Master of Architecture by THAO NGUYEN LE

Home Healing

A Responsive Vernacular for Disaster Affected Communities in Central Vietnam

A thesis report submitted to meet in part the requirements of Architectural Thesis Project ARCH6006 Final Thesis Project Report Student Family Name: THAO NGUYEN LE | Mintie Le | 19883533 Thesis Title: Home Healing: Responsive Vernacular for Disaster Affected Communities in Central Vietnam Thesis Type: Design Thesis ( 70% Design, 30% Research) Supervisor: Dr Chamila Subasinghe Arachchilage Don Unit Coordinator: Dr Reena Tiwari Date of Submission: 26 October 2021

Declaration

This thesis is presented for the degree of Master of Architecture of Curtin University. This dissertation contains no material, which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief this dissertation contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement has been made.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The completion of this Thesis would not have been possible without the contributions, inspirations and assistances from many people I am greatful to.

To my Parents for your belief and never giving up on me To my brother, sister and my nephew for always bringing me joy and uplifting my mood To my partner Hoang Long for your encouragment, support and the food you cooked To my supervisor Cham and for your guidance, feedback and inspiration To my best friend Khuong Thuyen for supporting me from my very first days in Australia until now To Quyen, Nhu, Ha, Giao, Thao friend for supporting and believing in me

CONTENTS

02 Title 03 Declaration 04 Acknowledgement 05 Contents 06 Abstract

Identification

The Site

Chapter

08 Reserch Question Aims Objectives 09 Significance Methodology

Background

Understanding

Chapter

Case Studies

The Brief

The Design

Chapter

18 Disaster Impacts

41 Background 42 The Selected Areas 43 Vernacular Analysis 45 Regional Architecture Context 46 Site Analysis

Chapter

Introduction

21 Human and Environment 22 Environment and Helaing 24 Architecture of Healing environment 49 Design Proposal 50 Design Programe 51 Spatial Diagram Programe 51 Tool Box

Chapter

11 What are Disasters? 12 Flood in central Vietnam 13 Psychological Recovery Journey 14 Psychological Reactions 15 Rehabiliation Cenre

30 32 34 36 38

Case Study 1 Case Study 2 Case Study 3 Case Study 4 Case Study 5

53 The Design

67 Reference 70 Appendix 5

ABSTRACT Post-disaster recovery is always a contemporary topic and challenges governments, urban designers, and architects (Berke and Cambanella 2006). It is crucial to help individuals identify their position and value in life in conjunction with the context of culture and their expectations, aims, standards, and cares (Adarlan et al., 2011). Vietnam is one of the South Asian countries most vulnerable to cyclones (Phong and Tinh 2010, as quoted by Tran 2015, 63). Natural disasters such as floods, dry spells, and landslides strike Quang Nam yearly, wreaking havoc on socio-economic activity and the ecosystem (Le Anh and Vu, 2013). Disasters* push the victims into miserable states and strip their most valued things away, ranging from physical subjects like family, friends, memories-filled souvenirs to mental objects as a sense of being safe and secure. This leaves affected residents vulnerable to a number of factors occurring only within life-after-disaster that would include individual to societal scales and from the physical, the community, and the individual dimensions. (Donavan, 2013). Despite increased readiness for natural disasters, there is no long-term approach to dealing with the magnitude of environmental disasters in the upcoming future. (Le Anh and Vu, 2013) Throughout this research journey, the notion of “Architecture of Healing” and “Relevant person-environment” theories will get scrutinised to identify a set of needed spaces and design features which can help to release the survivors from three significant consequences in post-disaster: disempowerment, disconnection to place and ravage of emotion and psychology (Donovan, 2013). The methodology includes studying how architectural factors trigger post-disaster psychological trauma and exploring the relationship between people, environment and healing through research articles and books. In addition, with the exploration in different adaptive rehabilitation precedents targeting relative healing features, this research hopes to end up with an architectural guideline for spatial planning in designing a “disaster rehabilitation centre” in Central Vietnam. The centre emphasises the indoor and outdoor ambience to facilitate social connections, psychological resilience and self-empowerment for the people who lost everything and are incapacitated to bring their life back on track after the disaster. In addition, the proposed year-round program for this centre helps empower the local community to transform an at-risk community into a disaster-resilient community.

* The word “Disasters” in this thesis report stands for storms, flash floods and landslides.

1. Introduction

1.1 RESEARCH QUESTION How can spatial planning and specific architecture design features employed in creating an optimal healing environment to aid individuals in their psychological recovery process and ensure well-being for the local community in the catastrophic aftermath of disasters in the rural areas of Central Vietnam?

1.2 AIMS The aim of this thesis is to design an effective healing environment in the disaster rehabilitation centre that helps the survivors in post-disaster to overcoming their psychological impacts and sustaining the well-being for the local community in Nam Tra My, Vietnam.

1.3 OBJECTIVES • To understand the relationship between the life cycle of disaster and the phases of psychological reaction to disaster • To perceive the knowledge of “architecture of healing”, and “Relevant person-environment” associating with individual’s mental health and well-being • To explore the vernacular and cultural, social context of Nam Tra My before and during flood to understand the opportunities and challenges of its community • To produce an appropriate spatial program and planning for proposing a disaster rehabilitation centre for the local community

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE It is crucial to help survivors in post-disaster identify their position and value in life in conjunction with the context of culture and their expectations, aims, standards, and cares (Adarlan et al., 2011). This proposal establishes a strong relationship between people and places to propose a spatial solution for healing architecture in flood-prone areas. This solution will help shorten the time flood victims face their psychological impacts, which will mitigate the development of severe Post Traumatic Stress Disorder whom Parkinson (2000) defined as “a normal response to abnormal events”. Implementing a disaster healing centre will facilitate opportunities to transform at-risk communities into disaster-resilient communities. A changeable spatial module addressed in this project paves the way for the year-round activity plan in this centre, reducing economic loss through community farming schemes and enhancing community bonds through cultural, social and agricultural activities in the non-flood season. On a macro-scale, this research attempts to bring up a design method of healing environment focusing on forming a healing centre module for disaster-affected places around the world.

1.5 METHODOLOGY Literature Review - To explore the physical and psychological consequences caused by disasters in central Vietnam - To explore the relationship between human, place and healing through the theories of “Architecture of Healing” and “Relevant person-environment” Case Studies - To explore the spatial planning, integrated architecture healing features, flood resistant materials, sustainable strategies

Background

2.1 WHAT ARE DISASTERS?

The United Nations International Strategy (2010) describes a disaster as a situation where a particular society finds it absolutely impossible to be self-sufficient in dealing with drastic losses in people, assets, and the environment all caused by severe social dysfunction. That description pictures disasters not as all bushfires, flooding, or pandemic diseases happening since the beginning of human history, but only those capable of causing unbearable losses to specific communities where foreign aid is necessarily demanded. In the light of what the United Nations International Strategy has pictured, Donavan (2013) carries on the description by pointing out that disasters consist of unfamiliar obstacles and the lack of proper tools, labour forces, and local resources of resolution and thereby establish a continually unbridgeable gap between a community and its pre-disaster everyday life. Disasters push the victims into miserable states and strip their most valued things away, ranging from physical subjects like family, friends, memories-filled souvenirs to mental objects as a sense of being safe and secure. This leaves affected residents vulnerable to a number of factors occurring only within life-after-disaster that would include individual to societal scales and from the physical, the community, and the individual dimensions. (Donavan, 2013)

