REFERENCES
1. Andreyeva T, Puhl RM, Brownell KD. Changes in perceived weight discrimination among Americans, 1995-1996 through 2004-2006. Obesity (Silver Spring). May 2008;16(5):1129-34.
2. Sikorski C, Luppa M, Kaiser M, Glaesmer H, Schomerus G, König H-K, Riedel-Heller SG. The stigma of obesity in the general public and its implications for public health - a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:661.
3. Stuber J, Meyer I, Link B. Stigma, prejudice, discrimination and health. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(3):351-7.
4. Puhl RM, Himmelstein MS, Gorin AA, Suh YJ. Missing the target: including perspectives of women with overweight and obesity to inform stigma-reduction strategies. Obes Sci Pract. March 2017 Mar;3(1):25-35.
5. Muennig P. The body politic: the relationship between stigma and obesity-associated disease. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:128.
6. Jackson SE, Steptoe A. Association between perceived weight discrimination and physical activity: a population-based study among English middle-aged and older adults. BMJ Open. March 7, 2017;7(3):e014592.
7. Schmalz DL. “‘I feel fat”: weight-related stigma, body esteem, and BMI as predictors of perceived competence in physical activity. Obes Facts. 2010;3(1):15-21.
8. Papadopoulos S and Brennan L. Correlates of weight stigma in adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic literature review. Obesity. 2015;23:1743-60.
9. Sikorski C, Luppa M, Luck T, Riedel-Heller SG. Weight stigma “gets under the skin” - evidence for an adapted psychological mediation framework: a systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(2):266-76.
10. Vadiveloo M, Mattei J. Perceived weight discrimination and 10-year risk of allostatic load among US adults. Ann Behav Med. 2017;51(1):94-104.
11. Pearl RL, Wadden TA, Hopkins CM, et al. Association between weight bias internalization and metabolic syndrome among treatment-seeking individuals with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2017;25(2):317-22.
12. Jackson SE, Kirschbaum C, Steptoe 1. Perceived weight discrimination and chronic biochemical stress: a population-based study using cortisol in scalp hair. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(12):2515-21.
13. Sutin AR, Stephan Y, Luchetti M, Terracciano A. Perceived weight discrimination and C-reactive protein. Obesity (Silver Spring). September 2014;22(9):1959-61.
14. Himmelstein MS, Incollingo Belsky AC, Tomiyama J. The weight of stigma: cortisol reactivity to manipulated weight stigma. Obesity. 2015;23:368–74.
15. Jackson SE, Beeken RJ, Wardle J. Perceived weight discrimination and changes in weight, waist circumference, and weight status. Obesity (Silver Spring). December 2014;22(12):2485-8.
16. Himmelstein MS, Puhl RM, Quinn DM. Intersectionality: an understudied framework for addressing weight-stigma. Am J Prev Med. 2017;53:421–31.
17. Puhl RM, Andreyeva T, Brownell KD. Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in America. Int J Obes (Lond). June 2008;32(6):992-1000.
18. Puhl RM and Brownell KD. Confronting and coping with weight stigma: an investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity. 2006;14:1802–15.
19. Puhl RM, King KM. Weight discrimination and bullying. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(2):117-27.
20. Dollar E, Berman M, Adachi-Mejia AM. Do no harm: moving beyond weight loss to emphasize physical activity at every size. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14:E34.
21. Jung FU, Luck-Sikorski C, Wiemers N, Riedel-Heller SG. Dietitians and nutritionists: stigma in the context of obesity. a systematic review. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140276.
22. Fruh SM, Nadglowski J, Hall HR, Davis SL, Crook ED, Zlomke K. Obesity stigma and bias. J Nurse Pract. 2016;12(7):425-432.
23. Lee JA, Pausé CJ. Stigma in practice: barriers to health for fat women. Front Psychol. 2016;7:2063.
24. World Health Organization. Weight bias and obesity stigma: Considerations for the WHO European Region. 2017. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/ assets/pdf_file/0017/351026/WeightBias.pdf
25. Alberga AS, Pickering BJ, Alix Hayden K, et al. Weight bias reduction in health professionals: a systematic review. Clin Obes. June 2016;6(3):175-88.
