BIM & Sustainability by Miranda Lyle PÃ©rez

BIM & Sustainability Investigation Of The Opportunities & Limitations Of Bim Within Building Estates Teams, With A View To Support UK Sustainable Construction Legislation. Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof Completed as part of the University of Edinburgh MArch Architectural Technology Research (ATR) Contextual study December 2020

BIM & Sustainability

At a Glance

BIM & Sustainability: Investigation of the Opportunities & Limitations of BIM to Support UK Sustainable Construction Legislation. University of Edinburgh, UK with invaluable collaboration from Grigor Mitchell, Aislinn Wood & the team at St Cecilia’s Music Hall & Museum Edinburgh. This work was produced as part of the University of Edinburgh MArch programme in December 2020, for academic purposes. Copyright Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof © Images are self-authored unless indicated otherwise. 2

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0 Abstract

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

1 Background 1.1 Structure 1.2 Considerations 2 Research 2.1 Digital Modelling 2.1.1 Methodology 2.1.2 Embodied Carbon Modelling 2.1.3 Operational Carbon Modelling 2.1.4 Point Cloud data 2.1.5 Site measurements 2.1.6 Existing construction documents 2.1.7 Procurement 2.2 Analysis (St Cecilia’s) 2.2.1 Wall analysis in Autodesk Revit 2.2.2 Modelling in detail 2.2.3 Integration of digital modelling 2.2.4 Utilising above to create an (i) Embodied carbon figure (kg/m2) (ii) Operational carbon figure (kg/m2/year) 2.3 Users & Relevance (St Cecilia’s) 2.3.1 Facilities & Management 2.3.2 Interview excerpts 2.3.3 Architects 2.4 Review (St Cecilia’s) 2.4.1 Limitations of work undertaken 3 Impacts 3.1 Government 3.1.1 Building Regulations 3.1.2 Tax 3.1.3 Procurement 3.2 Clients 3.2.1 Privacy 3.2.2 Control over assets 3.2.3 Financial gain & risk 3.3 Architects 3.3.1 Consultant role 3.3.2 Work undertaken 3.3.3 Guardian Architect 4 Conclusions 4.1 Recommendations 4.1.1 At Government level 4.1.2 At client level 4.1.3 At Architect (practitioner) level 5 Appendices 5.1 BIM/ Modelling information 5.1.1 Screenshots of Revit model 5.1.2 Screenshots of point cloud 5.1.3 Thermal imaging screenshots 5.1.4 Site videos & photos 5.2 Operational modelling information 5.2.1 Services use billing 5.3 ATR Generic Study 5.4 Guardian Architect 5.4.1 Provocation Piece 5.4.2 AJ Article: We Need Guardian Architects 5.4.3 Simon Howard interview transcript + notes 6 Bibliography List of figures 3

BIM & Sustainability

0 Abstract

This report investigates the potential opportunities and risks to the use of BIM as a tool to assist designers in achieving more ambitious carbon-conscious architecture. Initially the report utilises BIM itself; using Autodesk Revit, Agisoft Metashape and Microsoft Excel as an industry typical example to explore best practices and workflow. These workflows are applied to St Cecilia’s Museum- part of the University of Edinburgh campus- as an methodology to gesture at how BIM could be integrated into a large estate body. This technological exploration is followed by interviews conducted with representatives of four entities who interact- or interacted- with St Cecilia’s Museum: the project manager, architect, client and services manager. These interviews provide insight in how BIM could be embedded more seamlessly at early design stages, construction and post-completion, in addition to the challenges using a BIM model pose. Finally, recommendations are made with reference to the precursor Architectural Technology Research: Generic Study (Pérez & Pilosof, 2020) for government, clients and architects; with a specific view to creating a culture of sustainable practice in the UK construction industry. 4

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

BIM & Sustainability

1 Background

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Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

BIM & Sustainability

1.1 Structure 1.1.1 In order to begin answering this complex topic, we have structured our study as Figure 1.1. We have chosen real-world, recently refurbished study which will be the locus around which the questions arise. We will investigate the process of creating a BIM Model of the case study, considering how a project might be surveyed using low-cost, accessible tools, and project drawings from the recent renovations. Following this analysis of the process will be undertaken, by taking on-board prior considerations and taking an introspective look at our modelling process. Finally, through interviews with the design team involved in the case-study and the introspective view of the model, potential impacts on the government legislation, clients and architects, will be discussed.

1.1.2 BIM (Building Information Modelling) has become well known in the industry as the tool which amalgamates a variety of building information data (materials, construction, services, logistics, areas etc.) into one digital 3D model, which is updated as the project progresses. This can stream-line the collaboration process between different design professionals and contractors. (NBS, 2016). As NBS describes, often a modelled object has several requirements in order to be considered BIM: a) Information defining product b) The object’s properties c) The object’s geometry d) The visualisation of the objec e) Data of the object’s function The fulfilment of the above requirements produces smart models from which vast amounts of data can be extracted or used in order to design, plan, and build a project. 1.1.3 Digital Twin modelling is similar to BIM, but rather is used as a digital representation of the physical building into which live building data, such as energy usage or environmental conditions, are automatically input into the model with the express intention to analyse building use and action (ThoughtWire, 2020). This form of modelling is a lot more complex, often incorporating A.I. algorithms to successfully analyse and produce actions for the management and maintenance of the object in question (GE Digital, 2016). Though is commonly used in many industries, such as the Aerospace industry, it has as yet had little adoption in the building industry. Though there is wide-spread support of adopting such technology, the take-up has been slower than BIM, which the industry is still struggling to fully adopt (Harris, 2019). 8

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

Current Architectural Practice Current Academic Research Current Planning Policies Current Legislation/Building Regs

BIM/DIGITAL MODEL - Methodologies - Research

PART 1

PHYSICAL BUILDINGS

ANALYSIS

Case Study: St Cecilia’s Hall

- Tolerance - Limitations - Ownership - Legislation

PART 2

PART 3 IMPACT

- Governmental - Clients - Architects Future Legislation/Building Regs Current Planning Policies Current Academic Research Current Architectural Practice

Figure 1.1 Report structure

BIM & Sustainability

1.2 Considerations 1.2.1 Rather early on it was decided that this work would look at a case study from the University of Edinburgh Estates. The reasoning was twofold; not only would we have more success in availability, but due to the on-going pandemic situation, we would be more likely to gain access than with the private sector. Further to this, from the literature research it became evident that the Higher Education (HE) Sector has been identified as the sector with the most potential to adopt, refine and standardise BIM and Digital Twin modelling approaches (Kim, K.P. & Park, K.S., 2013; Alhusban et al., 2017). The management of estates by universities is also an interesting topic which has been raised in AUDE’s 2020 report as the use, management and maintenance of has changed as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. St Cecilia’s Hall was settled on as the case study of choice, due to the recent refurbishments (completed 2017). The various teams involved in the project were extremely responsive and provided us with a vast array of documentation and data to support us in our work, as well as kindly providing private access to the building in order to conduct our survey. 1.2.2 An important consideration for this study with regards to BIM and Digital Twins is the inherently larger tolerances in the construction industry than in other industries, such as aerospace, which work to extremely small tolerances to ensure the safety of their products. Any model produced of a refurbished building will, therefore, always fall short of becoming a true ‘digital twin’, especially as the works age and the building moves or ‘settles’. 1.2.3 The legal questions which arise from this work is something that must also be considered, though not expressly tackled in this piece of work, further research should be conducted (Azhar, S. et al., 2008). The discussion of ownership and responsibility of BIM and Digital Twin models raise important questions: Who owns the building data gathered in the model? Whose responsibility is the updating of the model? Who is liable for errors in the model which might have real-world repercussions? 1.2.4 Alhusban et al. (2017) Identify the HE sector as one with enormous potential to use BIM strategies because of their procurement processes. Although these tend to vary enormously in complexity and type of procurement methods within HE construction routes. 10

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

A number of project local authorities (eg Westminster Council, data at different lifecycleCity stages and it Brighton, indicates Oxford, which lifecycle stages have 3 Hammersmith Fulham, for Camden, City of in London ) have begun enquiringcan as to the beenand considered each project the database. The database accommodate data embodied on carbon of developments. Therefore, embodied carbonThe evaluation new footprints build projects as well as refurbishments and demolition. aim of this may increasingly be isa to differentiator in the planning process. database build a detailed comparative dataset to enable benchmarking of designs. Clearly the more data in this database the better the benchmarks for the whole Building rating systems such as BREEAM, LEED and Green Star all recognise embodied industry to use. carbon measurement and mitigation as part of minimising building life cycle impacts. We strongly encourage clients to include the addition of project data into the WRAP As the industry increasingly seeks manage requirements embodied carbon, more opportunities database as part of theirtocontract with the project team. Infor this way, innovationthe anddatabase collaboration in newprovide processes and products emerge.information This collaboration will quickly detailed benchmarking for comparisons and innovation produces business and projections alike. opportunities to further reduce impact and cost, and create business differentiation. This presentation from Andrea Charlson of ARUP provides an introduction and guide to Reputation using the database.

To date, most of the focus reducing granulated blast on furnace slag)carbon or PFA (pulverised ash),of which areinformation typically the biggest quick Thefuelaim this emissions wins from on thesome built environment has been projects paper to manage andcarbon reducedesign the energy consumption • low details, e.g. exposed concrete ceilings; aerated block work; rotary piles; from lighting, heating, ventilation and air voided biaxial slabs; and The aim of this information paper is to provide conditioning of buildings through better design guidance to quantity on low carbon alternatives to traditional buildingpractical products. This requires direct surveyors comparisons and •management in use. howcarbon to calculate cradle-to-gate embodied between potential options to establish the most efficient solution. carbon emissions associated with their projects However, moretobuildings are constructed Whenas trying improve carbon performance of a project, cradle-to-gate embodied carbon is not used in the UK. to higher become increasingly as thestandards, only basisthey for comparing individual design options. There may be occasions where increasing energy efficient andemissions the relative importance of cradle-to-gate will actually reduce the overall lifecan cycle carbon footprint. Theof following are The QS offer this advice as part the the carbon emissions created shifts frominterlinks the two examples of the typical carbon whichstandard require acost multidisciplinary input:which should planning service, operational emissions (from gas and electricity help the project teams and clients make A product with very low during cradle-to-gate embodied carbon produced overseas may actually and •the like), to energy consumed decisions about embodied carbon. RICS havestages a muchofhigher overall lifeascycle other life cycle projects, such the carbon footprint than a locally sourced alternative due to expects BIM to have a major impact in carbon emissions associated transportation. In this case, carbon intensity of shipping should be carbon emissions created in the with manufacture quantification and mitigation in future, however, considered well (see figure 11). of the materials used, as their transportation, the there will always be a need for early feasibility construction activities andmaterials, the • Adding largethemselves thermal mass high in studies. embodied carbon, may actually the overall This information paper isreduce not intended eventual demolition and disposal. life cycle carbon footprint due to reducing thetoneed for cooling over a building’s life. replace any of the guides that already exist,per buttonne.km to make carbon calculation more Calculations of emissions associated withCarbon one emissions for transport accessible to the QS community. of the stages – product manufacture – are 500 466 of construction materials based on the quantity It is acknowledged that embodied carbon is that make450up a building. The research (HM a complex and relatively new area of research Government 2010) has shown that this stage 400 and therefore a number of assumptions is the second most significant area of carbon have to be made, which affect the accuracy emissions350from the entire life cycle of a building of the outcome. However, considering that (after the operational emissions). Some local the primary objective of measuring carbon 300have already included mandatory authorities emissions is to improve sustainability cradle-to-gate embodied carbon assessments 250 performance, it is felt that this information as part of the planning process (Brighton and paper will provide a valuable resource for the Hove City200 Council 2011). 194 construction industry. Quantity 150 surveyors are typically involved in measuring the quantities of materials in the 100 generation of cost plans. They are, therefore, 73 the most ideally placed profession in the 37 50 26 industry to add embodied carbon dimension 9 5 4 1 0 to their reports and calculate and manage this environmental impact of the built environment.

Tackling embodied carbon in buildings

Measurement, management and reduction of embodied carbon is swiftly becoming best Sources of embodied carbon data practice. The majority of data sources provide generic building product/material information. For more This on the business case for reducing embodied carbon see:of embodied carbon and the information can enable the identification of hotspots potential for product substitution to reduce embodied impacts. Manufacturer specific  WRAP business case managing and reducing dataThe is beginning to befor generated which will allowembodied a further carbon level ofinproduct building projects and the sister resource for infrastructure projects differentiation.  WRAP Business case for resource efficiency in construction resource Data on products, materials and building elements can be found:  Inventory of Energy and Carbon (ICE) database (building materials database ASSESSING AND REDUCING EMBODIED developed at the University of Bath presenting average values developed CARBON through a review of range of studies, available to download in excel or

published in hard copy by BSRIA) BRE Global Green guide to specification (database of generic environmental impact data on building materials, components and elements10) In order to lock carbon reductions to a building, consideration of  embodied BRE Global Green Book livein(database of manufacturer specific data on products and services) embodied carbon needs to start as early as possible in the planning and design phases.  European Reference Lifecycle database (life cycle inventory data collected As a client, triggering of identifying benefiting from embodied fromthe EUprocess associations and otherand sources for materials, energy carbon carriers, transport savings can be as simple as including a requirement in procurement documents or in and waste management) the project specification.  SteelConstruction.Info holds generic figures for brick, concrete and steel  Wood for Good Lifecycle Database holds generic information for timber, timber 4 WRAP proposes the following products andinclusion panels. to begin a simple opportunity identification: 

Getting started

Data[5-10] on buildings and building elements can be found: to reduce the “identify the most significant cost-effective opportunities embodied carbon emissions associated with the project (e.g. through leaner design,  WRAP database - data and benchmarks covering all life cycle stages designing out waste, reusing materials, and selecting materials with lower embodied  Product Stage benchmarks are published in the RICS 2014 Methodology to carbon over the project life-cycle), quantify calculate embodied carbon,the 1stsavings editionmade through individual design changes, and report actions and outcomes as part of a Carbon Efficiency Plan”

Shipping – bulk carrier

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2002

Creating opportunities FEBRUARY 2015 and shares embodied carbon data for building projects. The database allows the input

minimising materials used

Road – average of all HGV’s

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WRAP and the UK-GBC have recently launched an open access database that captures

Some of the carbon reduction measures worth considering include:

Road – rigid truck

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Therefore low embodied carbon building designs can make projects more resilient to future resource and materials scarcity, price rises and uncertainty, as well as rising energy prices.

1st edition, information paper • products with high recycled content, e.g. cement replacement materials such as GGBS (ground

Air – long-haul int.

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Methodology Introduction to calculate embodied carbon of materials

Air – short-haul int.

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RICS QS & Construction Standards IP 32/2012

RICS Professional Information, UK

Index, bulk shipping = 1

rics.org

rics.org/standards

See also Embodied carbon - Come share with me: Where is all the data and how can I get to it?, a presentation from Philippa Gill of Tishman Speyer, for a comprehensive outline of data sources and tools/projects.

Embodied Carbon Task Force, Guy Battle (Chair) 2014 Embodied carbon industry task group recommendations: Proposals for Standardised Measurement Method and Recommendations for Carbon Building Regulations and Allowable Solutions © 2014 UK Green BuildingZero Council Registered charity number 1135153 3

CAMPAIGN FOR A SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Figure 11: The relative carbon intensity of different modes of transport

4 | METHODOLOGY TO CALCULATE EMBODIED CARBON OF MATERIALS

WRAP, Cutting carbon in construction projects

METHODOLOGY TO CALCULATE EMBODIED CARBON OF MATERIALS | 15

Figure 1.2 RICS: Methodology To Calculate Embodied Carbon Of Materials

Reducing carbon in Guide buildings 10 Theembodied data in the Green is prepared using the BRE Environmental Profiles Methodology. Thiswww.ukgbc.org is a different methodology to the BRE 15804 EPD methodology so the data cannot be directly compared. Data from both sources can however both be used to qualify for BREEAM credits.

Reducing embodied carbon in buildings

www.ukgbc.org

Figure 1.3 UK Green Building Council: Tracking Embodied Carbon In Buildings

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St Cecilia’s Museum: case study

Work stream 1: modelling Documentation Surveying

Revit modelling

Work stream 2: interviews Part 1: Existing use of BIM Part 2: Proposed use of BIM

Opportunities Carbon calculation

Scheduling Risks

Project manager

Opportunities

Architect Estates team

Risks

Client (end user)

Figure 1.4 Methodology diagram

BIM & Sustainability

2 Research

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

Figure 2.1 Assorted site photographs

Figure 2.3 Agisoft Metashape Pro point cloud of St Cecilia’s

Figure 2.2 St Cecilia’s exterior (University of Edinburgh, 2020)

BIM & Sustainability

2.1 Digital Modelling 2.1.1 Digital modelling for the project was undertaken in Autodesk Revit 2021, supported by documents provided by Page Park Architects and the University of Edinburgh. This represents an atypical yet ideal scenario of a newly completed project with a full suite of documents; however we determined that this ‘best case’ presented a benchmark case study in line with the research piece. Documents were complemented with onsite work photography of key thresholds, details and geometries. Photography was compiled in Agisoft Metashape and Autodesk Recap to create a dense point cloud file that could be inserted into a Revit file. We note that BIM encompasses more software than Autodesk Revit (namely, ArchiCad, Vectorworks etc); Revit was selected for research familiarity and application across the UK construction industry. 2.1.2 Embodied carbon data was integrated into the Revit file by adding a shared project parameter: embodied carbon (kg/m3), as applicable to material inputs. This could then be applied to Autodesk Revit family types in detail using average embodied carbon data from the online carbon calculator Building Transparency™. This material data was applied to the layer thickness (m) to obtain an embodied carbon estimate per square metre (m2). In schedules, Revit is able to collate the model information to provide final total carbon estimates in a meaningful manner, illustrating where carbon savings can be made. For instance, despite its prevalence in the project, a significant reduction in the use of timber stud wall will make little embodied carbon difference when compared to gypsum plasterboard. 2.1.3 Operational carbon data provided by the University estates team was invaluable, however not applicable in the Revit model format without additional Dynamo and arduino software and hardware respectively. Integration at a fine-grain level could be achieved using a live data sharing system. It should be noted, however, that the typical usage of such information may not be relevant at a building-specific level if abstracted within a digital model. 2.1.4 Point cloud photographs were taken from iPhone footage shot and processed in Agisoft Metashape Pro. Typically 60 seconds long and shot at 24fps, an average 80 photograph stills were transferred to the software which calculated geometries to create a dense point cloud file. The process was fairly fast at an amateur level, and with only very basic training we were able to 14

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

Figure 2.4 Autodesk Revit 3D view with point cloud

3D VIEW

Figure 2.5 Autodesk Recap point cloud file conversion

BIM & Sustainability

produce complex files that were helpful in modelling the building in Revit. The files had to be converted to the correct .rcs format from a .txt file, which necessitated the use of Autodesk Recap. It should be noted that this required using a filming device, paid triangulation (Metashape) software and paid converter (Recap) before importing to Revit, which may be a significant barrier to integration for practitioners. 2.1.5 Regarding St Cecilia’s we were in the fortunate position of having as-built drawings to refer to, and subsequently did not require extensive on-site measuring or surveying. To better understand the geometry of the main 18th century stairway, stair treads were measured locally. During the previous renovation, it is imagined that on-site measurements would have been more important to accurately determining existing constraints. The Flir iPhone thermal imaging camera and application was experimented with on-site to determine its value and application. As a result of its inability to produce numerical data, it was deemed an interesting visualisation tool but unlikely to yield useful data strings. 2.1.6 Few documents of St Cecilia’s prior to the 21st century renovation were available for use. Architectural, mechanical and electrical as-built documentation was generously provided by the University of Edinburgh to assist with modelling. This represents a fairly unique scenario, as many clients will be unable to provide documents in such detail. 2.1.7 The drawings provided by the University of Edinburgh, conducted by Page Park Architects, provide a fine level of detail. The application of embodied carbon information to the model is financially most-efficient at this document-production stage. Embedding this data into the model requires little additional modelling time. More time should be allowed for research of material estimated carbon values and production of report information.