}

amount of challenges to meet needs

pre - disaster

}

amount of challenges to meet needs

post - disaster

2.2 FLOOD IN CENTRAL VIETNAM Ranked in the top five easiest targets of climate change (Pollack et al., 2016), Vietnam is even vulnerable to such low-level storms as tropical cyclones, which can pose significant threats to the area and leave behind serious death rates. The scope of this thesis is based on Quang Nam - one of the most renowned provinces in Central Vietnam. The natural topography of this site has made it adversely affected by natural hazards in different forms, including sea-level rise, floods, and droughts. Tuan and The (2009) have claimed in their publication that these extreme weather conditions have caused annual damages to the local infrastructure, agriculture, and human lives. In fact, Lam Thi Thu (2009) has exemplified that the flood of 2017, which is the biggest one in the past 17 years, had its destructive damage originated from the unexpectedly short time to prepare between flood events during the disaster. There was not enough time for the local communities to fortify their protection and recover from one event before another. The alarming rate of these extreme weather conditions will continually increase over the next decades, devastating impacts on the affected communities’ social and economic dimensions (Tran Nu Quy, 2020). However, it is indisputable that damage assessment reports mostly concentrate on economic impacts and death rates while letting issues on local health and wellbeing caused by those destructive hazards less well-analysed and studied. (Navrud et al., 2012)

It is a matter of fact that a number of individuals affected by floods in Central Vietnam have their health and wellbeing adversely affected. Indeed, most of them have unusually high rates of PTSD, various disabilities, and somatic syndrome, which are caused by different post-disaster consequences, including financial stress (Pollack et al., 2016). Bearing these mental burdens, these people who have lost their homes, family, and friends need a tremendous amount of help in different areas of life to reconstruct their pre-disaster lives. Henceforth, it is apparent why this thesis proposes an environment where the recovery process is put at the front to rebuild the affected local communities.

2.3 PSYCHOLOGICAL RECOVERY JOURNEY Heroic Phase

Honeymoon Phase

“Everything will be alright” A period of tremendous benevolence

A sense of shared survival, expectation of recovery, and the belief that all agencies, internal and external, may collaborate

Disillusionment Phase Disappointment, perplexity, frustration, rage, lack of support, wrath, social structure breakdown

Restabilisation/ Renewal Phase Increasing self-assurance, as well as the reformation of social and physical institutions that aid in the functioning of the society

Mental Disorder Possible results if disillustionment phase lacks of appropriate solution to increase self-assurance

2.4 The Phases of PSYCHOLOGY REACTION to Disaster

According to Figure 4, it is apparent that the step-by-step process of the victims affected by floods progresses significantly. The intervention taking place in terms of mental health during the Short and Medium-terms is critical and necessary to refrain from various long-lastingly severe effects in the future (which are more likely to cause severe mental disorders). Figure 4. Phases of psychological reaction to disaster. From Thao Nguyen Le, by Thao Nguyen Le, 2021. Copyright 2021 by Thao Nguyen Le.

2.5

REHABILITATION CENTRE - Community-based Approaches

What is rehabilitation?

“Build back Better”

Rehabilitation is the procedure of assisting a person in achieving the maximum potential degree of function, individuality, and quality of life. It neither repairs nor removes the damage coming from sickness or distress; rather, it aids in the restoration of an individual’s health, wellbeing, and functioning. (Spectrum Health Lakeland 2021)

Weeks and months following a tragedy, recovery and rehabilitation begin. This phase’s objective is to restore what was previously there, put communities on a better and safer development route, and help them recover more quickly. It entails the restoration of essential services (e.g., communications, commuter transportation, and residential power), infrastructure (e.g., roads and bridges), and livelihood (e.g., schools).

Community-based Needs Immediate - Saving influenced victims - Fundamental necessities: clothes, medical treatment, shelter, food, water, and essential household items - Roads, power, and communication networks repair and restoration - Recovering agricultural damage, seed and fertiliser distribution

Short-term - Rebuilding infrastructure and re-initiating services - Re-organising community life - Following habitat restoration priorities

Long-term - Extreme weather resistant livelihoods - Extreme weather resistant infrastructure - Environmental re-establishment - Indigenous and traditional practices incorporation

3. Identification

DISASTERS

VICTIMS

DISPLACEMENT & DISPOSSESSION

DISCONNECTION TO PLACE

DISEMPOWERMENT

PSYCHOLOGY IMPACTS

LOSS OF

CONTROL

SOCIAL SUPPORT

IDENTITY

MENTAL DAMAGE

TERRITORY

3.1

DISPLACEMENT & DISPOSSESSION

3.2

DISCONNECTION TO PLACE

Displacement caused by flooding also predominantly causes home loss. This consequence is enormous as it harms the social identity of affected communities by damaging such essential social factors of identity as home. The concept of a home founds the basic framework that reflects our sense of self, self-worth, understanding of the surrounding environments (Pallasmaa 1994). Those becoming homeless after the disaster are so vulnerable and displaced that they rationally seek ways to reconstruct their self-identity and sense of belonging via rebuilding their homes. Henceforth, spatial designs facilitating family unions and encouraging physical and mental disabilities to recover and adapt should receive the predominant concentration during the design process regardless of both typology and scales of projects.

After any disaster, most life aspects of affected individuals become impossible for anyone to perceive as normal as before. For example, they are more likely to find such pleasuring landscapes as rivers and beaches to become threats to their survival, such as cyclones, typhoons, and floods. Disasters strongly reimagine perceptions of those residents in the affected community about their surroundings, from assets to threats. After a disaster, nothing is left untouched but either demolished or crowned with a new negative identity (Parkinson, 2000). The mentioned displacement of people as an aftermath of disasters means lessening the community’s labour force and taking away most of its intellectual skills authority and, thereby, worsening the devastating scenario. Hence, the remaining individuals are more likely to become least connected to their homes.

3.3

3.4

DISEMPOWERMENT

These aftermaths of one disaster adversely challenge affected communities by such undermining consequences as hurting businesses, cutting down jobs, disorientating social structures, leaving traditional roles in society irrelevant, and overwhelming local victims. Although these consequences tend to be resolvable by foreign aids coming from national governments, foreign governments, charity groups, and international agencies of the United Nations, these aids might eventually distort the local economy and remove its independence (Taylor 2009, as quoted by Donovan 2013). As a result, a sense of disempowerment gets established in which the affected victims become helpless in making sensibly personal decisions regarding their destiny, insights, and social functionality. Henceforth, the ‘sense of mastery of their world’ and the accompanying ‘deep sense of wellbeing’ are stripped away (Borrell 2011, as quoted by Donovan 2013).

PSYCHOLOGY IMPACTS

It is evident that flooding is highly stressful and that the tension lasts long after the water has retreated. Flooding affects individuals of all ages and can cause grief, enormous economic issues for families, behavioural problems in children, increased drug use and/or abuse, increased domestic violence and aggravating, causing, or inciting people’s mental health problems. (2011, Health Protection Agency) Many factors influence the likelihood of getting PTSD following a flooding incident.These include demographic factors (female, young and old age, low income, and low education) as well as stressors both during the event (severe physical injury to self or others, fear of dying or witnessing others die, being trapped, previous experience with a flood or traumatic event) and secondary stressors in the long term (continued disrepair of housing, displacement, low levels of social support).

4. Understanding

HUMAN

ENVIRONMENT

ARCHITECTURE

HEALING

4.1 HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT Sense of Place

Sense of Community and Social Support

A specific location becomes ‘placeless’ when it lacks an essential ‘sense of place’. This essential factor of space gets emphasised by the authenticity of the human imprint within (Parsa and Torabi 2015, 39). The imprint plays a crucial role in defining our identity and self-preservation. It links people to the surrounding environment via three significant processes of psychological drivers, including identity, attachment, and familiarity (Gifford 2007, 309). Firstly, place identity emphasises the essential relationship between an individual and those places where one lives. It highlights how one gets identified by one’s place and how places restore one’s energy. Secondly, place attachment demonstrates the way people and their environments take care of each other. It focuses on how people act out in constructing the definition of their places. Thirdly, place familiarity consists of place knowledge of which one cognitively obtains while spending time occupying a location. (Gifford 2007, 310) The mentioned displacement threatens those listed psychological drivers (place identity, attachment, and familiarity), leading to alienation, nostalgia, and confusion. Henceforth, developing a “feeling of place” can establish a necessary basis for the individual to re-establish an identity.

