Civil War Digital Curriculum by mjhasley

American Civil War An HCPS Primer

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Contents Articles American Civil War

Confederate States of America

Abraham Lincoln

Jefferson Davis

Ulysses S. Grant

Robert E. Lee

Richmond, Virginia

Battle of Gettysburg

Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg Address

Appomattox Court House

Abraham Lincoln assassination

United States Constitution

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Frederick Douglass

Reconstruction of the United States

Jim Crow laws

Rutherford B. Hayes

References Article Sources and Contributors

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Article Licenses License

American Civil War

American Civil War American Civil War

Top left: William Rosecrans at Stones River, Tennessee; top right: Confederate prisoners at Gettysburg; bottom: Battle of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Date

April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865 (last shot ended June, 1865)

Location United States, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean Result

Union victory • • •

Territorial integrity of the United States of America preserved Reconstruction Slavery abolished Commanders

Ulysses S. Grant George B. McClellan William T. Sherman Winfield Scott Henry Halleck George Meade Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker Benjamin F. Butler Phillip Sheridan William Rosecrans George H. Thomas

Robert E. Lee Joseph E. Johnston P.G.T. Beauregard A.S. Johnston Samuel Cooper Braxton Bragg John Bell Hood Stonewall Jackson J.E.B. Stuart Jubal Early James Longstreet Edmund Kirby Smith Strength

2,100,000

1,064,000 Casualties and losses

110,000 killed in action 360,000 total dead 275,200 wounded

93,000 killed in action 260,000 total dead 137,000+ wounded

The American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States (said that they wanted to separate from the United States of America) and formed the Confederate States of America, also known as "the Confederacy". Jefferson Davis led the Confederate states as they fought against the United States (the Union). The Union states (sometimes called "the North") were all those in which slavery was not legal (most of which were in "the North") and five states in which slavery was legal (the "border states").

American Civil War In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, was actively against expanding slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. The Republican party won in that election. This made seven Southern states declare their independence from the Union even before Lincoln became president on March 4, 1861. Both outgoing President James Buchanan and Lincoln disagreed with the legality of the secession, considering it rebellion. No nation ever recognized the Confederacy as a separate nation. Fighting started when the Confederates bombarded a Union fort within the territory claimed by the Confederacy. The war was fought mostly in the South, and because both sides were American, was one of the deadliest in U.S. history. The Union won the war, resulting in the end of slavery in the United States.

Fighting begins The Confederate States claimed ownership of all forts and other federal buildings within their territory. Fort Sumter in South Carolina remained in Union hands. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces bombarded and forced the surrender of Union forces inside the fort. Following this, President Lincoln called for volunteers from each state to take back the captured forts, defend Washington, D.C., and suppress the rebellion. Swiftly four more states joined with the Confederates rather than supply forces to suppress them.

The war There were two important areas where the American Civil War was fought in the west and in the east. In the eastern area, there was the US capital, Washington D.C., and the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia. These two cities are only about 90 miles apart. In this area, the Confederate military leader from 1862 until the end of the war was Robert E. Lee. Lee was a great general, and won many battles. Many times, his actions prevented the smaller number of Confederate troops from being badly beaten or destroyed by the Union troops. Even though the North had more soldiers, they could not capture Richmond until the end of the war in 1865. In the western area, there was the great river, the Mississippi. Ulysses S. Grant (who later became US President) won many battles here. One of the earliest battles to take place in the western area was the Battle of Shiloh. The North captured almost all the cities on the Mississippi River, but the Confederacy still held Vicksburg, an important city and fort. On the 4th of July, 1863, following a long siege, Vicksburg surrendered to Grant. This divided the Confederacy into two. This victory is considered to be one of the turning points of the war. There were also battles west of the Mississippi River, in the area called the Trans-Mississippi. Two battles which are considered important are the Battle of Wilson's Creek and the Battle of Pea Ridge. After the Union captured Vicksburg, this area became isolated from the rest of the South. Another major turning point occurred at about the same time in the east. After several victories, General Lee decided to invade the North. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia went into Pennsylvania. The Confederate army met the Union army near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Battle of Gettysburg was fought over a three day period, July 1-3 in 1863. The invasion was stopped by Grant, and Lee and the Confederate army were pushed back to the South.

American Civil War Lincoln decided that Ulysses S. Grant was his best general. He put Grant in control of all the Union armies, and made William T. Sherman general of armies in Georgia. While Grant attacked Lee again and again, Sherman burned Atlanta and Savannah. Lee held out time and time again, but eventually the number of Union soldiers was too much for the smaller Confederate army. Lee decided he had too few soldiers to keep on fighting and he surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865, near Appomattox Court House. Following Lee's surrender, many other Confederate armies surrendered as well. The last Confederate general to surrender was Brigadier General Stand Watie on June 23 in Oklahoma. Some Confederates did not want to become part of the United States again; these people moved to Mexico and Brazil.

Inflation Inflation occurred on both sides. The prices on everything were raised, and caused people in both the North and the South to go hungry if they could not afford the newly priced food. This suffering was an important factor in the South's surrender.

After the war Many soldiers died for both sides during the war. The South was hurt the most because most of the war was fought there. The South's economy was hurt very badly, too. The Union Army stayed in some Southern states for many years. This time is called "Reconstruction". Reconstruction ended in 1877. Also, soon after the war, several constitutional amendments were made by the US government and passed with enough support from the people. Slavery was ended by the 13th Amendment. The 14th Amendment makes it clear that all people born in the United States are citizens with equal rights that cannot be taken away unless they do something against the law. The 15th Amendment says that people in the United States cannot be kept from voting because of their race. (Citizens could be stopped from voting because of their gender, however. It was not until the passing of the 19th Amendment in 1920 that women could vote.) Other facts are that Generals Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, and McKinley became presidents or ran for the office.

Other websites â&#x20AC;˘ The Civil War Home Page [1] http://www.civilwar.com/

References [1] http:/ / www. civil-war. net

Confederate States of America

Confederate States of America Sometimes called the CSA, for other uses see CSA The Confederate States of America (CSA) was a short-lived government that existed in the southern United States during the American Civil War. It was established in 1861 by seven southern states in which slavery was legal, after Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the U.S., but before he took office. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas declared their secession (independence) from the United States. After war began, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined them. The first capital of the Confederacy was Montgomery, Alabama, but for most of the war the capital was Richmond, Virginia.

Third and final flag of the Confederate States of America.

The government of the Confederacy was much like the United States government. The CSA constitution was similar to that of the United States; however, it emphasized states rights and clearly protected slavery. Jefferson Davis was chosen as president, and Alexander Stephens as Vice-President. As in the United States, the CSA president had a cabinet of advisors. The United States government (also known as the Union) did not agree that the states could leave and start a new government. Thus, The states in dark green were the Confederate the Union government refused to abandon all its forts in the states States of America that wanted to secede. War began when the CSA attacked one of those forts, Fort Sumter in South Carolina. This war is known as the American Civil War, and it lasted from 1861 to 1865. After some of the deadliest battles in U.S. history, Union forces gradually regained control of southern states. As Confederate forces surrendered, the Confederacy fell apart and the Civil War came to a close in 1865. Following the war, slavery was outlawed everywhere in the United States. The process of restoring the states of the CSA to the United States continued until 1877. Even today, many people argue about whether the Confederate States of America was ever a country. The Union never said that the Confederacy was really a country. Although British and French companies sold ships and materials to the Confederacy, no nation officially recognized the CSA as an independent country.[1] [2] The CSA was also called "the South", "the Confederacy", and "Dixie".

Confederate States of America

References [1] "Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861-1865" (http:/ / history. state. gov/ milestones/ 1861-1865/ Confederacy). U.S. Department of State. . Retrieved 2011-03-26. [2] McPherson, James M. (2007). This mighty scourge: perspectives on the Civil War (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=bJEINL6bakYC& pg=PA65& lpg=PA65& dq=confederacy+ recognition& source=bl& ots=yVUvW5CZNx& sig=SrzZL19wEkbHwpI1rZAmqzjs6mA& hl=en& ei=tATIScOdGZKmsAPQzJDtBg& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=2& ct=result#PPA66,M1). Oxford University Press US. p. 65. ISBN 0195313666. .

Other websites • American Civil War:Comprehensive American Civil War site with forums (http://www.factasy.com/civil_war/ index.shtml)

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 Vice President Hannibal Hamlin (1861 to 1865); Andrew Johnson (March — April 1865) Preceded by

James Buchanan

Succeeded by

Andrew Johnson

Born

February 12, 1809 Hardin County, Kentucky (now in LaRue County, Kentucky)

Died

April 15, 1865 (aged 56) Washington, D.C.

Nationality

American

Political party

Republican

Spouse

Mary Todd Lincoln

Height

6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)

Signature

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States. He served as president from 1861 to 1865, during the American Civil War. After many Confederate forces had already surrendered and the war was ending, John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln. Lincoln has been remembered as the "Great Emancipator" because he worked to end slavery in the United States.[1]

Life Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in Hardin County (now LaRue County), Kentucky. His parents were Thomas Lincoln, a farmer, and Nancy Hanks. His family was poor.[2] Abraham had one brother and one sister. His brother died in childhood. They grew up in a small log cabin house, with just one room inside. Although slavery was legal in Kentucky at that time, Lincoln's father, who was a religious Baptist, refused to own any slaves. When Lincoln was seven years old, his family moved to Indiana, and later to Illinois.[3] In his childhood he helped his father on the farm, but when he was 22 years old he left home and moved to New Salem, Illinois, where he worked in a general store.[4] Later, he said that he had gone to school for just one year, but that was enough to learn how to

Abraham Lincoln read, write, and do simple math. In 1842, he married Mary Todd Lincoln. They had four children, but three of them died when they were very young.[5] Abraham Lincoln was sometimes called Abe Lincoln or "Honest Abe". The nickname "Honest Abe" came from a time when he started a business that failed. Instead of running away like many people would have, he stayed and worked to pay off his debt.[6] He has also been called the "Great Emancipator" because of his work to end slavery in the United States. In 1863, he declared that all slaves held in the rebellious Confederate States were free.[1] He also sponsored the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Ratified in 1865, nine months after his assassination, that amendment completely outlawed slavery in the United States.

Early political career Lincoln started his political career in 1832 when he ran for the Illinois General Assembly, but he lost the election. He served as a captain in the army during the Black Hawk War, a war with Native American tribes. When he moved to Springfield in 1837, he began to work as a lawyer. Soon, he became one of the most highly respected lawyers in Illinois.[7] [8] In 1837, as a member of the Illinois General Assembly, Lincoln issued a written protest of its passage of a resolution stating that slavery could not be abolished in Washington, D.C.[9] [10] In 1841, he won a court case (Bailey v. Cromwell), representing a black woman who claimed she had already been freed and could not be sold as a slave. In 1847, he lost a case (Matson v. Rutherford) representing a slave owner (Robert Matson) claiming return of fugitive slaves. In 1846, Lincoln joined the Whig Party and was elected to one term in the House of Representatives. After that, he ignored his political career and instead became a very good railroad lawyer. In 1854, in reaction to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Lincoln became involved in politics again. He joined the Republican Party, which had recently been formed in opposition to the expansion of slavery. In 1858, he wanted to become senator; although this was unsuccessful, the debates drew national attention to him.[11] The Republican Party nominated him for the Presidential election of 1860.

Presidency Lincoln was chosen as a candidate for the elections in 1860 for different reasons. Among these reasons were that his views on slavery were less extreme than those of other people who wanted to be candidates. Lincoln was from what was then one of the Western states, and had a bigger chance of winning the election there. Other candidates that were older or more experienced than him had enemies inside the party.[12] [13] Lincoln's family was poor, which added to the Republican position of free labor, the opposite of slave labor. Lincoln won the election in 1860, and was made the 16th President of the United States. He won with almost no votes in the South. For the first time, a president had won the election because of the large support he got from the states in the North.[13]

Lincoln and the Civil War After Lincoln's election, seven States (South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Texas and Louisiana) formed the Confederate States of America, which led to the American Civil War. Later, four more states (Arkansas, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina) joined the Confederacy for a total of eleven. In his whole period as President, he had to rebuild the Union with military force and many bloody battles. He also had to stop the "border states", like Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland, from leaving the Union and joining the Confederacy. Lincoln was not a general, and had only been in the army for a short time during the Black Hawk War.[14] However, he still took a major role in the war, often spending days and days in the War Department. His plan was to cut off the South by surrounding it with ships, control the Mississippi River, and take Richmond, the Confederate capital. He often clashed with generals in the field, especially George B. McClellan, and fired generals who lost battles or were not aggressive enough. Eventually, he made Ulysses S. Grant the top general in the army.

Abraham Lincoln

Emancipation Proclamation With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, Lincoln ordered the freedom of all slaves in those states still in rebellion during the American Civil War. It did not actually immediately free all those slaves however, since those areas were still controlled by the rebelling states of the Confederacy. Only a small number of slaves already behind Union lines were immediately freed. As the Union army advanced, nearly all four million slaves were effectively freed. Some former slaves joined the Union army. The Proclamation also did not free slaves in the slave states that had remained loyal to the Union (the federal government of the US). Neither did it apply to areas where Union forces had already regained control.[1] Until the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1865, only the states had power to end slavery within their own borders, so Lincoln issued the proclamation as a war measure. The Proclamation made freeing the slaves a Union goal for the war, and put an end to movements in European nations (especially in Great Britain and France) that would have recognized the Confederacy as an independent nation. Lincoln then sponsored a constitutional amendment to free all slaves. The Thirteenth Amendment, making slavery illegal everywhere in the United States, was passed late in 1865, eight months after Lincoln was assassinated.