Figure 2.6 Flir iPhone thermal imaging camera

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

Figure 2.7SHADOWS OVERALL Revit 3D model

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(kWh) 25/03/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 13/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 03/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 26/03/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 14/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 04/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 27/03/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 15/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 05/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 28/03/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 16/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 06/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 29/03/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 17/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 07/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 30/03/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 18/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 08/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 31/03/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 19/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 09/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 01/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 20/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 10/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 02/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 21/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 11/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 03/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 22/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 12/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 04/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 23/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 13/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 05/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 24/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 14/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 06/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 25/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 15/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 07/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 26/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 16/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 08/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 27/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 17/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 09/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 28/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 18/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 10/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 29/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 19/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 11/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 30/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 20/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 12/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 31/12/2019 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 21/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 13/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 01/01/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 22/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 14/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 02/01/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 23/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 15/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 03/01/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 24/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 16/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 04/01/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 25/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 17/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 05/01/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 26/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 18/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 06/01/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 27/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 19/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 07/01/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 28/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 20/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 08/01/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 29/02/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 21/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 01/03/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 22/04/2020 Electricity Electricity (kWh) 23/04/2020

Electricity

Electricity (kWh)

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Account Reference Supplier Name Site Name Year/Month 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/10 2020/01 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/09 2019/12 0301GAS ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/01 3.00 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/08 2019/11 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2020/02 3.00 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/07 2019/10 52.00 0301GAS ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/03 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/06 9346119602 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/09 17.00 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2020/04 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/05 9346119602 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/08 13.00 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2020/05 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/04 9346119602 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/07 16.00 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2020/06 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/03 2019/06 16.00 0301GAS ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/07 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/02 2019/05 16.00 0301GAS ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/08 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/01 2019/04 -39.00 0301GAS ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/09 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/12 9346119602 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/03 11.00 3027578 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2020/10 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/11 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/02 127.00 Sub-Summary EDFTOTAL 5423051689 ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/10 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/01 127.00 Summary 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/09 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/12 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/08 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/11 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/07 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/10 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/06 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/09 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/05 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/08 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/04 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/07 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/03 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/06 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/02 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/05 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/01 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/04 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/12 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/03 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/11 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/02 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/10 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/01 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/09 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/12 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/08 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/11 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/07 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/10 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/06 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/09 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/05 9346119602 TOTAL GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/08 5423051689 EDF ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/04 5423051689 EDF ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/03 5423051689 EDF ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/02 5423051689 EDF ENERGY ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/01 Account Reference Site Name Year/Month Invoice (M3) 5423051689 EDF0301 ENERGY - ELEC HALL 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/12 ST CECILIAS 2018/06 0.00 5423051689 EDF0301 ENERGY - ELEC HALL 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/11 ST CECILIAS 2018/07 0.00 5423051689 EDF0301 ENERGY - ELEC HALL 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/10 ST CECILIAS 2018/08 0.00 5423051689 EDF0301 ENERGY - ELEC HALL 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/09 ST CECILIAS 2018/09 0.00 5423051689 EDF0301 ENERGY - ELEC HALL 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/08 ST CECILIAS 2018/10 0.00

7.00 6.00 5.00 7.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 9.00

Account Reference 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602

0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/11 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/12 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/01 Supplier Site2019/02 Name 0301 Name ST CECILIAS HALL TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2019/03 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2019/04 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2019/05 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2019/06 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2019/07 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2019/08 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2019/09 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2019/10 TOTAL & POWER HALL - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS 0301GAS ST CECILIAS 2019/11 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2019/12

HALL HALL HALL HALL HALL HALL HALL HALL HALL

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.00

Year/Month 2020/10 2020/09 2020/08 2020/07 2020/06 2020/05 2020/04 2020/03 2020/02

6.00

Figure 2.8 St Cecilia’s energy use billing (University of Edinburgh, 2020)

BIM & Sustainability

2.2 Analysis (St Cecilia’s) 2.2.1 To explore the application of Autodesk Revit as a carbon modelling tool, a rough draft of St Cecilia’s was completed. This model captured significant elements as external and internal walls, floors and roofs. For the purposes of the exploration it omitted ceilings, internal floor finishes, MEP and wall openings. Information on wall construction types as built was provided by the University of Edinburgh, referred to in Page Park Architects drawings. The study focused on the application of internal wall types throughout the building, which present a significant volume of the construction of buildings by weight and complexity. These were modelled notionally at first, as done in schematic design stages, before being refined according to detailed build-up information provided. 2.2.2 A wall type (in Revit termed ‘family’) can be subdivided into its constituent layers such as stud framing, plasterboard, finishes etc, with specific reference to the exterior and interior orientation of a wall type. A common example may be to model a timber stud wall of 92mm timber studs with two layers of 12.5mm gypsum plasterboard either side, at a combined wall thickness of 142mm. This information is captured accordingly and the quantity of each separate layer can be scheduled respectively. This proved vital in carbon modelling, where wall sections may be comprised of a myriad of materials, each with a differing associated embodied carbon. Estimates for embodied carbon did not factor the associated carbon cost of transportation or construction, rather, they encompassed the production of the product. 2.2.3 A shared project parameter named Embodied Carbon (kg/m3) was created in the St Cecilia’s Revit file and applied to all families, allowing for information to be embedded into the wall type. In this case, the wall type embedded carbon per square metre was calculated separately in Microsoft Excel and then applied to the wall. This workflow may lead to transcription mistakes, and the application of embedded carbon per metre cubed as a material type in the family editor, and application such that Revit performs the calculation according to layer thickness, would provide a smoother and more transparent workflow. 2.2.4 The wall build-ups programmed in Revit can then be scheduled, including embodied carbon per metre squared. The schedule totals each wall type alongside the total surface area of the en18

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

out.

1 L(24)07-09

A B

KEY

1298

---

C(22)02 - Internal Wall Type 2 (nbs REF. K10/126) 50mm SW frame, 25mm Black Oak

3 L(24)07-09

3904

444

No:4 Type 12

C(22)01 - Internal Wall Type 1 (nbs REF. K10/125) 50mm stud, 2x12.5mm Plasterboard both sides

REFER L(24) SERIES DRAWINGS FOR STAIR SETTING OUT

No:3 Type 4 No:5 Type 12

C(22)03 - Internal Wall Type 3 (nbs REF. K10/127) Door frame sleeve: 50mm Black Oak (1200mm depth)

3230

No:2 Type 4

CURVED WALL SETTING OUT INFO TO BE AGREED WITH ICL

305

No:1 Type 4

210

1 L(22)35 1205 clear width

---

between handrails

142

3170

C(22)04 - Internal Wall Type 4 (nbs REF. K10/128) 70mm stud, 2x12.5mm Plasterboard

1382

No:7 Type 8

117

C(22)08 - Internal Wall Type 8 (nbs REF. K10/132) 92mm stud, insulation, 2x12.5mm Plasterboard both sides 140

No:18 Type 6 3275

No:201 Type 6

C(22)09 - Internal Wall Type 9 (nbs REF. K10/133) 92mm stud, leather on foam

C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 (nbs REF. K10/134) 2x12.5mm Plasterboard, 92mm stud, insulation, 12.5mm Plasterboard, Ceramic Tile

5687

C(22)11 - Internal Wall Type 11 (nbs REF. N10/280)

No:22 Type 2

No:19 Type 6

No:24 Type 2

Mirror on 12mm Ply

No:21 Type 8

C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 (nbs REF. K10/135) 20mm Black Oak, 40mm dressed timber framing

4297

No:80 Type 2

C(22)07 - Internal Wall Type 7 (nbs REF. K10/131) 92mm stud, 2x12.5mm Plasterboard both sides

2225

1500 1280

No:17 Type 8 ?

No:81 Type 7 ?

3135

125

156 142

610

SOP

No:82 Type 7 ?

140

795

142

297

117

416

No:9 Type 7 1280

No:14 Type 2

1750

126

700

No:15 Type 6

No:188 Type 1

No:8 Type 6

1829

8206

1310

135 TTO

C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 6 (nbs REF. K10/130) 92mm stud, 2x12.5mm Plasterboard

600

No:10 Type 7

720

140

C(22)05 - Internal Wall Type 5 (nbs REF. K10/129) 12.5mm Plasterboard, 92mm stud, 2x12.5mm Plasterboard ---

C(22)13 - Internal Wall Type 13 (nbs REF. K10 135) 2x12.5mm Plasterboard, 25mm MF

R00.20 Teaching Space 8994

64 m²

No:20 Type 8

No:25 Type 2

462

No:79 Type 2

Sim

3058

A(22)04

R00.09 Female WC's 14 m²

295

1331

142

No:34 2571 Type 11

No:36 Type 1

124

173 140

No:35 Type 7299

No:78 Type 2

No:28 Type 2

No:37 5666 Type 10

445

R00.19 Laigh Room

No:40 Type 10 329

No:38 Type 10

No:27 Type 2

140 187 155 192

1078

No:75 Type 6

No:76 Type 6

No:67 Type 6

140

1617 No:47 Type 10

? ?

75 217

8 m²

140

No:49 Type 10

634

147

No:68 Type 6

1078

1616

R00.11 Male WC's

142 155

1275

No:50 Type 7

No:30 Type 2 No:31 Type 2

No:32 Type 2

Room Schedule - Ground Floor

4534

No:73 Type 6 ?

No:72 Type 6

1740

1241

1748

6224

2156

117

No:71 Type 6

3963

No:74 Type 6 1755

117

1740

666

475

APPROX DIM FOR INFO ONLY

No:70 Type 6 SOP

No:46 Type 11

2359

No:77 Type 2

208 140

937

81 m²

365

No:29 Type 2

140

1470

1481

1482

1326

2200

No:26 Type 2

Name

285

No:50 Type 7 R00.18 Existing Foyer

R00.13 Cleaners' Cupboard

No:51 Type 5

4 m²

964

78 m²

1463

142

2361

142

No:52 Type 7

R00.21 Store 9 m²

No:66 Type 5 No:63 Type 5

2055

13 m²

No:55 Type 8

No:54 Type 7

SOP

No:65 Type 5

2498

R00.22 Store

R00.16 Comms Plant

10 m²

13 m²

142

3200

Refer to drawing L(22)50 - Gallery 3 Entrance Setting Out

R00.14 Kitchen

142

2055

No:53 Type 8

No:64 Type 5

No:56 Type 8

R00.25 Boiler Plant Room 11 m²

No:57 Type 5

No:62 Type 3

E D C B A

REFER L(2-)26 FOR GALLERY 3 LINING/PARTITION SETTING OUT

R00.23 Gallery 3 104 m²

Number

Entrance Foyer Store Store Store Conservation Lab Gallery 4 Female WC's WC lobby Male WC's Accessible WC Cleaners' Cupboard Kitchen Store Comms Plant Lobby Existing Foyer Laigh Room Teaching Space Store Store Gallery 3 Window access corridor Boiler Plant Room

R00.01 R00.02 R00.03 R00.04 R00.05 R00.06 R00.09 R00.10 R00.11 R00.12 R00.13 R00.14 R00.15 R00.16 R00.17 R00.18 R00.19 R00.20 R00.21 R00.22 R00.23 R00.24 R00.25

FINAL ISSUE Partition setting out updated Issued for Construction Wall Setting Out Dimensions Added CONSTRUCTION ISSUE

Revisions:

160117 040816 180516 160316 230715

FINAL ISSUE

Project:

Proposed Ground Floor Internal Wall Linings St Cecilia's Hall Redevelopment

Client:

University of Edinburgh

Title:

Drawing No: L(22)01 Scale:

1:50

Date:

03/20/14

@ A1

Page Park Architects 20 James Morrison Street, Glasgow G1 5PE, UK

T 0141 553 5440 F 0141553 5441 mail@pagepark.co.uk www.pagepark.co.uk

Figure 2.9 St Cecilia’s ground floor wall type plan (University of Edinburgh, 2020)

BIM & Sustainability

tire wall system throughout the file. This cumulative total is multiplied by the embedded carbon (kg/m2) per square metre to arrive at a total carbon impact by wall type across the project. This same workflow can applied to every building element, however was retained to internal walls as indicative. As previously mentioned, ‘live’ data pertaining to energy use etc was difficult to incorporate at this stage owing to technological limitations.

Figure 2.10 Building Transpare Wall type

Construction: [ref

WT1

Pb, 12mm Pb, 12mm TS, 50mm Pb, 12mm Pb, 12mm

WT2

Tb, 25mm TS, 50mm

Wall type 03 omitted WT4 Pb, 12mm Pb, 12mm TS, 70mm WT5

Pb, 12mm Pb, 12mm TS, 92mm Pb, 12mm

WT6

Pb, 12mm Pb, 12mm TS, 92mm

WT7

Pb, 12mm Pb, 12mm TS, 92mm Pb, 12mm Pb, 12mm

Wall type 08 omitted WT9 TS, 92mm

WT10

Pb, 12mm Pb, 12mm TS, 92mm Pb, 12mm Ct, 10mm

WT11

Tb, 12mm

WT12

Tb, 20mm TS, 40mm

WT13

Pb, 12mm Pb, 12mm Ss, 25mm

Figure 2.11 Calculation of emb

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

ency carbon calculator (Building Transparency, 2020)

fer key, thickness (mm)] Thickness (m) Material: average embodied carbon* (kg/m3)

Layer: average embodied carbon (kg/m2)

0.0125 0.0125 0.05 0.0125 0.0125

4000 4000 139 4000 4000

50 50 6.95 50 50

0.025 0.05

104 139

2.6 6.95

0.0125 0.0125 0.07

4000 4000 139

50 50 9.73

0.0125 0.0125 0.092 0.0125

4000 4000 139 4000

50 50 12.788 50

0.0125 0.0125 0.092

4000 4000 139

50 50 12.788

0.0125 0.0125 0.092 0.0125 0.0125

4000 4000 139 4000 4000

50 50 12.788 50 50

0.092

139

12.788

0.0125 0.0125 0.092 0.0125 0.0125

4000 4000 139 4000 2.3

50 50 12.788 50 0.02875

0.012

104

1.248

0.02 0.04

104 139

2.08 5.56

0.0125 0.0125 0.025

4000 4000 3.37

50 50 0.08425

Wall: Total average embodied carbon (kg/m2) (rounded 0dp) *Average embodied carbon obtained from Building Transparency Carbon Calculator (https://www.buildingtransparency.org/en/) Key: 207

Pb TS Tb Ss Ct

Gypsum Plasterboard Timber stud framing wall (assumed homogenous material) Timber Board (Ply, assumed homogenous) Steel stud framing wall Ceramic tile (grout etc omitted)

110

163

113

213 13

163 1

100

bodied carbon per square metre using Building Transparency figures

BIM & Sustainability

Figure 2.12 Integration of embodied carbon into wall type in Autodesk Revit 22

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

BIM & Sustainability

St Cecilias - Wall Schedule

Family and Type Area Basic Wall: C(22)01 - Internal Wall Type 01 100mm Basic Wall: C(22)01 - Internal Wall Type 01 17.46 m² 100mm Basic Wall: C(22)01 - Internal Wall Type 01 17.46 m² 100mm: 1 Basic Wall: C(22)02 - Internal Wall Type 02 75mm Basic Wall: C(22)02 - Internal Wall Type 02 5.18 m² 75mm Basic Wall: C(22)02 - Internal Wall Type 02 7.20 m² 75mm Basic Wall: C(22)02 - Internal Wall Type 02 8.91 m² 75mm Basic Wall: C(22)02 - Internal Wall Type 02 20.70 m² 75mm Basic Wall: C(22)02 - Internal Wall Type 02 42.44 m² 75mm Basic Wall: C(22)02 - Internal Wall Type 02 84.42 m² 75mm: 5 Basic Wall: C(22)04 - Internal Wall Type 04 95mm Basic Wall: C(22)04 - Internal Wall Type 04 7.07 m² 95mm Basic Wall: C(22)04 - Internal Wall Type 04 42.21 m² 95mm Basic Wall: C(22)04 - Internal Wall Type 04 49.27 m² 95mm: 2 Basic Wall: C(22)05 - Internal Wall Type 05 129.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)05 - Internal Wall Type 05 7.20 m² 129.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)05 - Internal Wall Type 05 7.20 m² 129.5mm: 1 Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 0.47 m² 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 5.00 m² 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 12.99 m² 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 15.80 m² 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 37.19 m² 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 71.46 m² 117mm: 5 Basic Wall: C(22)07 - Internal Wall Type 07 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)07 - Internal Wall Type 07 3.29 m² 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)07 - Internal Wall Type 07 17.67 m² 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)07 - Internal Wall Type 07 20.97 m² 142mm: 2 Basic Wall: C(22)08 - Internal Wall Type 08 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)08 - Internal Wall Type 08 6.01 m² 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)08 - Internal Wall Type 08 19.93 m² 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)08 - Internal Wall Type 08 21.04 m² 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)08 - Internal Wall Type 08 46.98 m² 142mm: 3 Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 1.89 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 2.45 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 6.87 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 6.96 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 9.95 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 13.65 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 19.92 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 20.82 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 82.50 m² 139.5mm: 8 Basic Wall: C(22)11 - Internal Wall Type 11 12mm Basic Wall: C(22)11 - Internal Wall Type 11 9.92 m² 12mm Basic Wall: C(22)11 - Internal Wall Type 11 13.14 m² 12mm Basic Wall: C(22)11 - Internal Wall Type 11 23.05 m² 12mm: 2 Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 1.62 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 1.62 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 19.89 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 19.99 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 24.78 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 25.88 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 93.78 m² 60mm: 6