The definition of a sense of community consists of psychological terms defined as a person’s sense of belonging to a social structure that is helpful, readily available, and dependable. Gifford (2007, 275) claims that residents who are satisfied with the level of engagement in their society have a stronger sense of community. It is a matter of fact that social contact within a society reduces social isolation and increases the connectivity of a community. On the other hand, decreased interactivity might harm social capital, reducing the sense of belonging and social connection within one’s community. Moreover, this interactivity can be either boosted or stifled depending on how the neighbourhood gets designed. The social qualities of a location can be linked to a sense of community, as can the physical elements of the built environment. A community’s layout plays an essential role in creating place connections and a sense of belonging. According to a study by Gifford (2007, 276), residents in cul-de-sacs had more place attachment and a sense of community than residents of through streets. Because the common property shared by inhabitants of a cul-de-sac or’ home cluster’ can physically “knits the group together” by functioning as a centre (Alexander 1977, 201). Social contact gets encouraged by these public spaces or commonplaces, which helps to foster a sense of community.

A location must offer its occupants a sense of order identity, security, physical suitability, connectedness, and warmth to be called home (Gifford 2007, 257). Home can be figuratively a hideout that offers its users protection, refuge, security, and privacy from the vicissitudes of life (Gifford 2001, 256). ‘Home’ is undeniably vital in the creation of one’s identity. ‘Home’ is the first place where people feel a sense of belonging while offering them the framework to explore the surrounding environment and their position within. Henceforth, it is critical to strive to construct homes that occupants can recognise as ‘home’ reflecting and promoting their genuine self.

4.2 ENVIRONMENT AND HEALING 4.2.1 Healing From a holistic standpoint, healing encompasses several aspects of health, including spiritual, psychological, emotional, physical, and social wellbeing (Figure 6). The process of healing concentrates on a person’s more significant degree of wellbeing. It takes passive therapies and personal commitments to help people develop or restore their self-incentivisation for emotional and physical wellbeing. (Lu 2014) The definition of healing emphasises procedures of repair, regeneration, reintegration, and recovery that support both occupational, social, physical, mental, and spiritual health of a person and his welfare (Jonas et al. 2014). Archibald (2006) similarly emphasises how important tailoring the healing process to the individual is. Feeney (2009, 7) approaches the healing process to support that assertion with a statement that there are high chances that final true healing is a farfetched bliss. As a result, the actual healing should focus on assisting them in managing the effects of the events. To some, the concept of healing is demeaning since it implies that one should overcome what one has gone through (Feeney 2009). As a result, healing is a case-bycase process, meaning a community-based programme should concentrate on a simplified reaction that allows for personal expression. It is critical to emphasise individual recovery and the value of communal conversation in the healing process (Koolmatrie 2000). The same programmes have become subjects investigated across the United States and Canada (Archibald, 2006), with successful programmes focusing on the local backgrounds while developing therapeutic models to address localised behaviours (Feeney, 2009).

4.2.2

Environment and Healing

People in anguish, faced with property loss and death due to natural catastrophes, prefer to seek a getaway from their daily routines to relieve stress. According to studies, environmental components and the healing process of those experiencing emotional pain strongly associate. The importance of “positive distraction”, which refers to a state that reduces pressure and aids healing, requires emphasis during the restoration phase to assist victims of natural catastrophes to regain mental stability (Lu 2014). Earlier research has suggested removing contextual elements that initiate trauma-related memories, such as enhancing design for improved navigation, more accessible entrance and departure, and shelter against PTSD-related symptoms (Gloembiewski, 2016). Loud noise, narrow routes, big crowd gatherings, and a lack of space can cause mental illnesses like PTSD. As a result, the current emphasis has moved to the importance of physical surroundings in the lives of individuals with mental illnesses. (Gharib et al. 2017)

4.2.3

Environmental Psychology

Roger Hart, an environmental psychologist from the University of New York City, addressed the link between humans and the environment in an Archiculture interview (Arbuckle Industries 2015). He proposed that an architect should be free of the notion that space is distinct from humans and that an environment directly influences human behaviour. One method to avoid the notion is to consider how the chosen settings can provide people with diverse options. In the conversation, Hart expands on how design can foster a better atmosphere by helping individuals to achieve what they need to achieve in their lives through design. He used the example of a daycare centre, where the physical environment encourages children to explore and play, allowing them to socialise and thrive. This conversation emphasises the significance of design that allows individuals to be more comprehensive and involved in their surroundings. Because housing settings may be a barrier to personal fulfilment when people have little control over crucial decisions in the housing process, allowing an individual to participate in the planning, design, and construction of their house gives the tenant a sense of control over the development of their unique living space and consequently promotes individual and societal wellbeing (Turner 1972, 241). Territorial control is essential to humans because it satisfies numerous fundamental human needs, including self-identity, excitement, security, and a sense of place (Lang 1987, 147). Having a private domain or a location in which one can withdraw and feel safe from the great outdoors is critical to one’s psychological wellbeing since it helps the individual physically and psychologically separate oneself from others and relax.

4.3

ARCHITECTURE OF HEALING ENVIRONMENT

Depending on the individual’s requirements and viewpoints, healing settings get arranged in a variety of ways. In 2004, the Samueli Institute created the term Optimal Healing Environment (OHE) as a definition of a healthcare system aiming to initiate and promote families’, patients’, and care providers’ innate healing potential. Individuals in relationships, their health-generating activities, and the physical world together make up an OHE (Sakallaris et al. 2015). The external surroundings set up a favourable material environment helping the body, mind, and soul find serenity, happiness, and vitality. The ambient aspects of healing environments, such as colours, sound, light, temperature, and air quality, are the most important factors to consider. When it comes to controlling the stress of users, physical surroundings are essential. Internal, interpersonal, and behavioural involvement of its occupants must receive supports in healing settings. The primary goal of the design research is to promote morbific prototypes of symptom management towards the material world that supports health. (Sakallaris et al. 2015) Biophilic Design is a kind of architecture that inspires inhabitants to connect with nature in order to establish a healthy habitat for them to inhabit. There is proof that Biophilic Design is a beneficial approach in decreasing mental pressure, boosting brain inventiveness, enhancing wellbeing, and speeding up the healing progression in the built environment (Browning, Ryan, and Clancy 2014). The fourteen patterns of Biophilic Design Elements have been divided into three categories: nature in the spatial patterns, natural analogue patterns, and nature of spatial patterns, according to an article published by Therapin Bright Green (Browning, Ryan, and Clancy 2014). In his essay, Stephen R. Kellert argued that Biophilic Design is about humanity’s role in nature and the natural world’s place in human civilisation, not only about greening the space design by adding plants (Kellert et al. 2008, 7). Nikos Salingaros (2015) supports this assertion by further claiming that creating a biophilic environment requires more than just adding green components and technology; the structure of the building itself must try to be therapeutic. Then, he developed “Eight points of Biophilic Effects,” a set of variables that can contribute to practical Biophilic experiences that can be used as a standard to measure the effectiveness of Biophilic Design interferences. Life, Curves, Fractals, Gravity, Water, Color, and Light are those eight points of Biophilic Effects from Salingaros (2015).

View to nature

Garden

Indoor Plants

A view of nature has been shown in several studies to act helpful in assisting patients to relieve stress and discomfort. According to Ulrich (2006, 41), numerous windows with views of wildlife are a beneficial architectural component since they can alleviate psychological anguish and help patients heal faster. Because people’s perspective of nature is beautiful, pleasant sights are vital in offering comfort and delight to the victim, and the resulting pleasant mood can be beneficial to their health (Ulrich 2006, 41).

