Israel Marine Option

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โ€ซืจื‘ื™ื ืชืจืžื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช "ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ "ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”"โ€ช :โ€ฌืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ โ€ช 1996 -โ€ฌืฆืขื“ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ืฆืขื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื—ืชื ืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืžื—ืงืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืชืฉืงื™ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื—ื•ื’ ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื‘ื”ืโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืฉ ื ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื’ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌืžโ€ช.โ€ฌืโ€ช38 .โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืฉื•ืกื”ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืฉ ืกืคื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจโ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื™ื•ื โ€ช 75%โ€ฌืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘โ€ช 16% -โ€ฌืžืฉื˜ื—ื”โ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืœืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ืฉ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช ,21 -โ€ฌืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืš ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืงืจื™ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื ื•ืฃโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื› โ€ช 75% -โ€ฌืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื› โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 3,500โ€ฌืงืž"ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื› โ€ช 16% -โ€ฌื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ "ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืœื™ื ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื" ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•"ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืœ" ื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื›"ืงืจืงืข"โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ืขืชื™ืจ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช )ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช( ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืขืจืš ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ื‘ื•ืœื‘ืืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชืขืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืืจื™ื ื•ืช "ื•ืžื“ืฉืื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช"โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื› โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 50%โ€ฌืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจืžืื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื‘ื ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืชืคืชื— ืื™ื•ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืจื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืขืฉื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื™ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ืข"ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื™ืžื™ืช ื ืžืฆืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•โ€ช-โ€ฌื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืŸ ื› โ€ช10% -โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื›ื™ื•ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžื™ืžื•ืฉ "ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช" ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืจื— ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื‘ืขื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืงืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืชโ€ช-โ€ฌื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช )โ€ช(2000โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ื—ื ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”โ€ช" ,โ€ฌื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื—ืชื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชืคื™ืกืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ืžื ืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืคืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข โ€ช.โ€œfill material freeโ€ -โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื˜ื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืงืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ





โ€ซื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืœืœื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื“ื ื•ืžื’ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช โ€ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœโ€œ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื™ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ืโ€ช-โ€ฌืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืงืคืชื™ )ื•ื’ื ืœืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืชโ€ช-โ€ฌื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืชโ€ช (2000 ,โ€ฌื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืจื•ืคื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื›ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข โ€ช -โ€ฌื–ืืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืื•ื™ื” ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืœื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืงืจ ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช โ€ืขื•ืงืคืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ืœื•ื™โ€œโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืœื™ื ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช- Modular Permeable Sponge Breakwatersโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช- Modular Container Platformsโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื›ืœ ื”ื "ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืจืžืช ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืŸ ื›ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื )ื‘ืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ( ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืชืžื•ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื )โ€ช (piles supportedโ€ฌืื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืคื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ื›ื ื“ืจืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ืœืชืคืงื“ ืžื•ืœ ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืคื™ ืœืืชืจื™ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื‘ื ื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื› โ€ช 80% -โ€ฌืžืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ืœื™ืช ื ื‘ืœืข ื•ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื› โ€ช 10% -โ€ฌื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื› โ€ช 10% -โ€ฌื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื‘ืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ื’ืœื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื›'ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฉื' )ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช(โ€ช .โ€ฌืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืขืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 3 ~ 4%โ€ฌื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื–ื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื˜ืจื—ื” ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืช ื–ื”ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ )ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ืงื˜ืŸ( ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซ)โ€ช (1999โ€ฌื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžโ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื˜ื™ืืกื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื“ืื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื–ืืช ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™โ€ช-โ€ฌื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืืžื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื“ืจืฉ ืื‘โ€ช-โ€ฌื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ืงื "ืž โ€ช1:1โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื )ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ โ€ช~ 20โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 15โ€ฌืž'( ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื“ืจืฉ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื› โ€ช 2 -โ€ฌืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฉืงืขื” ื–ืขื•ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฉืงืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืื‘โ€ช-โ€ฌื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžืคืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ )ื”ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืžื™ื( ื•ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื ืขืœ ื“ืขืชืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .2โ€ฌืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืืžื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ โ€ช 2 ~ 3โ€ฌื“ื•ื ื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” )ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ(โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืจืคืŸ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืชโ€ช-โ€ฌืขืœ ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 40 ~ 80โ€ฌื“ื•ื ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื ื ืคื—ื™ ืคื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ โ€ช 300 ~ 500%โ€ฌืžืฉื˜ื—ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื ืจืฆื™ืคื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืืœื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืžืขืœื™ื”ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืฃโ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื’ื ืœืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืชืขืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซ)ื‘ื•ืœื‘ืืจื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื( ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื“ ื’ื ื›ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืžืขื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžืื•ืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ )ืขืœ ืงื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื™ื(โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžืโ€ช-โ€ฌืคืจื™ืกืชื ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืื—ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืฉื˜ื— ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ืขืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ื“ื™ โ€ช 1,700,000โ€ฌืฉ"ื— ืœื“ื•ื ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื’ืฉืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืœืื™ ืฉืœ โ€ช 2,250โ€ฌื“ื•ื ื )ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื(โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ โ€ช 880,000 -โ€ฌืฉ"ื— ืœื“ื•ื ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ื ื› โ€ช 10 ~ 20% -โ€ฌืžืขืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื›ื™ื•ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฆืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืจืช ืฉื•ืจื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื ืžืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ โ€ช 20 ~ 35โ€ฌืž'โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ืžืœื™ ืฉื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื–ืจื™ื )ื™ื•ื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฆืจื™ื( ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืงืขโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื“ืœืงื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื )ืœืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ืกื•ื ื( ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื ื–ืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ื– )ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื(โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’โ€ช .โ€ฌืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช โ€ืงืจืงืขโ€œ ืœืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืคืขืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื–ื”ืžื™ืโ€ช) ,โ€ฌื›ืžื• ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื•โ€ช-โ€ฌื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช( ื‘ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื™ืงื•ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื• โ€ช.โ€ฌื“โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช.โ€ฌื“ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืชืงืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ื“'โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™โ€ช-โ€ฌื—ื•ืคื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฆืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืชื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืœืืชืจื™ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื ืžืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ืœืชื—ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ โ€ช 20 ~ 35โ€ฌืž' )ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ โ€ช 2.0 ~ 3.5โ€ฌืง"ืž ืžืงื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืฃ( ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืžืœื™ ืฉื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื–ืจื™ื )ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื(โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืŸ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ืœืžืื˜ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืชโ€ชโ€ ,โ€ฌืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™โ€œโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื–ืืช ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื )ื”ืขื“ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ืกื•ื ืœื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฆืคื•ื ื”(โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .2โ€ฌื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืœื™ื ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื™ืคื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืœืžืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืขืจื›ื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืžื ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .3โ€ฌืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืคืจื ืงืœ )ืื™ืฉ ื” โ€ช M.I.T. -โ€ฌื‘ืืจื”"ื‘โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคื ื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืงื ื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ืื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื(โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ื– ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซ)ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืชื• ื•ื”ืืจื›ืชื• ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ โ€ช 30โ€ฌืž' ื•ื”ื’ื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืข"ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ(โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืจืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช )ืขื ืฉื•ืงืข ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 20 ~ 25โ€ฌืž' ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ(โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ืžืœ ืฉื˜ืขื•ืŸ โ€ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸโ€œ ื•ื–ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืชืงืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌื”ืขืชืงืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืœื™ื )ืฉื“ื” ื“ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื“ื” ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื ืชื‘"ื’(โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžืจืžืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ โ€ช.โ€ฌืจ ื–ื” ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื—ืจื™ืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .2โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ืข"ื™ ืžืกื‘ืš ืคืœื“ื” ืขื™ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื˜ื—โ€ช-โ€ฌืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืจืš ืจืฆื•ื ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžืขืจืš ืฆืฃ ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืกื‘ืš ื”ืคืœื“ื” โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช ,I.P.L. โ€“ Infinite Polyhedra Latticeโ€ฌื‘ืขืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ืžืฆื ื•ืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž โ€ช40 -โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ืจืฉื ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” )โ€ช (1989โ€ฌื•ืืฃ ืื•ืžืฅโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ "ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืจื‘" )ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืคืจื•ืค' โ€ช.โ€ฌื“ ื–ืกืœื‘ืกืงื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ(โ€ช ,โ€ฌืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืจื•โ€ช-โ€ฌืืœืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืžืชื ืฉื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ โ€ช 1,300โ€ฌืž'โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .3โ€ฌื”ืžืกื‘ืš ื•ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื ื™ืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืงืžื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื—ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ื•ื™ืจื™โ€ช-โ€ฌื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ืฆื•ื ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื‘ืงืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื™ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ ื”ื’ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื "ืœ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืกื‘ื›ื™ โ€ชI.P.L.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ )ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ( ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืฃ )ืฉื™ืฆืื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืŸ ื”ืฉืจื•ืช( ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”" ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืฉืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .2โ€ฌื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ื™ืžื• ืขื ืคืจื•ืค' ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืคืจื ืงืœ )ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื "ืœ( ื ืžืฆื ืฉื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื•ืช )ื”ืคืชื•ืจื•ืช ืขื ื“ื•ืคืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืช( ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ โ€ช ,2015โ€ฌืขืงื‘โ€ฌ