Volume 1.75 m³

Width 100

St Cecilias - Wall Schedul

Phase Phase Created Demolished New Construction

None

206.95

1.75 m³ 0.39 m³

Family and Type Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm

3613

0.54 m³

75 75

1.55 m³

3.18 m³

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

None

9.55

None

9.55

None

9.55

None

9.55

198

None

9.55

405

6.33 m³

806

0.65 m³

4.01 m³

New Construction New Construction

None

109.73

None

109.73

4.66 m³

775 4632 5407

130

New Construction

None

162.788

0.93 m³

1172 1172

0.06 m³

117

0.59 m³

117

1.52 m³

117

1.85 m³

117

4.35 m³

117

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

None

112.788

None

112.788

564

None

112.788

1465

None

112.788

1782

None

112.788

4194

8.36 m³

Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm

8059

0.47 m³

142

2.51 m³

142

New Construction New Construction

None

212.788

701

None

212.788

3760

2.98 m³ 142

2.83 m³

142

2.99 m³

142

New Construction New Construction New Construction

None

212.788

1279

None

212.788

4240

None

212.788

4478

6.67 m³

9997

0.26 m³

140

0.34 m³

140

0.96 m³

140

0.97 m³

140

1.39 m³

140

1.90 m³

140

2.78 m³

140

2.90 m³

140

0.16 m³

0.10 m³

1.19 m³

1.20 m³

1.48 m³

1.55 m³

101.11 m²

30.33 m³

300

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 01 300mm

120.79 m²

36.24 m³

300

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 01 300mm: 2 Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm

221.90 m²

66.57 m³

9.41 m²

2.81 m³

300

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm

32.55 m²

9.76 m³

300

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm

32.87 m²

9.86 m³

300

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm

41.77 m²

12.52 m³

300

200

20.41 m³

200

New Constr New Constr New Constr

47.79 m³ 4.90 m³

400

New Constr

0.60 m³

100

5.11 m³

100

9.89 m³

100

New Constr New Constr New Constr

4.90 m³

15.61 m³ 7.79 m³

150

8.24 m³

150

100

l Basic Wall: Generic ve - 100mm Le of Ro 0 Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm 44 16

6.36 m²

0.64 m³

100

8.00 m²

0.80 m³

100

Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm of Ro er p-p 100mm Basic Wall: Generic gU in t is r Ex 0 loo - 100mm Basic Wall: Generic 00 F 13hird T 5 Basic Wall: 2Generic - 100mm 07 1

8.02 m²

0.80 m³

100

15.76 m²

1.58 m³

100

26.71 m²

2.67 m³

100

31.21 m²

3.12 m³

100

140.73 m²

14.07 m³

100

239.83 m²

23.98 m³

Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm

1.21 m²

0.24 m³

200

6.49 m²

1.30 m³

200

10.01 m²

2.00 m³

200

15.25 m²

3.05 m³

200

19.48 m²

3.89 m³

200

25.13 m²

4.94 m³

200

53.03 m²

10.60 m³

200

None

162.811

399

None

162.811

1118

None

162.811

1134

None

162.811

1620

L ey Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm urv r (S loo d F - 200mm: 7 n Basic Wall: Generic ro u Basic Wall:GGeneric - 300mm Basic Wall:0Generic - 300mm

None

162.811

2222

Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm

None

162.811

3243

Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm

27.76 m²

8.32 m³

300

None

162.811

3390

Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm

91.35 m²

27.34 m³

300

13431

Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm

105.62 m²

31.68 m³

300

New Construction New Construction

None

1.248

234.16 m²

70.17 m³

None

1.248

Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm: 5 Basic Wall: Generic - 400 Basic Wall: Generic - 400

5.20 m²

2.08 m³

400

Basic Wall: Generic - 400

8.14 m²

3.26 m³

400

Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

e ev

)

130.59 m²

26.02 m³

2.87 m²

0.86 m³

300

6.57 m²

1.97 m³

300

Basic Wall: Generic - 400

11.84 m²

4.74 m³

400

None

7.64

Basic Wall: Generic - 400

13.26 m²

5.30 m³

400

None

7.64

Basic Wall: Generic - 400

16.33 m²

6.53 m³

400

None

7.64

152

51.63 m²

20.34 m³

400

None

7.64

153

42.24 m³

7.64

189

Basic Wall: Generic - 400: 6 Basic Wall: Generic - 700 Basic Wall: Generic - 700

106.40 m²

None

62.48 m²

41.64 m³

None

7.64

198

Basic Wall: Generic - 700

166.40 m²

116.43 m³ 700

717

Basic Wall: Generic - 700: 2 Basic Wall: Generic - 1000 Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

228.88 m²

158.07 m³

24.45 m²

24.41 m³

1000

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

59.34 m²

58.33 m³

1000

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

95.73 m²

93.42 m³

1000

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

113.03 m²

109.90 m³ 1000

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

123.48 m²

123.39 m³ 1000

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

128.21 m²

128.21 m³ 1000

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

144.69 m²

140.89 m³ 1000

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000: 7

688.93 m²

New Construction New Construction

None

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

None

None 0

None None None

OVERALL Basic Wall: Generic - 400

Figure 2.13 Analysing embodied carbon by wall type using Autodesk Revit scheduling

New Constr New Constr

16.03 m³ 0.30 m³

Grand total: 86

200

17.01 m³

69.45 m³

307

5.61 m³

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 01 300mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 01 300mm

10.37 m³

162.811

29 60

Phase New Constr

None

0.28 m³ 0.10 m³

Width 300

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

11.51 m³ 0.12 m³

Volume 34.50 m³

3.03 m²

el Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm ev fL oo g R - 100mm: 8 Basic Wall: Generic tin r is o x Flo Basic Wall:EGeneric 0 d - 200mm 0e0con Basic Wall:9SGeneric - 200mm 17 ) 81 l2 Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm ve Le ey urv Basic Wall: Genericr (-S200mm loo tF irs Basic Wall:FGeneric - 200mm 00 50

4461

0.85 m³

Area 114.99 m²

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm: 5 231.58 m² Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 03 Gallery 200mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 03 Gallery 51.83 m² 200mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 03 Gallery 85.49 m² 200mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 03 Gallery 102.04 m² 200mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 03 Gallery 239.36 m² 200mm: 3 Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 04 Retaining Wall 400mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 04 Retaining 12.58 m² Wall 400mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 04 Retaining 12.58 m² Wall 400mm: 1 Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 06 Insulation 100mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 06 Insulation 6.05 m² 100mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 06 Insulation 51.12 m² 100mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 06 Insulation 98.93 m² 100mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 06 Insulation 156.10 m² 100mm: 3 Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 07 Insulation 150mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 07 Insulation 51.92 m² 150mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 07 Insulation 54.96 m² 150mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 07 Insulation 106.88 m² 150mm: 2

3613

0.67 m³

0.93 m³

Embodied Carbon in system (kg)

Embodied Carbon (kg/ metre sq)

678.56 m³ 1268.46 3094.29 m² m³

700

New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr

New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr

New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr

New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr

New Constr New Constr

New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr New Constr

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

ule

Phase e Created Demolished None ruction

ruction

0 None None None 0 None 0 None None None 0 None None 0 None None None None None None None None 0 None None None None None None None 0 None None None None None 0 None None None None None None 0 None None 0 None

489

None

1187

None

1915

None

2261

None

2470

None

2564

None

2894 13779 61471

16/12/2020 13:41:08

ruction

Embodied Carbon in system (kg)

Embodied Carbon (kg/ metre sq)

BIM & Sustainability

2.3 Users & Relevance

2.3.1 END USER A leading member of the staff who run and use St Cecilia’s on a daily basis was interviewed in order to discern the impact of digital twin modelling on the end-user [See Appendix 5.5.1, or Supporting Document Section A]. According to her, the main value of such a model would be from a business asset point of view: where the rich history of St Cecilia’s can be visualised and shown as part of the exhibit, as well as provide a virtual reality asset for visitors who may not be able to visit in person. This is particularly in relation to the current pandemic restrictions. In addition to this would be the planning aspect of exhibitions: the pieces of the collection can be manoeuvred in digital format and a final arrangement decided upon before the real-world, heavy, delicate pieces are moved. However, many of these uses do not require the vast amount of integrated data that is present in BIM and processed in Digital Twins models, and simpler (cheaper) models can be made to meet these requirements. There were some ways a smart digital twin might be of service to the end-users of St Cecilia’s: a desire was expressed to understand the way that visitors move and use the building through spatial analysis (one imagines in the style of SpaceSyntax) as a way to plan for future alterations to the galleries. As well as this, the potential for more intelligent building systems, which automatically alert the in-house conservator or adapt the internal humidity and temperature of the galleries, as the current system- though automatedoften requires the conservator to manually adapt these variables. In terms of how the model might benefit the relationship between the staff at St Cecilia’s and University Estates, there could be a case to be made for the integration of the internal reporting system (Archibus) and the digital twin model, which could be used to more accurately report the item of the building which requires actioning by the Estates team. However, this does not seem essential when compared to the cost of a simple online portal form. 26

Figure 2.14 Relationships between stakeholders diagram

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

BIM & Sustainability

2.3.2 MANAGEMENT & MAINTENANCE We interviewed two members of staff from the University Estates Energy Department, who process the energy data from the universities’ properties. The main take-away from these interviews was that the data they handle would be the data input into the Digital Twin, and not something which they would “extract” from the model. Further to this, when asked of how the model might be of benefit to their work, the visual element was mentioned as being advageous but not essential to be able to carry out their job. One thing which would be helpful would be automated alerts when a building or space far exceeds the expected consumption. 2.3.3 CONSTRUCTION The interview with the project manager who oversaw the renovation of St Cecilia’s was invaluable to highlight the difficulty in creating and following a standardised sustainability guidelines, such as BREEAM. Where the sheer quantity of variables in the different projects make a lot of (BREEAM) guidance irrelevant. The interview also shed light on the University’s procurement methods, and how a Digital Twin model might be integrated into a project: The Digital Twin would have to be packaged for an in-house software, which would have to have gone through the software procurement process first. Again, the importance of BIM tools such as clash detection, which are already widely used and available were highlighted as essential in order to reduce construction risk and therefore making time and money savings. This is in-keeping with literature read that BIM is definitely value-for-money (Azhar et al., 2008). However the financial case for taking BIM a step further by turning it into a Digital Twin, continues to be unconvincing as the services of surveyors would always be required to ensure the accuracy of the inherited model which would be the main cost off-setting the cost of producing the Digital Twin. 2.3.4 ARCHITECTS The discussion with St Cecilia’s project Architect made it evident that there are definitely on-going discussions within the architectural community not only about BIM, but how to take it further and producing more intelligent models. She did believe that a digital twin could be included in the scope of works within the Architect’s Appointment. However, she also highlighted the key issues which are beyond the control of Architects and present serious obstacles to adopting these tools across the industry. As previously raised by the other participants, the digital twin, although useful in that it would hold previous information, would not serve as 28

a replacement to surveys in the early stages of the project. This damages the business case for investing in such a model, if project costs (such as hiring a surveyor) down the line are not minimised. What is more, the project Architect explained that currently the major inhibitor to producing BIM work, especially in refurbishments, is the additional cost to the client at such an early stage. This cost is often not budgeted for by the client, and thus the investment in items such as 3D surveying are avoided, even if the Architects involve recommend and explain the cost-benefits of using BIM throughout the project pipe-line. As was considered in section 1.2.3, a key issue which is arising from BIM (not to mention the further complications in Digital Twin modelling) is which party is legally responsible for the model, when it is an amalgamation of various design team member’s work, and how is the blamegame culture of the building industry mitigated when the boundaries blurr in this way. The retisence of the building industry in changing and adapting to new technologies was also discussed as symptomatic of a short-term outlook which favours low-cost and low-risk, therefore uptake of new technologies (such as BIM or DT’s) is relatively slow.

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

Diagram concluding advantages/disadvantages of BIM/DT’s from interviews?

BIM & Sustainability

2.4 Review 2.4.1 The work undertaken in this study has been limited by familiarity in the software, particularly in the integration of live modelling information. It should be noted however that this is an emerging field within BIM integration and is still not commercially available natively. It has also been limited in its reflection of ‘real-world’ conditions, which typically would not provide such high-quality and detailed documentation. This best-case scenario is informative of where the construction sector should be aiming for, even if not the reality of such projects. Furthermore, the study has been limited by the time contraint and available resources. It is imagined that a dedicated would be able to investigate and demonstrate the capabilities of BIM with more complexity.

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

BIM & Sustainability

3 Impacts

The principal question asked when reviewing the impacts of BIM integration towards the goal of sustainable construction is: how can the file be used to compare one design to another, and subsequently one building to another? Answering this question is vital to understanding the risks and limitations of using such a resource-intesive method of analysing sustainability credentials, and its integration into nationwide building regulations. 32

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

Building Guardians Local Authority

Building Owner

Prospective Clients

School

Existing building

tender

Basic Wall: C(22)04 - Internal Wall Type 04 95mm Basic Wall: C(22)04 - Internal Wall Type 04 7.07 m² 95mm Basic Wall: C(22)04 - Internal Wall Type 04 42.21 m² 95mm Basic Wall: C(22)04 - Internal Wall Type 04 49.27 m² 95mm: 2

Roof 1644

Leve

ing

Uppe

r Roof

Exist 0Floor 1300 Third 5

1207

ing

Exist

9000 Seco

Roof

Leve

Floor

8117

First

Floor

(Surv

Leve

l 2)

Floor

(Surv

Leve

Basic Wall: C(22)07 - Internal Wall Type 07 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)07 - Internal Wall Type 07 3.29 m² 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)07 - Internal Wall Type 07 17.67 m² 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)07 - Internal Wall Type 07 20.97 m² 142mm: 2 Basic Wall: C(22)08 - Internal Wall Type 08 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)08 - Internal Wall Type 08 6.01 m² 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)08 - Internal Wall Type 08 19.93 m² 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)08 - Internal Wall Type 08 21.04 m² 142mm Basic Wall: C(22)08 - Internal Wall Type 08 46.98 m² 142mm: 3 Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 1.89 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 2.45 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 6.87 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 6.96 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 9.95 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 13.65 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 19.92 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 20.82 m² 139.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)10 - Internal Wall Type 10 82.50 m² 139.5mm: 8 Basic Wall: C(22)11 - Internal Wall Type 11 12mm Basic Wall: C(22)11 - Internal Wall Type 11 9.92 m² 12mm Basic Wall: C(22)11 - Internal Wall Type 11 13.14 m² 12mm Basic Wall: C(22)11 - Internal Wall Type 11 23.05 m² 12mm: 2

5000

Grou

Basic Wall: C(22)05 - Internal Wall Type 05 129.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)05 - Internal Wall Type 05 7.20 m² 129.5mm Basic Wall: C(22)05 - Internal Wall Type 05 7.20 m² 129.5mm: 1 Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 0.47 m² 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 5.00 m² 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 12.99 m² 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 15.80 m² 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 37.19 m² 117mm Basic Wall: C(22)06 - Internal Wall Type 06 71.46 m² 117mm: 5

Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 1.62 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 1.62 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 19.89 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 19.99 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 24.78 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 25.88 m² 60mm Basic Wall: C(22)12 - Internal Wall Type 12 93.78 m² 60mm: 6

l 1)

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 01 300mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 01 300mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 01 300mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 01 300mm: 2 Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm

120.79 m² 221.90 m² 9.41 m² 32.55 m²

1.75 m³

Width

Phase Demolished

Embodied Carbon in system (kg)

Embodied Carbon (kg/ metre sq)

New Construction

None

206.95

3613

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

None

9.55

None

9.55

None

9.55

198

None

9.55

405

New Construction New Construction

None

109.73

775

1.75 m³

1.55 m³ 3.18 m³

None

4.01 m³

806 95 95

None

109.73

4.66 m³ 0.93 m³

0.06 m³ 0.59 m³

New Construction

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

None

162.788

117

1.85 m³

117 117

None None

112.788 112.788

2.51 m³

142

New Construction New Construction

New Construction New Construction New Construction

1465 1782

112.788

4194

None

212.788

None

212.788

None

212.788

None

212.788

None

212.788

142

2.83 m³

142

2.99 m³

142

6.67 m³

0.96 m³

140 140 140

0.97 m³

140 140

1.90 m³ 2.78 m³ 2.90 m³

140 140 140

0.16 m³

0.10 m³

1.19 m³

1.20 m³

1.48 m³

1.55 m³

300

14.07 m³

100

200 200

2.00 m³

200

15.25 m²

3.05 m³

200

3.89 m³

200

Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm

19.48 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm

25.13 m²

162.811

3390 13431

Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm

105.62 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm: 5 Basic Wall: Generic - 400 Basic Wall: Generic - 400

234.16 m²

70.17 m³

5.20 m²

2.08 m³

400

Basic Wall: Generic - 400

8.14 m²

3.26 m³

400

Basic Wall: Generic - 400

11.84 m²

4.74 m³

400

7.64

Basic Wall: Generic - 400

13.26 m²

5.30 m³

400

None

7.64

None

7.64

None

7.64

None

7.64

None

7.64

162.811

399

1134 1620

162.811

Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm

1118

162.811

Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm: 7 Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm

2222

Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm

3243

Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm Basic Wall: Generic - 300mm

New Construction New Construction

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

Basic Wall: Generic - 400

152 153 189 198

None None

None

130.59 m² 2.87 m² 6.57 m² 27.76 m² 91.35 m²

16.33 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 400

51.63 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 400: 6 Basic Wall: Generic - 700 Basic Wall: Generic - 700

62.48 m²

106.40 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 700

166.40 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 700: 2 Basic Wall: Generic - 1000 Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

24.45 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

59.34 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

None

53.03 m²

228.88 m²

95.73 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

113.03 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

123.48 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

128.21 m²

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

None None

None None None None None None

4.94 m³ 10.60 m³

200 200

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

None

None None None None None None None

26.02 m³

0.86 m³

300

1.97 m³

300

8.32 m³ 27.34 m³ 31.68 m³

6.53 m³ 20.34 m³

300 300 300

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

None None None None None 0

400 400

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

None None None None None None

42.24 m³ 41.64 m³

{

None

0.24 m³ 1.30 m³

10.01 m²

1.248

162.811

New Construction New Construction

100

23.98 m³

1.21 m² 6.49 m²

1.248

162.811

300 300

12.52 m³

239.83 m²

None 0

150 150

100 100 100 100

2.67 m³ 3.12 m³

140.73 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm

None

717 300

300

9.86 m³

41.77 m²

8.24 m³

1.58 m³

26.71 m² 31.21 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm

None

66.57 m³

9.76 m³

32.87 m²

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm

100

15.61 m³ 7.79 m³

0.80 m³ 0.80 m³

15.76 m²

None

16.03 m³ 0.30 m³ 0.64 m³

8.00 m² 8.02 m²

Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm

None

5.61 m³

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm

9.89 m³

None

307

0 None

None None

162.811

6.36 m²

None

Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm

Embodied Carbon in system (kg)

