rotterdam / APPM Angelique Nossent, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Anoek van den Broek, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Erik Prins, dS+V, City of Rotterdam Wim de Jager, Rotterdam Department of Public Works Roland van Rooyen, Rotterdam Department of Public Works Leo van de Wal, Rotterdam Department of Public Works Jos Streng, Rotterdam Department of Public Works Patricia Timmerman, Rotterdam Department of Public Works Esther Ruijgvoorn, OBR, City of Rotterdam SOUND BOARD GROUP REAP METHODOLOGY Hendrik-Jan Bosch, Wouter Verhoeven (Rotterdam Climate Initiative), Kees Hogervorst, Hans Bosch, Anoek van den Broek, Jesper van Loon (dS+V), Dave Mayenburg (Rotterdam Department of Public Works). “During production of this book utmost efforts have been made to ensure sustainable use of the environment and natural resources. This includes both minimising the use of material, waste and transport as well as the use of environmentally friendly materials (low-energy and biodegradable). The printing is chemical free. Both the paper and the cover are printed on FSC certified paper – so that the timber, the most important raw material for this book, originates from forests that have been planted for this purpose. Finally we only work with producers who themselves are verifiably environmentally conscious. For more information see: www.sustainablepublishing.eu”