Cameron Macdonald DRC

crOss-prOGramminG brEakinG OpEn ExclusivE GrEEn spacE Cameron J. Macdonald - S3366845 Masters of Landscape Architecture RMIT

Design Research Catalogue ARCH 1367 2013

Exclusive Open Green Space

Victoria Park Golf Club - Brisbane CBD

acknOWlEDGmEnts i would like to thank my partner Emilie, for her love, kindness and support she has given over the past two years. furthermore i would also like to thank my parents for their endless support over the past five years. i would like to thank charles anderson, rosalea monacella, liz Herbert, clair martin and marieluise jonas for their guidance and inspiration throughout the masters of landscape architecture program. and finally i would like to thank my peers (mma) for making the year enjoyable.

Thanks cameron j. macdonald

5

Project Summary

Cross-Programming

ABSTRACT

Design Lenses

Breaking Open Exclusive Green Space

This design research addresses the existing use of open green space that urban golf courses consume. Currently in Melbourne approximately 1000 hectares of valuable open space is occupied through a mono-functional program of golf. The predicted population growth within the Melbourne metropolitan area will result in increased pressure on the availability and access to open space.

Sport and recreation Environmental and Habitat Community

Research Question How can cross-programming break open the exclusive mono-functional spaces of urban golf courses and catalyse new urban forms that enhance the surrounding urban

The premise of the project is to use cross-programming as a catalyst for new urban development. To break open the exclusivity of urban golf courses an iterative design process was conducted through design scenarios that introduced cross programming as a device for spatial transformation.

The private Eastern Golf Club in Doncaster was used as a test site to develop a process that can be applied to other exclusive open spaces. Multiple scenarios have been grounded in the site to explore how cross programming can be employed to reformulate the programmatic hierarchies of open space and golf.

Generative diagramming was used as a tool for selecting programs that were tested throughout the design scenarios.

This produced conflicting overlaps and edge conditions between imposed and existing programs. From this exploration three design lenses developed: sport and recreation, environmental and habitat, and community. These key terms became the foundation for the design research project.

Cross-programming as a methodology has developed as catalyst towards breaking open exclusive green space. It creates new urban form that enhances surrounding urban contexts.

The overarching goal is to challenge the privatisation of open green space in order to produce strategies for developing inclusive, multifunctional green spaces. Through an iterative design process a system of integrtaed programs formed to create a framework for urban development that was driven by sport and recreation, environment and habitat, and community.

Key Words Cross Programming, Multifunctional, Exclusive, Inclusive, Open Green Space, Urban Context

Criteria The intention is to assess the results of the research against a set of criteria that relates to an overall ambition to open exclusive green spaces. This is accessed on a participation percentage that is associated with the selected programs that are integrated within the site. The aim is to develop strategies to open exclusive green spaces through cross-programming interventions to catalyse new urban form.

cOntEnts intrO

DEsiGn tEstinG - part 1 syntHEsis prOjEct

cHaptEr 1

cHaptEr 3

cHaptEr 6

12

rEsEarcH structurE

51

unutilisED spacE - EDGE insErtiOn

119 rEDEvElOpmEnt

15

pOsitiOninG

57

EDGE tOpOlOGiEs

123 DOncastEr Hill mastEr plan

19

fOlliEs

67

filtratiOn intEractiOn

131 DEvElOpmEnt timE linE 135 spOrt anD rEcrEatiOn 141 cOmmunity 151 EnvirOnmEnt anD Habitat

apprOacH

DEsiGn tEstinG - part 2

cHaptEr 2

cHaptEr 4

27

prOblEm

73

rEcrEatiOnal cOnnEctiOns

33

mEtHODOlOGy

79

musEum nEtWOrk

cOnclusiOns

43

tEst sitE

87

mix usE backyarD

cHaptEr 7

93

mEDiatinG lanDscapEs

163 rEflEctiOn - prOjEctiOn 170 bibliOGrapHy

DEsiGn tEstinG - part 3 cHaptEr 5 101 rEvEal - clEan - cOnnEct 113 inclusivE urban GOlf

cHaptEr 1

intrODuctiOn rEsEarcH structurE - pOsitiOninG - fOlliEs

rEsEarcH structurE

ObjEctivE

apprOacH

research problem

framEWOrk

DEsiGn scEnariOs

Design lenses

chronological Order

prOGram HiErarcHy

breaking Open Exclusive Green space (urban golf courses)

Eastern Golf club (Doncaster)

follies

methodology

Design scenarios

Drc chapters

collabortaion

reflection / projection

x

1.2 Edge topologies active Edge

1.2 Edge topologies active Edge

2.0 recreational connection

4.1 filtration interaction

EN NM EN

g ilin Sa at Bo S el RT od g SPO M ilin lf Sa THER go s) O sbee ng den Fri e flyi ity gar mun Kit her y ing ation Arc se rac on (com ian Educ Hor Producti istor al/H d Foo aeologic s Arch g Classe Dog Trainin Park Playground Skate Park Church Functions Music Festival s Libary ECOL Wild OGY Hab life Veg itat We etation SU tland Hy STAIN s W dro AB So ind logy LE C la EN Flo LIM r ER GY od AT in E g

VIRO

x

Sw Ka im Fis ya mi Ro hi kin ng w ng g / Di in vin g g

SPACE GREEN OPEN TOPOGRAPHY

SPORT

VEGETATION HYDROLO

GOLF COURSE ELEMENTS

GY

2.0 recreational connection

3.0 museum network

t gh ou fires d Dr sh Islan Bu at He

Tees Fairwa Gree ys Bunk ns Rou ers Wa gh ter Haz ard

s

2

M S

N

TIO

EC

N

N

CO

program selection

community

time line

iteration 2 - 80 gsm

iteration 3 - 20 gsm

part

RA

INTERIOR Programs housed in the club house.