Several hospitals have begun incorporating “healing gardens” even within their buildings to accommodate family members, patients, and employees. The reason is that patients’ contact with wildlife will enhance their health and wellbeing due to such various processes as promoting access to social support, physical activity and providing appealing and revitalising vistas. (Malkin 1992, 73)

Plants have long been associated with personal wellbeing and identified as a calming and therapeutic thing. Giving plants or flowers to a sick friend is an intuitive concept supporting the increasing theory that indoor plants and flowers may enhance individuals’ wellbeing (Malkin 1992, 75).

Natural Light

Colour

Colour perception and pigmentation harmony can have a direct influence on our emotions. The psychological impacts of colour are profound, and the advertising industry makes considerable use of (and misuse of) them. Colours and colour harmonies are favourite mediums for interior designers to influence persons’ psychological states. (Salingaros and Nikos A. 2006)

The presence of water, whether stationary or flowing, produces a relaxing sensation. Water’s stillness offers calm, allowing for a pure meditation process to take place. Moving water, on the contrary, not only covers road noise by generating harmonic sound in places, but it also has a solid physical presence and may provide exciting or relaxing sensations, comparable to waterfalls in environmental settings. (Malkin 1992, 237).

According to recent research, natural light plays a vital role in helping individuals feel better and recover quicker. Daylight gives the necessary warmth to give one’s house a welcoming atmosphere. (Karlin & Zeiss 2006, 1377)

Water

Gravity

Fractals

Curves

Numerous studies have shown that looking out the window at nature can help patients reduce stress and pain. Pleasing sights can give comfort and pleasure to the patient since, in general, people perceive nature to be beautiful, and thus generating good feelings can help health (Ulrich 2006, 41). Multiple windows with views of nature, according to Ulrich, are a beneficial architectural component since they help minimise psychological discomfort and speed up patient recovery time. (Ulrich 2006, 41)

Many hospitals have begun to incorporate “healing gardens” within or even within their buildings to accommodate patients, family members, and employees. This is because patients’ access to nature will not only give appealing and restorative vistas, but it will also enhance people’s health and wellbeing through other processes such as physical activity and facilitating access to social support. (Malkin 1992, 73)

Plants have long been associated with individual wellbeing and have become identified as a calm and therapeutic thing. The intuitive beliefs and practices of bringing plants or flowers to a sick friend lend credence to the accumulating evidence that indoor plants and flowers can enhance people’s health. (Malkin 1992, 75)

Case Study

This page is intentionally left blank.

Case Study 1: JACKFRUIT VILLAGE

by 1 + 1 > 2 Architects in Son Tay town, Hanoi Vietnam (2019)

Nature

The design programming focuses on orientation around the lake while using curvy planning to create court yard permeated with plants to trigger social interactions and thereby creates a pleasant place for its occupants. From the central area, the planning maximises view from the central courtyard towards the lake creating sense of peaceful within the public realm.

tha

oo hr

Cognitive Analysis

Cognitively speaking, the design of Jack Fruit Village proposed by 1+1>2 Architects brings a possitive impact onto the community with a new and more progressive living model. Besides being a well-planned design, this proposal has been using traditional construction technology but in a more elevated and more contemporary design to create a wide variety of job opportunities for the locals and thereby boosted their living standard. Henceforth, Jackfruit Village offering its residents a strong connection to the local nature is a great case study contributing to nature connection design proposed in this thesis.

Ventilation

This section is demonstrating how laws of physics is studied and applied onto the design. The design’s end-product is able to utilise readily-available high wind passive features and thereby optimises its performances.

Natural Light

To acknowledge the value of local vegetation, 1+1>2 Architects has wisely chosen thatch harvested from local trees to design the architectural roof which allows natural light to penetrate straight through both windows and roofs providing a sense of warmth and socialising.

private area

service area

Spatial Solution

With servicing both tourists and local residents in mind, the design draws up a masterplan that builds around a central common yard and transitional places between public, semi-public, and private areas. As a result, the master orientation offers its occupants a sense of control and a sense of privacy.

local thatch

adobe bricks

Materiality

1+1>2 Architects have chosen a wide variety of local and eco-friendly materials like adobe bricks, timber, bamboo, palm leaves, and local thatch. This feature eases its users’ minds via promoting a warm and bright healing environment to thereby, raise a sense of connecting with nature.

water for irrigation

water for toilet

rainwater

rainwater rainwater

surface drainage

rainwater

septic tank

septic tank septic tank

Sustainable Strategy

septic tank

In terms of sustainability, the architects integrate into their design a VAC model to create a fully self-sufficient cycle of water supplying whose waste gets utilised to build an organic food supply model on site. This cycle’s major source includes rain water harvesting and groundwater extracting.

Case Study 2: SAX REHABILITATION CENTRE

by BW Arch in Sebnitz city Germany (2015)

Nature

The feature of view to nature is maximised by a regular rhythm is created by the huge windows on the façade. The perforated metallic layer that covers the façade protects the opening portion of the window.

Cognitive Analysis

This residential, occupational, and healthcare centre for people with psychiatric, physical, or social disorders, or challenges related to addiction, attempts to provide its clients with an environment as they prepare for reintegration into the society. The new facility is grounded in the agricultural structure of the neighbourhood and is located amid the orchards of the Rhone valley, midway between the towns of Saxon and Charrat. The layout of the orchards, farms, and vineyards influenced the architecture of the structure and its environs. The structure is included into this orthogonal logic.

Day-lighting

The opening section moves from one floor to the next, generating a stunning effect in the window perforations – an effect that vanishes at night when the lights are turned on.

Spatial Solution

The residential spaces are located on the top levels, and are organised horizontally for those with urgent social needs and short-term tenants, and vertically for the three long-term flats. As a result, the two sorts of stays are organically divided and distinguishable.

Materiality

Exposed concrete walls, polished asphalt flooring, and steel fake ceilings with huge ribs together offers a rigorous feeling occupying this area. Tinted windows lets in colourful light into the communal areas. The numerous areas are open towards the valley to take advantage of the most intriguing vistas and the morning and evening sun.

Sustainable Strategy Social sustainably speaking, the design shows high capability in initiating socialising among the community within it via smart spatial solution. In addition, the cladding’s strong ribbing and copper tone give the facility a distinct personality. The usage of industrial metal is a homage to the valley’s fruit orchards.

Case Study 3: JUNGLE FLOWER by 1 + 1 > 2 Architects in Vo Nhai district Vietnam (2016)

Nature

The purpose of this project is to build a school with modern comforts while battling nature’s harshness. The design satisfies lighting, ventilation, and sound insulation regulations.

Cognitive Analysis

Many of the youngsters there are educated in dilapidated classrooms, and other facilities are also in disrepair. This is likewise true for Lung Luong, the village with the most difficult access in Thai Nguyen Province’s Thuong Nung Commune. Lung Luong also confronts a slew of additional challenges: The path to the settlement is quite rugged and just two metres wide. The mountain has a lot of sloping areas, and anyone who are even a little negligent may slide and plummet down extremely deep. The majority of the Mong ethnic group dwell there, and 90% of the houses are impoverished. Improving children’s health care and education becomes a challenging undertaking in this scenario.

Ventilation

By hiding transitional spaces in between buildings, the design is able to keeps harsh winds down to required ventilation level only.

Natural Light

With smart transitional areas and openings, Jungle Flower ensures daylight can penetrate throughout the area.

local earth block

protecting existing trees existing

design

local trees

Sustainable Strategy

adobe bricks

The design utilised removed terrain to make earth block used as adobe bricks to later construct the design. It also preserve most existing trees while turning some into timber used for timber frame in the design.

garden

kindergarten

garden

Spatial Solution

kindergarten

playground

Materiality

Bricks were manufactured of reclaimed dirt from the site that was excavated while building an even foundation to save money and boost heat insulation. The material also provides for a balanced environment indoors, with the rooms being cool in the summer and warm in the winter.

community house

playground

primary

garden

primary

garden

Lung Luong Elementary School has been redesigned to seem like a fresh jungle flower, with vibrant colours and a modern design language. The structure has a great aesthetic impact: every perspective evokes distinct emotions and inspires youngsters during instruction time.