Gettysburg Address Lincoln made a famous speech after the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 called the Gettysburg Address. The battle was very important, and many soldiers from both sides died. The speech was given when they built the cemetery for the dead soldiers. It is one of the most famous speeches in American history.[15]

Second term and assassination Lincoln was reelected president in 1864. He proposed laws to make the nation become one again quickly. While attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., Lincoln was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth. He was the first American president to be assassinated.[16]

References [1] "Lincoln" (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ ynhti/ curriculum/ units/ 1985/ 5/ 85. 05. 03. x. html). Yale University. . Retrieved 2009-08-22. [2] Thornton, Brian; Richard W. Donley (October 31, 2005) (in English). 101 things you didn't know about Lincoln: loves and losses, political power. Adams Media. ISBN 9781593373993. [3] "Lincoln Trail Homestead State Park" (http:/ / showcase. netins. net/ web/ creative/ lincoln/ sites/ decaturock. htm). Abraham Lincoln Online. . Retrieved 2008-05-21. [4] Fehrenbacher, Don (1989). Speeches and Writings 1859-1865 (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=UWJStTs8-A4C& dq=lincoln+ canoe+ sangamon+ river& source=gbs_summary_s& cad=0). Library of America. p. 163. . [5] Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). Team of Rivals. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc.. [6] White, Jr., Ronald C. (2009). A. Lincoln: A Biography. Random House, Inc. ISBN 9781400064991 [7] Frank, John (1991). Lincoln as a Lawyer. Americana House. ISBN 0962529028. [8] "Biography of Lincoln" (http:/ / www. quotablelincoln. com/ lincoln2_books. php). Quotable Lincoln. . Retrieved 2009-08-28. [9] "Lincoln on Slavery" (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ liho/ historyculture/ slavery. htm). . Retrieved 2009-NOV-15. [10] "Protest in Illinois Legislature on Slavery" (http:/ / quod. lib. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ text-idx?c=lincoln;cc=lincoln;type=simple;rgn=div1;q1=founded on both injustice and bad policy;view=text;subview=detail;sort=occur;idno=lincoln1;node=lincoln1:101). University of Michigan Library. 1937-03-03. . Retrieved 2009-NOV-15. [11] Lincoln, Abraham (June 1858). "A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand" (http:/ / www. nationalcenter. org/ HouseDivided. html). National Center for Public Policy Research. . Retrieved 2008-05-21. [12] Boritt, Gabor S. (1997). Why the Civil War Came. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–30. ISBN 0195113764. [13] Blum, John M. (1981). Team of Rivals. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 340—342. [14] " Captain Abraham Lincoln (http:/ / www. il. ngb. army. mil/ Museum/ HistPeople/ Lincoln. htm)", Illinois State Military Museum, Illinois National Guard, accessed April 12, 2009. [15] "Outline of U.S. History" (http:/ / www. america. gov/ st/ educ-english/ 2008/ April/ 20080407120920eaifas0. 4535639. html). United States Department of State. p. 73. . Retrieved 2009-01-03. [16] Swanson, James (2006). Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780060518493.

Abraham Lincoln

Other websites • • • • •

The Lincoln Institute (http://www.abrahamlincoln.org) Abraham Lincoln Research Site (http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln2.html) Abraham Lincoln Assassination (http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln.html) A One Page Summary of Abraham Lincoln's Life (http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln77.html) Lincoln's White House biography (http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/al16.html)

Jefferson Davis Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865, during the American Civil War.

Ulysses S. Grant

Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant

18th President of the United States In office March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1877 Vice President Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873); Henry Wilson (1873–1875) Preceded by

Andrew Johnson

Succeeded by

Rutherford B. Hayes

Born

April 27, 1822 Point Pleasant, Ohio

Died

July 23, 1885 Mount McGregor, New York

Nationality

american

Political party

Republican

Spouse

Julia Dent Grant

Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 - July 23, 1885[1] ), born Hiram Ulysses Grant, was the general whom many think won the American Civil War and later became the 18th President of the United States (1869-1877). Before becoming the president, he was an officer in the Union Army. He fought in the Mexican War and became a general at the start of the Civil War. He served as head of the Army of Tennessee and won victories at Shiloh, Vicksburg and Chattanooga. He became the top general in the Union Army from 1864 to 1865 and fought several battles against Robert E. Lee. Since he was able to do well fighting in the American Civil War, he gained popularity which helped him to become president. Even though he was a respected general and supported civil rights for African Americans, historians criticize his presidency because he appointed his friends into high political positions and tolerated their corruption (even though Grant himself was innocent). After his presidency, Grant was poor and was suffering from throat cancer. He wrote a book about his life that sold millions of copies.

Ulysses S. Grant

References [1] britannica.com (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9037734/ Ulysses-S-Grant)

Other websites â&#x20AC;˘ Grant's White House biography (http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ug18.html)

Robert E. Lee Robert Edward Lee (1807-1870) was a Confederate States of America army general. He led the Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War, and is still considered one of America's greatest generals. He started out as a engineer but then moved up the ranks. Before the Civl War, Lee was an officer in the Mexican-American War. He was also head of West Point, and led the troops that caught John Brown. He was born on January 19, 1807. He lived in Arlington, Virginia on the land that is now Arlington National Cemetery.

General Robert E. Lee

Richmond, Virginia

Richmond, Virginia Richmond, Virginia

Flag Nickname(s): River City, Cap City, RVA, The 804 Motto: Sic dic Itur Ad Astra (Thus do we reach the stars)

Richmond, Virginia Coordinates: 37°31′58.8″N 77°28′1.2″W37.533°N 77.467°W Country

United States

State

Virginia

County

Independent City

Government - Mayor

L. Douglas Wilder (I)

Area - City

62.5 sq mi (162.0 km2)

- Land

60.1 sq mi (155.6 km2)

- Water

2.5 sq mi (6.4 km2)

Elevation

150 ft (45.7 m)

[1]

Richmond, Virginia

13 Population (2010) - City

204,214

- Density

3399.1/sq mi (1312.4/km2)

- Urban

1,045,250

- Metro

1,194,008

Time zone

EST (UTC-5)

- Summer (DST)

EDT (UTC-4)

Area code(s)

804

Website

http:/ / www. ci. richmond. va. us/

Richmond is the capital city of the state of Virginia, in the United States of America. Richmond was founded in 1737 by settlers from England. Much of the American Civil War was fought near Richmond, because Richmond was the capital of the Confederate States of America. Today, Richmond has a population of about 204,000 people, with more than a million people in the area around Richmond. Tobacco businesses were a large part of the early Richmond economy.

References [1] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Richmond%2C_Virginia& params=37_31_58. 8_N_77_28_1. 2_W_type:city_region:US-VA

Battle of Gettysburg

Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Gettysburg Part of the American Civil War

The battle of Gettysburg, Pa. July 3d., 1863, by Currier and Ives Date

July 1–3, 1863

Location Adams County, Pennsylvania Result

[1]

Union victory

Belligerents United States (Union)

CSA (Confederacy)

Commanders George G. Meade

Robert E. Lee Strength

[2]

[3]

93,921

71,699

Casualties and losses 23,055

23,231

(3,155 killed 14,531 wounded [4] 5,369 captured/missing)

(4,708 killed 12,693 wounded [5] 5,830 captured/missing)

The Battle of Gettysburg (locally IPA: /ˈɡɛtɨsbɜrɡ/, with an ss sound),[6] was fought July 1–3, 1863. The battle took place in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War.[7] Gettysburg is often called the war's turning point.[8] Union Major General George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac stopped attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. This ended Lee's invasion of the North. Lee's army won an important battle at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863. He then led his army through the Shenandoah Valley. His plan was to start his second invasion of the North (named the Gettysburg Campaign). Lee hoped to change the area of the summer from northern Virginia. He hoped to force Northern politicians to give up the war by going as far as Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, or even Philadelphia. President Abraham Lincoln told Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker to have the Union army follow Lee's army. Lincoln took Hooker's job away three days before the Battle of Gettysburg. Gen. Meade replaced Hooker. Parts of the two armies first fought at Gettysburg on July 1, 1863. Lee quickly moved much of his army there. He hoped to fight the Union army and destroy it. Union Brig. Gen. John Buford defended low ridges in the northwest of town at first. Two corps of Union infantry came to defend this area as well. However, two large Confederate corps

Battle of Gettysburg attacked them from the northwest and north. This broke apart the weaker Union lines. The defenders retreating through the streets of town to the hills just to the south. On the second day of battle, most of both armies had arrived. The Union line was put in a defensive formation that looked like a fishhook. In the late afternoon of July 2, Lee started a heavy attack on the Union left side. Fights were held at Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Devil's Den, and the Peach Orchard. On the Union right, demonstrations became big attacks on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. All across the battlefield, the Union defenders held their lines, but lost a lot of soldiers. On the third day of battle, July 3, fighting took place on Culp's Hill. Cavalry battles occurred to the east and south. The main part of the battle was an infantry assault by 12,500 Confederates against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. This attack is known as Pickett's Charge. The charge was stopped by Union rifle and artillery fire. Many Confederate soldiers died in this attack. Lee led his army on a tough retreat back to Virginia. Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three-day battle. That November, a cemetery for the dead Union soldiers was opened at the Gettysburg National Cemetery. President Lincoln spoke the Gettysburg Address at the ceremony to open the cemetery and honor the dead soldiers.

July 1 Confederate infantry attacked the Union cavalry, commanded by John Buford, around 5:30 am on Herr Ridge. Buford would run back to McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge as the Confederate forces marched in more men. Buford would get more men later in the day and would be allowed to leave with his division. Buford slowed down the Confederate attack long enough for Union forces to set up a defense on Cemetery Ridge. That night, Confederate General Richard Ewell was given orders to take Culp’s Hill if possible. Ewell was too careful and decided not to take the hill. The Union took the hill and set up defense. This was the first major mistake of the battle for South. The Army of the Potomac would end the day with around 21,900 men on Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Ridge. The Army of Northern Virginia would have around 27,000 men from Benner’s Hill to Seminary Ridge.

July 2 Both armies got more men over the night to begin the second day of action. General James Longstreet, commander of the I Corp of the Army of Northern Virginia, set his troops on the right of the Confederate line. Around 4 pm, his forces attacked the Union left. Earlier in the day, Major General Daniel Sickles, commander of the III Corp of the Army of the Potomac, moved his Corp forward to the Peach Orchard without orders to do so. When attacked in this position, they were killed. Sickles fell back to the Wheatfield. Meade quickly rushed 20,000 men to his left to aid Sickles and fight off Longstreet. Meade’s men would take up position in Devil’s Den. They would fall back and run the Union left on Cemetery Hill to Little Round Top. The Confederate forces drove back the Union left, but were unable to break it. They would have to fall back. They formed the Confederate right and ran the line from Seminary Ridge to Devil’s Den. At 7 pm, Ewell attacked Union forces commanded by General Henry Slocum on Culp’s Hill on the Union right. Ewell was forced to fall back because Union forces were too strong.

July 3 The night of July 2, Longstreet’s largest division commanded by General George Pickett arrived and was placed in the center of the Confederate line. Lee’s plan was to attack on both the Union right and left as the day before. Around 4 am, fighting broke out on the Union right as Slocum attacked Ewell’s forces that had taken some ground on Culp’s Hill the day before. This fighting ended around 11 am with no winner. This changed Lee’s plans. Now he was going to attack the union center with cannons and move across three quarters of a mile across open ground. He would use three divisions; General George Pickett, General Isaac Trimble, and General James Pettigrew. The three divisions amounted to around 13,000 men. At 1 pm, around 170 Confederate cannons opened fire. After two hours, the attack

Battle of Gettysburg began. Confederate forces broke the Union center, commanded By General Winfield Hancock, for a just a moment at The Angle. This was the closest the Confederacy ever got to winning the war. This point of the battle is called the “High Water Mark” for this reason. Hancock would get more men and drive back the attack. Pickett’s division was killed. At the end of the battle, Lee ordered Pickett to gather his division and get ready to fight against a Union attack. Pickett said, “General Lee, I have no division.” Lee knew he was defeated and took his men back to Virginia on July 4.

Aftermath Both the Confederate and Union forces had more than 23,000 casualties apiece. The battle took more American lives than any other battle in United States history. Gettysburg is still the largest battle to ever be fought on American soil. The Union victory over the Confederacy ended Lee’s invasion of the north. Lee would never try to invade the Union again. The Army of Northern Virginia would never get their strength back. Lee never had more than 51,000 men the rest of the war. Numbers from the Union forces wore down Lee and his army. This is why Gettysburg is said to be the turning point of the American Civil War.