G

O

PR

iteration 1 - 120 gsm

4.1 filtration interaction

3.0 museum network

4.2 reveal / clean / connect

5.1 residential Housing

5.1 residential Housing

5.3 residential Housing

sport & recreation community

projection

Environmental & Habitat

reflection

Environmental & Habitat

case studies

x

4.2 reveal / clean / connect

5.2 residential Housing

bernard tschumi

abstract modeling was used as a tool to materialise the research concept.

3

part 5.2 residential Housing

5.3 residential Housing HiErarcHy kEy x = tested program combined with golf

prOGram kEy:

1

part

T

COMMUNITY

sport & recreation

syntHEsis prOjEct

DEsiGn practicE

1.1 unutilised space Edge insertion

1.1 unutilised space Edge insertion

test site

HiErarcHy GrOupinGs

DEsiGn tEstinGs

Golf

cemetery

basketball

skateboarding

community Garden

performance area

bbQ area

playground

Walking

cycling

fitness

x

x

x running

Exhibition sites

Wetlands

swimming

vegetation/Habitat

built form

13

pOsitiOninG kEy tErms - tHEOrEtical pOsitiOn - aims anD backGrOunD

15

kEy tErms

Throughout the process of developing the design research the following significant terms were discovered and defined throughout the work; crOss-prOGramminG – combining multiple programs to create a network of adjacencies that inform new relationships that act as a catalyst towards producing new urban form. multifunctiOnal – Design interventions that enable multiple functions within a space.

ExclusivE – Only accessible to a particular individual or group. associated through membership or class (not shared).

tHEOrEtical pOsitiOn

The research project has been positioned in relation to a significant practitioner of bernhard tschumi who has pushed the architectural boundaries through critiquing the notion that ‘form follows function’. in the early 1990’s he published a book called Event-Cities which explores the relationship between events and architectural space. He suggests that, through the collisions of programs and space, terms intermingle, combine and implicate one another to produce a new architecture reality. The thinking behind tschuni’s practice has become a significant inspiration for breaking exclusive green space through cross programming techniques.

The freedom of integrating two contrasting programs with one another has produced results that suggest a new topology of open space can be created.

inclusivE - not excluding any particular groups of people, tschumi’s definition of cross programming is explored through architectural designs that are illustrated within Event-cities. in open to all social groups (shared). particular, his 1989 competition entry for the french national OpEn GrEEn spacE - Open green space is any open piece library became a considerable step towards creating a new topology of space through cross programming, by pushing of land that is undeveloped (has no buildings or other built traditional boundaries through combining radically different structures) and contains vegetation. programs that operate harmoniously together and in sequence.

The concept was around circuits and flow that related to the amEnity - a program or an element that increases the “movement for scholars, runners, books, and visitors—and site qualities through providing facilities for human and so the entire architectural scheme was developed around a environmental benefits. constant dynamic” (tschumi, p. 329). The idea was to invent a space that was inspired by the operation of a program through urban cOntExt – The relationship between a site and reinagining individuals within it and how they might utilise the surrounding setting. it. consequently, tushumi created a hybrid space between athletes and scholars where, “On the upper level was an exhibition circuit and, outside, a running track, designed with the assumption that the athlete of the 21st century would be an intellectual and that the intellectual of the 21st century would be an athlete” (bernard tschumi architects 1995). in response, my definition of cross programming has developed through the materialisation of design iterations that combine multiple programs to create a network of adjacencies that inform new relationships as a catalyst towards producing new urban form.

frEncH natiOnal library

aims anD backGrOunD

bernard tshumi

This design research was initially inspired through my passion for golf. The game was introduced to me at a young age and i developed my handicap to a zero at an age of 17. after representing my province i aspired to take my game to the next level and one day play professionaly. Throughout my competitive days, i played multiple courses within new Zealand; since moving to melbourne it has become clear to me that access to golf is significantly different in australia.

axonometric / concept / layers

new Zealand has over 400 golf courses, 98% of which are accessible to the public, whereas melbourne has over 100 golf courses and 40% of these courses are exclusive to private membership. This raised the initial question: Why are there so many golf courses that are exclusive to a certain induvidual or membership group? i sought to understand why there are so many golf courses that are only accessible to a specific demographic that can afford the annual membership fee when golf courses occupy a significant area of open green space that has great potential to be developed in a form that provides amenity within the community, environment and surrounding contexts. following the research seminar, Hybrid Landscapes, which investigated how a design intervention could blur the boundary between public and private space within Docklands, the initial research question was posed: How can landscape architecture provide design interventions that provide accessibility to privatised open space?

Elevation: illustrating the running track on the upper deck of the building. The movement of the body coincides with the materiality of the space.

Programming the Urban Surface by alex Wall is significant reading that discusses an idea that the landscape is a dynamic urban surface that supports a complex array of events. He talks about how you can design conditions that support events that occur within an unpredictable future. The idea of flexibility and integration became a prominent challenge within the design research. This thinking was applied through crossprogramming interventions that created informal relationships between adjacent programs.

17

fOlliEs a sEriEs Of fOlliEs (abstract mODEls) WErE usED as an itErativE tOOl tO spatialisE anD cOmmunicatE tHE initial DEsiGn HuncH.

itEratiOn 01 - 120Gsm WatErcOlOur papEr

The first follie iteration explored how the amenities of exclusive green space could expand within a wealthy suburb such as brighton, East melbourne. as the ice melted to a red liquid it tended to sit on the surface of the paper.

The thick 120gsm paper did not allow much seepage or expansion of the liquid into the surrounding context.

Dried stain

matErials

melting process - Overlay 01

red Dye

Water - ice - Water

abstract modelling was used as a tool to explore a concept of creating a new topology of open green space.