Embodied Carbon (kg/ metre sq)

None None

New Construction

Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm

Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm: 8 Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm Basic Wall: Generic - 200mm

New Construction New Construction New Construction

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

29 60

36.24 m³

4478

Phase Phase Created Demolished New None Construction

200

400

100

New Construction New Construction

0.28 m³ 0.10 m³

30.33 m³

4240

Width 300

200 200

100

5.11 m³

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

11.51 m³ 0.12 m³

2.81 m³

Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm

3760

1279

9997

1.39 m³

Volume 34.50 m³

0.60 m³

Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm

701

4461

0.85 m³

0.34 m³

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 07 Insulation 150mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 07 Insulation 51.92 m² 150mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 07 Insulation 54.96 m² 150mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 07 Insulation 106.88 m² 150mm: 2 Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm Basic Wall: Generic - 100mm 3.03 m²

564

112.788 112.788

None

8059 142

2.98 m³

0.26 m³

1172

None None

8.36 m³ 0.47 m³

4632

1172

117

1.52 m³

4.35 m³

Area 114.99 m²

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 06 Insulation 100mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 06 Insulation 6.05 m² 100mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 06 Insulation 51.12 m² 100mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 06 Insulation 98.93 m² 100mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 06 Insulation 156.10 m² 100mm: 3

5407 130

117

0.93 m³

Family and Type Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm

Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 02 300mm: 5 231.58 m² 69.45 m³ Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 03 Gallery 200mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 03 Gallery 51.83 m² 10.37 m³ 200mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 03 Gallery 85.49 m² 17.01 m³ 200mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 03 Gallery 102.04 m² 20.41 m³ 200mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 03 Gallery 239.36 m² 47.79 m³ 200mm: 3 Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 04 Retaining Wall 400mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 04 Retaining 12.58 m² 4.90 m³ Wall 400mm Basic Wall: Exterior Wall Type 04 Retaining 12.58 m² 4.90 m³ Wall 400mm: 1

3613

6.33 m³ 0.65 m³

Carbon-integrated modeller

St Cecilias - Wall Schedule

Phase Created

100

0.67 m³

0 700

116.43 m³ 700

New Construction New Construction

None None

158.07 m³

24.41 m³

1000

58.33 m³

1000

93.42 m³

1000

109.90 m³ 1000 123.39 m³ 1000 128.21 m³ 1000

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000

144.69 m²

140.89 m³ 1000

Basic Wall: Generic - 1000: 7

688.93 m²

Grand total: 86

3094.29 m²

678.56 m³ 1268.46 m³

New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction New Construction

None None

20 20

489 1187

None

1915

None

2261

None

2470

None

2564

None

2894 13779 61471

OVERALL

BIM model

16/12/2020 13:41:23

101.11 m²

Volume

0.39 m³ 0.54 m³

}

16/12/2020 13:41:08

St Cecilias - Wall Schedule

Architect?

carbon report

Typical RIBA Stage 0-7 engagement

+ Project Architect

+ Consultants

+ Accepted Client

+ Local Authority

Building Owner

Responsible Building incentives

£ tax outcome

+ Evolved building

Figure 3.1 Relationship between government, client and architect. Adapted from “The Guardian Architect, a Provocation Piece” (Pilosof, 2020)

BIM & Sustainability

3.1 Government 3.1.1 As referred to in the Generic Study component of this project, policy can have an enormous bearing on practice in the construction sector. Whilst slow to evolve, building regulations set industry minimum standards. Enforcing the use of a specific computer software is foreseen to be an unrealistic requirement, particularly when considering the range of applications of software. Similar to BREEAM, however, minimum certfication may be required which must be demonstrated using such software on high-value public-funded projects. Conversely to BREEAM, minimum requirement may be more sensitive to existing fabric conditions, encouraging or even mandating the retention of existing building fabric components. One key challenge in the conversation of sustainable digital model-making is its application, which is potentially only relevant in extremely niche, large scale portfolio situations, wherein such a level of detail is not required. 3.1.2 Taxation may be levied by the government to provide a financial incentive to the demonstration of embodied carbon retention, or the avoiding of demolition. The at present 0% Value-Added-Tax (VAT) on new builds creates an incentive to build anew, without generating a benefit to avoiding demolition of existing fabric. In this scenario, VAT may be taxed more highly with a break imposed if the new proposal earns a certification of embodied carbon retention at a specific threshold minimum. It is important to note that attempting to preserve exisiting building fabric, whilst less carbon intensive, does not inherently present a financial gain. The case lies in demonstrating the environmental gain and/ or creating a framework that reduces financial strain. 3.1.3 The work of embedding this information into an ongoing BIM model may be included in the scope of works of an architectural practitioner in one procurement scenario. On projects where the architect may be engaged to design around a sensitive site with existing built fabric, the production of such a model may be more consistent with the scope of a surveyor. This work may need to be tendered out, particularly in some high-value public projects, following OJEU regulations (disregarding changes following the UK exit from the European Union).

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

BIM & Sustainability

3.2 Clients 3.2.1 In the digital age, privacy continues to be a key issue for clients. In the St Cecilia’s case study, the building is a museum redevelopment owned by a University, funded in part by Public Arts Council. Subsequently, the information is not protected or sensitive. Clients and building owners would, in the case of such a detailed computer model, require secure access; particularly in the case of government projects not disclosed to the public. Commercial clients responsible for large public venues or transport projects may additionally require legal protection in the consolidation of information in such a format. In addition to information security, one potential impact in the realm of residential portfolios may be the unwillingness of residents to share confidential information such as live consumption of electricity, water or gas etc. This reduces the usefulness of such a model if such information cannot be obtained. 3.2.2 For estates services such as the University of Edinburgh, the modelling of assets provides a useful tool to visualise built properties in great detail. This may also be true of housing tenancy groups or clients. We note, however, that at the scale of multiple building portfolios, the ability to refer to documentation embedded in a three dimensional model may be a helpful but not vital functionality; and giving its significant investment cost, may not present a reasonable financial case. 3.3.3 A detailed BIM model may present a tool to meeting future legislative requirements or building regulations, but at present does not inherently provide a significant financial asset. The key to a model is its utilisation beyond construction to monitor consumption of services and as a tool for future developments. It does pose a financial risk, if errors are contained within modelling information that lead to unexpected variations on-site for designers and contractors. Some degree of tolerance should be expected within any model of this complexity. These errors may be limited to geometry and measurements- which should be supplemented by point cloud data for accuracy- but may also include tolerances for embodied carbon values which are solely estimates. Variations beyond acceptable tolerances can be treated as other similar professional requirements.

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

BIM & Sustainability

3.3 Architects 3.3.1 The architect may be engaged, following a tender procurement process, to produce a BIM model representing an existing building without necessarily being involved in future works. This role would be more akin to a surveyor, without involving design work. Owing to the resource-intensity required to carry out this work, it is imagined that this scenario will be rare, and a detailed BIM model will be commissioned only in situations where intervention projects will follow survey work. 3.3.2 The production of such a BIM model containing embodied carbon information may be included as part of the scope of works agreed when undertaking a project. The architect must be able to demonstrate competence and understanding of the application of embodied carbon, and a firm grip of the relevant modelling software. In addition, the information must be presentable in a format outside of architects, similar to a Navisworks clash detection software. This may be a three-dimensional model, perhaps rendered such as Enscape, or potentially the information is exported purely as data in an excel file. Taking on the responsibility of embedding this information into a digital model may present a challenge to a great number of practitioners, who may not have the resources or trained individuals capable of completing such a task. 3.3.3 A third option such as a ‘Guardian Architect’ could be placed to perform a detailed BIM-led survey, with an emphasis on tracking the performance of a building over a significant length of time. This role acts akin to a masterplan designer at an individual building-scale, developing strategies for interventions with a specific reference to the existing building fabric. Providing this service ties architects into the building beyond the RIBA stage 07 ‘in-use’; potentially creating a cultural shift in the role of a designer.

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

BIM & Sustainability

4 Conclusions 4.1 In order to draw meaningful conclusions, a high-level comparison study has been conducted, illustrating opportunities and risks identified in this report. The mock situation between St Cecilia’s Museum and a typical local authority managed housing block attempts to answer the question: what variables restrict a direct building to building carbon comparison? Subsequently, how useful is a model to generating sustainability legsilation at a building regulation level?

Variable

Comments

St Cecilia’s: opportunities and risks to commissioning a BIM model (inferred)

Site

Greatly impact transport and logistics requirements, in addition to energy sourcing.

Enclosed, tight site creates build-ability issues and unique challeng- Urban es. Limits available sustainability strategies and therefore mislead- with ex ing embodied carbon figures.

Planning constraints

Local authority influence on character influences material, structural and design strategy.

Tightly controlled. affects available sustainability strategies.

Client

Budget, programme and proMuseum-programme provides opportunities for integration of suscurement greatly affects detainability as educational tool, commercial aspect requires financial sign outcome and sustainability reward for integration. drive.

Typology

How the building is used relates The Museum can be used as an educational tool, providing an incen- Inform to intensity of operational cartive to the public to create a digital model for interface purposes. Occup TEXT MISSING? bon and need for refit.

Material availability

Dependent on time and location.

Proximity t

Public Engagement

Influences use of data and sustainability.

The University of Edinburgh is able to freely share energy usage information, creating an opportunity to embed data into a BIM model.

Data p pants m redund

Modeller competenancy

Influences competency of avail- Research-intensive architects have the resources to provide sophisable modelling. ticated information to clients on small high-profile projects.

Some a adequa

Existing construction

Influences modelling data as sophisticated assumptions need to be made.

Modelling data is based on surveys, which require financial resourcing and are often unpredictable.

New co tunity

Architect

Influences available sustainability techniques and modeller competenancy.

Research-intensive architects have the resources to provide sophisticated information to clients on small high-profile projects.

Some a adequa

Contractor

Influences available sustainability techniques and modeller competenancy.

Research-intensive contractors have the resources to support sustainable design.

Some c adequa

Figure 4.1 Diagram: Variables that restrict a building to building file comparison 40

Local A (sugge

Alignm system

Tight b

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

Authority Housing: opportunities and risks to commissioning a BIM model ested)

How relevant is a direct carbon comparison?

contexts provide more opportunities for material delivery and integration xisting power supply networks.

A direct carbon building to building BIM comparison may penalise more remote buildings.

ment with planning controls enables greater freedom to explore plant/ MEP A direct carbon building to building BIM comparison may penalms that may appear ‘out of character’ with surrounding local context. ise areas with strict ‘character’ design guidelines.

budgets affect available sustainability strategies.

mation is used solely by a service management team and building owner. piers would not have access to BIM data due to priv

protection policies require permission to be obtained. Residential occumay decline to share energy usage information, making a live BIM model dant.

A direct carbon building to building BIM comparison may penalise clients with lower budgets.

A direct carbon building to building BIM comparison may penalise clients who require more operational energy use (commercial, transport etc) A direct carbon building to building BIM comparison would create an incentive for careful material selection. A direct carbon building to building BIM comparison may penalise community groups with low budgets.

architectural practices may not have the resources or training to provide ate carbon data.

Ensuring a minimum standard of modelling competenancy is paramount and may require certification.

onstruction often necessitates the use of a BIM model, creating an opporto support documentation with carbon data.

Penalisation on the grounds of demolition must be quantified, asessing the carbon-impact of existing fabric may be required.

architectural practices may not have the resources or training to provide ate carbon data.

Ensuring a minimum standard of modelling competenancy is paramount and may require certification.

contractors may not have may not have the resources or training to provide Ensuring a minimum standard of modelling competenancy is ate carbon data. paramount and may require certification.

BIM & Sustainability

4.1 Recommendations

1.1 Enes vent omnitae pedio magnatquibus as iumquam aut unti resed magnat quiatur? 1.2 Digendaepe prat a ditae. Ruptat et modignis mincipsae nihille ctiuntiat laboren emporepedit perions equunt, ut remporro omnimag nienditamet qui volor aut qui dolorerfero tem volores tinctatisit vel esequi cum eaquatureped maiore vendia quae iumquatio. Fuga. Itat quiatur? Xim rero omnim estibusda coriore voluptate vellibus molupta tiorum atiis vel et aut que nessimus que modi dolorec eperovi tatent landitat que enis et lis sum eum videbis et as moluptatum quatium ipsapero que ni od enitionem voluptas sus, vent. 1.3 Otatur am, quam ut maior sam landit veni qui ipsandent la qui tem verum es exero offic temoluptate repuda doluptat eos nossunt. 1.4 Temporio. Itae. Et quis et adiatus. Mus quibus, que incit escit ut exerum doluptur, con eius enducit fugit diciis ium late officillenim aperum sandaecum dolluptatis andem que consectate cus, sunt, sed quamus rernatur? 1.5 Dus inctat. Ihitium apitio cor modigente rernatur assunto et offic toratat lique rest pa aut molest, te volut latem qui debis secto iligend andandae volo quiat unt. 1.6 inusdam incto volorrum nimaxim oditas esciis mo qui aut repel minihic iliqui blanducim qui si autem ea es minum rero verferunto etur mi, ullori simpero volor simolut ipsam autatiant quia conse nobis iur? 42

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

Figure 4.2 Recommendations at construction industry levels 43

BIM & Sustainability

5 Appendices

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

BIM & Sustainability

5.1 BIM information

The University of Edinburgh has generously provided documents produced by Page Park Architects to assist with the modelling of St Cecilia’s Museum. This includes the Architectural, MEP and civil drawings. 46

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

Do not scale from drawing. Use figured dimensions only. All dimensions to be checked on site by the contractor and any discrepancies to be notified to the architect prior to works being carried out. Do not scale from drawing. Use figured dimensions only. All dimensions to be checked on site by the contractor and any discrepancies to be notified to the architect prior to works being carried out. Do not scale from drawing. Use figured dimensions only. All dimensions to be checked on site by the contractor and any discrepancies to be notified to the architect prior to works being carried out.

B A

FINAL ISSUE CONSTRUCTION ISSUE

Revisions: B A

160117 230715

FINAL ISSUE FINAL ISSUE CONSTRUCTIONsection ISSUE thro' Concert Perspective

160117 230715

Title:

Revisions: Hall

Project:

St Cecilia's HallISSUE Redevelopment B FINAL A CONSTRUCTIONsection ISSUE thro' Concert Perspective Title:University of Edinburgh Revisions: Hall

Client:

FINAL ISSUE

160117 230715

FINAL ISSUE

Hall Redevelopment Project: L(2-)52 St Cecilia's B Drawing No: Perspective section thro' Concert of Edinburgh NTSTitle:University Scale: Client: @ A1 Hall Hall Redevelopment Project: L(2-)52 St Cecilia's B Drawing No: 10/23/13 Date:

Perspective section thro' Concert Hall

Client: NTS

Date:

Drawing No: L(2-)52 10/23/13 Scale:

NTS

@ A1

20 James Morrison Street, Glasgow G1 5PE, UK

Perspective section thro' Concert Hall

University @ A1 of Edinburgh

Scale:

Page Park Architects

Date: 5441 T 0141 553 5440 F 0141553

10/23/13

Page Park Architects mail@pagepark.co.uk www.pagepark.co.uk

20 James Morrison Street, Glasgow G1 5PE, UK

Perspective section thro' Concert Hall

T 0141 553 5440 F 0141553 5441 Page Park Architects mail@pagepark.co.uk www.pagepark.co.uk 20 James Morrison Street, Glasgow G1 5PE, UK

T 0141 553 5440 F 0141553 5441 mail@pagepark.co.uk www.pagepark.co.uk

H D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

OPTIMA_HALF_HOURLY_DATA BLANK COLUMN DATE

0301NE001M

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

UTILITY

CHANNEL TYPE 00:30

Electricity

Electricity (kWh)

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Account Reference Supplier Name Site Name Year/Month 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/10 2020/01 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/09 2019/12 0301GAS ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/01 3.00 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/08 2019/11 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/02 3.00 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/07 2019/10 52.00 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/03 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/06 2019/09 17.00 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/04 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/05 2019/08 13.00 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/05 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/04 2019/07 16.00 0301GAS ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/06 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/03 2019/06 16.00 0301GAS ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/07 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/02 2019/05 16.00 0301GAS ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/08 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2020/01 2019/04 -39.00 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/09 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/12 2019/03 11.00 3027578 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2020/10 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/11 2019/02 127.00 Sub-Summary 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/10 2019/01 127.00 Summary 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/09 2018/12 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/08 2018/11 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/07 2018/10 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/06 2018/09 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/05 2018/08 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/04 2018/07 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/03 2018/06 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/02 2018/05 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2019/01 2018/04 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2018/12 2018/03 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2018/11 2018/02 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2018/10 2018/01 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2018/09 2017/12 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2018/08 2017/11 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2018/07 2017/10 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2018/06 2017/09 5423051689 EDFTOTAL ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 9346119602 GAS & POWER - GAS 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL2018/05 2017/08 5423051689 EDF ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/04 5423051689 EDF ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/03 5423051689 EDF ENERGY - ELEC 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/02 5423051689 ENERGY 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2018/01 Account Reference EDFSite Name - ELEC Year/Month Invoice (M3) 5423051689 EDF0301 ENERGY - ELEC HALL 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/12 ST CECILIAS 2018/06 0.00 5423051689 EDF0301 ENERGY - ELEC HALL 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/11 ST CECILIAS 2018/07 0.00 5423051689 EDF0301 ENERGY - ELEC HALL 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/10 ST CECILIAS 2018/08 0.00 5423051689 EDF0301 ENERGY - ELEC HALL 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/09 ST CECILIAS 2018/09 0.00 5423051689 EDF0301 ENERGY - ELEC HALL 0301 ST CECILIAS HALL 2017/08 ST CECILIAS 2018/10 0.00

7.00 6.00 5.00 7.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 9.00

Account Reference 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602 9346119602

HALL HALL HALL HALL HALL HALL HALL HALL HALL

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.00

Year/Month 2020/10 2020/09 2020/08 2020/07 2020/06 2020/05 2020/04 2020/03 2020/02

6.00

BIM & Sustainability

5.2 Operational information

Additional survey data undertaken by Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof includes photographs and on-site measurements. 48

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

BIM & Sustainability

5.3 ATR Generic Study

The Architectural Technology Research: Generic Study (Pérez, Pilosof, 2020) has been included as a precursor to the report. 50

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020

DISRUPTING THE PROCESS:

DISRUPTING THE PROCESS: A Comparative Analysis Identifying Opportunities For Strategic client-led Sustainable Practice Within The UK Building Industry. Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

A Comparative Analysis Identifying Opportunities for Strategic client-led Sustainable Practice within the UK Building Industry.