References [1] Coddington, p. 573. See the discussion regarding historians' judgment on whether Gettysburg should be considered a decisive victory. [2] Busey and Martin, p. 125: "Engaged strength" at the battle was 93,921. [3] Busey and Martin, p. 260, state that "engaged strength" at the battle was 71,699; McPherson, p. 648, lists the strength at the start of the campaign as 75,000. [4] Busey and Martin, p. 125. [5] Busey and Martin, p. 260. See the section on casualties for a discussion of alternative Confederate casualty estimates, which have been cited as high as 28,000. [6] Robert D. Quigley, Civil War Spoken Here: A Dictionary of Mispronounced People, Places and Things of the 1860's (Collingswood, NJ: C. W. Historicals, 1993), p. 68. ISBN 0-9637745-0-6. [7] The Battle of Antietam, the end of Lee's first invasion of the North, had the largest number of casualties in a single day, about 23,000. [8] Rawley, p. 147; Sauers, p. 827; Gallagher, Lee and His Army, p. 83; McPherson, p. 665; Eicher, p. 550. Gallagher and McPherson cite the combination of Gettysburg and Vicksburg as the turning point. Eicher uses the arguably related expression, "High-water mark of the Confederacy".

Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation was an order by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. It ordered the freedom of all slaves in the states still in rebellion during the American Civil War. It did not actually immediately free all those slaves, because those areas were still controlled by the Confederacy. It did, however, come into effect as the Union army advanced into the Confederate states. This made the Civil War a war of emancipation. Slave states that had remained loyal to the Union (the Border States) did not have to free their slaves. It did apply to areas where Union forces already controlled. Until the U.S. Constitution was amended in 1865, only the states had power to end slavery within their own borders, so Lincoln issued the proclamation as a war measure in his role as commander-in-chief.

The Proclamation The Proclamation was issued in two parts. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln said that in 100 days, he would free all slaves in areas not then under Union control. On January 1, 1863, he named the areas to which the proclamation would then apply. The five border states where slavery was still legal were exempt because they had remained loyal to the Union and were not in rebellion. Tennessee and the vicinity of New Orleans were exempt because Union forces had already regained control there. “[…] all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do not act to repress such persons […]” “Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana [except some named parishes], Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia [and some other counties in VA])”[1] Only a small number of slaves already behind Union lines were immediately freed. As Union forces advanced, nearly all four million slaves were effectively freed. Some former slaves joined the Union army. Before the war was over, some of the exempted border states ended slavery within their own borders. While the Proclamation had freed slaves, it had not made slavery illegal. Thus, Lincoln sponsored a constitutional amendment to ban slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment, making slavery illegal everywhere in the United States, was passed late in 1865, eight months after Lincoln was assassinated.

References [1] http:/ / www. archives. gov/ exhibits/ featured_documents/ emancipation_proclamation/ transcript. html

Gettysburg Address

Gettysburg Address To read the Gettysburg Address, see Gettysburg Address at Wikisource The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. It was delivered on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863. This speech was made during the American Civil War, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. This was four-and-a-half months after the Union armies had a victory over those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg. The address is one of the greatest speeches in the history of the United States. Lincoln spoke of how humans were equal as it said in the Declaration of Independence. He also said the Civil War was a fight not simply for the Union, but "a new birth of freedom" that would make everyone truly equal in one united nation. The speech famously begins with "Four score and seven years ago", referring to the American Revolution in 1776. Lincoln used the ceremony at Gettysburg to encourage the people to help America's democracy, so that the "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish (be destroyed) from the earth". The speech is very important in the popular culture of the United States. However, people are not sure about the exact words of the speech. The five known manuscripts of the Gettysburg Address are different from one another in some details. They are also different from the words of the Gettysburg Address that have been printed in modern newspapers.

An early twentieth century poster showing a portrait of Abraham Lincoln above the words of the Gettysburg address

Background About 172,000 American soldiers fought in the Battle of Gettysburg from July 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3, 1863. The Battle of Gettysburg was an important influence on the American Civil War[1] and on the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,[2] where only 2,400 people lived.[2] The battlefield had more than 7,500 bodies of dead soldiers and 5,000 horses.[3] Sarah Broadhead, a wife and mother living in the town, feared that they would "be visited with pestilence".[4] Eliza Farnham, a nurse, called the place "one vast hospital".[4] An army medical officer spoke similarly: "The ... ten days following the battle of Gettysburg was ... the greatest amount of human suffering known in this nation since its birth".[4]

Union soldiers dead at Gettysburg, photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan, July 5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6, 1863

Gettysburg Address

The people of Gettysburg wanted to bury the dead properly. At first, they planned to buy land for a cemetery and ask the families of the dead to pay for the burial. However, David Willis, a rich 32-year-old lawyer, did not like this idea. He wrote to the Governor of Pennsylvania, Andrew Gregg Curtin, asking that a National Cemetery be supported by the states. Wills was allowed to buy 17 acres (69,000 m²) for a cemetery to honor the people who died in the battle. He paid $2,475.87 for the land.[5] At first, Wills wanted to dedicate this new cemetery on Wednesday, October 23. He asked Edward Everett to be the main speaker.[6] [7] Everett was a very famous orator at that time.[8] He had also served as Secretary of State, U.S. Senator, U.S. Representative, Governor of Massachusetts, president of Harvard University, and Vice Presidential candidate.[6] However, Everett replied that he would not be able to prepare a good speech so quickly, and wanted to move the date of the dedication. The organizing committee agreed, and the dedication was moved to Thursday, November 19.[9]

Letter of David Wills asking Abraham Lincoln to make a few remarks. It also notes that Edward Everett would deliver the oration.

Wills and the event committee then asked President Lincoln to join in the ceremony. Wills' letter said, "It is the desire that, ... you, as Chief Executive of the nation, formally (officially) set apart these grounds ... by a few appropriate (proper) remarks".[10] Lincoln was officially asked to join only 17 days before the ceremony, while Everett had received his invitation 40 days earlier. "Although there is some evidence Lincoln expected Wills's letter, its late date makes the author (writer) appear presumptuous ... Seventeen days was extraordinarily (remarkably) short notice for presidential participation even by nineteenth-century standards".[11] Also, Wills's letter "made it equally clear to the president that he would have only a small part in the ceremonies".[11]

Lincoln came by train to Gettysburg on November 18. He spent the night in Wills's house on the Gettysburg town square. There, he finished the speech he had written in Washington, D.C.[12] There is a popular story that Lincoln completed his address on the train on the back of an envelope, but it is not true.[6] [13] There are several early copies on Executive Mansion paper, and reports of Lincoln finishing his speech while he was a guest of David Wills at Gettysburg. On the morning of November 19 at 9:30 a.m., Lincoln, riding a brown horse,[14] [15] joined the townspeople, and widows marching out to the grounds to be dedicated. About 15,000 people went to the ceremony. This included the governors of six of the 24 Union states. They were Andrew Gregg Curtin of Pennsylvania, Augustus Bradford of Maryland, Oliver P. Morton of Indiana, Horatio Seymour of New York, Joel Parker of New Jersey, and David Tod of Ohio.[16] Canadian politician William McDougall came as Lincoln's guest.[17] Historians do not agree about the exact place where the dedication ceremony was held inside the cemetery.[18] Moving all the bodies to the graves in the cemetery was less than half complete on the day of the ceremony.[6]

Gettysburg Address

Political importance By August 1863, millions of people had been killed or hurt because of Civil War battles. This made people in the North begin to dislike Lincoln and the war.[19] Lincoln's 1863 drafts were not popular, and people became angriest with them around the time of the New York Draft Riots. This was just ten days after the Battle of Gettysburg. In September 1863, Pennsylvania's Governor Curtin told Lincoln that people were turning against the war effort:[20] If the election were to occur now, the result would be extremely doubtful (not sure), and although most of our discreet friends are sanguine of the result, my impression is, the chances would be against us. The draft is very odious in the State... the Democratic leaders have succeeded in exciting prejudice and passion, and have infused their poison into the minds of the people to a very large extent, and the changes are against us. In the summer of 1864, Lincoln was worried that the people's bad feelings would make him fail the Presidential election.[21] In the fall of 1863, he grew very concerned about keeping up the Union's spirits toward the war effort. That was the greatest purpose of Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg.[21]

Program and Everett's "Gettysburg Oration" The program organized for that day by Wills and his committee included:[10] • Music, by Birgfield's Band • Prayer, by Reverend T.H. Stockton, D.D. • Music, by the Marine Band • Oration, by Hon. Edward Everett • Music, Hymn made by B.B. French, Esq. • Dedicatory Remarks, by the President of the United States • Dirge, sung by a chosen Choir • Benediction, by Reverend H.L. Baugher, D.D. Lincoln's short speech became known in history as one of the best examples of English public speeches. Everett's two-hour oration was called the "Gettysburg address" that day, but his oration is not well-known today.[6] [22] It began: "Standing beneath this serene sky, overlooking these broad fields now reposing from the labors of the waning year, the mighty Alleghenies dimly towering before us, the graves of our brethren beneath our feet, it is with hesitation that I raise my poor voice to break the ... silence of God and Nature. But the duty ... must be performed; — grant me, I pray you, ... your sympathy".[22]

Edward Everett delivered a two-hour oration before Lincoln's few minutes of Dedicatory Remarks.

It ended two hours later with: "But they, I am sure, will join us in saying, as we bid farewell to the dust of these martyr-heroes, that ... in the glorious annals of our common country, there will be no brighter page than that which relates the Battles of Gettysburg".[23]

Gettysburg Address

Text of Gettysburg Address After Everett finished his speech, Lincoln spoke for two or three minutes.[24] Lincoln's "few appropriate remarks"[6] summarized the war in ten sentences. Lincoln's speech is very important in history, but modern scholars do not agree about the words of the speech. There are many different modern versions printed in newspaper accounts of the event.[25] [26] Among these, the Bliss version, written some time after the speech for a friend, is seen by lots of people as the most reliable text.[27] Its text is different, however, from the written versions prepared by Lincoln before and after his speech. It is the only version Lincoln put his signature on. It is also the last he is known to have written.[27] Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived (started, made) in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

“

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

”

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate...we can not consecrate...we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract (take away). The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve (decide) that these dead shall not have died in vain (for nothing)—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Lincoln's sources

Detail of Elihu Vedder's mural Government (1896), in the Library of Congress. The title figure has a tablet with the words of Lincoln's famous phrase on it.

In Lincoln at Gettysburg, Garry Wills notes the similarity between Lincoln's speech and Pericles's Funeral Oration during the Peloponnesian War (James McPherson[28] and Gore Vidal[29] also note this). Pericles' speech begins with remembering honored people: "I shall begin with our ancestors: it is both just and proper that they should have the honour of the first mention on an occasion like the present". This is very much like the Gettysburg Address's famous beginning. In the Gettysburg Address, Lincoln had begun by speaking of how "our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation". He then praises their State's firm democracy: "If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all". He honors the dead's sacrifice: "Thus choosing to die resisting, rather than to live submitting, they fled only from dishonour, but met danger face to face". He also warmly encourages the living to continue to fight for true democracy: "You, their survivors, must determine to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier issue".[28]

[30]

But writer Adam Gopnik felt differently. In The New Yorker, he said that Everett's Oration was openly neoclassical. For example, Everett spoke directly about Marathon and Pericles. But he said that "Lincoln’s rhetoric is, instead, deliberately Biblical". He added that it is hard to find any obviously classical references in all of his speeches. Gopnik felt that "Lincoln had mastered the sound of the King James Bible so completely that he could recast (make again) abstract issues of constitutional law in Biblical terms (words from the Bible), making the proposition (suggestion) that Texas and New Hampshire should be forever bound by a single post office sound like something right out of Genesis".[25]

Gettysburg Address

There are many theories about where Lincoln's expression of "government of the people, by the people, for the people" came from. In The American Monthly Review of Reviews,[31] it is suggested that the writings of William Herndon, Lincoln's law partner, much influenced Lincoln. William Herndon wrote in Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of A Great Life that he had brought some of the sermons of abolitionist minister Theodore Parker to Lincoln, who had been moved by them. "I brought with me additional sermons and lectures of Theodore Parker, who was warm in his commendation of Lincoln. One of these was a lecture on 'The Effect of Slavery on the American People' ... which I gave to Lincoln, who read and returned it (gave it back). He liked especially the ... expression, which he marked with a pencil, and which he ... afterwards used in his Gettysburg Address: 'Democracy is direct self-government, over all the people, for all the people, by all the people.'" [32]

Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of A Great Life

Craig R. Smith, In "Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity", suggested that the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the speech of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster. In his "Second Reply to Hayne", Webster had famously cried out, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"![33] In this 1830 speech, Webster had also described the Federal Government as "made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people". This expression was very similar to Lincoln's "government of the people, by the people, for the people."[34] Webster also said, "This government ... is the independent offspring of the popular will. It is not the creature of State legislatures ... if the whole truth must be told, the people brought it into existence, established it, and have hitherto (until now) supported it, for the very purpose, amongst others, of imposing certain salutary restraints on State sovereignties".[34] Wills was interested in how Lincoln used the ideas of birth, life, and death. Lincoln had described the nation as "brought forth", "conceived", and that shall not "perish".[35] Others, such as Allen C. Guelzo,[36] suggested that Lincoln's expression "four score and seven" was about the King James Version of the Bible's Psalms 90:10. There, man's life is described as "threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years".[37] [38]