Expanding amenities within exclusive green space (urban golf courses) through breaking the boundaries of sequestered private space. The three paper mediums

time

120gsm watercolour paper

represented various urban economic conditions within melbourne. The thickness of the paper represented the wealth within a related suburb.

The follies were performed through a series of iterations that were tested on three mediums of paper. 12ml of redcoloured water was frozen into ice cubes

80gsm paper

20gsm tissue paper

that were then placed into the centre of the grid. The melting process was documented over a period of time until the liquid had completely dried to gage the expansion of die within the paper.

melting process

21

itEratiOn 02 - 80Gsm cartriDGE papEr

itEratiOn 03 - 20Gsm tissuE papEr

The second follie iteration explored how the amenities of exclusive green space could expand within a middle class suburb such as northcote, north melbourne.

The third follie iteration explored how the amenities of exclusive green space could expand within lower socioeconomic suburbs such as sunshine north, West melbourne.

as the ice melted to a red liquid it tended? to seep into the surface of the paper. The 80gsm cartridge paper indicated potential expansion opportunities that are embedded within exclusive open green space.

as the ice melted to a red liquid it seeped rapidly into the surface of the tissue paper. The 20gsm tissue paper indicated that exclusive green space within low-income communities holds significant opportunity for economic and community amenities.

if only 5% of the population utilise urban golf courses the question must be asked, how can these spaces provide amenity to a wider social and economic group of people?

The series of follies that were completed visually communicated my initial understanding of expanding amenity and breaking private exclusive green space; particularly urban golf courses.

Dried stain Dried stain

melting process - Overlay 02

melting process

melting process melting process - Overlay 03 23

cHaptEr 2

apprOacH prOblEm - mEtHODOlOGy - cOnstructiOn timE linE - tEst sitE rEDEvElOpmEnt - tEst sitE

prOblEm ExclusivE GrEEn spacE - pOpulatiOn incrEasE - DEvElOpmEnt prEssurEs - mOnOfunctiOnal - sEGrEGatED prOGrams - bOunDariEs

27

prOblEm

mappinG

in 2007 the australian Golf industry council indicated that 6% of the australian population played golf, including both social and competitive players (aGic 2009). This illustrates that golf is popular leisure activity, in terms of the number of participants, and the number of golf courses in melbourne. The amount of exclusive open green space that golf courses occupy is then of significant concern, as “australia boasts some 1500 golf courses, and a large number occur within urban environments� (saGca 2003). Through the mapping process it became evident that there were 92 golf clubs, 9 of which were comprised of two courses within one club. This calculated to 101 urban golf courses within the melbourne metropolitan area. it has been calculated that the average area of an urban golf course within melbourne is 80ha. Therefore if there are 101 golf courses in the melbourne metropolitan area 8,080ha of open space may be exclusive to golfers. in short, the exclusivity and popularity of golf, when combined with the large open spaces that golf courses necessarily occupy within urban areas, gives rise to tension as populations increase and open space is at a premium.

mElbOurnE mEtrOpOlitan arEa

Maribyrnong Maribyrnong Sunbury

Sunbury

Yarra

Werribee

Bacchus Mars Marsh

Melbourne

Werribee

Yarra

Melbourne

Bacchus Marsh

pOpulatiOn GrOWtH = 1 million people

current melbourne population

predicted 2060 melbourne population

prEssurE On OpEn GrEEn spacE = 10 m2

Geelong

current open space per resident

Geelong

Port Phillip Bay Port Phillip Bay

Pakenham Pakenham Bun yip

Bun yip

= 55.4 m2

predicted 2060 open space per resident = 27.7 m2

mOnOfunctiOnal - multifunctiOnal current program within golf courses

potential programs that golf courses could integrate

sport and recreational

community

Environmental and Habitat

note - There are multiple potentials within inserting varies programs within urban golf courses. kEy public private

29 29

tHE arEa Of ExclusivE GrEEn spacE

sEGrEGatED ExclusivE GrEEn spacE

Parkville

Kensington

North Melbourne Carlton

West Melbourne

3,770 ha

West Melbourne

Industrial Zone

Melbourne CBD

East Melbourne

Dockands South Bank Melbourne Green Wedge Port Melbourne

South Yarra

city of melbourne area boundary

image: Google Earth

royal melbourne Golf club

photograph: Hamish buckingham

80 ha

x2

36 holes

Edges

security

The average golf course area in melbourne is approximately 80 ha.

The total area of exclusive green space that urban golf courses consume is approximately 8,080 ha. This means that the courses in the melbourne metropolitan area would fill the city of melbourne twice.

royal melbourne Golf club consists of two 18 hole courses. This large area of open green space consumes an area of land that creates a significant segregation between public and private space.

The black material boundary fence creates a physical and visual boundary between the surrounding residential community and the royal melbourne Golf club.

large security fences around the perimeter of urban golf courses create an exclusive perception to the surround context.

31

mEtHODOlOGy flOW cHats - GEnErativE DiaGramminG - rEsEarcH QuEstiOn DEvElOpmEnt

33

flOW cHats - unpackinG kEy tErms

flow charts were used as a research tool to break down key terms within the research question. This technique helped direct the research in a concise form.

state Government city of melbourne - Open space strategy [planning for future growth]

public urban fabric private

built form

Open space

physical aspects vegetation topography Hydrology built form - street furniture - lighting

population increase Development pressures On Open space urbanisation future development - urban sprawl - infill Development loss of open space reduction of open space per person

Open space topologies

benefits of Open space

cross programming

parks

social connections

creating a new topology of open space

Gardens

mental Health and Wellbeing

Golf courses

physical Health and Wellbeing

squares / plazas

mitigation of urban Heat

reserves

carbon sinks

Waterways

biodiversity

Waterfronts / riverfronts

cultural Heritage and character

building forecourts

Economics and tourism

sporting stadiums

Events and arts

shifting boundaries blurring thresholds between public and private space.

monofunctional

multifunctional

singular function

multiple programs

recreational programs

a parkland for “all”, is much more useful than a golf course for a “few”....