Case Study 4: CAM THANH COMMUNITY HOUSE

by 1 + 1 > 2 Architects in Hoi An Vietnam (2015)

Nature

The design gets heavily inspired by the coconut woods and mangrove forests. As a result, nature connection becomes obvious throughout the complex. Occupants always have that sense of welcome and relaxing while traversing this community house.

Cognitive Analysis

Cam Thanh is notable for its mangrove forests, crisscrossed canals, coconut woods, and little rising villages. It is located south-east of Hoi An, a tourism destination in the heart of Vietnam with old quarters and gorgeous beachfront. The Cam Thanh Community Centre was created to meet this need. The centre, located in the commune’s core, consists of three buildings that provide a continuous zoning flow. The area may be reconfigured utilising adjustable walls to fit a variety of needs, including meetings, exhibits, and events, as well as integrating with a library, training classes, and a café.

Ventilation

Convection ventilation is used in the open courts, which imitate the traditional quarter homes of Hoi An. There is also a playground, an organic vegetable farm, an areca garden, and a sports area on the property.

double-layer adobe brick

Thermal Performance

Air cushions and insulation are created by the surrounding walls, which are composed of double-layer adobe brick. This construction can aid the building’s resistance to windstorms. 36

local thatch

Spatial Solution

Cam Thanh Community House is projected to become a meeting place, an experimental organic agricultural centre, and an excellent rest stop for travellers.

Materiality

adobe bricks

The construction is straightforward, with economical use of local resources and materials. The broad and sloping-in roof is supported by strong wood columns and a bamboo frame, which collects rainwater for reuse in irrigation and daily operations.

areca & vines creating double skin resisting solar radiation

irrigation

Sustainable Strategy

irrigation rainwater

rainwater tank

Vines strung over an areca garden, along with a coconut leaf canopy, may significantly limit solar radiation and create shade. The design aims to progressively mould the architectural identity of new growth zones in Hoi An.

ecological septic tank

Case Study 5: HUMAN’S OPTIONAL USE

by H&P Architects in Vietnam (2000)

Spatial Solution

Having the floor planning limited to only 6 by 6 meters square, the designers reach out to different dimensions where the design would play out significantly - flexibility and suitability to local context.

Structure

Cognitive Analysis

The HOUSE is composed of three major components: a reinforcing steel frame, a two-layer covering, and the supply and installation of furniture. It may be utilised in a variety of vulnerable locations, including rural areas, flooded areas, and resettlement - low income areas. HOUSEs are set out and built in various ways to produce a calm populated area with uninterrupted open spaces for everybody. HOUSE may also be utilised as a multi-functional venue for educational, healthcare, and community events thanks to its flexibility in spatial design which fits most functions.

types of multipoint joints

detail of the 2-layer wall

Users will be able to immediately engage as producers of materials (cover and completed parts) available in their area, thereby contributing to the creation of jobs, the formation of homes, the promotion of renewable energy development (roof is a large surface to convert solar energy into electricity and collect rain water), and the restoration of ecological balance as well as economic stability for vulnerable population communities.

flexibility in mass orientation

flexibility in structural patterns

flexibility in applicable areas

Case Study 6: BLOOMING BAMBOO HOME

by H&P Architects in Vietnam (2013)

Feasibility

The users can construct the house on their own in 25 days. Furthermore, it is mass-produced with modules, and the overall cost of the house is only $2500. As a result, the house can warm people in the most extreme situations and help them govern future actions, as well as significantly contribute to ecological growth and economic stabilisation.

Cognitive Analysis

Blooming Bamboo House has its design heavily based on assisting disaster victims to reassure themselves and strengthen their mental health. Each home is simply constructed with bolting, binding, hanging, and putting... from the bamboo module of f8f10cm & f4-f5cm diameter and 3.3m or 6.6 length. This drawn monolithic design is sturdy enough to withstand events such as 1.5m-high floods. H&P Architects is now testing the model in a 3m-high flood. The area may be used for a variety of purposes, including a house, an educational facility, a medical facility, and a community centre, and it can be expanded if necessary.

Sustainable Strategy

The ability to sustain flood mostly comes from the unique feature of Blooming Bamboo House’s design. Its foundation is extendable for insertion of inflatables giving the structure the capability to go with the flow.

6. The Site

6.1

BACKGROUND

Highlands Midlands Delta

QUANG NAM

NAM TRA MY

Studies have shown that the floods came and left behind many mental and health problems for people of different ages (Stanke, 2012). The livelihood, familiar surroundings, and properties were destroyed (Tran, 2015), and the pain was left in individuals’ memories. In addition, the survivors may have to behold their beloved being killed, incapacitated, both physically and emotionally. All of these physical, cultural and psychological damages come quickly and uncontrollably after the disasters. However, the recovery journey of emotion is not typically easy to achieve (American Red Cross 2012, as quoted by Donovan 2013,5). This brings up challenges for affected individuals to be back in their lives and heal their mental health. Therefore, it is vital that rehabilitation and healing approaches should be integrated into space to control the mental health in the recovery process. Moreover, long-term strategies to promote the self-empowerment, cutural preservation and social connectivity should be taken into account to transform at-risk communities to disaster-resilient communities. Natural catastrophes have grown in recent years in Quang Nam, which is one of Vietnam’s most vulnerable provinces to flooding, potentially as a result of the effects of global socioeconomic growth and climate change, inflicting increasingly significant detriment (Le Anh and Lan, 2013) Management gatherings on disasters were used to broadcast orders and information from local authority; it was less of a collaborative procedure in which assets of community might be enhanced to reduce the effects of natural catastrophes. To design and execute appropriate disaster management policies is a key aspect in fighting disasters. In Quang Nam, there are three typologies: Mountainous Area, Midlands, and Delta. Disasters are more likely in delta and mountainous locations. Poverty and difficult access to land certificates, as well as legality of title to their customary lands, continue to be major issues in the mountainous area (highlands), exacerbating their vulnerability in a variety of ways. Ethnic minorities in Quang Nam have higher than average poverty rates, and substantial population segments are sandwiched between Vietnamese and worldwide poverty rates, rendering them inevitably exposed to a variety of pressures, such as climatic changes ( Do Thi and Ole Bruun 2013) 41

6.2

THE SELECTED AREAS 1

According to The UNICEF’s latest news (2020), many people in Nam Tra My district in Quang Nam province in Viet Nam were shocked about the scale and speed of four storms and three floods in October 2020. The continuous rain caused the landslides and unprecedented rainfall in this area. As a result, millions of people have been through a month of tragedies, with thousands of deaths and extensive property damage were reported.

Location 1 and 2 is selected as being sufficient to build a disaster rehabilitation centre for the locals of Nam Tra My due to the following advantages: • Well connected:

- easy to be accessed from intercity road which

connects to nearby big cities to get support timely during emergency circumstances in disasters (as floods and landslides ussually cause isolation)

- Located in a central position in Nam Tra My Dis-

trict which make other vulnerable communes can easily and quickly access and gather (see figure A) • Safe Position: located in low mountainous areas, out of the lanslide and flood prone areas • Closesness to nature

Landslide-prone areas

Small roads

1. Safe area in Tra Don town

Affected Residential areas

Main roads

2. Safe area in Tra Mai town

6.3

VERNACULAR ANALYSIS in Nam Tra My

Most of people living in NTM are minority ethnics includding Ca Dong (Xe Dang), MNong and Co. VILLAGE

“Ploi” (village) is a crucial unit in local minority society. People who have lived in a village have a strong traditional association with each other and also with people in different villages of the same ethnic group, all of whom regard each other as members of one family.