Five manuscripts Each of the five manuscript copies of the Gettysburg Address are named for the person who received it from Lincoln. Lincoln gave a copy to each of his private secretaries, John Nicolay and John Hay. Both were written around the time of his November 19 address. The other three copies of the address (the Everett, Bancroft, and Bliss copies) were written a long time after November 19.[39] They were written by Lincoln for charitable purposes.[39] [40] The Bliss copy has become the most widely accepted text of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.[41] This is partly because Lincoln gave it a title and signed and dated it.[41] There has been some controversy about the two earliest drafts of the Address. Lincoln's son, Robert Todd Lincoln, made Nicolay and Hay the legal guardians of Lincoln's papers in 1874.[13] The Nicolay Copy appeared as a copy in an article written by Nicolay in 1894. After that, it was thought to be among the papers passed to Hay by Nicolay's daughter Helen when Nicolay died in 1901. Robert Lincoln began a search for the first copy in 1908. He discovered a handwritten copy of the Gettysburg Address among the papers of John Hayâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a copy now known as the "Hay Draft".[13] The Hay Draft was different from the Gettysburg Address printed by Nicolay in 1894 in many important ways. For example, it was written on a different kind of paper, had a different number of words on every line, had a different number of lines, and had corrections in Lincoln's handwriting.[13] Both the Hay and Nicolay copies of the Address are inside the Library of Congress. They are inside specially designed, temperature-controlled, sealed containers with argon gas. This is to protect the documents from oxidation.[42]

Gettysburg Address

Nicolay Copy The Nicolay Copy is often called the "first draft". This is because it is thought to be the earliest copy that exists.[43] [44] Scholars are not sure if the Nicolay Copy was actually the copy Lincoln read from at Gettysburg on November 19. In an 1894 article, Nicolay wrote that Lincoln had brought to Gettysburg the first part of the speech written in ink. Nicolay also said that Lincoln had written the second page in pencil on lined paper before November 19.[43] Matching folds can still be seen on the two pages, suggesting it could be the copy that eyewitnesses say Lincoln took from his coat pocket and read at the ceremony.[44] [45] But some of the words and expressions in the Nicolay Copy do not match modern transcriptions of Lincoln's speech. Because of this, some people believe that the text used at Gettysburg has been lost.[46] The words "under God", for example, are missing in this copy from the phrase "that this nation (under God) shall have a new birth of freedom..." If the Nicolay draft was the copy Lincoln read from, either the modern transcriptions are not correct, or Lincoln spoke differently from his written text several times. John Nicolay kept this copy of the Gettysburg Address until he died in 1901. When he died, it was passed on to his friend John Hay.[13] It is on permanent display as part of the American Treasures exhibition of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.[47]

Hay Copy In 1906, it was first announced that the Hay Copy had been discovered. It had been found among the papers of John Hay when people were searching for the "original manuscript" of the Address.[13] There are some important differences from the copy of the Address described by John Hay in his article. There are many important words taken out and added by Lincoln's own handwriting, which often changed the basic meaning of the sentence. In this copy, like in the Nicolay Copy, the words "under God" are not there. This version has been described as "the most inexplicable" of the drafts.[44] It is sometimes referred to as the "second draft".[44] [48] The "Hay Copy" was probably made on the morning of the delivery of the Address. It could also have been made shortly after Lincoln came back to Washington. The people who believe it was completed on the morning of his address note that it has some expressions that are not in the first draft but are in the reports of the address and in later copies by Lincoln. It is likely, they say, that Lincoln used this copy when he delivered the address.[49] Lincoln later gave this copy to his other secretary, John Hay. Hay's descendants gave it and the Nicolay Copy to the Library of Congress in 1916.[50]

Everett Copy The Everett Copy is also known as the "Everett-Keyes Copy". It was sent by President Lincoln to Edward Everett in early 1864. Everett, who was collecting the speeches at the Gettysburg dedication into one book to sell for hurt soldiers at New York's Sanitary Commission Fair, had asked for it. The Illinois State Historical Library in Springfield, Illinois has it on display.[49] It is in the Treasures Gallery of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.

Bancroft Copy The Bancroft Copy of the Gettysburg Address was written by President Lincoln in February 1864. The famous historian George Bancroft, the "father of American History",[51] who wrote History of the United States, had asked him to write it for him.[52] Bancroft wanted to put this copy in Autograph Leaves of Our Country's Authors and sell it at a Soldiers' and Sailors' Sanitary Fair in Baltimore. But Lincoln wrote on both sides of the paper, so he could not use it for this purpose.[53] Therefore, Bancroft was allowed to keep it.[54] This copy was kept by the Bancroft family for many years. Then, it was sold to different dealers and bought by Nicholas and Marguerite Lilly Notes.[55] They donated it to Cornell in 1949. It is now kept by the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections in the Carl A. Kroch Library at Cornell University.[49] Among the five copies, it is the only one to be privately owned.[56]

Gettysburg Address

Bliss Copy When Lincoln found that his fourth written copy could not be used, he wrote a fifth copy. The Bliss Copy was named for Colonel Alexander Bliss, Bancroft's stepson.[53] It is not known if Lincoln made any more copies. Lincoln wrote this copy with much care. He gave it a titleâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;"Address delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg"â&#x20AC;&#x201D;and signed and dated this copy.[53] In fact, it was the only copy of the Gettysburg Address he signed. Partly because of this, it has become the most well-known version of the Gettysburg Address.[41] It is the source of most modern copies of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.[41] Today, this copy hangs in the Lincoln Room of the White House. It is a present from Oscar B. Cintas, who used to be a Cuban Ambassador to the United States.[49] Cintas liked to collect art and manuscripts. He had bought the Bliss Copy for $54,000 at a public auction in 1949. It "set a new high record for the sale of a document at public auction".[53] [57] The Castro government claimed Cintas' properties after it became powerful in 1959. But Cintas, who died in 1957, had willed the Gettysburg Address to the American people, if it would be kept at the White House. It was moved there in 1959, and is still there today.[53]

Others Another source of the Gettysburg Address is the copy from the Associated Press. It was copied from the notes taken by reporter Joseph L. Gilbert. It is different from the drafted words in a few ways.[58] [59]

Contemporary sources and reaction

Gettysburg Address

Eyewitnesses reports about Lincoln's performance are various. In 1931, 87-year-old Mrs. Sarah A. Cooke Myers suggested that there was a dignified silence after Lincoln finished his speech. She had been there when she was 19 years old. "I was close to the President and heard all of the Address, but it seemed short. Then there was an impressive silence like our Menallen Friends Meeting. There was no applause when he stopped speaking".[60] Historian Shelby Foote said that the applause, which came after a long time, was "barely polite".[61] But the governor of Pennsylvania, Curtin, said, "He pronounced (said) that speech in a voice that all the multitude (people) heard. The crowd was hushed into silence because the President stood before them ... It was so Impressive! It was the common remark of everybody. Such a speech, as they said it was!"[18] There is a story that Lincoln turned to his bodyguard Ward Hill Lamon and said that his speech "won't scour (wouldn't be successful)". Garry Wills argued that this story was not true. He said that Lamon was the only person who remembered this remark, and that it was not reliable.[10] Garry Wills felt that "[Lincoln] had done what he wanted to do [at Gettysburg]". The following day, Everett wrote a letter to Lincoln. In the letter, he praised the President for his speech, saying, "I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central (main) idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes".[62] Lincoln replied that he was glad the speech was not a "total (complete) failure".[62]

The New York Times article from November 20, 1863, reports that Lincoln's speech was interrupted five times by applause and was [16] followed by "long continued applause".

Other public reaction to the speech was different according to each party. The Democratic Chicago Times said, "The cheek of every American must tingle with shame as he reads the silly, flat and dishwatery utterances (remarks) of the man who has to be pointed out to intelligent foreigners as the President of the United States". However, the Republican New York Times praised the speech.[16] The Springfield, MA. Republican newspaper printed the entire speech, calling it "a perfect gem" that was "deep in feeling, compact (simple) in thought and expression, and tasteful and elegant in every word and comma". The Republican said that Lincoln's short remarks would "repay further study as the model speech".[63]

Audio memories William R. Rathvon is the only known eyewitness of the Gettysburg Address to have left an audio recording of what he remembered.[64] One year before he died in 1939, Rathvon's remarks were recorded on February 12, 1938. It included his reading the address itself. The title of the record was "I Heard Lincoln That Day - William R. Rathvon, TR Productions". The National Public Radio (NPR) discovered a copy during a "Quest for Sound" project in 1999.[65] [66] NPR allows people to hear the record around Lincoln's birthday.

Photographs The only known and confirmed photograph of Lincoln at Gettysburg[67] was taken by David Bachrach.[68] It was identified in the Mathew Brady collection of photographic plates in 1952. Lincoln's speech was short, but he and others sat for hours during the rest of the program. Because Everett's speech was very long, and because it took a long time for 19th century photographers to prepare for taking a picture, it is likely that photographers were not prepared for how short Lincoln's speech was. In 2006, John Richter identified two more photographs in the Library

Gettysburg Address

of Congress collection.[69]

"Under God" The Nicolay and Hay copies do not have the words "under God", but they appear in the three later copies (Everett, Bancroft, and Bliss). So, some skeptics suggest that Lincoln did not say "under God" at Gettysburg.[70] [71] Yet at least three reporters telegraphed the words of the Gettysburg Address with the words "under God" included. Historian William E. Barton says:[72] "Every stenographic report, good, bad and indifferent (poor), says 'that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom.' There was no common source from which all the reporters could have obtained those words but from Lincoln's own lips at the time of delivery. It will not do to say that [Secretary of War] Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln's return to Washington, for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery". The reporters who were there at that time included Joseph Gilbert, Charles Hale,[73] John R. Young. There were also reporters from the Cincinnati Commercial,[74] New York Tribune,[75] and New York Times.[75] Charles Hale "had notebook and pencil in hand, [and] took down the slow-spoken words of the President".[76] "He took down what he declared was the exact language of Lincoln's address ... His associates confirmed his testimony, which was received, as it deserved to be at its face value".[77] Lincoln probably spoke differently from what he had prepared and added the expression when he was speaking.

Legacy The Gettysburg Address's importance in the history of the United States can be seen by the long time it has been a part of American culture. Popular works often refer to the Gettysburg Address as if expecting that the audience will know Lincoln's words. Many years have passed after the Address was delivered, but it is still one of the most famous speeches in American history.[78] Martin Luther King, Jr.'s famous speech of "I Have a Dream" spoke of the Gettysburg Address.[79] In August 1963, King spoke of President Lincoln and his well-known words: "Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This ... decree came as a great ... light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of ... injustice".

The words of the Gettysburg Address are carved into the south wall inside the Lincoln Memorial.

The Constitution of France spoke of France as a "gouvernement du peuple, par le peuple et pour le peuple" ("government of the people, by the people, and for the people"). This was a direct translation of Lincoln's words.[80] The address has become a part of American tradition. It is studied in schools[81] and warmly praised by writers. The Gettysburg Address shows an important interpretation of the Declaration of Independence that is still remembered and used. It is widely accepted as one of the most important documents in U.S. history, together with the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.[81] To this day, it is one of the most famous,[82] beloved, and most quoted of modern speeches.[81]