Diverse range of social and cultural groups

community programs Environmental programs

transforming exclusive open space towards inclusive public space through cross programming.

attracting varies age groups (children / teenagers / middle age / elderly people)

streets and laneways

urban Golf courses public courses private courses

inclusive

Exclusive

space open 24/7 for all social and cultural groups

privatization of open space (commercially provided public space)

Exclusion of people shutting out all others from a part or share.

resort courses

courses where anyone (the general public) can play a round of golf for variable fee.

practice facilities

Open space that contains monofunctional programs that provides amenity to minimal social and cultural groups.

35

DEsiGn tEstinG prOcEss

prOGram cOnnEctiOns

prOGram sElEctiOn

HYDROLO GY Tees Fair wa Gree ys Bunk ns Rou ers Wa gh ter Haz ard s

Solar Wind Hydrol ogy Geo therm al en ergy Dis Flo asters Ea odin r g t Fi re hqu ak s es

ls ia er at M ve s f cti fle roo s e R een ale s G ad sw ace Ro surf able Peru gy er ble En Sustaina

l ica e log lac ho sc of P y Ph nse ship t Se ner men ach Ow tt an A Hum ng Belongi

ity nt me

ss

ibil ess Acc

Infastructure Railway Networks Tram N etworks Bus Netw Ped ok Lib estria Inf rarie n an dC o rm s Pu ycli ati bl ng ic on Sh Ki os el te k rs uc

Ed

s de sli i nd La nam u s T

Identity Location Overlaps/Interfaces

sink Carbon rvoir Natural rese Artificial reservoir

EN EN

M

N

RO VI

ITY

UN

M

l ur ia vio ed ble M ha na Be ial io c n So pa m Co lic Pub nected Con ces g Pla Meetin

on

cti

nse

Se

of

g

gin

lon

be

e of

Sens

Motor Fun

ip ss ne nsh Fit ma orts Sp Skills yc

ho

lo

gi

ca

l

ent

achiev em

Self-confidence Ps

n

T

tio

ea cr Re

C R lima Su ain te ns hi ne

t&

M CO

or

So H cia At uma l titu n de Inter a

Sp

Benefits Socia l C o nnec tion Red ucti on He of O alt bes h ity

d in W il Ha w o Sn gy rolo Hyd ms Ocea Lakes

uip

s

itie

cil

Fa

filtratio n

Culture Language Religion Techno logy Cu Ae isine s fas thetic h s io n, S and art, m Cu ocia arc usic, ls lt u hite li r al tructu ctu teratu la re re, nd re sc ap e

Eq

n

io at

Rivers Streams Ponds Wate r

SPORT & RECREATION Ability

DraWinG tHE intEGratED prOGrams

WEEkly prEsEntatiOns

EnvirOnmEnt

cOmmunity

Mit iga T Lig ree c tion of a ht Urb gr nop an ou y He nd sha at d e rfa ce co lo ur

Fitne

The goal is to push the boundaries of normal behaviours within urban golf courses. How can a balance be achieved through cross programming that produces realistic integration through responding to the program constraints?

How can this approach generate a new topology of open green space within an urban context?

S

Injuries

GrOunDinG tHE cOncEpt WitHin tHE sitE

N

s

crOss prOGramminG rEsults

TIO

ition ond

HuncH - cOncEpt

EC

er c

EC EN OLO VIR GY ON & ME NT

g ilin Sa t a Bo TS el d OR o g M ilin R SP lf o a S THE e g s) O isbe ing rden Fr te fly y ga unit n m Ki cher y cing o m ti a o Ar rse ra n (c Educ ctio rian Ho rodu al/Histo P d Foo aeologic Arch Classes aining Dog Tr Park Playground Skate Park Church Functions Music Fe Libary stivals ECOL OGY Wi Habld life i t a Ve t We getati SU tland on Hy STA s W dro INA So ind logy BLE C l EN Flo LIM ar ER GY od AT in E g

ng di g la rdin rb a lle bo ing ms ng) i Ro te er gy cis a t xer Sk oo or tt e Sc utdo t ) ma ( O ircui fit ons es less C ross palat olf C a/ or g TS Yog SPOR /outdo or LL BA lf (Indo e Go ni golf gby leagu Mi y / Ru Rugb Soccer AFL Cricket Tennis Baseball / Softball Basketball Lawn bow Croquette ls / Tenpin bowls Hocke Netb y Péta all Polo nque Squ Tab ash V le o ll ten W ey ba nis S A ll K wim TER F ay m SP R ish aki ing OR o w ing ng / D TS in ivi g ng

VEGETATION

N

th Wea

The concepts generated from each design scenario has potential to be revisited and developed further in project b.

cross programming

GREEN OPEN GR TOPO APHY

N

s int

notes and recordings that are generated from the presentation feedback and reflected upon before moving onto the next design scenario.

furtHEr ExplOratiOns

CO

tra ns Co ost C

rEflEctiOn

The process continued to develop through the design iterations process.

M

Location

GOLF COURSE ELEMENTS

x x x x x x x

RA

Time

• • • • • • •

safety space required time maintenance controlled educate Quiet noise levels membership

G

A

• • • • • • •

O

ge

prOGram x

PR

o

M

GOlf

fEEDback Weekly feedback was received by the tutors and fellow students on the presented design scenario.

prOGram OvErlaps

SPACE

INTERIOR Programs housed in the club house.