AT A GLANCE GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS ROADMAP OF UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CULTURES CASE STUDY EVALUATIONS EVERYMAN THEATRE BURNTWOOD SCHOOL NEWPORT STREET GALLERY HASTINGS PIER BLOOMBERG GOLDSMITH STREET DEPICTION OF THE IMPROVED PROCESS GENERAL CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

October 2020 as part of the University of Edinburgh MArch ATR Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

Disrupting the Process

October 2020

Disrupting the Process

October 2020

GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS

ROADMAP OF UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CULTURES

Miranda and Jonathan have decided to investigate the mechanisms and process of building realisation. In their professional experiences, they both became interested in the frameworks that prevent or enable clients from making decisions.

solution, such as a green roof extension we suggested, were more interested in the aesthetic view from their study which overlooked the roof, rather than for the environmental and biodiversity benefits (which were considered nice bonuses).

Outside of the client, where can changes in the process make the biggest difference?

By investigating at a strategic level, this body of work attempts to address the question: How do we ensure that clientdevelopers think about sustainability before the architect is involved?

With most of the building stock we will have in 2050 already built, we need to ask ourselves how to change our conventional process of building.

Often by the time an architect is engaged onto a project, many decisions regarding budget, scale, scope and programme have been made; sometimes relegating an architect to the entity engaged to increase the building’s aesthetic value.

Jonathan: My experience working primarily on Airport projects in Australia and New Zealand has exposed me to the realities of working on large private projects in specialised sectors. Generally speaking, budget constraints make it difficult to interject significant sustainability initiatives.

The work has been an exploration of scales, and structured as a running conversation between Miranda and Jonathan. It is an attempt to abstract and visualise an already abstract and highly complex process and construction culture; in attempt to understand where efforts should be placed to compel clients to care about their building’s impacts on the planet.

great strides in influencing individual projects- typically those small in scalechanging professional culture practice necessitates support from architectural bodies such as the ARB and RIBA which suffer the same limitations as influencing national practice. Exploring how designers can influence the greatest sustainability practice change in the shortest time is imperative to tackling the climate emergency.

Roadmap of UK construction industry cultures: Outside of the client, where can changes in the process make the biggest difference?

Most aviation projects comprise of expansions or extensions, and entirely new terminals are exceedingly rare.

Conversely, whilst architects can make

Client-developer understanding and drive to fund sustainable practice is vital for environmentally sensitive airports of the future.

Construction industry cultures

Unfortunately, in my experience there is a distinct lack of interest from clients, or even their architects, to push for innovative sustainable solutions. The culture seems to be a prioritisation of those things which can be seen (by client and their peers), photographed (by architect and their portfolios), rather than the things which can be felt. Those clients who did show interest in a sustainable

How straight-forward (relative) is it to deviate from standard practice within a single project?

How potentially effective (relative) could it be used as a tool to drive sustainability initiatives, as quickly as possible?

How complex (relative) is it to change widespread culture and standard practice?

How much national impact (relative) to How quickly (relative) does the culture At what scales is change effective? construction culture could a change have? evolve?

National Authority: law, Building Regulations, taxation & relief

Not straightforward

National Authority framework typically does not address singular projects unless something goes wrong (eg inquiries)

Very complex

This requires passing through multiple committees, bodies and processes that spans years. This is typically specialised actions requiring legal-political understanding

Very high impact

Building regulations, tax and law changes have universal implications to all projects

Very slowly

Progressive ‘red-tape’ pulling and planting in addition to government turnover means change evolves very slowly

All scales; particularly large scale infrastructure, multiple-residential portfolios

Projects that set bench-marks and are governVery effective, but very ment-funded. In addition, low-cost housing that ly tions (typically housing). Small-scale private developments typically not constrained to regulations

Local Authority: Planning Control, Building Control, community engagement

Somewhat straightforward

Lobbying required, but councils have some autonomy over decisions

Somewhat complex

Lobbying and understanding of Medium impact local legal-political frameworks required, but less complex than implementing at a national level

Changes made at a local level may set benchmarks of best-practice but typically stay within local area(s)

It depends

Changes such as funding for projects or planning approval can be made quickly. Cultural mindset changes (eg ‘style and character’) evolve slowly

Public-funded projects, affordable housing

Cultural-civic projects,, low-income housing

Very effective, if decisions are made quickly and best-practice(s) in-

Oversight of planning control per local authority could succesfully enforce passivhaus standards in developments, but this requires good relationships between planners and developers

Architects National Practice: ARB & RIBA Codes of conduct, registration, competence, CPD creation

Somewhat straightforward

Lobbying of professional practices required, adoption into codes of conduct

Very complex

Multiple professional bodies, differing codes of conduct and various levels of accountability, in addition to regularly rotating board members mean actioning change widespread is complex

High impact

Registration, education and competence effect how architects design, but decision making often lies within clients’ hands

Very slowly

Professional body board members rotate as with government and lobbying is a slow process

Multi-residential, commercial, large portfolios

Developer-led projects with medium-tier architects most effected by national practice guidelines

Somewhat effective

Ultimately professional bodies cannot obstruct a lawful design and construction of a

Architects Local Practice:

Very straightforward

Route to deviation is clear; using procurement routes and client approval

A little complex

Requires on-the-ground grassroots action and advocacy which grows slowly

Low impact

If sustainability changes are succesfully made within a project, this rarely propogates as standard practice

Very quickly

Specifying of materials, new All project scales construction techniques; these decisions can be made immediately

Largely dictated by client-developer willingness to adopt architects recommendations

Somewhat effective

design

thorities

Adoption of POE into building regulations, CO2 calculations, mandatory life-cycle assessments could all boast are unlikely to be adopted quickly into regulations

practice culture, but this evolves slowly If adopted on a wide-scale practice culture could have enormous widespread implications on sustainable design. Professional competition presents an obstacle to sustainable design (relating to higher project costs and undercutting)

Disrupting the Process

October 2020

Disrupting the Process

CASE STUDY EVALUATIONS

October 2020

EVERYMAN THEATRE

We will be using case studies in order to discern good precedents for interventions at the different scales of influence in the building process identified previously.

Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

We analysed at what scale of influence was a sustainability aspect embraced, enabled or restricted. If there were any innovative “disruptions” to the conventional building process, we then discerned whether they were relevant or applicable to similar projects in the building industry.

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

In order to make a fair selection of case studies, which represent the exemplar precedents of the UK building industry, we decided to focus on the RIBA Stirling Prize winners from the last six years. Not only are these the most well known UK prizes in the UK, but also the ones which are more commonly known to the general public. The time frame was implemented due to the limitation of this study, and the reasoning that sustainability in the building industry has only grown in attention and relevancy in the last five to ten years.

2014 Liverpool Merseyside Trust Haworth Tompkins Culture £28m

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Conclusions

EASIER

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

The adoption of passive ventilation of a retrofit to an existing building suggests the financial viability of doing so.

LOCAL AUTHORITY

No involvement, except from what can be assumed the compliance to Building Regulations for commercial works in 2017

The Everyman Theatre successfully employed recycling and retrofit principles in a medium scale building, demonstrating profitability. Successful collaboration between arts council, local authority and architect is demonstrated in the project.

No involvement in the community organised, charity led renovations. Even when charity went into administration, no involvement in bidding for public plot. Attempted (unsuccessful) interventions with new private owner.

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

No involvement, except from what can be assumed the compliance to the basic Professional Codes of Conduct.

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

Sustainable materials used Salvaged wooden boards formed the cladding and pier furniture, and CLT structure Architects showed innovative approach to their own role; campaigning and organising local support

October 2020

Disrupting the Process

October 2020

NEWPORT STREET GALLERY Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

2015 Wandsworth Borough Council Allford Hall Monaghan Morris Education £40.9m

Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

HARDER

EASIER

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

government funding projects like the BSF highly unlikely.

LOCAL AUTHORITY

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

Conclusions

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

Innovative sustainable strategies adopted for the school and compulsory sustainability requirements, the work of sustainability result in high-quality, sustainable products.

No involvement, except from what can be assumed the compliance to the basic Professional Codes of Conduct.

BREEAM certiﬁcation Very Good both for new build and refurbishments Passive strategies: cooling and daylight control Hybrid Ventilation Renewable systems: bio-mass derived district network and solar water heating Solar control glazing in addition to setting windows deep into pre-cast concrete façade Rather than demolishing existing historic school buildings, they were retained and refurbished

The Newport gallery is a good case-study of private client enriching the culture of a community, but it’s programme and client-type suggest another ‘one-off’ model. Sustainability initiatives were not explicitly employed and there underlay many missed opportunities.

EASIER

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

is replicable in other areas and offers benefits to the community; if sustainability initiatives had been explicitly integrated in design, it could have served as a powerful education tool to the public.

The private client was able to fund this community/ arts project entirely. Typical funding for this typology is restrictive (through local authority or arts council(s)),

LOCAL AUTHORITY

The Gallery's client, artist Damien Hirst, engaged the architects privately.

Material selection and high-quality detailing demonstrates the value of local material sourcing. This is entirely relevant to other typologies and scales. The project programme; a free access to the public gallery space,

The gallery is free and open to the public. The building could have served as a testing ground for innovative design solutions for inuse sustainable servicing. Brickwork is bespoke in fabrication and detailing, but sourced from the UK.

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

Owing to the project's private client nature, bespoke solutions and detail-focused architect; this project offers few practical solutions adoptable across architectural practice.

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

An opportunity to integrated passivhaus design was missed, in addition to POE which could have been an exciting part of the project. Materiality and detailing is considered, but sustainable initiatives could have been embedded as part of the design.

Disrupting the Process

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

Austerity measures and continuing economic uncertainty make

Wandsworth Borough Council as client through which government funds were allocated

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

The project was funded by New Labour's Building Schools for the Future (BSF) which was subsequently cut by the coalition government in 2011 The project potentially followed the 2008 Code for Sustainable Homes, which the government made voluntary in 2015, condensing some points into new Building Regulations

The Code of Sustainable Homes became a voluntary guideline (with some relaxed requirements absorbed into new Building Regulations) in 2015 instead of a compulsory regulation for new builds.

2016 Private Client Caruso St John Architects Museum £25m

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

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Conclusions

October 2020

Disrupting the Process

HASTINGS PIER

October 2020

BLOOMBERG HQ Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

2017 Hastings Council dRMM Architects Urban £14.2m

Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

LOCAL AUTHORITY

However, what is interesting to highlight is the story of the renovated pier; the charity going into administration, being bought by a private owner, and thus being

No involvement, except from what can be assumed the compliance to the basic Professional Codes of Conduct.

Conclusions

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

The wider scale understanding of ‘sustainability’ including particularly pre-installation sustainability suggests the Bloomberg building is a step in a better direction but not necessarily the right direction.

Unfortunately, the project model has little relevance to other scales and represents a ‘one-off’ architecture. The client-developer involvement and direction is rare and unrealistic if considered for all development types.

EASIER

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

Intensive research by the architects benefited the in-use sustainability credentials of the building. If this was contractually managed and required of the architect, it could provide a compelling model of practice. The Bloomberg building demonstrates a sincere approach to BREEAM scoring. Whilst not perfect in assessment of material lifecycles, it does demonstrate the process and opportunities of analysing performance.

LOCAL AUTHORITY

The building achieved a 98.5% BREEAM score, the highest ever awarded to a commercial project at the time Whether the architects employed bespoke fire, compliance or accessibility solutions is unknown. The building is entirely privately funded (Bloomberg)

Commercial office buildings tend to reflect client ambitions more directly as often associated with ‘brands’ and staffing. To some extent the attention and care for detail is unlikely to be replicable on a large residential scale.

Bronze imported from Japan and granite from India was used on the project. There could have been an opportunity here to explore UK/ European materials. It is unclear whether the BREEAM analysis considered the full life-cycle of materials as opposed to operational constants

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

Foster + Partners employed innovative research methods for the sustainability and detailing of the building Standard POE practices could have been embedded into the design fabric and used as an example for future office projects

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

Foster + Partners employed innovative research for the project, considering serviceability particularly. However the budget and scope of work was highly unusual for a commercial project and unlikely to be scaleable

Disrupting the Process

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

No involvement, except from what can be assumed the compliance to Building Regulations for commercial works in 2017

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

This precedent was not designed to be sustainable. Even still, the design re-used of the original pier timbers as the cladding and pier furniture, not only a good example of circular material use but an economic choice.

HARDER

EASIER

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

boarded up and unused. The process of events which turned a public amenity into a private asset, with too-little-too-late attention from the local authority does make a case for ensuring that we do not rely on the private market to provide us with our built environment.

2018 Bloomberg Foster + Partners Office £1.3bn

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

HARDER

Conclusions The Hastings Pier, though and iconic design which also showed intelligent choice of material and use of reclaimed materials, is an extremely niche project, from which few sustainability takeaways can be taken at scales larger than that of the Architect’s practice.

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

The Everyman theatre demonstrates a successful collaboration in cultural projects between architect and council. Extensive building and material recycling was used in conjunction with cost-saving. This project configuration could be successfully replicated across scales. The theatre continued without national funding provision, which may be a barrier for smaller arts council funded projects.

Disrupting the Process

BURNTWOOD SCHOOL

This is a good case study for how top-down funding projects and sustainable regulations can have extremely positive results. The collaboration between the authorities, architect, contractor, services engineers and the clients show exemplar teamwork across all scales of the building process which can serve as precedent to future sustainability in the building industry.

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

Miranda: For the past three years I have been working in the high-end residential architecture sector, focusing predominantly on refurbishment projects in wealthy boroughs of London. My understanding of the industry is that this sector tends to be the life-blood for the majority of architecture practices.

Having established the architects apparent relative inability to strongly influence strategic sustainability initiatives, we focused research on major architectinfluenced decision makers; National Authority, Local Authority, Architects Bodies and Architectural practitioners. Using our findings from the raw research we mapped the relative opportunities to enact significant change across the industry at both a micro and macro level, as well as identifying the potential reach changes could affect. We established that whilst the greatest impact would likely be established through National policy, standards and tax changes, these take a great deal of time to realise; making them inefficient for architects to influence in a bid to impact the construction industry’s sustainability practices.

October 2020

Disrupting the Process

GOLDSMITH STREET

October 2020

DEPICTION OF THE IMPROVED PROCESS Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

2019 Norwich City Council Mikhail Riches with Cathy Hawly Residential £14.9m

By re-imagining each level of decision-maker armed with the right tools to prioritise sustainability in construction, we explore an ‘improved process’. We recognise that architects influence each of these strata, with differing subsequent effects on practice culture. The most significant influence architects can exercise naturally lies within architects national bodies and practice.

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

In the case of National bodies, the focus must be on competence and education. The ARB & RIBA represent a major opportunity to support, advocate and demonstrate sustainable practice as a standard. By setting a minimum standard- centred on sustainable practice- national bodies can positively leverage their prominence with clients.

HARDER

Conclusions

LOCAL AUTHORITY

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

On the other hand the following lessons can be learnt from the project: – By winning the prize, this project is setting precedent for innovative design of sustainable construction techniques at a large scale – There is a case to be presented to central government that returning to the years when LA were funded sufficiently to build up their own housing stock, but unlike the 20thC, with long-term cost-saving sustainability at the heart of the projects.

No ﬁnancial support at a National level to LAs who would benefit from further investment to create much needed new homes No regulatory support to encourage other councils to attempt such sustainable aims

It is essential to add, however, that without governmental backing, this model cannot be applied country-wide and sustainable, affordable homes will continue to be a rarity.

NCC showed resolution in not only providing housing to high sustainability standards Embracing the longterm ﬁnancial beneﬁt of sustainable Passivhaus - low bills paid by tennants/council

No guidelines which encourage, with specificity, embracing of novel sustainability techniques for new builds RIBA as the regulatory body of architectural education should be educating students and training architects to sustainable building techniques. RIBA did provide a platform to hold the competition which ultimately lead to the project By awarding the Stirling Prize to this project, the RIBA is setting an this type of project as a goal for the industry

Pushing the conventional limits of Passivhaus design by providing larger glazing, different external wall construction. Making this approach a more desirable goal for both clients and designers. The studio wanted to make sure to further the quality of the scheme with passive solar scheme dictating many design and detailing choices.

Scale

Sustainability-focussed updates

How architects can influence

National Authority

• Building regulations to encompass carbon thresholds per m2 • Leverage tax against virgin materials and encourage circular use • Implement BREEAM/ LEED as a project requirement across scales

Informed by data collected by architects and written into contract or influenced by best practice

Local Authority

• Planning specifies maximum demolition quotas • Pre-approved planning approval contingent on sustainable sourcing/ operational competency minimums

Architects can engage with local communities and influence typologies and regeneration

Architects National bodies

• RIBA prominent sustainability-driven awards and support • ARB & RIBA reframing university education criteria based on sustainability competence • Standardised compulsory CPD implemented as competency requirement • Standardised POE contracts to track resource use

Architects influence national bodies by voting and engaging as members of organisations

Architects Practice

• Utilising BIM to create carbon cost bill • Client education through engagement • Design with passivhaus principles, water conservation, circular material economies, energy efficiency techniques • Contractually agreed post-occupancy evaluation

Architects drive design processes and client face-to-face engagement

Disrupting the Process

October 2020

Disrupting the Process

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Through this body of work, we have aimed to understand the mechanisms behind the building process, and how we can ‘disrupt’ the standard process at different scales, to implement sustainability.

References:

Our early research ascertained that relying on market forces, as we currently do, has not and will not provide the change to sustainability which the building industry desperately needs. The profit-driven, de-regulated markets which influence client-developer choices will not change without significant culture changes made within the different scales of influence in the building process: National Authority, Local Authorities, Architecture Bodies and Architect Practice.

TOP-DOWN APPROACHES Increase funding to LA for the purpose of increasing housing stock (with condition of sustainable goals)

Members of Parliament voting on tabled motions and-if successful-writing into law.

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

Reviewing Building Regulations to enforce sustainable approaches to all scales of architecture Regulate the building sector market: Legislating against current poor quality, built-for-proﬁt buildings.

We need to make clear that the work which we present today is preliminary and speculative, it’s aim is to provide a potential roadmap to improvement within the industry rather than come up with a “one-size-fits-all” approach. We recognise the nuance and complexities which are present in all projects of every scale, sector and budget.

LOCAL AUTHORITY

Return to building housing stock with long-term planning at the core of the design. Governing and Regulatory architecture bodies to increase requirements for education within schools and practices on sustainable materials, techniques, construction etc. which can be applied to practice work.

Modernise institutions: Apart from in education, the ARB and RIBA are detached from architects in their ofﬁces. Voter turnout for the RIBA presidency this last year (2019) was 13.2% of chartered members and 6.6% of students.

Embrace new technology, such as BIM and VR, and use them to improve the sustainability of project. Not only for design and construction, but also throughout the life cycle of the building.

Charities & Not-for-proﬁt Organisations: Architects and afﬁliated groups to come together and organise to lobby governing bodies, local authorities and governmental authorities to make regulatory changes.