Gettysburg Address

References [1] Rawley, p. 147; Sauers, p. 827; McPherson, p. 665. McPherson cites the Gettysburg and Vicksburg as the turning point. [2] "Yes, there was a Gettysburg before the 1863 battle" (http:/ / www. gettysburg. com/ bog/ bogstora/ before. htm). Dobbin House, Inc.. 2006. . Retrieved November 27, 2007. [3] Busey and Martin, p. 125. Union/Confederate casualties: 3,155 killed/4,708 killed; 14,531 /12,693 wounded; 5,369/5,830 captured/missing. [4] Boritt, Gabor (2006). The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows Simon & Schuster. 432 pp. ISBN 0743288203 [5] Murphy, pp. 98–99. [6] "Gettysburg Address Information" (http:/ / www. gettysburg. com/ bog/ ga. htm). Dobbin House Inc.. 1996–2006. . Retrieved November 30, 2007. [7] "Lincoln Invited to Gettysburg to Consecrate a Civil War Cemetery,19 November 1863" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ exhibits/ gadd/ gainvi. html). Library of Congress. 10 January 2005. . Retrieved 2008-02-25. [8] Murphy, p.1: "Now, at the age of 69, [Everett] was one of America's most famous orators"; also Wilkinson, William Cleaver (1911). Daniel Webster: A Vindication, with other historical essays.. New York and London: Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 181. "Edward Everett was famous in his day, indeed, is famous yet, as ... easily foremost (first) among all the orators of the classic or academic type belonging to (in) his generation in America." [9] Gramm, Kent (2001). November: Lincoln's Elegy at Gettysburg. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-253-34032-2. "Asked in September...Everett had said that he could not possibly be ready until November 19." [10] Wills, Garry. Lincoln at Gettysburg. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992, pp. 24–25, pp. 34–36. [11] "An Official Invitation to Gettysburg (Top Treasure)" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ exhibits/ treasures/ trt031. html). American Treasures of the Library of Congress. December 5, 2002. . Retrieved November 23, 2007. [12] "Abraham Lincoln in the Wills House Bedroom at Gettysburg" (http:/ / showcase. netins. net/ web/ creative/ lincoln/ tours/ gettyroom. htm). Lincoln at Gettysburg Photo Tour. Abraham Lincoln Online. 2007. . Retrieved December 18, 2005. [13] Johnson, Martin P (Summer 2003). "Who Stole the Gettysburg Address" (http:/ / www. historycooperative. org/ journals/ jala/ 24. 2/ johnson. html). Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 24 (2): 1–19. . [14] "Abraham Lincoln at the Gettysburg Town Square" (http:/ / showcase. netins. net/ web/ creative/ lincoln/ tours/ gettysquare. htm). Lincoln at Gettysburg Photo Tour. Abraham Lincoln Online. 2007. . Retrieved November 30, 2007. [15] "Saddle Used by Abraham Lincoln in Gettysburg" (http:/ / showcase. netins. net/ web/ creative/ lincoln/ tours/ gettysaddle. htm). Lincoln at Gettysburg Photo Tour. Abraham Lincoln Online. 2007. . Retrieved December 18, 2005. [16] "The Heroes of July; A Solemn and Imposing Event. Dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburgh" (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=9B06E1DD1F3BE63BBC4851DFB7678388679FDE). The New York Times: p. 1. 20 November 1863. . Retrieved 2007-11-23. Full article in PDF available here (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/ pdf?_r=1& res=9B06E1DD1F3BE63BBC4851DFB7678388679FDE& oref=slogin). [17] McDougall went with Lincoln to Gettysburg, according to a speech given by U.S. President Eisenhower, and referenced in the Parliament of Canada official transcripts, Hansard. [18] "Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg Cemetery" (http:/ / showcase. netins. net/ web/ creative/ lincoln/ tours/ gettycem2. htm). Lincoln at Gettysburg Photo Tour. Abraham Lincoln Online. 2007. . Retrieved December 18, 2005. [19] ""How We are Revenging Sumpter"" (http:/ / digital. library. cornell. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ pageviewer-idx?c=oldg;cc=oldg;rgn=full text;idno=oldg0001-5;didno=oldg0001-5;view=image;seq=00145;node=oldg0001-5:1). digital.library.cornell.edu. . Retrieved October 18, 2010. [20] Andrew Curtin to Abraham Lincoln, Sept. 4, 1863 (Library of Congress) (http:/ / memory. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ r?ammem/ mal:@field(DOCID+ @lit(d2604300))) [21] Lincoln, Abraham; Nicolay, John G.; Hay, John (1894). Abraham Lincoln; complete works, comprising his speeches, letters, state papers, and miscellaneous writings (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=8JhYAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA568). II. New York: Century Co.. pp. 568. . [22] Murphy, Jim (2000). Long Road to Gettysburg (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=toHtEecTeFkC& pg=PA5& dq=Standing+ beneath+ this+ serene+ sky,+ overlooking+ these+ broad+ fields+ now+ reposing+ from+ the+ labors+ of+ the+ waning+ year,+ the+ mighty+ Alleghenies+ dimly+ towering+ before+ us+ Everett& sig=YIdGBU7ZlK3f3uzOHWNz81CbSjk#v=onepage& q=Standing beneath this serene sky, overlooking these broad fields now reposing from the labors of the waning year, the mighty Alleghenies dimly towering before us Everett& f=false). Houghton Mifflin Company, 5. ISBN 9780618051571. Retrieved on December 10, 2010. [23] Reid, Ronald F (1990). Edward Everett: Unionist Orator, Vol. 7. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=tEW3d6zqrTUC& pg=PA192& lpg=PA192& dq=as+ we+ bid+ farewell+ to+ the+ dust+ of+ these+ "martyr+ heroes"+ everett& source=web& ots=pD17ErRJ3t& sig=PU4h1GhTiwwKUEek5ZGTuHijYOU#PPA192,M1) Greenwood Publishing Group, 192. ISBN 9780313261640. Retrieved on December 10, 2007. [24] Murphy, Jim. The Long Road to Gettysburg, New York: Clarion Books, 1992. p. 105, "with a pronounced (decided) Kentucky accent". [25] Gopnik, Adam (May 28, 2007). "Angels and Ages: Lincoln's language and its legacy" (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ reporting/ 2007/ 05/ 28/ 070528fa_fact_gopnik). . Retrieved November 23, 2007. Gopnik notes, "Gabor Boritt, in his book The Gettysburg Gospel, ... compares what Lincoln (probably) read at the memorial with what people heard and reported. Most of the differences are small, and due to understandable confusions ... A few disputes seem more significant".

Gettysburg Address [26] Also note Johnson's (http:/ / www. historycooperative. org/ journals/ jala/ 24. 2/ johnson. html) reference that "In 1895 Congress had voted to place at Gettysburg a bronze tablet ... with the address but had mandated (officially commanded) a text that does not correspond to (fit) any in Lincoln's hand or to contemporary (modern) newspaper accounts. The statute is reprinted in Henry Sweetser Burrage, Gettysburg and Lincoln: The Battle, the Cemetery, and the National Park (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1906), 211". [27] Boritt, Gabor. The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows. Appendix B p. 290: "This is the only copy that ... Lincoln dignified with a title: 'Address delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg', a rare (unusual) full signature, and the date: 'November 19, 1863'. ..This final draft, generally considered the standard text, remained in the Bliss family until 1949". [28] McPherson, James M (16 July 1992). ""The Art of Abraham Lincoln"" (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ 2852). The New York Review of Books, Volume 39, Number 13. . Retrieved November 30, 2007. [29] "Yes We Can! The Lost Art Of Oratory". BBC Two. April 5, 2009. [30] ""Pericles' Funeral Oration from Thucydides: Peloponnesian War"" (http:/ / www. constitution. org/ gr/ pericles_funeral_oration. htm). Liberty Library of Constitutional Classics. The Constitution Society. 2007. . Retrieved November 30, 2007. [31] Shaw, Albert, ed. The American Monthly Review of Reviews. Vol. XXIII, January–June 1901. New York: The Review of Reviews Company, 1901. p. 336. [32] "Herndon, William H. and Jesse W. Welk. Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of A Great Life. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1892. Vol II., p65. [33] Smith, Craig (Fall 2000). "Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity" (http:/ / www. acjournal. org/ holdings/ vol4/ iss1/ special/ smith. htm). American Communication Journal 4 (1). . Retrieved November 26, 2007. [34] "The Second Reply to Hayne (January 26–27, 1830)" (http:/ / www. dartmouth. edu/ ~dwebster/ speeches/ hayne-speech. html). Daniel Webster: Dartmouth's Favorite Son. Dartmouth. . Retrieved November 30, 2007. In fact, Webster may have been influenced on even earlier use of similar expressions. For example, John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton had said in 1819: "I am a man chosen for the people, by the people; and, if elected, I will do no other business than that of the people". See Broughton, John and Burdett, Francis. An Authentic Narrative of the Events of the Westminster Election, which Commenced on Saturday, February 13th, and Closed on Wednesday, March 3d, 1819 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=CrgHAAAAQAAJ& pg=PA105& dq=by-the-people+ for-the-people+ government+ "of+ the+ people"+ date:1000-1825& lr=& num=100& as_brr=0& as_pt=ALLTYPES& ei=pACCSe2EIqGayASV-7GxAQ) p. 105 (Published by R. Stodart, 1819). [35] "Frank J. Williams" (http:/ / www. historycooperative. org/ journals/ jala/ 15. 2/ williams. html). historycooperative.org. . Retrieved October 13, 2010. [36] Guelzo, Allen C (21 November 2006). "When the Court lost its Conscience" (http:/ / www. opinionjournal. com/ la/ ?id=110009279). The Wall Street Journal. . Retrieved November 26, 2006. [37] McInerney, Daniel J (September 2000). "Review of Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President" (http:/ / www. h-net. org/ reviews/ showrev. cgi?path=24004970690837). H-Pol, H-Net Reviews. . Retrieved November 30, 2007. [38] Guelzo, Allen C (1999). Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-3872-3. [39] Rao, Maya (April 6, 2005). "C.U. Holds Gettysburg Address" (http:/ / cornellsun. com/ node/ 14486). Cornell Daily Sun. . Retrieved 2007-11-23.: "Several months after President Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg address, renowned historian George Bancroft attended a reception at the White House. There, he asked Lincoln for a hand-written copy of the address, and that manuscript is now the highlight of Cornell University Library's Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections". "[Visitors]...can also see the letter Lincoln enclosed when he mailed the copy to Bancroft, which is dated February 29, 1864". [40] White, Ronald C. Jr. The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words. New York: Random House, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-6119-9 Appendix 9, p. 390: "The Bliss copy...Lincoln made in March 1864...The Everett and Bancroft copies, both of which Lincoln made in February 1864". [41] Boritt, Gabor (November 16, 2006). "In Lincoln's Hand" (http:/ / www. opinionjournal. com/ la/ ?id=110009250). Wall Street Journal. . Retrieved 2007-11-23. [42] "Preservation of the drafts of the Gettysburg Address at the Library of Congress"" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ exhibits/ gadd/ gapres. html). Library of Congress. . Retrieved November 30, 2007. [43] Nicolay, J. "Lincoln's Gettysburg Address", Century Magazine 47 (February 1894): 596–608, cited by Johnson, Martin P. "Who Stole the Gettysburg Address," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 24(2) (Summer 2003): 1–19. [44] "The Gettysburg Address Drafts" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ exhibits/ gadd/ gadrft. html). Library of Congress. . Retrieved 2007-12-19. [45] Sandburg, Carl. "Lincoln Speaks at Gettysburg". In: Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (1939) New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company. II, 452–57; cited by Prochnow, Victor Herbert. ed. Great Stories from Great Lives Freeport: Books for Libraries Press, 1944. ISBN 083692018X, p. 13: "The Cincinnati Commercial reporter wrote 'The President rises slowly, draws from his pocket a paper ...[and] reads the brief and pithy remarks". [46] Wills, Garry. Appendix I: "this text does not have three important phrases that the joint newspaper accounts prove he actually spoke," and "there is no physical impossibility that this is the delivery text, but it is ... unlikely that it is". [47] "Top Treasures Gallery: American Treasures of the Library of Congress" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ exhibits/ treasures/ tr00. html). loc.gov. . Retrieved May 31, 2010. [48] David Mearns, "Unknown at this Address," in Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address: Commemorative Papers, ed. Allan Nevins (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964), 133; Mearns and Dunlap, caption describing the copy of the Hay text in Long Remembered.; both cited in

Gettysburg Address Johnson, "Who Stole the Gettysburg Address". [49] "Gettysburg National Military Park" (http:/ / www. pueblo. gsa. gov/ cic_text/ misc/ gettysburg/ g2. htm). United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. . Retrieved December 3, 2007. Historical Handbook Number Nine 1954 (Revised 1962), at the Gettysburg National Military Park Historical Handbook website. [50] "The Gettysburg Address Drafts" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ exhibits/ gadd/ gadrft. html). Library of Congress. September 29, 2005. . Retrieved December 12, 2007. [51] ""George Bancroft"" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9012106/ George-Bancroft). Encyclopedia Britannica Online. . Retrieved December 19, 2007. [52] ""George Bancroft"" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5kwpstnKC). Encarta. Archived from the original (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ encyclopedia_761553688/ George_Bancroft. html) on 2009-10-31. . Retrieved December 19, 2007. [53] "Leisure & Arts - WSJ.com" (http:/ / www. opinionjournal. com/ la/ ?id=110009250). opinionjournal.com. . Retrieved June 5, 2010. [54] ""Gettysburg Address"" (http:/ / rmc. library. cornell. edu/ gettysburg/ good_cause. htm). Cornell University Library. . Retrieved December 19, 2007. [55] "Founding Collections: Nicholas H. Noyes ’06 and Marguerite Lilly Noyes" (http:/ / rmc. library. cornell. edu/ footsteps/ exhibition/ foundingcollections/ foundingcollections_5. html). Cornell University Library. . Retrieved November 18, 2007. [56] "C.U. Holds Gettysburg Address Manuscript" (http:/ / cornellsun. com/ node/ 14486). The Cornell Daily Sun. April 6, 2005. . Retrieved December 18, 2005. [57] "About Cintas: Oscar B. Cintas" (http:/ / www. cintasfoundation. org/ about_oscar. htm). Oscar B. Cintas foundation. . Retrieved December 10, 2007. [58] Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. The World's Famous Orations Vol. IX. America: II. (1818–1865). "V. The Speech at Gettysburg by Abraham Lincoln." (http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ 268/ 9/ 26. html#txt2). . Retrieved December 18, 2005. [59] "1846-1900: The News Cooperative Takes Shape" (http:/ / www. ap. org/ pages/ about/ history/ history_first. html). History/Archives: The Associated Press. Associated Press.org. . Retrieved November 30, 2007. [60] Hark, Ann. "Mrs. John T. Myers Relives the Day She Met the Great Emancipator" (http:/ / showcase. netins. net/ web/ creative/ lincoln/ news/ recollect. htm). Recollections of Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg. Abraham Lincoln online. . Retrieved November 30, 2007. Citing the Philadelphia Public Ledger of February 7, 1932. [61] Foote, Shelby (1958). The Civil War, A Narrative: Fredericksburg to Meridian. Random House. ISBN 0-394-49517-9. [62] Simon, et al., eds. The Lincoln Forum: Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg, and the Civil War. Mason City: Savas Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN 1-882810-37-6, p. 41 [63] Prochnow, Herbert Victor (1944). "Great Stories from Great Lives". Harper & Brothers. p. 17. [64] "Gettysburg Eyewitness - Lost and Found Sound: The Boy Who Heard Lincoln" (http:/ / www. npr. org/ templates/ story/ story. php?storyId=1045619). NPR. . Retrieved September 7, 2009. [65] "21-minute audio recording of William R. Rathvon's audio recollections of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address recorded in 1938" (http:/ / www. npr. org/ programs/ lnfsound/ stories/ 990215. stories. html). NPR. . Retrieved 2009-09-07. [66] "6 min. version. SMIL file format." (http:/ / www. npr. org/ templates/ dmg/ dmg. php?prgCode=ATC& showDate=15-Feb-1999& segNum=14& NPRMediaPref=RAM). NPR. . Retrieved September 7, 2009. [67] "The Only Known Photograph of President Lincoln at the dedication of the Civil War cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, November 19, 1863" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ exhibits/ gadd/ gaphot. html). Library of Congress. . Retrieved December 3, 2007. [68] "Bachrach in the news" (http:/ / www. bachrachinc. com/ html/ in_the_news. html). Bachrach photography. . Retrieved December 3, 2007. [69] Toppo, Greg (November 15, 2007). "Honestly, is that really Abe in 3-D?" (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ news/ nation/ 2007-11-15-lincoln_N. htm). USA Today. . Retrieved December 3, 2007. [70] Walker, Cliff (ed.) (September 2002). "Lincoln's Gettysburg 'Under God': Another case of 'retrofitting'? (reply)" (http:/ / www. positiveatheism. org/ mail/ eml8448. htm). Positive Atheism. . Retrieved December 3, 2007. [71] Randi, James (10 October 2003). "Lincoln Embellished" (http:/ / www. randi. org/ jr/ 101003. html). James Randi Educational Foundation. . Retrieved 2007-12-03.: "The Gettysburg address...is often given as the source of the addition to the Pledge of Allegiance that we often hear, that phrase, 'under God'. Wrong". [72] Barton, pp. 138–139 [73] Prochnow, p. 14 [74] Prochnow, p. 13 [75] Prochnow, p. 15 [76] Sandburg, Carl. "Lincoln Speaks at Gettysburg". In: Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (1939) New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company. II, 452-457; cited by Prochnow, p. 14. [77] Barton, p. 81 [78] "Outline of U.S. History" (http:/ / www. america. gov/ st/ educ-english/ 2008/ April/ 20080407120920eaifas0. 4535639. html). United States Department of State. p. 73. . Retrieved 2009-01-03. [79] Garrow, David J. (August 2003). ""Martin Luther King Jr: the March, the Man, the Dream."" (http:/ / www. america. gov/ st/ pubs-english/ 2003/ August/ 20050711151842pssnikwad0. 3846247. html). American History magazine. . Retrieved November 9, 2009. "[F]our days before the March [King] told Al Duckett ... that his August 28 oration needed to be "sort of a Gettysburg Address.""