ATHELETIC S Cross c ountr y running Tria Runnthlon [swim m in g/bik Jump ing ing/ru Thro ing nning ] REC wing W REATI ON R alki u n A L EXE Bi nni g RSI B kin ng SE M MX ging ou nt

g

kin

bi

n

tio

a tiv

prOGram x

t gh s ou fireland r D ush Is B eat H

ai n

spOrt anD rEcrEatiOn

prOGram cOnstraints

Hybrid integration

su

The selected programs under each design lense where mapped in relation to the physical elements that urban golf courses contain. This illustrated programs that could benefit from the existing site conditions of urban golf courses.

COMMUNITY

GEnErativE DiaGramminG

Weekly presentations are produced to communicate the current and projected research agenda.

37

rEsEarcH QuEstiOn DEvElOpmEnt

The research time line illustrates the development of the research question over a 26-week period. at the beginning of the research agenda i was interested in the privatisation of public space and how landscape architecture can provide design interventions that open exclusive spaces. Each week a design scenario was produced in response to the current research question. The design iterations produced constructive feedback on a weekly basis that developed the research question towards a defined trajectory of opening exclusive green space through cross-programming techniques.

The design iterations have been developed through the research question that has informed the final synthesis project.

How can design interventions be created to transform behaviours towards and within inactive/ unutilised public space?

crOss prOGramminG integrational conflicts How can the exclusive impression of urban golf courses be broken through multifunctional program integration that contributes to an array of amenity within public space?

How can urban golf courses become multifunctional inclusive public spaces?

How can urban golf courses become multifunctional public space through integration of programming that breaks the social perception of exclusive private golf courses?

0 (Weeks)

How can the exclusive impression of urban golf courses be broken through the integration of cross programming that contributes to an array of amenity within Doncaster and the surrounding context?

How can landscape architecture provide design interventions that break privatised open space?

How can urban golf courses transform form from monofunctional open space to multifunctional inclusive public space?

steven Holl

HybriD intEGratiOn How can the exclusive impression of urban golf courses be broken through the integration of hybrid programming that contributes to an array of amenity within public space?

How can the exclusive spaces of urban golf courses be open through the integration of cross programming in order to contribute and enhance amenity of the surrounding urban contexts?

13

8 (mid sem) How can the process of intervention inform the development of public space?

key terms

How can cross programming interventions be designed to open private exclusive green space?

crOss prOGramminG breaking Open Exclusive Green space How can the exclusive spaces of urban golf courses be open through the integration of cross programming in order to contribute and enhance amenity of the surrounding urban contexts? sub Questions How can a design process be developed to inform the transformation of sequestered exclusive open space?

What are the constraints within testing multiple programs within an urban golf course, and how do applied programs re-configure the existing hierarchy of golf?

39

rEsEarcH QuEstiOn DEvElOpmEnt

How can the qualities [Open space – topography – vegetation – Hydrology] of exclusive [mono-functional] urban golf courses be retained through crossprogramming interventions during the redevelopment process to enhance the amenity of surrounding urban contexts?

How can a redevelopment framework be developed to inform accessibility to exclusive open green space to wider contexts?

How can the exclusive [monofunctional] spaces of urban golf courses be open through a redevelopment framework that uses cross-programming as a catalyst for new urban development in order to contribute and enhance the amenity of the surrounding urban contexts?

How can cross-programming act as a catalyst for developing new urban form that breaks open exclusive [mono-functional] spaces of urban golf courses that contribute and enhance the amenity of the surrounding urban contexts?

How can the exclusive [monofunctional] spaces of urban golf courses be open through a redevelopment framework that uses cross-programming as a catalyst for new development in order to contribute and enhance the amenity of the surrounding urban contexts?

14 (Weeks)

26

How can exclusive [mono-functional] urban golf courses be accessible to wider contexts through integration of crossprogramming interventions?

frank kunErt

crOss-prOGramminG

key terms

How can cross-programming act as a catalyst for developing new urban form that breaks open exclusive [mono-functional] spaces [urban golf courses] that contribute and enhance the amenity of the surrounding urban contexts?

How can the application crossprogramming act as a catalyst towards developing new urban form that breaks open exclusive [mono-functional] spaces of urban golf courses that contribute and enhance the amenity of the surrounding urban contexts?

How can cross-programming break open exclusive mono-functional spaces of urban golf courses and catalyse new urban forms that contribute to and enhance the amenity of the surrounding urban contexts?

How can cross-programming break open exclusive mono-functional spaces of urban golf courses and catalyse new urban forms that enhance the surrounding urban contexts?

41

tEst sitE EastErn GOlf club - DOnacstEr - mElbOurnE - victOria DOncastEr Hill mastEr plan - cOntExtual OpEn GrEEn spacE

43

sitE lOcatiOn

EastErn GOlf club DOncastEr, mElbOurnE

The Eastern Golf club is located in Doncaster, 14km from the melbourne cbD. This site is a private golf course where membership is essential for the space. The course occupies half of Doncaster’s open green space (51 ha) that is exclusive to golfers.

OpEn GrEEn spacE - DOncastEr

This exclusive space was chosen as a test site to explore my research interest of breaking open exclusive spaces. How can cross-programming break open exclusive mono-functional spaces of urban golf courses and catalyse new urban forms that enhance the surrounding urban contexts?