26. FitzGerald C, Hurst S. Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMC Med Ethics. 2017;18(1):19.
27. Charlesworth TES, Banaji, MR. Patterns of implicit and explicit attitudes: I. Long-term change and stability from 2007 to 2016. Psychological Science. 2019;30(2), 174–192.
28. Mason TB et al. Stigma control model of dysregulated eating: A momentary maintenance model of dysregulated eating among marginalized/stigmatized individuals. Appetite. 2019;132:67-72
29. Pearl RL, White MA, Grilo CM. Weight bias internalization, depression, and self-reported health among overweight binge eating disorder patients. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(5):E142-8.
30. Pearl RL, Puhl RM. The distinct effects of internalizing weight bias: an experimental study. Body Image. 2016;17:38-42.
31. Puhl RM, Moss-Racusin CA, Schwartz MB. Internalization of weight bias: implications for binge eating and emotional well-being. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(1):19-23.
32. Pearl RL, White MA, Grilo CM. Overvaluation of shape and weight as a mediator between self- esteem and weight bias internalization among patients with binge eating disorder. Eat Behav. 2014;15(2): 259–61.
33. Puhl RM, Masheb RM, White MA, Grilo CM. Attitudes toward obesity in obese persons: A matched comparison of obese women with and without binge eating. Eat Weight Disord. 2010;15(3): e173–e179.
34. Jung F, Spahlholz J, Hilbert A, Riedel-Heller SG, Luck-Sikorski C. Impact of weight-related discrimination, body dissatisfaction and self-stigma on the desire to weigh less. Obes Facts. 2017;10(2):139-151.
35. Pearl RL, Wadden TA, Chao AM, Walsh O, Alamuddin N, Berkowitz RI, Tronieri JS. Weight bias internalization and long-term weight loss in patients with obesity. Ann Behav Med. July 2019;53(8):782-787.
36. Schvey NA et al. The internalization of weight bias is associated with severe eating pathology among lean individuals. Eat Behav. 2015;17:1-5
37. Hunger JM et al. Weighed down by stigma: How weight-based social identity threat contributes to weight gain and poor health. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2015; 9(6): 255–68.
38. Hunger JM et al. Weight labeling and disordered eating among adolescent girls: longitudinal evidence from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. J Adolesc Health. 2018;63(3):360–362
39. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Code of Ethics for the Nutrition and Dietetics Profession. 2018. https://www.eatrightpro.org/-/media/eatrightpro-files/ career/code-of-ethics/codeofethicshandout.pdf?
40. Tylka TL, Annunziato RA, Burgard D, Daníelsdóttir S, Shuman E, Davis C, Calogero RM. The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss. J Obes. 2014;2014:983495.
41. Mensinger JL, Tylka TL, Calamari ME. Mechanisms underlying weight status and healthcare avoidance in women: a study of weight stigma, body-related shame and guilt, and healthcare stress. Body Image. 2018 Jun;25:139-147.
42. Meadows A, Daníelsdóttir S. What’s in a word? On weight stigma and terminology. Front Psychol. October 2016;7:1527.
43. Puhl RM, Peterson JL, J Luedicke J. Motivating or stigmatizing? Public perceptions of weight-related language used by health providers. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37(4):612-19.
44. Mauldin K, May M, Clifford D. The consequences of a weight-centric approach to healthcare: a case for a paradigm shift in how clinicians address body weight. Nutr Clin Pract. December 2022;37(6):12911306.
45. Harvard University. Project Implicit. https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/
46. Greenwald AG, Dasgupta N, Dovidio JF, Kang J, Moss-Racusin CA, Teachman BA. Implicit-bias remedies: treating discriminatory bias as a public-health problem. Psychol Sci Public Interest. May 2022;23(1):7-40.
47. Shaw SC, Meadows A. First do no harm: reconsidering our approach to weight in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. February 2022;72(716):102-103.
48. Aphramor L. Validity of claims made in weight management research: a narrative review of dietetic articles. Nutr J. July 2010;9:30.