All practices to follow improved sustainability guidelines, use new improved knowledge to encourage clients to embrace sustainable measures.

By considering these scales, and looking at them through the lens of real-world case studies, we have identified a potential framework which could succeed in creating a positive cycle between bottom-up and top-down approaches.

Introduction of byelaws, planning guidance or best-practice inﬂuences national regulations. Recognition of community activism and redirection of funding, in addition to Members of Parliament proposing motions on behalf of constituents in the House of Commons

Lobbying and research work with grass-roots organisations to pressure LA's and NA's to improve sustainability goals. Make work more apparent.

Stricter planning policies on quality and sustainability of buildings provided by private sector.

self-induced culture change: taking responsibility for the sustainability of the building and challenging clients to spend on sustainability

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

The key to sustainability in the construction industry might just be taking pro-active, organised action at every scale of the process. Forcing each other, and thus the client-developers we work with, to bring sustainability to the forefront of our work, and give rise to a new culture of responsibility.

INFLUENCE ON CLIENT-DEVELOPER

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES

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ARB_doc.pdf [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. Designing Buildings (2020). Code for Sustainable Homes. [online] www. designingbuildings.co.uk. Available at: https://www.designingbuildings. co.uk/wiki/Code_for_Sustainable_ Homes#:~:text=The%20Code%20 for%20Sustainable%20Homes [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. dRMM (2017). Hastings Pier – dRMM. [online] drmm.co.uk. Available at: http://drmm.co.uk/projects/view. php?p=hastings-pier-redevelopment [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Everyman and Haworth Tompkins (n.d.). Liverpool Everyman Theatre: BREEAM Case Study. [online] Everyman&Playhouse. Available at: https://www.everymanplayhouse. com/sites/default/files/150312%20 BREEAM%20Case%20Study%20 Everyman%20-%20FINAL.pdf [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. Everyman&Playhouse (n.d.). A Greener Theatre | e&P | The Stirling Prize Winning Everyman. [online] www. everymanplayhouse.com. Available at: https://www.everymanplayhouse. com/a-greener-theatre [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Frearson, A. (2015). Burntwood School by AHMM wins Stirling Prize 2015. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https:// www.dezeen.com/2015/10/15/ riba-stirling-prize-2015-winnerarchitecture/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Frearson, A. (2017). Stirling Prize 2017 awarded to dRMM for Hastings Pier regeneration. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen. com/2017/10/31/drmm-winsstirling-prize-2017-hastings-pierregeneration/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Gibbs, D. and O’Neill, K. (2015). Building a green economy? Sustainability transitions in the UK building sector. Geoforum, 59, pp.133–141. Green, W. (2019). Lessons from Grenfell: procurement’s role. [online] Supply Management. Available at: https:// www.cips.org/supply-management/

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October 2020

[Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Pickvance, C. (2009). The construction of UK sustainable housing policy and the role of pressure groups. Local Environment, [online] 14(4), pp.329– 345. Available at: https://kar.kent. ac.uk/11878/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Pilosof, J. (2020a). The Guardian Architect; exploring a new role in architectural practice. Pilosof, J. (2020b). The Guardian Architect: Interview with Simon Howard (ARB). Prewett Bizley Architects (n.d.). 80% House. [online] Prewett Bizley architects | Passivhaus | Retrofit. Available at: http://www.prewettbizley.com/builtproject-80-house-index [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. Prior, J., Holden, M. and Ward, C. (2013). The Digest of BREEAM New Construction and Refurbishment. [online] Available at: https://www. breeam.com/wp-content/uploads/ sites/3/2019/06/107824-BREBREEAM-annual-digest-volume2FINAL.pdf [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Ravenscroft, T. (2018a). Community bid launched to buy Stirling Prize winning Hastings Pier. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www. dezeen.com/2018/05/04/communitybid-launched-to-buy-stirling-prizewinning/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Ravenscroft, T. (2018b). dRMM’s Stirling Prize-winning Hastings Pier for sale as charity goes under. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen. com/2018/02/22/drmm-stirlingprize-winning-hastings-pier-sale-uk/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. RIBA (2014). How architects use research - case studies from practice. [online] Available at: https://www. architecture.com/-/media/%20 gathercontent/how-architects-useresearch/additional-documents/ howarchitectsuseresearch2014pdf.pdf [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. RIBA (2015). Burntwood School. [online] www.architecture.com. Available at: https://www.architecture.com/awards-

and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize/burntwoodschool [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. RIBA (2017). Hastings Pier wins RIBA Stirling Prize 2017. [online] www. architecture.com. Available at: https:// www.architecture.com/knowledgeand-resources/knowledge-landingpage/winner-of-the-2017-riba-stirlingprize [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. RIBA (2018). RIBA Stirling Prize 2018. [online] www.architecture.com. Available at: https://www.architecture. com/awards-and-competitionslanding-page/awards/riba-stirlingprize/riba-stirling-prize-2018 [Accessed 18 Oct. 2020]. RIBA (2019a). Goldsmith Street. [online] Architecture.com. Available at: https:// www.architecture.com/awards-andcompetitions-landing-page/awards/ riba-regional-awards/riba-eastaward-winners/2019/goldsmith-street [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. RIBA (2019b). RIBA 2030 Climate Change Challenge. [online] London: RIBA. Available at: https://www.architecture. com/-/media/files/climate-action/riba2030-climate-challenge.pdf [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. RIBA (2019c). RIBA: Code of Professional Conduct RIBA: Code of Professional Conduct. [online] London: RIBA. Available at: https://www.architecture. com/-/media/GatherContent/ Test-resources-page/AdditionalDocuments/RIBA-Code-ofProfessional-Conduct--May-2019pdf. pdf [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. RIBA (2019d). RIBA’s Ethics and Sustainable Development Commission: final report. [online] www.architecture.com. Available at: https://www.architecture. com/knowledge-and-resources/ resources-landing-page/ribas-ethicsand-sustainable-developmentcommission-final-report [Accessed 8 Oct. 2020]. RIBA (2019e). Royal Institute of British Architects response to the Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local 13

October 2020 as part of the University of Edinburgh MArch ATR Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

Government: The Future Homes Standard 2019 Consultation on changes to Part L (conservation of fuel and power) and Part F (ventilation) of the Building Regulations for new dwellings. [online] Available at: https://www.architecture.com/-/ media/GatherContent/Test-resourcespage/Additional-DocumentsRIBAFut ureHomesStandardResponsepdf.pdf [Accessed 7 Oct. 2020]. RIBA (2020). RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview RIBA Plan of Work. [online] London: RIBA. Available at: https:// www.architecture.com/-/media/ GatherContent/Test-resources-page/ Additional-Documents/2020RIBAPlan ofWorkoverviewpdf.pdf [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. RIBA (n.d.). RIBA Competitions Guidance for Competition Entrants. [online] London: RIBA. Available at: https:// www.architecture.com/-/media/files/ competitions/riba-competitionsentrant-guide.pdf?la=en [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. ROTOR (n.d.). Rotor and reuse | Rotor. [online] rotordb.org. Available at: https://rotordb.org/en/stories/rotorand-reuse [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Sayce, S., Ellison, L. and Parnell, P. (2007). Understanding investment drivers for UK sustainable property. Building Research & Information, 35(6), pp.629–643. Taylor, P. (2019). “Goldsmith Street offers a road map for precisely the type of housing the UK needs huge amounts of.” [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2019 /10/10/goldsmith-street-stirling-prizehousing/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Tewdwr-Jones, M. (1996). British Planning Policy in Transition: Planning in the 1990s. 2nd ed. [online] www.nhbs.com, London: University College London Press. Available at: https://www. nhbs.com/british-planning-policyin-transition-book [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020].

October 2020

UK Architects Declare Climate and Biodiversity Emergency (2019). UK Architects Declare Climate and Biodiversity Emergency. [online] UK Architects Declare Climate and Biodiversity Emergency. Available at: https://www.architectsdeclare.com/ [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. Waddell, H. (2008). Sustainable construction and UK legislation and policy. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Management, Procurement and Law, 161(3), pp.127–132. Wainwright, O. (2015). Burntwood school wins 2015 Stirling prize – and offers lessons for all. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian. com/artanddesign/2015/oct/15/ burntwood-school-wins-2015-stirlingprize-and-offers-lessons-for-all [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Wainwright, O. (2016). Caruso St John win Stirling prize for Damien Hirst’s Newport Street gallery. The Guardian. [online] 6 Oct. Available at: https://www.theguardian. com/artanddesign/2016/oct/06/ caruso-st-john-win-stirling-prizedamien-hirst-newport-streetgallery?page=with:img-2 [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. Wainwright, O. (2019). I’ve seen the future and it’s Norwich: the energy-saving, social housing revolution. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www. theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/ jul/16/norwich-goldsmith-streetsocial-housing-green-design [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Wilkinson, G. (2020a). Grenfell Inquiry has exposed design and build as our dirty little secret. [online] Architects Journal. Available at: https://www. architectsjournal.co.uk/%20news/ opinion/grenfell-inquiry-has-exposeddesign-and-build-as-our-dirty-littlesecret [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. Wilkinson, G. (2020b). Rotor: “In demolishing, developers do not consider the true cost to society.”

[online] Architects Journal. Available at: https://www.architectsjournal. co.uk/ buildings/rotor-in-demolishingdevelopers-do-not-consider-thetrue-cost-to-society [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Will, H. (2019). Introducing RetroFirst: a new AJ campaign championing reuse in the building environment. [online] Architects Journal. Available at: https:// www.architectsjournal.co.uk/%20 news/introducing-retrofirst-a-new-ajcampaign-championing-reuse-in-thebuilt-environment [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Willsher, K. (2018). “Furious” locals lose bid to buy Hastings pier for community. The Observer. [online] 16 Jun. Available at: https://www.theguardian. com/uk-news/2018/jun/16/furiouslocals-lose-bid-to-buy-hastings-pierfor-community [Accessed 18 Oct. 2020]. Wolch, J.R., Byrne, J. and Newell, J.P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough.’ Landscape and Urban Planning, [online] 125, pp.234–244. Available at: https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0169204614000310 [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020].

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Government (2012). National Planning Policy Framework. [online] GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/nationalplanning-policy-framework--2 [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. Ministry of Justice (2019). Estates Directorate Sustainable Construction: BREEAM Policy. [online] Available at: https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/790826/ sustainable-construction-breeampolicy.pdf [Accessed 6 Oct. 2020]. Moore, R. (2019). Is it the end of the pier for Hastings? The Observer. [online] 24 Mar. Available at: https://www. theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/ mar/24/end-of-pier-hastings-drmmabid-gulzar-bust-closed [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Mott MacDonald (n.d.). Burntwood School, London, UK - Mott MacDonald. [online] www.mottmac.com. Available at: https://www.mottmac.com/ article/10651/burntwood-schoollondon-uk [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. muf architecture/art (2018). King’s Crescent 2018. [online] muf architecture/art. Available at: http://muf.co.uk/portfolio/kingscrescent-2018/ [Accessed 6 Oct. 2020]. NHBC Foundation (2009). Zero carbon homes -an introductory guide for housebuilders. [online] Available at: http://www.zerocarbonhub.org/sites/ default/files/resources/reports/Zero_ Carbon_Homes_Introductory_Guide_ for_House_Builders_%28NF14%29.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2020]. Oya Atalay, F. (n.d.). Home. [online] European Association for Architectural Education. Available at: http://www. eaae.be/ [Accessed 9 Oct. 2020]. Perraudin, F. (2019). Spacious and green: inside Norwich’s award-winning new council houses. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian. com/society/2019/oct/11/spaciousand-green-norwich-award-winningnew-council-houses-goldsmith-street

Disrupting the Process

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STATES AND THE EUROPEAN UNION. Virginia Environmental Law Journal, [online] 23(3), pp.397–459. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/ stable/24787308 [Accessed 18 Oct. 2020]. Knight, D. (2012). Making Planning Popular. [online] DK-CM. Available at: http://dkcm.com/dkcmessay/making-planningpopular/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Lang, R. (2014). Architects Take Command: The LCC Architects’ Department. [online] Volume Project. Available at: http://volumeproject.org/architectstake-command-the-lcc-architectsdepartment/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Lang, R. (n.d.). The County of London Plan : 75 Years On Orchestration of an Organisation : redevelopment in Planning and Practice. [online] Available at: https://ualresearchonline. arts.ac.uk/id/eprint/13470/1/181012_ RL_LCCCoLP_submitted.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2020]. Lomholt, I. (2018). Bloomberg European Headquarters London Offices. [online] e-architect. Available at: https:// www.e-architect.co.uk/london/ bloomberg-european-headquarters-inlondon [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Lynch, P. (2016). Caruso St John Architects’ Newport Street Gallery Wins the 2016 Stirling Prize. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily. com/796862/caruso-st-johnarchitects-newport-streeet-gallerywins-the-2016-stirling-prize [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Mark, L. (2016). Caruso St John’s Newport Street Gallery wins RIBA Stirling Prize 2016. [online] The Architects Journal. Available at: https://www. architectsjournal.co.uk/news/carusost-johns-newport-street-gallery-winsriba-stirling-prize-2016 [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Mikhail Riches (n.d.). Goldsmith Street. [online] Mikhail Riches. Available at: http://www.mikhailriches.com/project/ goldsmith-street/#text. Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local

analysis/2019/december/lessonsfrom-grenfell-procurement-can-makea-difference/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Hall, M. and Purchase, D. (2006). Building or bodging? Attitudes to sustainability in UK public sector housing construction development. Sustainable Development, 14(3), pp.205–218. Hall, P. and Tewdwr-Jones, M. (2020). Urban and Regional Planning. 6th ed. Google Books. New York: Routledge. E. (2020). Architects lament ‘lowest turnout in 30 years.’ [online] Building Design. Available at: https://www.bdonline. co.uk/news/architects-lament-lowestturnout-in-30-years/5107469.article [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Horton, B. (2005). Sustainable homes -the financial and environmental benefits Science Report SC040050/SR. [online] Bristol: Environment AGency. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service. gov’.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/290679/ scho0805bjns-e-e.pdf [Accessed 5 Oct. 2020]. Ing, W. (2020). RIBA awards shake-up: buildings will have to meet green criteria. [online] The Architects Journal. Available at: https://www. architectsjournal.co.uk/news/ribaawards-shake-up-buildings-will-haveto-meet-green-criteria [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Kennedy, M. (2012). Hastings pier gets £11.4m lottery grant. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www. theguardian.com/uk/2012/nov/19/ hastings-pier-lottery-grant [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. Keskeys, P. (2019). Goldsmith Street: The Future of Sustainable, Affordable Housing? - Architizer Journal. [online] Architizer. Available at: https:// architizer.com/blog/inspiration/ stories/goldsmith-street-stirling-prize/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2020]. King, N.J. and King, B.J. (2005). CREATING INCENTIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS: A COMPARATIVE LAW APPROACH FEATURING THE UNITED

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

Our analysis is summarised on the diagram to the left, where we have taken some intervention ideas from our research and case studies.

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

– Serendipitous Circumstances: The project became NCC led because of the 2008 economic crisis. Otherwise the site would have been sold to private developer/housing association – NCC managed to accumulate large amount of funds through: borrowing, housing revenue accounts, right-tobuy receipts, council reserves. These

Finally, the greatest changes upon design stem from the design decisions architects make in daily practice. Efficient utilisation of BIM to model and understand carbon, particularly with reference to material economies, will be vital to translating an abstract concept into a financially-beneficial outcome. Tax potentially forms a parallel complement to carbon monitoring, and must be used in conjunction with post-occupancy evaluation as part of an architect’s tool-kit.

EASIER

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

sources aren’t always available to councils, or even profitable enough for most Local Authorities. – The funding when through a NCC owned entity, Norwich Regeneration Company, to build the project.

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

Goldsmith Street paints an optimistic picture of the future of the building industry. For the first time, and hopefully not the last, the RIBA’s attention is clearly on sustainability. Goldsmith Street has shown that sustainable projects don’t necessarily need to be a compromise of quality, aesthetics or cost. Hopefully UK architects, client-developers and contractors will follow the RIBA’s gaze and actively seek sustainability goals for their own projects. However there are some aspects of the project which cannot be used as precedent for application to the industry:

BIM & Sustainability

5.4 The Guardian Architect

The Guardian Architect (Pilosof, 2020) encompasses a suite of work conducted in 2020 exploring the role of architects in the protection of building fabric. 52

The Guardian Architect.

Miranda Lyle Pérez & Jonathan Pilosof December 2020 This document.

/exploring a new architectural role in the built environment.

The Guardian Architect/

exploring a new architectural role in the built environment.

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 +/

abstract. introduction. background. question. methodology. precedent. future development. notes + references.

4 6 8 12 16 24 26 28

The Guardian Architect / exploring a new architectural role in the built environment Copyright © 2020 Jonathan Pilosof This work may not be reproduced whole or in part without prior written permission from the author. 2020 Jonathan Pilosof

This document has been produced as part of the 2020 design school SOS [School of Speculation]. SOS is run by Kishan San & Pierre Shaw; who have supervised this body of work. pilosofj@gmail.com

a provocation piece by Jonathan Pilosof 2020

This document is a provocation piece, exploring the shortfalls of the built environment as being contributed to by the abandonment of buildings beyond construction.

This document explores one solution to the unanswerable question: ‘what is the future of the architect?’. Throughout, the firm line will be taken that an actionable professional intervention that leads to a change in practice may, in fact, be more radical than an academic exercise. For this reason, the prevailing mindset of this paper will be one grounded in the tools available to the profession and industry.

your NEIGHBOURHOOD. wardrobe.

In addition, the outlook(s) embraces the existing political structures and systems to imagine how positive change may be achieved from within. This position is not one of acceptance; but rather of revolution from within.

Produced during the 2020 summer School of Speculation residency, this provocation piece aims to get the conversation started.

exploring a new architectural role in the built environment.