Gettysburg Address [80] "Constitution du 4 octobre 1958" (http:/ / www. conseil-constitutionnel. fr/ conseil-constitutionnel/ root/ bank_mm/ anglais/ constiution_anglais_oct2009. pdf) (in French) (pdf). . Retrieved October 18, 2009. [81] "How the Gettysburg Address Worked" (http:/ / history. howstuffworks. com/ gettysburg-address. htm). history.howstuffworks.com. . Retrieved June 11, 2010. [82] Historian James McPherson has called it "The most eloquent (well-spoken) expression of the new birth of freedom", in McPherson, James M. Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. p. 185. Google Book Search. Retrieved on November 27, 2007.

Bibliography • Barton, William E. (1950). Lincoln at Gettysburg: What He Intended to Say; What He Said; What he was Reported to have Said; What he Wished he had Said. New York: Peter Smith. • Busey, John W., and Martin, David G., Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 4th Ed., Longstreet House, 2005, ISBN 0-944413-67-6. • Gramm, Kent. (2001) November: Lincoln's Elegy at Gettysburg. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34032-2. • Herndon, William H. and Welk, Jesse W. (1892) Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of A Great Life (Vol II). New York: D. Appleton and Company. • Kunhardt, Philip B., Jr. (1983) A New Birth of Freedom: Lincoln at Gettysburg. Little Brown & Co. 263 pp. ISBN 0316506001 • Lafantasie, Glenn. "Lincoln and the Gettysburg Awakening." Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 1995 16(1): 73–89. Issn: 0898-4212 • McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford History of the United States). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503863-0. • McPherson, James M. (1996). Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509679-7 • Murphy, Jim. (1992) The Long Road to Gettysburg. New York: Clarion Books. 128 pp. ISBN 0395559650 • Prochnow, Victor Herbert. ed. (1944). Great Stories from Great Lives. Freeport: Books for Libraries Press, 1944. ISBN 083692018X • Rawley, James A. (1966). Turning Points of the Civil War. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8935-9. • Reid, Ronald F. "Newspaper Responses to the Gettysburg Addresses." Quarterly Journal of Speech 1967 53(1): 50–60. Issn: 0033-5630. • Sandburg, Carl. (1939) "Lincoln Speaks at Gettysburg." In: Abraham Lincoln: The War Years New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company. II, 452-457. ASIN: B000BPD8GC • Sauers, Richard A. (2000) "Battle of Gettysburg." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Heidler, David S., and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04758-X. • Selzer, Linda. "Historicizing Lincoln: Garry Wills and the Canonization of the 'Gettysburg Address." Rhetoric Review Vol. 16, No. 1 (Autumn, 1997), pp. 120–137. • Simon, et al., eds. (1999) The Lincoln Forum: Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg, and the Civil War. Mason City: Savas Publishing Company. ISBN 1-882810-37-6 • White, Ronald C. Jr. (2005) The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words. New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6119-9 • Wieck, Carl F. (2002) Lincoln's Quest for Equality: The Road to Gettysburg. Northern Illinois University Press. 224 pp. ISBN 0875802990 • Wills, Garry. (1992) Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America. New York: Simon and Schuster. 319 pp. ISBN 0671769561 • Wilson, Douglas L. (2006). Lincoln's Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words. Knopf. 352 pp. ISBN 1400040396

Gettysburg Address

Other websites • Media related to Gettysburg Address at Wikimedia Commons • "Library of Congress, Gettysburg Address exhibit" (http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/gettysburgaddress/Pages/ default.aspx). myloc.gov. Retrieved 3 May 2010. • "(GNMP) Gettysburg Historical Handbook" (http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/misc/gettysburg/g2.htm). pueblo.gsa.gov. Retrieved 3 May 2010. • "Online Lincoln Coloring Book for Teachers and Students" (http://www.abrahamlincoln200.org/for-kids/ lincoln-coloring-book.aspx). abrahamlincoln200.org. Retrieved 3 May 2010. • "Cornell University Library exhibit on Contemporary newspaper reactions" (http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/ gettysburg/ideas_more/reactions_p1.htm#chicago_tribune). rmc.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 3 May 2010. • "Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide" (http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/lincoln/). loc.gov. Retrieved 3 May 2010. • The Gettysburg Address (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMMzY1KJVeo&feature=related) recited by Sam Waterston, Matthew Broderick, Ken Burns, David McCullough, Stephen Lang, Medal of Honor recipient Paul W. Bucha. Music by Oscar©-winning composer John Williams.

Appomattox Court House Appomattox Court House is a place in Virginia (It is now called Appomattox, Virginia). It is where General Robert E. Lee of the Confederate Army surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army on April 9, 1865, ending the American Civil War. Though the place is called Appomattox Court House, the surrender took place at the McLean House, a private home.

Abraham Lincoln assassination The assassination of Abraham Lincoln, one of the last events in the American Civil War, took place on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, when President Lincoln was shot while watching the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.. Lincoln's killer, John Wilkes Booth, was an actor and Confederate sympathizer who had plotted with other men to kill the Secretary of State, William Seward and the Vice President Andrew Johnson. Booth hoped to create disorder and overthrow the Northern government by doing this. Booth was able to kill Lincoln, but Seward and Johnson lived.

A painting of the assassination. From left to right are: Henry Rathbone, Clara Harris, Mary Todd Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, and John Wilkes Booth.

United States Constitution

United States Constitution The United States Constitution is the highest law of the United States of America. It was put in writing on September 17, 1787 by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and later put into effect, or ratified, by representatives of the people of the first 13 states.[1] When nine of the states ratified the document, they put forth a union of sovereign states, and a federal government for that union. That government started on March 4, 1789, taking the place of the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution of the United States is the oldest federal constitution now in use.[2] Since 1787, changes have been made to the United States Constitution 27 times by amendments (changes). The first ten of these amendments are together called the Bill of Rights.

Articles of the Constitution When it was written in 1787, the Constitution had a preamble and seven main parts, called articles.

Preamble The Preamble says: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. The Preamble is not a law. It gives the reasons for writing the Constitution. The Preamble is one of the best known parts of the Constitution. The first three words, "We the people," are used very often. The six intentions that are listed are the goals of the constitution.

Legislative power Article One: says that the U.S. Congress (the legislative branch) will make the laws for the United States. Congress has two parts, called "Houses," the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Article says who can be elected to each part of Congress, and how they are elected. The House of Representatives has members elected by the people in each state. The number of members from each state depends on how many people live there. Each member of the House of Representatives is elected for two years. The Senate has two members, called Senators, for each state, no matter how many people live there. Each Senator is elected for six years. The original Constitution says that Senators should be elected by the state legislatures, but this was changed later by the seventeenth amendment. Article One also says how the Congress will do its business and what kinds of laws it can make. It lists some kinds of laws the Congress and the states cannot make. Article One also makes rules for Congress to impeach and remove from office the President, Vice President, judges, and other government officers.

Executive power Article Two says that the President (the executive branch) will carry out the laws made by Congress. This article says how the President and Vice President are elected, and who can be elected to these offices. The President and Vice President are elected by a special Electoral College chosen by the states, for four years. The Vice President takes over as President if the President dies, or resigns, or is unable to serve. Article Two also says that the President is in charge of the army and navy. He can make treaties with other countries, but these must be approved by two-thirds of the Senate. He appoints judges, ambassadors, and other officers, but the Senate also must approve these appointments. The President can also veto bills. However Congress can override the veto

United States Constitution

Judicial power Article Three says there will be a court system (the judicial branch), including the Supreme Court. The article says that Congress can decide which courts, besides the Supreme Court, are needed. It says what kinds of "cases and controversies" these courts can decide. Article Three also requires trial by jury in all criminal cases, and defines the crime of treason.

States' powers and limits Article Four is about the states. It says that all states must give "full faith and credit" to the laws of the other states. It also says that state governments must treat citizens of other states as fairly as they treat their own citizens, and must send arrested people back to another state if they have been charged with a crime. Article Four also says that Congress can make new states. There were only 13 states in 1787. Now there are 50 United States. It says Congress can make rules for Federal property and can govern territories that have not yet been made into states. Article Four says the United States must make sure that each state has a republican form of government, and protect the states from invasion and violence.

Process of amendment Article Five says how to amend, or change, the Constitution. Congress can write a change, if two-thirds of the members in each House agree. The state governments can call a convention to write changes, although this has not happened since 1787. Any change that is written by Congress or by a convention must be sent to the state legislatures or to state conventions for their approval. Congress decides whether to send a change to the legislatures or to conventions. Three-fourths of the states must approve a change for it to become part of the Constitution. An amendment can change any part of the Constitution, except one â&#x20AC;&#x201D; no amendment can change the rule that each state has equal suffrage (right to vote) in the Senate.

Federal power Article Six says that the Constitution, and the laws and treaties of the United States, are higher than any other laws. It also says that all federal and state officers must swear to "support" the Constitution.

Ratification Article Seven says that the new government under the Constitution would not start until conventions in at least nine states approved the Constitution.

Amendments Since 1787, Congress has written 33 amendments to change the Constitution, but the states have ratified only 27 of them. The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights. They were made in 1791. All of these changes limited the power of the federal government. They were:

United States Constitution

Number Year

Description

1st

1791 Congress must protect the rights of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of petition, and freedom of religion. Congress cannot promote any one religion more than others.

2nd

1791 "A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." - People have the right to have weapons, for example guns.

3rd

1791 The government cannot send soldiers to live in private homes without the permission of the owners.

4th

1791 The government cannot get a warrant to arrest a person or search their property unless there is "probable cause" to believe a crime has been committed.

5th

1791 The government cannot put a person on trial for a serious crime until a grand jury has written an indictment. That a person cannot be put on trial twice for the same crime. The government must follow due process of law before punishing a person or taking their property. A person on trial for a crime does not have to testify against himself in court.

6th

1791 Any person who is accused of a crime should get a speedy trial by a jury. That person can have a lawyer during the trial. They must be told what they are charged with. The person can question the witnesses against them, and can get their own witnesses to testify.

7th

1791 A jury trial is needed for civil cases.

8th

1791 The government cannot require excessive bail or fines, or any cruel and unusual punishment.

9th

1791 The listing of individual rights in the Constitution and Bill of Rights does not include all of the rights of the people and the states.

10th

1791 Anything that the Constitution does not say that Congress can do should be left up to the states, or to the people.

After the Bill of Rights, there are 17 more changes to the Constitution that were made at different times. Number Year

Description

11th

1795 Citizens cannot sue states in federal courts. There are some exceptions.

12th

1804 Changed the way the President and Vice President are elected.

13th

1865 Ended slavery in the United States.

14th

1868 Every person born in the United States is a citizen. States must follow due process of law before taking away any citizen's rights or property.