โ€ซืชืงื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืœื‘ โ€ช.โ€ฌื“ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ โ€ช 10% -โ€ฌื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื™โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ)โ€ช.($12,000,000 ~ 15,000,000โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .3โ€ฌื–ืืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซ)ื›ื—ื•ืœโ€ช-โ€ฌืœื‘ืŸ( ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ ื”ื’ื– )ื•ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ื ื–ืœื”( ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืข"ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืชืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืœื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืžืกืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื ื™ืžืืœื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื›ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื–ืžื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืงื‘ ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื™ืงื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืข"ื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืืจ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื™ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืขืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื–ืืช ืžื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืจื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคืจื˜โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืคื™ "ื—ื–ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”" ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ โ€ช 3,000,000โ€ฌื ืคืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืœืื” ืขืžืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ )ืขืชื™ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื ื•ืฃ( ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืจืงืžื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื› โ€ช 40,000 -โ€ฌื ืคืฉื•ืช ืœืงืž"ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซ)ืขื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ โ€ช 12 ~ 15โ€ฌื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื ื(โ€ช .โ€ฌืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื–ืืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืœื–ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืงื•ื˜ื” ื›ื™ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชืคื™ืกืช "ื”ืขื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื‘โ€ช-โ€ฌืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ืช )โ€ช.(Stratum cityโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืœืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืคืœืก ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ "ื ืคื—ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ" )ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœืก ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื ื™ื”(โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืคืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื™ ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืงืžื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช )ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื( ื•ืชืขืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืžืขื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืœื‘ืืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื )โ€œืžื“ืฉืื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืชโ€œ(โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื ื‘ื™ื•โ€ช-โ€ฌืžืืกื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืœืคืืจืงื™ื ื•ื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืืœื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืคืจื•ืžื ืื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ โ€ช 40,000โ€ฌื ืคืฉื•ืช ืœืงืž"ืจ ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ื› โ€ช 75 -โ€ฌืงืž"ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืžื• โ€ช.โ€ฌืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื› โ€ช 25 ~ 30 -โ€ฌืงืž"ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžืจ ื› โ€“ โ€ช 100โ€ฌืง"ืž ืžืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื—ื•ืคื™ ืจื—ืฆื” ื•ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื ื•ืฃโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื•ืœื” "ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื›ื—ื•ืœโ€ช-โ€ฌืœื‘ืŸ"โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืฉื•ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื“ืจืฉ ืข"ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื—ื•ืฅโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ"ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœโ€œ )ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”( โ€ช -โ€ฌื”ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืชื™ืจ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซ"ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ"โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 1,600,000โ€ฌื ืคืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื•ืฆืคื™ ืœ โ€ช 4,000,000 -โ€ฌื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช )ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื› โ€ช 350 -โ€ฌืงืž"ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“(โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื’ื•ืžื” ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ื› โ€ช 500 -โ€ฌืงืž"ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื•ืŸโ€ช-โ€ฌืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื› โ€ช 850 -โ€ฌืงืž"ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื”ื "ืœื”ื ืžื™ืš ืืช ื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”" ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื ื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืืฃ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ "ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช"โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื• ืืฃ ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซ"ืฉื™ืชืŸืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืชื— ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืชืœื•ืช )ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ื“ื•ืขโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ"( ื•ืœืฉืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื“ื•โ€ช-โ€ฌื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ



โ€ซืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€โ€ช,โ€œfill material freeโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืœื™ื ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืœโ€ฌ




โ€ซืื™ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืื›ืœืก โ€ช 90,000 ~ 80,000โ€ฌืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื› โ€ช 25,000 -โ€ฌื™ื—โ€œื“ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ โ€ช 2,083โ€ฌื“ื•ื ืโ€ฌ


โ€ซืคืจื‘ืจ ื™ืžื™โ€ฌ

โ€ซืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืœื™ื ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืฉืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซืขืœื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซืœืื™ ืฉืœ โ€ช 2,100โ€ฌื“ื•ื ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื˜ื— ื›ื•ืœืœโ€ฌ

โ€ซืœืื™ ืฉืœ โ€ช 2,100โ€ฌื“ื•ื ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช 1,400โ€ฌืฉโ€œื—โ€ช/โ€ฌืžโ€œืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช 945,000โ€ฌืžโ€œืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช 1,323,000,000โ€ฌืฉโ€œื—โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช 86.3โ€ฌืฉโ€œื—โ€ช/โ€ฌืžโ€œืงโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช341,000โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช 300โ€ฌืฉโ€œื—โ€ช/โ€ฌืžโ€œืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช 75,040โ€ฌืžโ€œืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžโ€œืจ ืื• ืžโ€œืงโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžื™ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช โ€ช 18โ€ฌืžื•ื“ื•ืœื•ืช โ€ช 50*50โ€ฌืž'โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื‘ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืคื— ื›ืœืœื™ โ€ช 7,500,000โ€ฌืžโ€œืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ืฉืจื™ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžโ€œืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซืขืœ ืกืš ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ืฉืœ โ€ช 2,083,200โ€ฌืžโ€œืจ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช =โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช/$250โ€ฌืžโ€œืจโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 956.58โ€ฌืฉโ€œื—โ€ช/โ€ฌืžโ€œืจโ€ฌ โ€ซ)ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจโ€ช(2012 ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช 647,250,000โ€ฌืฉโ€œื—โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 22,500,000โ€ฌืฉโ€œื—โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 1,992,750,000โ€ฌืฉโ€œื—โ€ฌ











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