The Guardian Architect/

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The changing roles of the architect - European Association for Arc…tural Education - European Association for Architectural Education

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The changing roles of the architect - European Association for Arc…tural Education - European Association for Architectural Education

06/08/2020, 13:42

Still there is the question whether the architecture schools must anticipate – (http://www.eaae.be/sitemap/) even precipitate – such a development by encouraging specialization, by (https://www.facebook.com/EuropeanAssociationforArchitecturalEducation) (http://www.eaae.be) increasingly fragmentizing the education of the architect. Or whether schools should rather make a stand against this by sticking to the concept of the

I'm in a Stirling prize winner … get me out of here! | Stirling prize | The Guardian

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Diversity in the Profession of Architecture Executive Summary 2016 Diversity in 1the Profession Architecture Executive Acknowledgments | Foreword 2 | of Background and objectives 3 | Summary Key findings2016 5 | Appendix 23

Acknowledgments Foreword Published January 2016 by: Data contribution and participation by: TheArchitecture American Institute Architects and each of us to National of Architectural Registration (NCARB)Finding a reliable, quantifiable benchmark has to be ties ourofcommunities WhereCouncil do we stand today? Is our professionBoards as diverse 1735the New YorkArchitecture Avenue, NWtouches everything—health, National Minority Architects other. as theOrganization many lives weoftouch? When we gaze(NOMA) in the mirror, the work of organizations whose training and reputaWashington, DC 20006history, culture, and beauty. It National Architectural Accrediting (NAAB) wellness, education, what is the reflection that looksBoard back at us? tion have been earned in the highly demanding field Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA) reflects who we are. To grow a robust and valued of data gathering and analysis. By retaining Shugoll © 2016 The American Architects American Institute of anecdotal Architecture Students that (AIAS) profession preparedInstitute to serveofthe needs of people There is plenty of information suggests Research, the AIA has partnered in this endeavor with All rights Coalition of Community College Architecture youngreserved. and old, rich and poor—all hungry for better there has been progress in building a morePrograms diverse (CCCAP) the very best. Design profession. CommitteeYet, the information is just communities, better infrastructure, and better lives— Equity andby inclusive Report prepared by: our profession requires talents as diverse as life itself. that—anecdotal. If we are successful in applying thoughtfully and with Shugoll Research Views of individual survey participants included in this report purpose the information surfaced by this study, perhaps do not reflect those of We the need American Institute In a world where technology seems to be the driving Wenecessarily need data, not anecdotes. reliable, quan-of Architects. a decade from now my successor will be writing a Design production by:react, maintaining the human forceand in how we act and tifiable, and verifiable data. Without it, we cannot gain foreword to a glowing report describing a profession Propellor-id touch has never been more important. We need a credible picture of how far we’ve come in the past 10 that welcomes everyone with the talent and passion

It is the most coveted award in British architecture. But what's it like to live or work in a building that won it? Our critic uncovers a story of leaky roofs, sweltering space?bubbles, windows that won't open @ and playgrounds you can't play in Elizabeth Chu Richter, FAIA 2015 AIA President

(https://twitter.com/eaaeducation)

Diversity in the Profession of Architecture architects, creative men and women whose training is complemented by interpersonal skills, emotional intelligence, and judgment—skills only possible when we are in touch, deeply in touch with everyone who is and who should be served by design thinking. To be that kind of profession, we must be a mirror of the rich human tapestry we serve. Empathy and judgment are key.

Executive Summary 2016

Oliver Wainwright

years. Why the past 10 years? Because it was nearly a decade ago that we last conducted a comprehensive survey under the leadership of the AIA’s Diversity Committee and Demographic Data Task Force. A lot has happened since then that demands a clear, unambiguous snapshot of who is entering the profession, who does and does not prosper, and why. In short, as we move forward to develop the programs and actions that have as their goal a more diverse, inclusive profession, we need an updated baseline. Without it, without a clear sense of the direction we must take to move forward, we risk our credibility as a profession relevant to the needs of all people.

Figure 2 1 Disney Foster’sConcert Swiss Re Hall Building by Gehry (2003)—a (2003)—a newdeliberately icon in the manufactured London skyline. icon Source: to stand Leslie out in Sklair. the new downtown of Los Angeles. Source: Leslie Sklair.

City: 10.1080/13604810600594613 CCIT_A_159444.sgm 1360-4813 Original Taylor 2006 0 1 10 April L.Sklair@lse.ac.uk LeslieSklair 00000 Analysis 2006 and & Article Francis (print)/1470-3629 Francis of Urban Ltd Trends (online)

to make a positive difference in their communities. We will be better for it, as well as those whose lives are touched by our work—which means everyone.

Elizabeth Chu Richter, FAIA 2015 AIA President

@ollywainwright Mon 23 Sep 2013 07.00 BST

137 200

There are many reasons for this: The sheer size of some projects, their

2005 Stirling prize winner, the Scottish parliament in Edinburgh: its long facade now has a blocky security entrance tacked on. Photograph: Murdo Macleod

economic and social impact; the complexity of functional demands and of

'The deﬁnition of an architect," said an exasperated Lord Blake, provost of Queen's College, Oxford, on the completion of the long-delayed, overbudget, leaky-roofed Florey student accommodation building, "is someone you employ only once."

today’s building regulations; the economic constraints and time pressure; the rapid development of building technology; and the dangers of liability, of lawsuits regarding malpractice, just to name the most obvious. In many ways, schools of architecture lag behind these developments. Still

The American Institute of Architects. Diversity in the Profession of Architecture. 2016

It was 1971 and the architect in question was James Stirling, the uncompromisingly brilliant bulldog of British postmodernism, whose name now presides over the most coveted annual prize in architecture – to be awarded by the Royal Institute of British Architects on Thursday night. The trauma of Oxford's encounter with what Blake described as Stirling's "incompetence, dilatoriness, casualness and general ineﬃciency" was enough to make it diﬃcult for the Glasgow-born architect to build in this country for the next 20 years. Visiting some of the buildings that have since been bestowed with the precious Stirling prize, it seems some of their users and clients might sympathise with Blake.

clinging to traded, but maybe outdated concepts of the profession, they o$er an education which may not be up to current nor future requirements. Education is of course always a bit “behind the curve”, because it relies on the teachers’ experience, on established knowledge and methods. It has never been the responsibility of the schools to prepare their students for everything that is waiting „outside“, in the real world.

http://www.eaae.be/eaae-academies/education-academy/themes/changing-roles-architect/

DOI: 10.1080/13604810600594613

Figure 2 Disney Concert Hall by Gehry (2003)—a deliberately manufactured icon to stand out in the new downtown of Los Angeles. Source: Leslie Sklair.

RIBA awards shake-up: buildings will have to meet green criteria | News | Architects Journal

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2 March, 2020 By Will Ing

Wainwright, O. I’m a Stirling Prize Winner... get me out of here! 2013

The RIBA is set to demand buildings meet tough carbon emissions targets before they can be considered for an award, according to the head of its green policy group

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The Architecture of Neoliberalism by Douglas Spencer review = privatising the world

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Revels in sensuous freedoms … Zaha Hadid’s Heydar Aliyev centre in Azerbaijan. Photograph: Alamy

Sell oﬀ social housing and build on Hyde Park? Meet the breed of architects giving free;market ideology a physical form

rchitects seldom make the front pages of newspapers. Patrik Schumacher recently managed it, though, getting himself on to the cover of the Evening Standard after a speech in which he advocated privatising all social housing and all public space – including Hyde Park – and espoused intensified gentrification of inner city areas. His advocacy on behalf of plutocrats reached hilariously villainous levels when he said of second home owners in London: “even if they’re only here for a few weeks and throw some key parties, these are amazing multiplying events”. This is “neoliberal” rhetoric at its purest. Neoliberalism – a form of free market fundamentalism that effectively came to power at the turn of the 1980s with the election of such enthusiasts for Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman as Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan – is an unusual concept, largely because it extends out of economics and into philosophy and the way people see the world. As Thatcher once said, “economics is the method, the aim is to change the soul”. According to Douglas Spencer, one of the best places to see this is architecture. Schumacher now heads Zaha Hadid Architects, after the early death of his long-term creative partner in 2016. He is a figurehead of a digital architecture described as “parametricism”, which he has tried to popularise through a series of densely theoretical, admirably pugnacious texts in the architectural press over the last 10 years. The speech that got him into the national news is a somewhat blunter expression of the political ideas that go with the seemingly apolitical language he used to describe parametricism, an architecture which, in his words, “interarticulates, morphs, deterritorialises, deforms, iterates, uses splines, nurbs, generative components, scripts rather than models”. This is a little bit more complex than “build on Hyde Park”.

04/08/2020, 14:18

RIBA awards shake-up: buildings will have to meet green criteria

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Writhing at the bottom of Arthur's Seat in Edinburgh, in a tangled collision of granite, concrete and splintered wooden shards, the £414m Scottish

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Atalay Franck, O. The Changing Role of the Architect. 2017

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For Spencer, this is only the vulgar statement of something that has previously been expressed in architectural-philosophical jargon. For him, Schumacher’s buildings with Zaha Hadid, characterised by “pliant envelopes and organic contours”, carefully hide the structures of support, not to mention the human labour and political power that actually builds; their “workings are beyond our ken”. The buildings described in this book include a college in Greenwich, a BMW factory in Leipzig, the China Central Television headquarters in Beijing, New Street station in Birmingham and a John Lewis store in Leicester. The “neoliberal eye”, Spencer argues, “does not apprehend, calculate or gauge”. Instead, it “surfs the ﬁeld of vision, revelling in the sensuous freedoms oﬀered up to it”.

Sklair, L. Iconic Architecture and Capitalist Globalization. 2006

The institute has already ramped up the amount of sustainability information it asked from those submitting for the 2020 awards and has vowed to consider the climate emergency when scrutinising entries. But under new proposals buildings would have to meet the ‘minimum trajectory’ targets set by RIBA for producing net-zero carbon buildings by 2030, according to Gary Clark, HOK director and head of RIBA’s Sustainable Futures group. ‘[The 2030 targets] will become an actual scoring metric for awards going forward,’ he said. ‘We’re giving people a bit of time this year, but some time – probably in a couple of years – if a project doesn’t achieve this minimum trajectory, we believe it should not get an award.’ Clark made the comment last Wednesday (26 February) at a breakfast event held at RIBA’s headquarters in central London for signatories to the RIBA 2030 Climate Challenge.

06/08/2020, 09:53

Architecture

Age of the ‘starchitect’ Big-name architects have existed for decades but today’s celebrity culture is ideally suited to the blockbuster builder

Contents Client & Architect: Developing The Essential Relationship

Context

national frameworks, Morgan Sindall 04 Seize this chance to demonstrate architects’ worth, urges Stephen Hodder

Introduction 07 Adapt to prosper: the clear message to the profession from two years of client research

Findings

vision partner, Argent talent 10 David Partridge,the managing 14 26 Unlocking the huge Architects are seen Clients want potential for growth as the spiritual concept and leaders of the project technical skills in one package Listening and understanding Learning and 18 improving Clients ask 32 architects to Why it’s imperative really listen to seek and listen to feedback Engaging with people 22 Start buffing up those soft skills Validation 42 Views from industry leaders

Acknowledgements 43 Thank you everyone

‘We congratulate the RIBA for taking this initiative. Great design is part of the reason we get out of bed in the morning’

Special thanks to Morgan Sindall, Argent and Chartered Institute of Building for their support in co-funding this report. Tom Bloxham, Urban Splash

Edwin Heathcote JANUARY 26 2017 Contributors Chris Blythe, CEO, Chartered Institute of Building; Professor John Brooks, ex-vicechancellor, Manchester Metropolitan University; RIBA past-president Frank Duffy CBE; RIBA President Stephen Hodder; Sir Stuart Lipton, partner, Lipton Rogers Developments; Richard Meier, partner, Argent; Chris Moriarty, development director, Leesman; Paul Morrell OBE; Peter Oborn, client adviser, VP International, RIBA; Nigel Ostime, project delivery director, Hawkins\Brown; Amanda Reekie, director, Stratton & Reekie; Dale Sinclair, director of technical practice, architecture, Aecom.

Architects may hate the label but there is nothing new about “starchitecture”. Modern architecture is the story of the starchitect, the architect as lone genius, the brilliant flair of the sketch on the napkin, the celebrity, the worldwide renown. If you try to trace its

Project and publication team Linda Stevens; Bobbie Williams; Brian Green, editor; Matt Thompson, advisor and rapporteur; Eleanor Young, in-house editor; Design by S-T, design; Gail Novelle, subeditor. Cover illustration La Tigre. Published by the RIBA Journal on behalf of the RIBA.

history, you might think back to the building of Frank Gehry’s Bilbao Guggenheim, a building credited with reviving an entire city. Gehry, by the way, opened an interview with my FT colleague Peter Aspden, by asking “You are not going to call me a ****ing

in Beijing, China.

Morgan Sindall 08 Lyndsay Smith on why cooperation means more for less Argent 28 Richard Meier on

However, the ‘minimum trajectory’ will require practices to meet stricter 2025 and 2030 targets in the future.

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Client of the Year 40 Manchester Metropolitan University

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4.17 4.18

Retention Bond Retention – amounts and periods

Access and Representatives where detailed contract provisions are necessary and Employer’s Requirements have been prepared and Loss and Expense provided to thefor Contractor; Access Employer’s Agent Site Manager 4.19 Matters materially affecting regular progress 2.8 Construction information Agreement 1 where the Contractor is not only to carry outPage and complete the works, but also to complete the design; and 4.20 Notification and ascertainment 2.9 Site boundaries Sub-Contracting 4.21 Relevant Matters Recitals 2

Design and Build Contract 2016

3.4 Conditions of sub-contracting 2.10 Divergence in Employer’s Requirements and Can be used: 4.24 Final Statement Final Payment definition of siteand boundary 1 Contractor’s obligations Employer’s Instructions 2.11 Preparation of Employer’s Requirements 2 where the Contract Sum works are to be carried out in sections; Section 2.12 5 Changes Employer’s Requirements – inadequacy 56 3 Employer’s Agent 3.5 Compliance with instructions 2.13 Notice of discrepancies etc. 4 Employer’s Requirements and Contractor’s private and local authority employers. General 3.6 by both Non-compliance with instructions 2.14 Discrepancies in documents Proposals 3.7 Instructions other than in writing 2.15 Divergences from Statutory Requirements 5 Principal Designer Contractor’s design responsibility the works he is not responsible for 3.8Where theProvisions empowering instructionsis restricted to discrete 5.12.16parts of Definition of and Changes Emergency compliance with Statutory 6 Principal the designContractor for the whole works, consideration should to using of one of the JCT 3.9completing Instructions requiring Changes 5.2 be givenValuation Changes and contracts provisionalthat sum work Requirements 7provide for the Adjudication employment of an Architect/Contract Administrator design input by the Contractor. 3.10 Postponement of work 5.3 and limited Giving effect to Valuations, agreements etc. 8 Arbitration 3.11 Instructions on Provisional Sums 2.17 Design Work – liabilities and limitation 9 Legal proceedings The Valuation Rules 3.12 Inspection – tests 3.13 Work not in accordance with the Contract Fees, Royalties and Patent Rights Contract Particulars 6 3.14 Workmanship not in accordance with the 5.4 Measurable Work Contract 5.52.18 Daywork Fees or charges legally demandable Attestation 18 3.15 Antiquities 5.62.19 Change conditions for other Patentofrights and royalties – work Contractor’s 5.7 Additional provisions indemnity 3.16 CDM Regulations 2.20 Patent rights – Instructions Conditions 25 Section 6 Injury, Damage and Insurance 59 Section 4 Payment 47 Unfixed Materials and Goods – property, risk Section 1 Definitions and Interpretation 25 Personal Injury and Property Damage etc. Contract Sum and Adjustments 1.1 Definitions 6.12.21 Contractor’s liability – personal Materials and goods – on siteinjury or death 4.1 Adjustment only under the Conditions 6.22.22 Contractor’s liability – loss, Materials and goods – offinjury site or damage to Interpretation 4.2 Items included in adjustments property 4.3 Taking adjustments into account 6.3 Loss or damageoftoCompletion Existing Structures Adjustment Date or their 1.2 Reference to clauses etc. contents 1.3 Agreement etc. to be read as a whole Taxes 2.23 Related definitions and interpretation 1.4 Headings, references to persons, Insurance Personal Injury and 2.24 Notice byagainst Contractor of delay to progress legislation etc. Property Damage Date 4.4 VAT 2.25 Fixing Completion Reckoning2016 periods of days (CIS) PublishedConstruction September by Thomson Reuters (Professional) 2.26 UK Limited, Relevant trading asEvents 4.51.5 Industry Scheme 1.6 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act Sweet & Maxwell, Friars House, 160 Blackfriars Road, London6.4 SE1 8EZ Contractor’s insurance of his liability 1999 (Registered in England and Wales,–Company Office and address for service: Payments and Notices general No 1679046. Registered 6.5 Contractor’s insurance of liability of Employer Practical Completion, Lateness and 1.7 Notices and other communications 2nd floor, provisions 1 Mark Square, Leonard Street, London EC2A 4EG). 6.6 Excepted Risks Liquidated Damages 1.8 Effect of Final Statement payments othersee than payment of Build Contract Guide For detailsAdvance ofEffect 2016of Edition changes, the Design and (DB/G) and the Works Trackedand Change Document. Insurance of the Existing 4.61.9 payment 2.27 Practical completion Final Payments Statement– Contractor’s Interim Structures 4.7 Interim 2.28 Non-Completion Notice 1.10 Consents and approvals Payment Applications, due dates and 2.29 Payment or allowance of liquidated damages 1.11 Applicable law ® Payment Notices 6.7 Insurance Options and period 4.8 Relevant statement and Final Payment 6.8 Related Partialdefinitions Possession by Employer Section 2Notice Carrying out the Works 32 6.9 Sub-contractors – Specified Perils cover under 4.9 Interim and final payments – final date and Works Insurance Policies 2.30 Contractor’s consent Contractor’s Obligations MIX amount 6.10 Terrorism – policy extensions and 2.31 PracticalCover completion date Paper from 4.10responsible Pay Less Notices and other general premiums sources 2.32 Defects etc. – Relevant Part 2.1 General obligations provisions Cover – non-availability – Employer’s 6.11 Terrorism FSC C020438 2.33 Insurance – Relevant Part 2.2 Materials, right goods workmanship 4.11 Contractor’s ofand suspension options 2.34 Liquidated damages – Relevant Part a retrieval or transmitted, in any form All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, 6.12 stored inEvidence of system, insurance Possession or by any Interim means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording except in accordance the and provisions Payments – calculation of sums 6.13 or otherwise, Loss or damage – insurancewith claims Defects of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Thomson Reuters due reinstatement 2.3 Date ofReuters Possession progress and the Thomson Logo–are trademarks of Thomson6.14 Reuters. Sweet & Maxwell ® is a registered trademark Loss or damage to Existing Structures 2.35 Schedules of defects and instructions– rightofof 2.4 Deferment of possession Thomson Gross Reuters (Professional) UK Limited. 4.12 Valuation – Alternative A termination 2.36 Notice of Completion of Making Good 2.5 EarlyValuation use by Employer 4.13 Gross – Alternative B 2.6 Work notasforming of the2016 Contract © The Joint Contracts Tribunal Limited Professional Indemnity Insurance 4.14 Sums due Interimpart Payments Contractor’s Design Documents

Page 1 of 7

But what does it mean for design? Zaera-Polo’s new facade and station hall for Birmingham New Street was downgraded so relentlessly in its construction – via impeccably neoliberal methods such as design and build contracts, public-private partnerships and “value engineering”, which take power out of the hands of architects and leave it with businesses – that the smooth surfaces and seamless ﬂows are constantly interrupted by cheesy adverts and cheap materials. Schumacher and Hadid’s Riverside Transport Museum in Glasgow, or their Guangzhou Opera House, went through a similar process of cost-cutting vulgarisation. Like many architectural theorists, Spencer is better on buildings as theorems than as things, which runs contrary to his laudable emphasis on politics and labour. In the process, he inadvertently presents this architecture as seductively as it exists in the computer visuals, rather than in its usually tawdry reality.