15th

1870 A citizen's right to vote cannot be taken away because of race, the color of their skin, or because they were previously slaves.

16th

1913 Congress can put a tax on income.

17th

1913 The people will elect Senators. Before this, Senators were elected by state legislatures.

18th

1919 Made a law against drinking alcohol, called Prohibition.

19th

1920 Gave women the right to vote.

20th

1933 Changed the days for meetings of Congress and for the start of the President's term of office.

21st

1933 Ended the Prohibition law of the Eighteenth Amendment. States can make laws about how alcohol is used in each state.

22nd

1951 A person may not be elected President more than two times.

23rd

1961 Gave the people in the District of Columbia the right to vote for President.

24th

1964 Made it illegal to make anyone pay a tax to have the right to vote.

25th

1967 Changes what happens if a President dies, resigns, or is not able to do the job. Says what happens if a Vice President dies or resigns.

26th

1971 Makes 18 years old the minimum age for people to be allowed to vote

27th

1992 Limits how Congress can increase how much its members are paid.

United States Constitution

Other pages Related documents • • • • •

The 1620 Mayflower Compact The 1639 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut The 1641 Massachusetts Body of Liberties The 1689 English Bill of Rights United States Bill of Rights

Related Authors • • • • • •

Alexander Hamilton Gouverneur Morris John Jay James Madison John Marshall Thomas Paine

References • Amar, Akhil Reed (2005). "In the Beginning". America's Constitution: A Biography. New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6262-4. • Bailyn, Bernard, ed. The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification. Part One: September 1787 to February 1788 (The Library of America [3], 1993) ISBN 0-940450-42-9 • Bailyn, Bernard, ed. The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification. Part Two: January to August 1788 (The Library of America [3], 1993) ISBN 0-940450-64-X • Edling, Max M. (2003). A Revolution in Favor of Government: Origins of the U.S. Constitution and the Making of the American State. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514870-3. • Ellis, Joseph (2002). Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. Vintage. ISBN 0-375-70524-4. • Fallon, Richard H. (2004). The Dynamic Constitution: An Introduction to American Constitutional Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84094-5. • Farris, Michael P. (July/August 2005). "Through the Founders' Eyes: Was the Constitution Illegally Adopted?" [4] . The Home School Court Report 21: 6-10. excerpt from (to be published) Constitutional Law for Enlightened Citizens. • Finkelman, Paul "Affirmative Action for the Master Class: The Creation of the Proslavery Constitution," University of Akron Law Review 32 (No. 3, 1999): 423-70. • Finkelman, Paul Slavery and the Founders: Race and Slavery in the Age of Jefferson (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996); • Finkelman, Paul "Slavery and the Constitution: Making a Covenant with Death," in Richard R. Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward C., Carter, II, eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987); • Hall, Kermit L. (1984). A Comprehensive Bibliography of American Constitutional and Legal History, 1896-1979. Millwood, N. Y.: Kraus International. ISBN 0-527-37408-3. • Kammen, Michael (1986). A Machine that Would Go of Itself: The Constitution in American Culture. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-52905-7.

United States Constitution • Kelly, Alfred Hinsey; Harbison, Winfred Audif; Belz, Herman (1991). The American Constitution: its origins and development (7th edition ed.). New York: Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-96119-2. • Levy, Leonard W., ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of the American Constitution (2nd Edition ed.). New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-864880-3. • Marshall, Thurgood, "The Constitution: A Living Document," Howard Law Journal 1987: 623-28. • Mazzone, Jason (2005). "The Creation of a Constitutional Culture" [5]. Tulsa Law Review 40: 671. • Smith, Jean Edward; Levine, Herbert M. (1988). Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Debated. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. • Smith, Jean Edward (1996). John Marshall: Definer Of A Nation. New York: Henry Holt & Company. • Smith, Jean Edward (1989). The Constitution And American Foreign Policy. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company. • Wiecek, William M., "The Witch at the Christening: Slavery and the Constitution's Origins," Leonard W. Levy and Dennis J. Mahoney, eds., The Framing and Ratification of the Constitution (New York: Macmillan, 1987), 178-84. • Wiecek, William M., "'The Blessings of Liberty': Slavery in the American Constitutional Order," in Robert A. Goldman and Art Kaufman, eds., Slavery and Its Consequences: The Constitution, Equality, and Race (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1988), 23-34.

Other websites National Archives • • • • •

The National Archives Experience — Constitution of the United States [6] The National Archives Experience — High Resolution Downloads of the Charters of Freedom [7] Full text of U.S. Constitution [8] Full text of The Bill of Rights [9] Full text of the amendments [10]

Official U.S. government sources • Analysis and Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States [11]: Annotated constitution, with descriptions of important cases (official publication of U.S. Senate) • United States Constitution and related resources [1]: Library of Congress • CIA World Fact Book [12]

Non-government web sites • • • •

• • • •

US Constitution [13] in basic English US Law Dictionary [14] Audio version of US Constitution [15]: free mp3 download The Constitution Society [16]: Research and public education on the principles of constitutional republican government [17] • Text of the constitution [18] Law about...the Constitution [19]: An overview of constitutional law from the Legal Information Institute The U.S. Constitution Online [20]: Full text of Constitution, with some history and annotation The U.S. Constitution Online: Record of ratifications by states [21] National Constitution Center in Philadelphia [22]: Museum and education center

• Education on the U.S. Constitution. ERIC Digest No. 39. [23]: Study on the treatment of the Constitution in public education

United States Constitution • Free audiobook [24] from librivox.org [25] • Annotated Constitution [26] by the Congressional Research Service of the U.S. Library of Congress(hyperlinked version published by LII) • Audio narration (mp3) of The United States Constitution [27] at Americana Phonic • Free typeset PDF ebook of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, optimized for printing [28]

Activist/advocacy web sites • SmallGovTimes.com [29]: Site advocating small government and strict constitutional construction • Thirty-Thousand.org [30]: Site advocating an increase in the size of the House of Representatives. • Krusch, Barry (2003). Would The Real First Amendment Please Stand Up? [31] Online book arguing that the Supreme Court's interpretation of the First Amendment has created a “virtual First Amendment" that is radically different from the true amendment.

References [1] http:/ / www. loc. gov/ rr/ program/ bib/ ourdocs/ Constitution. html [2] (http:/ / www. gpoaccess. gov/ constitution/ index. html) [3] http:/ / www. loa. org [4] http:/ / www. hslda. org/ courtreport/ V21N4/ V21N401. asp [5] http:/ / ssrn. com/ abstract=831927 [6] http:/ / www. archives. gov/ national-archives-experience/ charters/ constitution. html [7] http:/ / www. archives. gov/ national-archives-experience/ charters/ charters_downloads. html [8] http:/ / www. archives. gov/ national-archives-experience/ charters/ constitution_transcript. html [9] http:/ / www. archives. gov/ national-archives-experience/ charters/ bill_of_rights_transcript. html [10] http:/ / www. archives. gov/ national-archives-experience/ charters/ constitution_amendments_11-27. html [11] http:/ / www. gpoaccess. gov/ constitution/ index. html [12] https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ us. html [13] http:/ / www. reocities. com/ johnfkosanke/ USConstitutionBasic. html [14] http:/ / aboutlaw. com/ dictionary/ index. htm [15] http:/ / www. mp3books. com/ shop/ audio_item. aspx?id=818 [16] http:/ / www. constitution. org/ [17] http:/ / www. constitution. org/ constit_. htm#con4. 4 [18] http:/ / www. constitution. org/ cons/ constitu. htm [19] http:/ / www. law. cornell. edu/ wex/ index. php/ Constitutional_law [20] http:/ / www. usconstitution. net [21] http:/ / www. usconstitution. net/ constamrat. html [22] http:/ / www. constitutioncenter. org/ [23] http:/ / www. ericdigests. org/ pre-926/ constitution. htm [24] http:/ / librivox. org/ the-constitution-of-the-united-states-of-america-1787/ [25] http:/ / librivox. org [26] http:/ / www. law. cornell. edu/ anncon/ [27] http:/ / www. americanaphonic. com/ Constitution/ Constitution. html [28] http:/ / www. riapress. com/ riapress/ product. lasso?productid=134 [29] http:/ / www. smallgovtimes. com/ [30] http:/ / www. thirty-thousand. org/ [31] http:/ / www. krusch. com/ real/ real2. html

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was an amendment to the United States Constitution, meaning that it was a change to the basic and most important laws that govern the United States. It abolished (stopped) slavery in the United States. It was passed in 1865, at the end of the Civil War.

Text Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

History Prior to the Civil War, the Constitution allowed slavery. However, many groups sought to end slavery in the United States. The groups became the Republican Party in 1856, and gained power in 1860 with the election of Abraham Lincoln. In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves only in certain parts of the United States, and did not actually make slavery illegal. Near the end of the Civil War, Republicans, who controlled Congress, introduced an amendment to abolish (stop) slavery in the United States. (In order for an amendment to happen, it first must be passed by both houses of Congress, and then passed by three-quarters of the states.) It was passed by three-quarters of the states and became law in late 1865.

Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass Born

February 14, 1818 Talbot County, Maryland

Died

February 20, 1895 (agedÂ 77) Washington, D.C.

Other names Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey Religion

Methodist

Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) was a famous African-American in America in the 19th century. He was born a slave in Maryland, but learned to read and escaped to the North in the 1830s. He soon became an abolitionist (someone who wants to end slavery), and worked with other abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison. He wrote two books, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and My Bondage and My Freedom. Douglass spent several years in England and Ireland. During the Civil War, Douglass was the most famous black man in the country, and met Abraham Lincoln. After the War, he served as Ambassador [1] to Haiti and an advocate for equal rights for African-Americans.

References [1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Wikt%3Aambassador

Reconstruction of the United States

Reconstruction of the United States The Reconstruction was after the American Civil War. It was the remaking of the South, after it had lost its war of rebellion and slavery was ended. Andrew Johnson became President of the U.S. after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. He wanted to make it easy to restore local rule in the previously rebellious states, and he permitted some of them to hold elections in 1865. Former Confederate leaders who ran as Democrats were re-elected to Congress, and states passed laws that denied rights to former slaves. Many members of the Republican Party wanted stricter terms before local rule was returned to the South. After the Republicans won a large majority of Congressional seats in the 1866 elections, they refused to let former Confederate leaders take seats in the Congress. The Republicans then passed laws that former leaders of the rebellion were not allowed to hold office and were not allowed to vote. Three amendments to the U.S. Constitution were passed -- ending slavery, making former slaves citizens, and giving them the right to vote. Some newly freed black slaves won elected offices. After Reconstruction was ended in 1877, white people in the South used their regained political powers to pass Jim Crow Laws. These laws enforced segregation (keeping blacks and whites separate) and took the vote away from black people whose parents or grandparents were slaves. The Ku Klux Klan was also formed to keep black people from having any kind of political and economic power. After Reconstruction, white Southerners voted mostly against the Republican Party for about 80 years.

Jim Crow laws The Jim Crow laws were a number of laws of the United States. These laws were in force in different states between 1876 and 1965. They were about segregating black and white people in all public buildings. Black people were usually treated worse than white people. This segregation was also done in the army and in schools. In 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled that such segregation in state-run schools was against the US constitution. The decision is known as Brown v. Board of Education today. The other Jim Crow laws were abolished in the Civil Rights Act of 1964[1] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

A bus station in Durham, North Carolina, in May 1940.

References [1] Civil Rights Act of 1964 (http:/ / finduslaw. com/ civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21)

Rutherford B. Hayes

Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes

19th President of the United States In office March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1881 Vice President William Wheeler Preceded by

Ulysses S. Grant

Succeeded by

James A. Garfield

Born

October 4, 1822 Delaware, Ohio

Died

January 17, 1893 Fremont, Ohio

Nationality

American

Political party

Republican

Spouse

Lucy Webb Ware Hayes

Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 - January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States. He served only one term, from 1877 to 1881. Hayes was a Republican. He was elected governor of Ohio three times before becoming president. Hayes barely won the election of 1876, only defeating Democratic opponent Samuel Tilden after a Congressional committee gave Hayes some disputed electoral votes.

Early life Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio. He went to Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, and then went to Harvard Law School. After graduating from law school, he became a lawyer.[1] In 1849, he joined the Republican Party, which was new then, because he was against slavery.[2] In 1852, he married Lucy Webb, a woman who was also against slavery. In the 1860s, he served in the American Civil War on the Union side, and became a major general. After the war ended, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a part of the Republican Party. In 1867, he became the governor of Ohio.

Rutherford B. Hayes

The election of 1876 Ulysses S. Grant had been president since 1869, and was not going to run for president a third time in 1876. Grant was a member of the Republican Party, and while he was president, became known for allowing corruption to go on around him. The Republican Party did not want people to think that everybody in the party was corrupt, so they decided to make Hayes their candidate. They thought he was a good candidate because he had made many changes in Ohio while he was governor there that people thought were good, and because he was thought to have been a hero in the Civil War. Grant ran against Samuel Tilden, whom the Democratic Party nominated. The election was close, and many people who did not think that Hayes fairly won the election called him "His Fraudulency".[3] Tilden actually got more votes than Hayes, but Hayes got 185 votes in the Electoral College, while Tilden got 184, so Hayes won the election.[4]

As president While he was president, Hayes ended the Reconstruction period that followed the American Civil War. He ordered military forces that had been in the Southern states to leave. He also sent federal troops to end a railroad strike. Hayes refused to seek a second term as president.