OpEn spacE tOpOlOGy ambulance park cricket field

timber ridge reserve (cricket field)

Golf course cricket field parks reserves

st Gregory The Great primary school

High street

sitE lOcatiOn

Doncaster

P

schools privately Owned Green space Highways / streets / car parks

Doncaster shopping mall

Elger park

GOlf cOursE ElEmEnts Wilson road reserve Yarra

Werribee

The Eastern Golf club is a significant open space within Doncaster. it contains remnant indigenous vegetation, natural topography and hydrology in the form of irrigation ponds. The existing qualities within the site have great potential to enhance various other programs.

birralee primary school

Melbourne

Bacchus Marsh

5km 10km

EastErn GOlf club DOncastEr

15km

Port Phillip Bay

site Qualities Pakenham Bun yip

Open space

residential Housing Doncaster

Open space

vegetation

vegetation

topography Hydrology

45

DOncastEr suburb - sitE lOcatiOn

20

2 1

1

2

21

19

4

18

19

19

4

16

7 3

5

13

EastErn GOlf club

6

9

13

17

17

9

10

10 15

8

15

8

11

1211

12

14

OpEn GrEEn spacEs

16

3

5 6

21

19

18

7

20

14

47

cHaptEr 3

DEsiGn tEstinG part 1 unutilisED spacE/EDGE insErtiOn - EDGE tOpOlOGiEs - filtratiOn intEractiOn

Part one is a collaboration of design testing that is grouped in relation to the hierarchy of the combined programs. These design iterations were developed underneath the existing program of golf.

Program Hierarchies

prOGram x

x = tested program combined with the existing program 49

unutilisED spacE - EDGE insErtiOn 1.1 GOlf + cEmEtEry

51

1.1 unutilisED spacE - EDGE insErtiOn prOGrams - GOlf + cEmEtEry

The first design iteration was formed within sue anne Wear’s workshop that forced me to design on a chosen site. The initial concept was to select a contrasting program to golf and combine them in the same space. similar to how we see train stations as public museums and churches that become nightclubs. after the initial site visit it was evident that the golf course did not utilise every square metre of space. There was a significant percentage of open space that had potential to accommodate various other programs. The first program that was hybridised within the golf course was a cemetery. choosing a contrasting program to golf generated conceptual thinking towards the potentials that these exclusive green spaces hold.

prOGram HiErarcHy

unutilisED EDGE spacEs

DEvElOpmEnt skEtcHEs

potential interface Developments

cEmEtEry

site location

club House

prOGram intEGratiOn

DEsiGn WOrDs

Golf course / residential interface

WEstErn EDGE cOnDitiOn potential Entrance point

Golf course

cemetery Hole #7

cut and fill

following the presentation of scenario 1.1 it was clear that the program overlaps needed to be pushed further to create a greater integration between the two programs.

test site

Divot

bunker practice area

fill plan

cut plan

A

A

Hole 18 (Golf course)

Eastern ave

Eastern ave

Hole 18 (Golf course)

A

scale 1:500

Golf Hill ave

scale 1:500

A

Golf Hill ave

scale 1:500

53

sEctiOnal pErspEctivE a-a - prOGram OvErlaps

Golf course residential Housing

cemetery

program Overlap

vegetation buffer Zone

18th fairway

crOss prOGramminG: “usinG a GivEn spatial cOnfiGuratiOn fOr a prOGram nOt intEnDED fOr it, tHat is, usinG a cHurcH builDinG fOr bOWlinG. similar tO typOlOGical DisplacEmEnt: a tOWn Hall insiDE tHE spatial cOnfiGuratiOn Of a prisOn Or a musEum insiDE a car park structurE.” bErnarD tscHumi

55

EDGE tOpOlOGiEs activE EDGE 1.2 GOlf + baskEtball / skatE park / pErfOrmancE arEa / bbQ arEa / playGrOunD / cOmmunity GarDEn

57

1.2 EDGE tOpOlOGiEs - activE EDGE

ExistinG EDGE tOpOlOGiEs

prOGrams - GOlf + baskEtball / skatE park / pErfOrmancE arEa / bbQ arEa / playGrOunD / cOmmunity GarDEn

ExistinG EDGE cOnDitiOns The second deign scenario investigated the edge conditions that have developed around the Eastern Golf club in the heart of Doncaster. it was evident that four edge topologies have formed; highway edge, residential edge, street edge and a park/reserve edge. This analysis allowed me to understand the existing programs and users that occupy the edges of the golf course.

D2

my initial concept was to develop a design that inserted various programs within a current edge condition to attract a range of children, teenagers, adults and elderly people. The designed provides multiple surfaces for range of programs to occur within a flexible space.

Doncaster road is diverted through an under ground tunnel to create a public space where the road used to be.

This creates a connection between the residents and the multipurpose activity area.

c2

D1 b2

a2

Doncaster Shopping Centre

d ns Roa

so Willam

fence conditions

c1

b1 a1

prOGram HiErarcHy transparent

shut off

kEy Extension of the backyard baskEtball / skatE park / pErfOrmancE arEa / bbQ arEa / playGrOunD / cOmmunity GarDEn

Highway edge residential edge street edge park edge

Eastern Golf club, Doncaster

vegetation screen

low threshold fence

59

ExistinG EDGE tOpOlOGiEs sEctiOns

HiGHWay EDGE cOnDitiOn

section a1

Doncaster road

section a2

Doncaster road

rEsiDEntial EDGE cOnDitiOn

11 arnold place

5 arnold place

section b1

section b2

strEEt EDGE cOnDitiOn

burgundy Drive section c1

4 iskander place section c2

kEy

park EDGE cOnDitiOn

car park streetscape

lawford street park section D1

summervile street park

residential Housing vegetation buffer Zones Golf course (tee - fairway - green) Golf clubhouse

section D2 61

prOpOsED EDGE cOnDitiOn - DOncastEr rOaD

DEvElOpmEnt skEtcHEs

B

B

scale 1:750

flExiblE bOunDariEs

sEctiOn b - b - activE HiGHWay EDGE - DOncastEr rOaD

vegetation buffer

tunnel under pass residential Housing

community Garden

tram track

cycle pedestrian

skate park art

Golf course

The intention was to create a flexible boundary between private and public gardens. blurring threshold between programs.