Like many architectural theorists, Spencer is better on buildings as theorems than as things

Supply of Documents, Setting Out etc. 4.15 Listed Items www.jctltd.co.uk 2.7 4.16

Contract Documents Retention

6.15 2.37 6.16 2.38

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Obligation to insure As-built Drawings Increased cost Copyright andand usenon-availability

DESIGN AND BUILD CONTRACT

Rules on treatment of Retention

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Nottingham Contemporary art gallery, designed by Caruso St John. Photograph: David

DB 2016

These buildings are beginning to date. In architecture today, Schumacher often resembles a futurist relic, keeping the pure flame of pre-crisis “irrational exuberance” burning in a chastened era. The architecture that wins awards and contracts after the financial crisis is different. It is exemplified at its best in the discipline and craftsmanship of the art galleries Caruso St John architects have designed in Nottingham and Vauxhall, south London – and at its worst in the brick grids of luxury flats that increasingly dominate the skylines of London and Manchester. The social processes these latter buildings enforce – displacement of the poor, privatisation of public space, the decimation of social housing – are exactly those which Schumacher argues for in wilfully offensive terms. Certainly, there are neoliberal architects, and their vertiginous designs represent their attempt to embody the dominant political and economic ideas of our time. But neoliberalism can easily do without them, and structures of power may prefer to cover their ongoing project in much more homely, reassuring architectural forms. This book is about the architecture of Tony Blair’s vision of society – ruthless for those who can’t go with the flow, rewarding for those who “aim high”. Theresa May’s architecture will be dull and disciplinarian.

Page i

Ing, W. RIBA Awards Shake-Up: Buildings will have to meet Green Criteria. 2020

Heathcote, E. Age of the Starchitect. 2017

Architects such as Schumacher, Greg Lynn and the team of Alejandro ZaeraPolo and Farshid Moussavi (formerly Foreign Office Architects, designers of New Street station and the Leicester John Lewis) arrived at this point via a circuitous route through continental philosophy and architectural theory, only later coming to the neoliberal classics (by Hayek and Friedman). Resistance is not only futile, it’s misunderstanding; there is no alternative. Hayek argued that in the social democratic era human systems were so complex that to try and manage or plan them could only lead to totalitarianism. With Schumacher, this idea is translated into a “radical freemarket urbanism”, where all controls on flows must be removed, and “the market will discover the most productive mix and arrangement of land uses, a distribution that garners synergies and maximises overall value” (an excitable jargon is a constant in these circles). This belief in “the market” left to its own devices, despite the evidence of the 2008 financial crisis that an unregulated, complex, computerised financial system leads both to endemic corruption and to disastrous economic collapses, has a touching, eschatological certainty to it. It is no surprise to learn that Schumacher is a former member of a Marxist sect.

JCT CONTRACTS DB2016 PAGES.indd 3

https://www.ft.com/content/d064d57c-df01-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6

 where the Employer employs an agent (who may be an 4.22 external consultant orascertained employee)–to administer the Amounts addition to Contract Sum Discrepancies and Divergences DB 2016 3.3 conditions. Consent to sub-contracting 4.23 Reservation of Contractor’s rights and remedies Articles 3

‘For 2020 we have significantly increased the sustainability information required from submissions and specialist advisers will assess entries in the context of the RIBA 2030 Climate Challenge targets.’ Clark’s comments came as speakers at the breakfast event called for an overhaul in the way architects appraise buildings. Ashley Bateson, head of sustainability at multi-disciplinary engineer Hoare Lea, said: ‘The climate change is everything, and everything you thought was beautiful needs to be changed.’

Ing, W. RIBA Awards Shake-Up: Buildings will have to meet Green Criteria. 2020

why he looks for vision and tenacity Leesman 34 Chris Moriarty puts the case for post-occupancy evaluations

05/08/2015 17:12 Client & Architect

02_IFC_RIBAClients_Supporters.indd 2

Contents

While the Sustainable Futures group has written a motion calling on the change, it is yet to be formally agreed and the date at which this would first apply has not been decided.

https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/riba-awards-shake-up-buildings-will-have-to-meet-green-criteria/10046492.article

On marketing 39 It’s your best friend, insists Amanda Reekie End piece 41 Frank Duffy rolls back the years

Supporters CIOB 06 We’re with you all the way, says Chris Blythe

Photograph: OMA/Corbis

Design and Build Contract (DB) Section 3 Control of the Works Appropriate:

Jo Bacon, chair of the RIBA Awards Group, said: ‘The RIBA is committed to driving change to meet the huge environmental challenge that the planet faces.

30 Some hard-hitting points from Stuart Lipton On international markets 36 With the RIBA brand, the world is your oyster, says Peter Oborn

On collaboration 20 Paul Morrell traces the blurring of old boundaries On technical talent 24 We must show we’re more than competent contract administrators, argues Dale Sinclair

An artist’s impression of the design for Rem Koolhaas’s CCTV building

For domestic buildings, the 2020 targets mean producing 40 per cent less embodied carbon, have 28 per cent less operational energy use and 12 per cent less potable water use than current standard practice.

Voices

12 Stephen Hodder discusses the value of vision On listening 16 Nigel Ostime sets out the clientarchitect dialogue

01_RIBAClients_Cover_wSpine.indd 1

‘starchitect’? I hate that.”

The ‘minimum trajectory’ currently requires buildings to reach the ‘2020 Targets’. For nondomestic buildings this means having 27 per cent less embodied carbon and 24 per cent less operational energy use than current benchmarks.

developing the essential relationship

‘Great value buildings ‘What makes a career in for people, communities, construction so special, be investors and owners it in design or delivery, is alike are only possible the legacy it leaves. This with architects who work document will help point well with their clients. us in the right direction’ We applaud the RIBA’s Chris Blythe, chief executive, CIOB initiative to explore that critical relationship’ Lyndsay Smith, Foreword director of education and Championing Delivering technical Opportunities On learning On vision

SSSSPPPP EEEECCCC IMM IM IIM EEEENNNN

Age of the ‘starchitect’ | Financial Times

Client & Architect ‘The RIBA for Clients initiative is important. It promotes exactly the kind of open, collaborative spirit that’s needed to meet the challenges for the construction industry today’

• The Architecture of Neoliberalism: How Contemporary Architecture Became an Instrument of Control and Compliance is published by Bloomsbury Academic. To order a copy for £19.99 go to bookshop.theguardian.com or call 0330 333 6846. Free UK p&p over £10, online orders only. Phone orders min p&p of £1.99.

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de-coupled from the realization of the building, and even from its constructive conception. The master builder of past times, the generalist-architect who had the competence and capacity to integrally design, construct and build an edi!ce, is nowadays threatened by extinction.

developing the essential relationship

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We cling to “designing” as being the creative key aspect of building, but it is a mere shadow of the competences an architect in the 19th century would command. Today, the architect’s role as form-giver o#en remains completely © 2017 EAAE, designed by Little Greta (http://littlegreta.co.uk/)

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5:25 AM

Iconic architecture and capitalist globalization

22 CITY VOL. 10, NO. 1 1 2 works in ARCHITECTURE China. Many celebrated living 1 The central feature of all the approaches to SKLAIR 3 : ICONIC AND CAPITALIST GLOBALIZATION architects readily accept that they could 4not 2 globalization current in the social sciences is have made their most famous designs with3 that some important contemporary problems 5 out the help of computer-aided design 4 cannot be adequately studied at the level of 6 (CAD), notably Norman Foster’s Reichstag 5 states, that is, in terms of national societies or 7 Sklair relations, but need to be theo- in Berlin, Great Court in the British Museum 6 Leslie inter-national 8 (Pawley, 1999) and the Swiss Re Building 7 rized in terms of globalizing processes, 9 in London, and Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim 8 beyond the level of the state. Many architects 10 Bilbao and Disney Concert Hall in 11 Los 9 and critics have joined the debate about Angeles (Friedman, 1999).6 Swiss Re and12 the 10 globalization (e.g. Ibelings, 1998; Migayrou Disney Concert Hall are often cited as prime 11 and Brayer, 2003).2 It is clear that the 13 umbrella concept of globalization, a concept examples of how iconic buildings have trans12 14 with many meanings, would benefit from a formed city skylines (see Figures 1 and 2).15 13 The postcolonial has had profound effects measure of deconstruction. Let us begin by 14 16 on architecture, urbanism and identity17all splitting it into three separate ideas, namely 15 over the world, notably illustrated by King generic globalization, capitalist globalization 16 18 (2004) in his powerful arguments around and alternative globalizations. 17 19 “spaces of global culture”. Architects are 20 also 18 responsible for the creation of many transna19 21 tional social spaces, focus spaces of like this globally Generic 20 Icon. 1572. globalization 1. An image, figure, or architectural icons—the 22 shopping malls, theme parks, 21 representation; a portrait; an illustration in paper.branded My general approach identifies thewater23 a The book;idea image the solid; a statue. 2. focuses our frontof developments and capitalist transportation of in generic globalization 22 drivers actually existing 24 Eastern Church. A representation of some centres as that literally capitalbe almost attention on four new phenomena that have 23 globalization the could transnational 25 sacred personage, itself since regarded sacred, of the anywhere thesuggests world and thus must have become significant theasmiddle 24 ist class (TCC) inand how theory 26 and honoured consequences for the senses of space of those 20th century:with a relative worship. 25 and research on the agents and institu27 1 Oxford Foster’s English Swiss Re Building (2003)—a new icon in the London skyline. Source: Leslie Sklair. (adapted Figure from the useTCC them. Newhelp forms 26 tions who of the could usof tocosmopolitanexplain 28 Dictionary, various editions) ism dominant are more difficult pin down, but 29 the 1. the electronic revolution, notably trans27 how the forms oftocontemporary famous architects, “starchiformations inasthe 28 iconicmost architecture arise and dubbed how they 30 On being described an technological icon: “I think base and of todayofplay an increasingly scope of thefor electronic mass media, 29 that’sglobal just another word a washed-up serve tects”, the interests globalizing capital-pivotal 31 7 role in creating and most of the1998, material infrastructure 30 has-been.” (Bob Dylan, cited in ists—the focus of them. a companion paper 32 Knowles, 1999) and McChesney, 1997; Castells, electronic and (Herman 31 (Sklair, These 2005). new The phenomena—the historical context of the 33 postcolonial revolutions, 2000); 32 research is the argument thattransnational the produc- social 34 “Iconic. incitement to spend money.”whereby new forms of of cosmopolitanism—are 2. theAnpostcolonial revolution, 33 tion spaces, and representation architectural 35 (Anon, 2004 ) AQ134 defining characteristics of globalization almost as soon as they were conceptualicons the in the pre-global era (roughly before 36in a generic sense. Theydriven are irreversible the ized as such in the 1950s, the First and the 35 the 1950s) were mainly by thosein 37 his paper aims to develop a frame3 long run (absent global catastrophe) because Third Worlds began to be deconstructed;who 36 controlled the state and/or religion, 38 work within which the place of 3. the subsequent creation of transnational for the vast majority of the people in the 37 whereas the dominant forms of architec- 39 iconic architecture in capitalist social spaces;4 and rich or or women, black40or 38 tural world, iconicity forpoor, themen global era are globalization can be analysed. The litera4. qualitatively new forms of cosmopolitanwhite, driven young by orthose old, who ableown or and disabled, 39 increasingly 41 ture on globalization is enormous, and ism.5 educated or uneducated, or straight, 40 control the corporate sector.gay Iconicity in secu42 there are many competing approaches lar or religious, generic 41 architecture is a resource in globalization struggles for could 43 jostling for primacy.1 So, any attempt to Each of these characteristics of generic serveand, theirby own best interests, if it is44 not 42 meaning implication, foreven power. present a definitive account of “globalizaglobalization is significant for contemporary necessarily serving best interests45at 43 Therefore, to explain howtheir iconic architection and architecture” (or anything else) is architecture. Tombesi (2001) shows how new present.for Globalization impacts mostwe people, 44 ture works capitalist globalization 46 doomed to failure. Here I argue for a technologies, particularly computer software, as well as subsistence 45 must big asklandlords questions about meaning farmers and 47in specific conception of globalization and have promoted a new international division the countryside, corporate executives as well 46 power. 48 how this works for what can be labelled of labour between architectural offices in the as labourers in sweatshops in major cities, 47 First World and in the Third World, and well-paid professionals as well as informal 48 print/ISSN 1470-3629 © 2006 Taylor & Francis Chung et al. (2001) vividlyonline/06/010021-27 illustrate how this workers in tourist sites, comfortable manual 49 ISSN 1360-4813

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surveyed, there is an estimated number of 565’000 architects, a number which is continually climbing. Out of these, almost 74% are working in single-person

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building from its inception toSecretariat its completion, the architectWebmaster nowadays rarely ever European Association responsible for more than a segment of this process. Increasingly, the role of secretariat@eaae.be webmaster@eaae.be for Architectural Education Faculty of Architecture, Campus (mailto:secretariat@eaae.be) (mailto:webmaster@eaae.be) the architect seems to be reduced to that of a “shaper”, a “form-giver”, a Sint-Lucas Brussels–- with KU Leuven (0)9/39 86 470 +32 (0)9/39of 86the 470 “designer” very limited+32 responsibility regarding the outcome 65-67, Paleizenstraat -1030 entire endeavour. Brussels

Unlike earlier times, when an architect might oversee the entire process of

Acknowledgments 1 | Foreword 2 | Background and objectives 3 | Key findings 5 | Appendix 23

constantly – and maybe adapted, too – ,and new skills and tools of the trade The nature of the profession of the architect has undergone a number of may have to be taught. The key drivers for the changes happening – and those changes throughout the centuries, and so has the education of the architect. The looming behind the horizon – have to be known: Which identity of the architect most recent trend may best be characterized by the word “specialization”. But is embedded in the “DNA” of our schools? How can – and must – our schools of !rst a few numbers from a 2014 sector study of the Architects’ Council of architecture in%uence this identity? Europe (ACE) on the architectural profession: In the 31 European countries

o"ces.

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the building industry but in society in general – as shapers of not just private but invariably also public space, as even private buildings also inform the public realm. As responsibles of our schools of architecture, we have to be as wellby Oyaprepared Atalay Franck as possible for the things to come. Our curricula have to be questioned

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23 Tuesday, February 21, 2006 CITY, VOLCCIT_A_159444.fm . 10, NO. 1, APage PRIL 2006

analyse the existing role models of the architects in their contexts, to re%ect on possible roles of the architects in the future and to de!ne the necessary positions of the schools in respect to these roles. We want to tackle these questions keeping in mind that in average almost three quarter of European

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architect as practitioner, as generalist – as “practitioner-generalist”. With these two polesof in mind, invite you to work with us on a project to The changing roles thewearchitect (Themes)

2020 Jonathan Pilosof

Restructuring the scope of the architect to act as an extension of the building could present the opportunity to hold designers accountable for shallow design justification posing as meaningful buildings.

Client & Architect

This relationship between client and architect is one potential cause or accelerator of poor-quality building design.

The Guardian Architect/

2020 Jonathan Pilosof

JP (pilosofj@gmail.com)

The commercial economy-influenced obsession with new and shiny buildings has resulted in client focus largely on the financial bottom-line, with passing concern for the public built environment. The market conditions have subsequently placed the architect with little influence on major design directions, for fear of losing work.

Inspired by such stories as the saving of St Pancras station in the 1960s, in part due to the tenacious campaigning of poet John Betjeman; showing that sometimes the most radical position is to defend the buildings that already exist.

2020 Jonathan Pilosof

My exposure is limited, and that’s why I need your opinion, perspective and experience to better understand how far this project can go. If you have any opinion on this body of work, I would love to hear from you.

Much of “bad” architecture falls spectacularly at these hurdles. Whether at the mercy of the neoliberal economic conditions1 or other powerful design forces, architects present their design triumphs in tight-knit self-congratulation circles despite their evident inability to respond to the real issues of our times.

RADICAL BUILDING

What makes a piece of work truly radical?

one already in

By investigating the benefits such a role could bring to the built environment, as well as re-imagining the 2020 RIBA plan of work in order to better understand the shortcomings of the present architect role, this body of work advocates for achievable policy and cultural shifts to better the built environment within our lifetimes.

exploring a new architectural role in the built environment.

This was the question posed at the 2020 summer design school following the presentation of this body of work to a panel of expert critics from the architectural industry.

garment BUILDING is the

Aimed at clients, building owners, contractors, architects and academics, this document outlines a future -scope of work for the architect; establishing the ‘Guardian Architect’ role.

The zeitgeist associated with practitioners of architectural services is plagued with the same recurring ills; sustainability, community engagement and ethical practice.

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THE most sustainable

3.0 / background.

2.0 / introduction.

exploring a new architectural role in the built environment.

Licensed copy from CIS: hawtom, Haworth Tompkins Ltd, 20/04/2017, Uncontrolled Copy. Licensed copy from CIS: hawtom, Haworth Tompkins Ltd, 20/04/2017, Uncontrolled Copy. Licensed copy from CIS: hawtom, Haworth Tompkins Ltd, 20/04/2017, Uncontrolled Copy. Licensed copy from CIS: hawtom, Haworth Tompkins Ltd, 20/04/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.

1.0 / abstract.

The Guardian Architect/

Supporting us means investing in Guardian journalism for tomorrow and the years ahead. The more readers funding our work, the more questions we can ask, the deeper we can dig, and the greater the impact we can have. Your support protects our editorial independence and autonomy, which allows us to fearlessly investigate and interrogate those with political and commercial power – and help bring about a brighter, fairer future. Your support means we can keep our journalism open, so millions more have free access to the high-quality, trustworthy news they deserve. So we seek your funding not simply to survive, but to grow our journalistic ambitions and inform more people. If there were ever a time to join us, and help accelerate our growth, it is now. You have the power to support us through these challenging ﬁnancial times and enable real-world impact.

4.0 / question.

One of the seeming issues with the design of the buildings stems from the relationship between architects and not only their own previous work, but work that has already been built. Clients are enamoured with shiny new buildings, regardless of their contributions to sustainability or communities. In other words: how do we know that a building is good if the architect works as a product designer, relinquishing responsibility once construction has ceased and the project no longer exists as their problem? This document as a whole aims to explore how we could re-frame the role of an architect to include the analysis, surveying, guardianship and reinvigorating of the already built environment.

4.1 / RIBA plan of work.

exploring a new architectural role in the built environment.

Every contribution, however big or small, is so valuable for our future. Support the Guardian from as little as £1 – and it only takes a minute. Thank you.

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