HOUSE

Two main types: + For individual households: . On stilts (1m-1.5m or 0.5 - 0.8m), the ware house is outside . The house has a lower part to the ground, the ware house is inside + For many households in the clan: on low stilts, the length is from 50 to 80m

“RONG” HOUSE

Community House for each “Ploi” A place for enforcing the customary laws, celebrating important events, organising community spriritual festivals, exchanging cutural values, etc.

- Each “Ploi” has about 15-20 roofs, each roof has 8-10 people. - The distance between villages is about 1, 2 or 3 km. - Built near small streams, at the foot of mountains, along narrow valleys or scattered in remote hillsides -Housing in the village is arranged arbitrarily, not according to any plan. - Big spaces in the middle is for social activities or festival celebrations.

- Materials: bamboo, rattan, palm leaves, timber - Construction: + On stilts + The gabled roof made by thatch + 3 main doors ( 1 on the middle of the long side for visitors, the other two on 2 gables + Floor : thin timber panel + Basic functions: living-room, kitchen, sleeping spaces, livestock storage, toilet + North-South to get wind or Southest for good sun + No windows + Access the house through a bamboo/ wooden staircase - Inside: + Kitchen: 1 to 2 kitchen for small house, many kitchens for long houses (one for each household) + No waredrobe, hangging clothes are very sloppy + Sleep anywhere, feet turned to the fire pit, head towards the wall above, wall on the other side to store clothes + No partition Typical stilt house: +6-8m wide, 15-30m length + High roof, look like an upside-down ax ( the more big roof representing the more strength and power of a “Ploi”)

Communual Space

A big yard in the middle of the village is for social activities or festival celebrations.

Livestock Store House

2 types: +Inside + Outside: stay away from the house from 5m - 10m for fear that if the house catches on fire, food will still be available all year round.

- Form: Circles ( made by people standing around) - Ornamentation: +Spiritual symbol placed in the central + Colourful

- Form: house in stilts - Spatial : storing food inside, below is a place to store tools, raw firewood.

6.4

REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE CONTEXT

All the images represent the existing architectural typology in Nam Tra My, around the site. The structures are vary from thatched roof to corrugated metal roof, houses on ground to on stilts, 1 to 2 stories. The regional architecture has developed over the time is a result of facing with climate changes.

6.5

SITE ANALYSIS

This thesis chose location 2 for designing the disaster rehabilitation centre. SITE

LOCATION 2 A

B B

Site & View to nature

Water

Vegetation

Commercial Residential

Bus Station

Park Stadium

Roads

Building

Topography

10 meter contour intervals

Site Section A-A

Site Section B-B

The Brief

7.1

DESIGN PROPOSAL WHAT ? - The Project

The project is called The Hy Vong (Healing Yielding and Vernal Onus Neutralising Girder), which is a centre that aims to become a ‘girder’ supporting those in places vulnerable to annual floods by yielding chances for them to heal and neutralise their vernal onus and new burdens caused by disasters. The centre yearns to be a helping hand for them during both pre-disasters (providing in-need help and consumables) and post-disasters (enhancing, fortifying and turning the community into a disaster-resilient community). It will empower as well as educate the community. The name “Hy Vong” itself is a Vietnamese word meaning “hope”. This naming brings hope to those victims, helping them move on rather than struggling with what happened. It is a matter of the fact that 98% population living in this site are ethnic minorities and genuinely need representation. Additionally, it is indisputable that the Vietnamese government has introduced many projects to rebuild houses for displaced residents. However, these projects are mostly done without architects and are conventional homes which eventually take away the identical culture represented through local vernacular. As a result, the usual physical help provided by local governments is not sufficient in maintaining their culture and assisting their mental healing after a disaster.

WHO ?

- Target Users

WHERE ? -

The Site

WHEN ? -

The Time

HOW ?

+ The Nam Tra My community (local resident of all ages) and victims in post-disaster scenario in mountainous area. + Educators and Trainers + Traders Central Vietnam: in Nam Tra My town, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam Flood Season and Non-Flood Season (All year-round)

- The Aim and Vision

+ Flexible areas for leisure activities, interactions, meetings, and such as bamboo cratfs, traditional sports, ratten weaving, a monthly ginseng and medicinal plants market, and farming events within the community. + Modern representations of traditional vernacular architectural features can be used to enhance traditional vernacular aspects: stilted dwelling, pitched roof, bamboo/timber floor/wall. + Provide temporary shelters for displaced people during flood season, the shelters are healing oriented design to support their mental health. + Provide temporary exhibition places to promote local products to visitors and traders in non-flood season or to celebrate monthly fair or festivals + Generate interesting, connecting public places to promote site connectedness - boost accessibility and walkability. + Accommodations for workshops and institutes relating to indeginous cutural traditions, such as language / handicrafts / handloom institute and bamboo / medical plants workshop, and environment education such as disaster knowledge, rescue training, home building skills in flood/ landslide area. 49

7.2

DESIGN PROGRAME

Issues / Needs Disaster Season

Proposals Normal Day

+ Shelter Assistannce

+ Exhibition Spaces, special event

+ Flexible Spaces for temporary shelters and exhibition spaces

+ Food and Water Sanitary

+ Communual cooking activities for events, festivals

+ Kitchen, aquaponic, seasonal farming

+ Livelihood and Finance Support

+ Counseling and Support Center

+ Vocational Institute

+ Clinic

+ Physical and mental health Check, Vaccination

+ Livelihood and Finance Support

+ Disaster Mitigation and Management Strategies + Skill Trainings, Culture Preservation

+Health check

7.3

SPATIAL PROGRAM DIAGRAM Clinic

Vocational Institute

Outdoor Play Multipurpose

Counseling & Support Centre Main Entrance

Parking

Outdoor Play Library

Communal Gathering

Kitchen/ Aquaponic/ Seasonal Farming

Rescue Training

Livestock Storage

Administrative

Loading Zone

Temporary Shelter/ Exhibition Spaces

Resident Entrance

Parking

LEGEND Resident Circulation

Staff Entrance

Staff Circulation Visitor Circulation 51

7.4

TOOLBOX : Spatial Principals (collected from the above research) Natural Light

View to Nature

House Cluster

Privacy Gradient

Clear Pathways

Interior Court yard

Social Space

Personal Territory

Gravity

Fractals

Curves

Human scale

Colour

Common Areas

Self-Build

The Design 53

8.1

SITE CONSIDERTION

1 meter contour intervels Wind

Noise Public

Noise

Public

Semi-public

Privat

Understanding the site

Exploring site resources, noise, wind

Privat

Privacy Levels

Based on noise source

Deciding Communual Area

in regards to orientation and interactions Human-Human Interactions Human-Nature Interactions

Placing the main function clusters Follow court-yard and minimize impacts on terrain

N 10 0

60 30

100 m

8.2

MASTER PLAN

ENTRANCE

1 4

MASTER PLAN 1. Parking 2. Common yard for Public 3. Admisnistrative / Librarty / Counselling and Support Centre 4. Clinic 5. Vocational Institure 6 Communual Kitchen 7. Seasonal Farming 8. Temporary Shelter / Exhibition or Event Spaces 9. Male Toilet 10. Female Toilet 11. Court Yard 12. Recreational Area 13. Loading Zone 14. Resident Parking N

10 0

2 3

8 7

10 8

11 8 13

8 14

60 30

100 m

FUNCTIONALITY

Summer Wind

Winter Wind

Sun and Wind

Entry Points

Vehicular Access

Visitor Pathway

Resident Pathway

Common Ground

8.3

SECTION

A’

Temporary Shelter/ Exhibition

Toilet

A’

Playground/ Courtyard

Forest

Temporary Shelter/ Exhibition

Hydroponic farming Kitchen

Library / Counseling & Support Centre

Dinning Area Seasonal Farming

Common yard

Clinic

Section A-A’

8.4

ADMINISTRATIVE / LIBRARY/ DISASTER COUNSELLING AND SUPPORT CENTRE

This Building provides services of job and and financial counseling and support for the victims in the aftermath of disaster. There are researches and experiments conducted in this building to understand the local context, culture to build up a disaster management strategies for the local, help and empower the disaster vulnerable communities

The Building Envelop is inspired from the big roof of “Rong House” (Community House of the ethnic minorities) and the unique agriculture which is terrace farming. This concept triggers a sense of familiarity, teritorry and protection which contribute to the psychological recovery journey and preserving the vernacular architecture and culture. 59

8.5

COMMUNITY KITCHEN

The community kitchen provides organic foods onsite and cooking activities for the disaster victims during disaster season, and, in normal day, it is used for cooking for events. There is a seasonal farming and hydroponic farming to produce food all year round.