After being president After being president, Hayes retired to Fremont, Ohio. He spent time talking about his beliefs that all children should have the chance to go to school, that people who had been in the military should get their fair payments for their service, and that people in prisons should be treated better.[5]

Other websites â&#x20AC;˘ Hayes' White House biography [6]

References [1] [2] [3] [4]

Rawley, James. To The Best of My Abilities: The American Presidents. ed. James McPherson "The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center" (http:/ / www. rbhayes. org/ hayes/ president/ ). rbhayes.org. . Retrieved July 1, 2010. "Rutherford B. Hayes" (http:/ / www. npg. si. edu/ exh/ hall2/ ruthers. htm). npg.si.edu. . Retrieved July 1, 2010. "American Experience . The Presidents . Rutherford Birchard Hayes" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ amex/ presidents/ 19_hayes/ index. html). pbs.org. . Retrieved July 1, 2010. [5] "The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center" (http:/ / www. rbhayes. org/ hayes/ president/ ). rbhayes.org. . Retrieved July 1, 2010. [6] http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ history/ presidents/ rh19. html

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors American Civil War Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2984606 Contributors: A7x, Albacore, Art LaPella, Asav, Auntof6, Barliner, Barras, Bhadani, BillC, Blockinblox, Bluegoblin7, Clementina, Creol, Dejvid, Diego Grez, EchoBravo, Either way, Erika, Exert, Fairfield, Fr33kman, FrancoGG, Freshstart, Ghewgill, Griffinofwales, Hailey C. Shannon, Hit45, Inclusivedisjunction, Isis, J Di, JimWae, Jvano, Kansan, Kitch, Kremliner, Lorangriel, MKil, Majorly, Mentifisto, Mercy, Mixcoatl, Nickipediaguy, Purplebackpack89, Ramsis II, Razorflame, Reymyst, Ricky81682, RyanCross, SEPTActaMTA8235, Savh, Sean William, Sergekaracalchu, Sir James Paul, Tangotango, The life of brian, Tholly, Toto007, Tree Biting Conspiracy, Tygrrr, Vector, Wiking, Wild Wolf, Wiooiw, 173 anonymous edits Confederate States of America Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2938929 Contributors: Archer7, Barliner, Blockinblox, CRRaysHead90, Chaser, Creol, EchoBravo, Eptalon, Freshstart, Frozen Wind, Griffinofwales, Hardtofindaname, I-on, JimWae, Juliancolton, Lian1721, Messedrocker, Purplebackpack89, R'n'B, Synergy, TransUtopian, 12 anonymous edits Abraham Lincoln Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2889662 Contributors: A7x, Ajizl, Ajraddatz, American Eagle, B3nNeY, B3nNeY454, Barliner, Barras, Berek, Billz, BirdsArmy, Blockinblox, Bluegoblin7, Bluemask, CRRaysHead90, Cometstyles, Connormah, Creol, Ctrl Z, DaughterofSun, Dogru144, EVula, EchoBravo, EhJJ, Eptalon, Fairfield, Freshstart, Frozen Wind, Gordonrox24, Grannysmith, Great Turtle, Griffinofwales, Gwib, Hmwith, Informationmonopoly, Isis, IuseRosary, Japanese, JimWae, Juliancolton, Kansan, Katelyn168, Keitei, Lauryn Ashby, M7, MJ94, Marawe, Maximillion Pegasus, Meganmccarty, Mentifisto, Mercy, Mm40, Morgankevinj AWB, Mythdon, Netoholic, Nigashit1, NigelJ, NonvocalScream, OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBER, ONaNcle, Peterdownunder, Pmlineditor, Private Butcher, Purplebackpack89, Rawr im chelsea, Razorflame, Rehman, Ricky81682, Rory096, SEPTActaMTA8235, Savh, ScribeOfTheNile, Sietse Snel, Sir James Paul, Sonia, Stovelkor, Synergy, The Rambling Man, Tholly, Tygrrr, Uscgjason, Vector, Versus22, Werdan7, Wiooiw, X!, Xania, Xilien, Yottie, Zealandman, Æåm Fætsøn, 240 anonymous edits Jefferson Davis Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2928002 Contributors: "Fingers" Mc Gee, Auntof6, Griffinofwales, The Rambling Man Ulysses S. Grant Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2795241 Contributors: A7x, Az1568, Barliner, Barras, Bhadani, BirdsArmy, Corokke typhoon, Creol, EJF, Exert, Fairfield, Freshstart, Good Jimmy, Informationmonopoly, Nishkid64, Phaedriel, Philip Stevens, Private Butcher, Purplebackpack89, Ricky81682, Shadow007, Sir James Paul, Synergy, Tharnton345, Yegoyan, 17 anonymous edits Robert E. Lee Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2984630 Contributors: Aranda56, Auntof6, Blockinblox, Chenzw, Cometstyles, Creol, EchoBravo, Eptalon, Freshstart, Gordonrox24, Misza13, PiRSquared17, Purplebackpack89, Razorflame, Ss55goku, Synergy, Tdxiang, The Rambling Man, Tygrrr, Werdan7, Xilien, 25 anonymous edits Richmond, Virginia Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3012857 Contributors: ArkansasTraveler, Avicennasis, Barliner, CommonsDelinker, Creol, Fairfield, Griffinofwales, Isis, Marknew, Notedenter, Purplebackpack89, S-man, Sorcha, Soundoftoday, SwirlBoy39, Synergy, The Three Headed Knight, Tygrrr, 9 anonymous edits Battle of Gettysburg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2949450 Contributors: BRUTE, Barliner, Barras, Buggie111, EVula, EchoBravo, Either way, Griffinofwales, Hazard-SJ, Hi878, I-on, Juliancolton, M7, Mentifisto, Mercy, Message From Xenu, Micro-Cruzer, Microcell, Nataly8, Nifky?, NonvocalScream, NuclearWarfare, PiRSquared17, SEPTActaMTA8235, Vector, Wild Wolf, X!, 俠刀行, 73 anonymous edits Emancipation Proclamation Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2984610 Contributors: Auntof6, Creol, JimWae, JurgenG, Purplebackpack89, Ringkjøbing, The Public Spaghetti Monster, Winniethepooh007, 3 anonymous edits Gettysburg Address Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2891892 Contributors: Albacore, Andycjp, Barras, Belinda, Billz, CRRaysHead90, Chenzw, Clementina, Djsasso, EchoBravo, EhJJ, Either way, Garycooper675, Gordonrox24, I-on, Juliancolton, Kansan, Lauryn Ashby, LukeTheSpook, M.O.X, Macdonald-ross, Mercy, Nataly8, PiRSquared17, Protector of Wiki, Purplebackpack89, Scott Sanchez, The Rambling Man, Toliar, Tygrrr, Wiooiw, 33 anonymous edits Appomattox Court House Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2480355 Contributors: Hit45, Kansan, Purplebackpack89 Abraham Lincoln assassination Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3013613 Contributors: Auntof6, Avicennasis, Either way, Griffinofwales, Kennedy, Mm40, Robin Kerrison, Sardur, The Three Headed Knight, 12 anonymous edits United States Constitution Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2998144 Contributors: Adam Cuerden, AutoGeek, Barliner, Barras, Billz, Blockinblox, Bluegoblin7, CRRaysHead90, Cethegus, Chenzw, Creol, Drewmm, EhJJ, Either way, Exert, FalseAxiom, Fr33kman, FrancoGG, Frozen Wind, Griffinofwales, I-on, JLMadrigal, Jersey, Juliancolton, Kansan, Lauryn Ashby, Mentifisto, Mifter, Monthandme, Morgankevinj AWB, PiRSquared Flooder, Purplebackpack89, R'n'B, Razorflame, RyanCross, SEPTActaMTA8235, Savh, SuW, Synergy, Tempodivalse, The Rambling Man, The life of brian, Tholly, Tygrrr, Wellillbeagreasemonkey, Wiooiw, Yegoyan, Yottie, 131 anonymous edits Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2753284 Contributors: Barliner, JimWae, Maximillion Pegasus, Purplebackpack89, 3 anonymous edits Frederick Douglass Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2948965 Contributors: Auntof6, EhJJ, Gordonrox24, Kansan, Purplebackpack89, Purplebackpackonthetrail, 5 anonymous edits Reconstruction of the United States Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2984601 Contributors: Auntof6, I-on, JimWae, Kansan, PiRSquared17, Purplebackpack89, 5 anonymous edits Jim Crow laws Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2507689 Contributors: Eptalon, Kansan, Nifky?, The Rambling Man, 3 anonymous edits Rutherford B. Hayes Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2827694 Contributors: Barliner, BirdsArmy, Creol, Dalibor Bosits, EchoBravo, Flcelloguy, Freshstart, Informationmonopoly, Kansan, Maximillion Pegasus, Philip Stevens, Pmlineditor, Ricky81682, Shadow007, Studboyjim, Synergy, Tempodivalse, VTPG, Wiooiw, 3 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:American Civil War Montage 2.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:American_Civil_War_Montage_2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Hlj, User:Wars File:US flag 36 stars.svg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_flag_36_stars.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Homo lupus, Jacobolus, Zscout370 File:Conf Navy Jack (light blue).svg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Conf_Navy_Jack_(light_blue).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anime Addict AA, Fornax, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Mattes, Sceptic, Yonatanh File:Civil war 1861-1865.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Civil_war_1861-1865.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Chris 73, Malo File:Confederate National Flag since Mar 4 1865.svg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Confederate_National_Flag_since_Mar_4_1865.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Fornax, Fry1989, Homo lupus, O, Pmsyyz, Sceptic, Vantey, 2 anonymous edits File:Confederate States of America.svg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Confederate_States_of_America.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Blank US Map.svg: Theshibboleth derivative work: Nkocharh Image:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bkell, Brad101, Closeapple, Cwbm (commons), Daderot, Howcheng, INeverCry, Infrogmation, Jatkins, Mxn, Outriggr, Selket, Shizhao, Tharnton345, Tom, UpstateNYer, Wutsje, Zzyzx11, 8 anonymous edits Image:Abraham Lincoln signature.JPG Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Abraham_Lincoln_signature.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Closeapple, Deadstar, Philip Stevens, Talgraf777, 2 anonymous edits Image:Ulysses Grant 1870-1880.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ulysses_Grant_1870-1880.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Apalsola, Berrucomons, Grenavitar, Howcheng, Infrogmation, Julia W, Jusjih, Kelly, MarkSweep, Red devil 666, Schaengel89, Shizhao, Takabeg, YolanC, 1 anonymous edits File:Robert Edward Lee.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Vannerson, Julian, b. 1827 photographer. File:Richmond Virginia.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Richmond_Virginia.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:Amadeust File:Flag of Richmond, Virginia.svg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Richmond,_Virginia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dyfsunctional image:USA Virginia location map.svg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USA_Virginia_location_map.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Alexrk2 Image:Red pog.svg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_pog.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Andux File:Battle of Gettysburg, by Currier and Ives.png Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Battle_of_Gettysburg,_by_Currier_and_Ives.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Beyond silence, Churchh, Kyro, Mtsmallwood, Möchtegern, PhilFree, Shizhao, Thuresson, UpstateNYer, 8 anonymous edits File:US flag 34 stars.svg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_flag_34_stars.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Homo lupus, Jacobolus, Wikiborg, Zscout370, 3 anonymous edits File:Confederate National Flag since Mai 1 1863 to Mar 4 1865.svg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Confederate_National_Flag_since_Mai_1_1863_to_Mar_4_1865.svg License: unknown Contributors: File:Symbol support vote.svg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Symbol_support_vote.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370 File:Gettysburg Address (poster).jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gettysburg_Address_(poster).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Published by M.T. Sheahan, Boston, Mass. File:Battle of Gettysburg.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Battle_of_Gettysburg.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Andrew c, Avron, Choess, Flominator, Jfire, KAMiKAZOW, Panoptik, Peter Weis, Thuresson, Timeshifter, Wouterhagens, 2 anonymous edits File:Gettsyburginvitationpage2.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gettsyburginvitationpage2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Kaisershatner at en.wikipedia File:Edward Everett.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_Everett.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bob Burkhardt, Yot File:Government-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-2.jpeg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Government-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-2.jpeg License: Public Domain Contributors: Artist is Elihu Vedder (1836–1923). Photographed 2007 by Carol Highsmith (1946–), who explicitly placed the photograph in the public domain. File:Gettysburg Address, New York Times.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gettysburg_Address,_New_York_Times.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Denniss, John Vandenberg, Martin H., Toya File:Lincoln Memorial (south wall interior).jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lincoln_Memorial_(south_wall_interior).jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Gregory F. Maxwell < gmaxwell@gmail.com> Image:commons-logo.svg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: SVG version was created by User:Grunt and cleaned up by 3247, based on the earlier PNG version, created by Reidab. File:Lincolnassassination.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lincolnassassination.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: published by Currier & Ives File:Frederick Douglass portrait.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frederick_Douglass_portrait.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Photograph by George K. Warren (d. 1884). Image:JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg License: unknown Contributors: BaomoVW, Cocoaguy, DanTD, Darwinek, Dbaba, Infrogmation, Pullus In Fabula, Skinsmoke, Timeshifter Image:President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880.jpg Source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bubamara, Davepape, Lookatthis, Superm401, Tom, UpstateNYer

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