63

prOGram insErtiOns - HuncH

rEflEctiOn - prOjEctiOn

spatial cOnfiGuratiOn

futurE itEratiOn

basketball

skate park

performance amphitheatre

bbQ area (un-prescribed space)

playground

prOGram OvErlaps

basketball

skate park

performance amphitheatre

bbQ area (un-prescribed space)

playground

Golf

Golf

inserted Edge programs

inserted Edge programs

transport infrastructure

transport infrastructure

community Garden

tram line

tram line

community Gardens

community Garden

tHE prOGram insErtiOns WitHin tHE DOncastEr rOaD EDGE attEmpts tO attract a WiDE ranGE Of cHilDrEn, tEEnaGErs, miDDlE aGE anD ElDErly pEOplE tHrOuGH a variEty Of prOGrams.

community Gardens

residential connections

residential connections

residential connections

prOGram OvErlaps

residential connections

after presenting the proposed edge condition it was clear that the programs were not overlapping and integrating with one another. The initial hunch sketch illustrates that the intention of cross-programming was not achieved within this design scenario. programs have become segregated throughout the site rather than flexibly distributed and integrated.

Even though this design scenario failed in its aim of creating a multipurpose surface it has provided a positive learning experience. issues have emerged through producing design scenarios that have defined the research trajectory. if the design were to be reproduced through a second iteration, the ground plane would be redeveloped to create a flexible surface

that did not restrict programs to certain areas. for example, possibilities would be sought that would see the skate park operate within the community garden and the performance area pushed out into the golf course.

65

WEtlanD cOnnEctiOns 4.1 GOlf + WatEr filtratiOn [WEtlanDs] anD WatEr spOrts

67

4.1 WEtlanD cOnnEctiOns

prOGram cOnstraints

prOGrams - GOlf + WatEr filtratiOn [WEtlanDs] anD WatEr spOrts

Design scenario 4.1 explored the integration of golf, swimming, canoeing and model boat sailing. The initial concept was to divert the surrounding storm water into a constructed wetland that flowed through the Eastern Golf club. This was achieved through directing the north eastern pipes into a water body within the course.

prEcEDEnts WaitanGi park, WEllinGtOn, nZ

Waitangi park in Wellington new Zealand is a successful example of how storm water runoff is filtered through natural and mechanical filters. a similar concept is used within this scenario but this proposed wetland provides a regenerative solution that supports various programs that are beneficial to the community. as the brown storm water enters the site it begins to flow through a series of mechanical filters that are located within each terrace. vegetation beds are positioned throughout the wetland to assist the filtration process. in this instance, the programs that would be implemented within the wetland are aligned with issues of water quality. for example, model boat sailing is located towards the north end of the site, where as swimming is located to the south where the water is the cleanest

flussbaD prOjEct, sprEE rivEr, bErlin, GEr

Golf

swimming

model boat sailing canoeing

- safety - large amount of space required for golf - time - controlled Educate Dress code sportsmanship pace of play noise level [Quiet] - private and public separation - Daylight - Weather

swimming

- restricted area - Water depth - Weather (wind) - accessibility - Water quality - viewing platforms - safety

- Water quality - safety - Water depth - age - supervision - temperature - type of water (ocean/pool) bathing (stationary in a body of water) - privacy - temperature - Water Depth

an urban plan which transforms an under-utilized arm of the river.

The project has a strong impact on the quality of urban life and positive ecological contribution through remediation of the city’s waterways.

Wetlands / Water filtration - Water source - area - filters (mechanical & natural) - Overflows - polluted water - topography

- safety - Water depth - Water quality - restricted areas - Water entry and exit points

90

0 0

95

102

100 100

mastEr plan - HyDrOlOGy

100 95

0

paddling (interacting with a shallow body of water) - Water Depth

90 0

105 0

85

0

0

100

80

90 75 95

70 85

DEvElOpmEnt skEtcHEs

sitE layErs

85

230

83

80

80

75

WatEr Quality

92

65 70

clean Water

192

brown Water

0 65

75

200

112 70

125

road run-off storm Water

65 100

0 95

200

filtered Water

90

85

240 70

65

80

prOGram intEGratiOn

Golf

swimming

canoeing

model boat sailing

Wetlands

prOGram HiErarcHy

Waitangi park is a multifunctional open space located on the Wellington waterfront. The park exhibits water sensitive urban design through water conservation (day lighting + cleaning of Waitangi stream, collection and treatment of storm-water, harvesting of storm-water for irrigation and cleaning before releasing into the Wellington harbour).

tErracEs - filtErs

128 90

55

250

150

50

220 0 0

0 50

190

130

241

141 130 0

55

level changes

0

130

260

72 60 65

65 70

Human prOGrams

75

80

172

220

176

240

canoeing

165 75

140

120 60

pedalling bathing swimming

0

136

WEtlanD (natural anD mEcHanical filtratiOn) - mODEl bOat sailinG - canOEinG sWimminG

65

250

model boat sailing

0

contextual storm Water pipes 69

cHaptEr 4

DEsiGn tEstinG part 2 rEcrEatiOnal cOnnEctiOns - musEum nEtWOrk - mix usE backyarD mEDiatinG lanDscapEs

Part two is a collaboration of design testing that is grouped in relation to the hierarchy of the combined programs. These design iterations align with the existing program of golf.