The community kitchen has 2 main functional areas, which is kitchen and dinning. They are connected through an interior courtyard, which enhances the connection between people and nature. This courtyard is used for seasonal garden, where organic foods is produced for residents. The hydroponic farming located on level 1 above the kitchen is an appropriate strategy for supplying food all year-round. 61

8.6

TEMPORARY SHELTER / EXHIBITIONS / EVENTS

This Building is temporarily used as following disaster-season and non-disaster season ( normally in central Vietnam, the storms and flood annually happens from September to November). With the use of light weight and sustainable materials, which is wood and bamboo ( the wall is made up by plywood face and bamboo core) the space can be flexibility changable. In non-flood season, the wall can be fold up to have a large space for event or exhibition purposes.

Room for 2 generation-family Room for individuals Room for a basic family (2 aldults & kids Communual Area

- Sense of territory & Sense of Place : The walls are moveble which allows victims customising the spaces easily depending on the scale of family. - Sense of social interaction: Each room are proposed to have a small common area within the family, encourage people’s interactions - Nature connection : views to nature - Sense of community and social support : temporayry shelter surrounds a court yard -> enhancing interactions between each temporary shelter building.

Maximize the connection between people and nature

View from indoor communual area to outdoor communual area -> building up the connection between each block

Shower Area is open to the nature.

REFFERENCE LIST Adarlan, Ali, Monir Mazaheri, Hani Mowafi, and Saharnaz Nedjat. 2011. “Post-Disaster Quality of Life among Older Survivors Five Years after the Bam Earthquake: Implications for Recovery Policy”. Ageing and Society 31(02): 179 – 196. DOI: 10.1017/S0144686X10000772. Alexander, Christopher. 1977. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. Cary, North Carolina: Oxford University Press. Arbuckle Industries. 2015. Roger Hart Architecture Extras Interview. YouTube video, 10:12. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=35baHrwiiK8. Archibald, Linda. 2006. Decolonization and Healing: Indigenous Experience in the United States, New Zealand, Australia and Greenland. Ottawa, Canada: The Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Berke, Philip R., and Thomas J. Campanella. 2006. “Planning for Postdisaster Resiliency.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 604: 192 – 207. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25097788. Browning, W. D., C. O. Ryan, and J. O. Clancy. 2014. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. New York: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Donovan, Jenny. 2013. Designing to Heal: Planning and Urban Design Response to Disaster and Conflict. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. Feeney, Melisah. 2009. “Reclaiming the Spirit of Well Being: Promising Healing Practices for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People.” Early Trauma Grief (forthcoming). https://earlytraumagrief.anu.edu.au/files/Feeney_HealingDiscussionPaper_2009-1.pdf. Gifford, Robert. 2007. Environmental Psychology: Principles and Practice. 4th ed. Colville, WA: Optimal Books. Jones, Paul, and Suzanne MacLeod. 2016. “Museum Architecture Matters.” Museum & Society 14 (1): 207-219. https:// journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/mas/article/view/635/595. Karlin, Bradley E, and Robert A Zeiss. 2006. “Environmental and Therapeutic Issues in Psychiatric Hospital Design: Towards Best Practices.” Psychiatric Services 57 (10): 1376-1378. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.57.10.1376. Koolmatrie, J., and R. Williams. 2000. “Unresolved Grief and the Removal of Indigenous Australian Children.” Australian Psychologist 35 (2): 158-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060008260338. Lang, Jon. 1987. “Privacy, Territoriality and Personal Space – Proxemic Theory.” In Creating Architectural Theory: The Role of the Behavioral Sciences in Design. New York, United States: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Le Anh, Duc and Lan Thi Thu Vu. 2013. “Climate Change’s Impact on Natural Hazards in Quang Nam Province, Mid-Central Vietnam.” In On the Frontiers of Climate and Environmental Change: Vulnerabilities and Adaptions in Central Vietnam , edited by Ole Bruun and Thorkil Casse, 91-98. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. DOI 10.1007/978-3-64235804-3 Lu, J. 2014. “The Ecology of Healing Place.” Master of Architecture’s thesis, Drury University. https://issuu.com/elainelu. mo/docs/jamie_lu_march_thesis__small_size_f. Malkin, Jain. 1992. Hospital Interior Architecture: Creating Healing Environments for Special Patient Populations. New York, United States: Van Nostrand Reinhold. McAuliffe, Eoin. 2018. “Revitalise Carrolup | Marribank: Activating Place Through Memory and Identity.” Master of Architecture’s thesis, Curtin University. http://raven.curtin.edu.au/ics-wpd/PDF/MARCH_19_2018.pdf. Pallasmaa, Juhani. 1994. “Identity, Intimacy and domicile.” Finnish Architectural Review. http://www.uiah.fi/opintoasiat/ history2/e_ident.htm. Parkinson, Frank. 2000. Post-Trauma Stress: Reduce Long-term Effects and Hidden Emotional Damage Caused by Violence and Disaster. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1555612490?tag=hacboogrosit-20. 67

Parsa, Rogayeh Mansouri, and Zohreh Torabi. 2015. “Explaining the Concept of Identity and Sense of Place in Residential Environment and Lifestyle.” Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 4 (5): 27 – 43. https://www.arabianjbmr.com/pdfs/KD_VOL_4_5/3.pdf. Rubin, Olivier. 2013. “Impediments to Climate-Induces Disaster Management: Evidence from Quang Nam Province, Central Vietnam.” In On the Frontiers of Climate and Environmental Change: Vulnerabilities and Adaptions in Central Vietnam , edited by Ole Bruun and Thorkil Casse, 99-117. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. DOI 10.1007/978-3642-35804-3 Sakallaris, Bonnie R., Lorissa MacAllister, Megan Voss, Katherine Smith, and Wayne B Jonas. 2015. “Optimal Healing Environments.” Global Advances in Health and Medicine 4 (3): 40-45 http://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.043. Salingaros, Nikos A. 2015. Biophilia and Healing Environments: Healthy Principles for Designing the Built World. New York, United States: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Spectrum Health Lakeland. 2021. What Is Rehabilitation? https://www.spectrumhealthlakeland.org/medical-services/rehabilitation/what-is-rehabilitation. Tran, Tuan Anh. 2015. “Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction as a Significant Opportunity to Building Disaster Resilience: A Case in Vietnam”. Nat Hazards 79: 61 – 79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1826-3. Turner, John, and Robert Fichter. 1972. Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing Process. 1st ed. New York, United States: The Macmillan Company. Ulrich, Roger S. 2006. “Evidence-Based Health-Care Architecture”. The Lancet 368 (1): 38-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(06)69921-2. UNICEF. 2020. “Viet Nam: Landslides Caused by Storm Molave Bury at Least 13 Families in Remote District”. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/viet-nam-landslides-caused-storm-molave-bury-least-13-families-remotedistrict.

FIGURE REFERRENCE Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Impacts of disasters on challenges to meet needs. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Collaged images highlighting victims affected by flood in Central Vietnam. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Psychological recovery journey illustration. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Phases of psychological reaction to disaster. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Community-based needs category. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Victims’ losses caused by disasters. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Relevant personal environment Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Sense of community and social support. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Program of Rehabilitation for Flood Victims. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). View to nature illustration. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Garden illustration. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Indoor plants illustration. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Natural light illustration. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Colour illustration Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Water illustration Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Gravity illustration Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Fractals illustration Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Curves illustration Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Jackfruit houses on stilts. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Nature-oriented siteplan. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Building performance studies. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Area division programme. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Thatch and adobe bricks. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Jackfruit village water recycling study. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Resting Sax rehabilitation centre. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). View to nature collages. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). A windows system. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Daylight performance. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Sax spatial solution. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Sax materiality. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Sax sustainable strategy. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Jungle Flower playground. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Jungle Flower open-plan. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Jungle Flower bird-eye view. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Jungle Flower opened-up orientation. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Jungle Flower material sourcing. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Jungle Flower materiality study. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Jungle Flower sectional planning. Le, Thao Nguyen. (2021). Cam Thanh entry.

APPENDIX RESEARCH PROCESS

Architectural expression

The area has both tradition, wooden, 1,2 storey houses and higher brick buildings.

Building Materials Demographic

Traditional

Modern

Houses on stilts

Materials from nature : bamboo, timber, rattan, etc. Others: iron, tole, corrugated metal sheets, concrete, bricks, tiles, etc. Lower to middle class population

Culture

Mostly Ca Dong ethnic is living in this area

Economic/ Products

Agriculture : terraces, crops Products: ginseng on Ngoc Linh mountain, cinnamon, medicinal plants

Topographic

Mountainous terrain

FLOOR PLANS

LEVEL 1

ADMINISTRATIVE/ LIBRARY/ COUNSELING & SUPPORT CENTRE GROUND FLOOR

SCALE 1 :100

1 0

6 3

10 m

COMMUNITY KITCHEN

SCALE 1 :100

1 0

GROUND FLOOR

6 3

10 m

COMMUNITY KITCHEN SCALE 1 :100

1 0

LEVEL 1

6 3

10 m

TEMPORARY SHELTER (1) / EXHIBITIONS / EVENTS SCALE 1 :100

10 m

TEMPORARY SHELTER (2) / EXHIBITIONS / EVENTS SCALE 1 :100

1 0

6 3

10 m

VOCATIONAL INSTITUTE SCALE 1 :100

1 0

6 3

10 m

VOCATIONAL INSTITUTE SCALE 1 :100

1 0

6 3

10 m

MALE

FEMALE

TOILETS SCALE 1 :100

1 0

6 3

10 m

LOG BOOK

Panels

HOME HEALING

The HY VONG

MATERIALITY

ROOF CONCEPT

Eco-friendly - Sustainable - Local Resources

“RONG” HOUSE -Community House

The project is called The Hy Vong (Healing Yielding and Vernal Onus Neutralising Girder), which is a centre that aims to become a ‘girder’ supporting those in places vulnerable to annual floods by yielding chances for them to heal and neutralise their vernal onus and new burdens caused by disasters. The centre yearns to be a helping hand for them during both pre-disasters (providing in-need help and consumables) and post-disasters (enhancing, fortifying and turning the community into a disaster-resilient community). It will empower as well as educate the community. The name “Hy Vong” itself is a Vietnamese word meaning “hope”. This naming brings hope to those victims, helping them move on rather than struggling with what happened. The centre emphasises the indoor and outdoor ambience to facilitate social connections, psychological resilience and self-empowerment for the people who lost everything and are incapacitated to bring their life back on track after the disaster. In addition, the proposed year-round program for this centre helps empower the local community to transform an at-risk community into a disaster-resilient community.

TERRACE FARM

An essential place for ethnic community’s interactions and activities. Rong is impressed by its huge roof, the larger roof the stronger community.

NATURUAL LIGHT

Terrace Farm is a signature method of agriculture in the mountainous area in Vietnam.

The project’s strategy is passive design. By creating openings on roof, natural light can penatrate to interior spaces.

Bamboo

Adobe Brick- made by on-

Wood

Thatch

site rammed earth

1 Highlands Midlands

VOCATIONAL INSTITUTE

Delta

Providing trainings of handloom, handidraft and workshops for medicinal plants (popular local products), teaching Kinh language (national languagàngỏ the community

QUANG NAM

Entry Points

Vehicular Access

Visitor Pathway

Resident Pathway

Common Ground

NAM TRA MY Selected area

MACRO SITE ANALYSIS

SITE

Landslide-prone areas

Small roads

1. Safe area in Tra Don town

Affected Residential areas

Main roads

2. Safe area in Tra Mai town

COUNSELLING &SUPPORT CENTER - ADMINISTRATIVE - LIBRARY

Commercial Residential

CLINIC

This Building provides services of job / financial conselling and support for the victims in the aftermath of flood. The activities includes researching and exploring the local context, culture to build up a disaster managment strategies for the local, helping and sustaining the disaster vulnerable communities.

TEMPORARY SHELTER / EVENTS This Building is temporarily used as following disaster-season and non-disaster season ( normally in central Vietnam, the storms and flood annually happens from September to November). With the use of light weight and sustainable materials, which is wood and bamboo ( the wall is maded up by plywood face and bamboo core) the space can be felexibility changable. In non-flood season, the wall can be fold up to have a large space for event or exhibition purposes.

ENTRANCE

Bus Station

Park

COURTYARD - PLAYGROUND

Stadium

Selected Location -Location 2

Topography 10 meter contour intervals

Building

2 3

Intercity Road

Water

SITE ANALYSIS

Site Section A-A’ 1 meter contour intervels

COMMUNITY KITCHEN

Vegetation

Site Section B-B’

SECTION

B Noise

Public

Toilet

Semi-public

Privat

A’

Privacy Levels

MASTERPLAN DESIGN KEY DRIVERS

Privacy Gradient

Room for bachelor Room for a basic family (2 aldults & kids

Communual place These walls can be foldable or removed or arraged for different types of space for events, exhibitions during non-disaster season. There are three types of wall panel: window - solid - door

8 13

N 0

8 14

TOILET

60 100 m

House Cluster

Temporary Shelter/ Exhibition

Public

Summer Wind

Wind - Noise

Human-Human Interactions Human-Nature Interactions

Winter Wind

Noise

Room for 2 generation-family

1. Parking 2. Common yard for Public 3. Admisnistrative / Librarty / Counselling and Support Centre 4. Clinic 5. Vocational Institute 6 Communual Kitchen 7. Seasonal Farming 8. Temporary Shelter / Exhibition or Event Spaces 9. Male Toilet 10. Female Toilet 11. Court Yard 12. Recreational Area 13. Loading Zone 14. Resident Parking

The community kitchen serves the residents during disaster season and in normal day it is used for cooking for events. There is a seasonal farming and hydroponic farming to produce food all year round.

MASTER PLAN

Roads

A’

Playground/ Courtyard

Forest

Temporary Shelter/ Exhibition

Hydroponic farming Kitchen

Library / Counseling & Support Centre

Dinning Area Seasonal Farming

Common yard

Clinic

Privat

B’

Communual Area

Clear Pathways

Curves

Cluster Footprints

Social Space

A’

Master of Architecture

Articles inside

Reference

Design Proposal

Regional Architec ture Context

Vernacular Analysis

Background

Case Study 5

Case Study 3

Case Study 2

Case Study 1

Environment and Helaing

Architecture of Healing environment

Human and Envi ronment

Disaster Impacts

Rehabiliation Cenre

Title

What are Disasters?

Psychological Re actions

Flood in central Vietnam

Declaration

Abstract

Significance

Acknowledgement