Program Hierarchies

prOGram x

x = tested program combined with the existing program 71

rEcrEatiOnal cOnnEctiOns 2.0 GOlf + crOss cOuntry runninG / rEcrEatiOnal tracks

73

2.0 rEcrEatiOnal cOnnEctiOns

cOntExtual mastEr plan

prOGrams - GOlf + crOss cOuntry runninG / rEcrEatiOnal tracks

The third design scenario integrated cross-country running and recreational tracks within the Eastern Golf course. Through analysing the surrounding context it became evident that there was an existing cross-country track located in freeway park on the outskirts of Doncaster. The limited space within the park restricts the track distance and configuration. it is evident that cross-country running as a program could benefit from the topography, open space and vegetation that are significant elements within the Eastern Golf club. The first design move was reinventing the freeway park cross-country track. This consisted of diverting the track towards and through the golf course, starting and finishing at the park. This created a 4.2km loop that was more interesting for the runners and utilized the golf course conditions to enhance the track.

GOlf GamE patH

potentiation Entrance points

cross country track

shot points

shot Distances boundary line

End point start point club House

Doncaster shopping mall

The second design move was generated through understanding the form and function of the urban fabric within Doncaster. crOss prOGramminG OppOrtunity ZOnEs currently the Eastern Golf club occupies approximately 50% Existing Hydrology of the open green space, this space is exclusive to members unutilized space of the club. The golf course has created a disconnect within the suburb reducing connectivity between residents and the shopping precinct. This existing condition has been broken through cross-programming techniques that allow recreational tracks to pass through the golf course without interrupting the program of golf. boundary line

Existing cross country track freeway park

low lying stream potential interface Developments

club House

kEy cross country-running route recreational connection routes

prOGram HiErarcHy

Eastern Golf club, Doncaster

prOGram intEGratiOn crOss cOuntry runninG / rEcrEatiOnal tracks

cOncEpt skEtcH

Golf course

connectivity

+

cross country running [recreational tracks]

=

crossprogramming connectivity

“an unprEcEDEntED cOmbinatiOn Of prOGrams anD spacEs: a multiplicity Of EvEnts WitHOut classificatiOn Of HiErarcHy�. bErnarD tscHumi

75

transEct plan 18

3

4

C

10

C 11

ntls

OvErlappinG rEcrEatiOnal track

prOGram intEGratiOn

cOncEpt skEtcH

Overlapping access routes

protection Wall

crOss cOuntry anD rEcrEatiOnal tract pErspEctivE at certain points on the site the recreational tracks join up with the cross country track. These two pathways have a contrasting surface material to allow the runners and pedestrians to find there way through the site.

connecting recreational track

prOGram OvErlap - sEctiOn c - c

recreation track

Golf course

lime chip

Way finding Device

vegetation shelter belt

77

musEum nEtWOrk 3.0 GOlf + OpEn air musEum [sculpturE park]

79

sitE layErs

3.0 musEum nEtWOrk prOGrams - GOlf +

musEum Way finDinG

prEcEDEncE Design scenario 3.0 was inspired through an experience during a site visit at The Hills private Golf club in Queenstown, new Zealand. Each year the owner of the club buys an impressive set of sculptures that are deployed within the course. The artwork has been published in various forms of the media creating an unprecedented discussion about public access to the sculptures.

Hybridising the Eastern Golf club with an open air sculpture park has created a landscape that embodies two programs that operate at an even hierarchy. The design consists of a network of pathways that connects temporary and permanent sites. various sculptures are integrated within the course, becoming objects that are viewed by spectators and golfers.

These elements become a part of the course that golfers hit around or over.

prOGram HiErarcHy

prOGram intEGratiOn

nEtWOrk

tHE Hills GOlf club - QuEEnstOWn, nZ

OpEn air musEum

cOnfusED Way finDinG

Wolves - liu ruowang

Horses - max patte

Golf course

+

museum

= ?

concept: network of Exhibition sites

sitE layErs

abstract tree - mark Hill Weta - mark Hill

yOrksHirE sculpturE park - uk

intEGratED prOGram OpEn air musEum

- Entrance - building/kiosk - Exhibition sites - connecting pathways (networks) - facilities (toilets, seating, bins, shelter) rEstrictED Way finDinG

life size heads - jaume plensa

tree Hug - jaume plensa

letter people - Thomas Harvey

topography screen jaume plensa

ExistinG prOGram GOlf cOursE

Gibbs lanD art farm - aucklanD, nZ

- linea Hole sequence (1-9 / 10-18) - rules - Educate - public and private separation - time

nEtWOrk Way finDinG

steel Wall - irrwin Opolis

basE sitE

Horn

topography Wall

- Golf course - topography - vegetation - Open space - Hydrology - Doncaster suburb

81

sculpturE park - mastEr plan

pErmanEnt sculpturE sitEs

Entrance plan temporary sculpture sites transect plan - permanent sculptures sites

92

permanent sculptures are located throughout the course where program overlaps occur. steel structures allow people to circulate safely around a network of pathways that connect various sculpture sites. There is potential to display information and artwork on these walls to create an interesting journey through the site. cOncEpt skEtcH

Wall structurE mODEl

D

D

transEct plan - pErmanEnt sculpturE sitE

kEy ll Ave Golf Hi

Exhibition sites network pathway Zoom up plans

temporary sculpture site

- safety - large amount of space required for golf - time - controlled Educate - Dress code - sportsmanship - pace of play - noise level [Quiet] - private and public separation - Gender separation

permanent steel Wall sculpture

temporary sculpture site

sEctiOn D - D - prOGram OvErlaps

prOGram cOnstraints GOlf

protected circulation path

musEum [sculpturE park - Entrance - car park - Exhibition sites - pathways (way finding) - permanent and temporary Exhibits - safety - shelter - cost 18th fairway permanent installation program cross Over Zone

practice fairway permanent installation program cross Over Zone

1st tee buffer Zone program cross Over Zone

83

GOlfErs pErspEctivE

Ct

ley

Stu d

Ct

Greenwood Stree

t

Studley

Woodland Stree

t

sculpturE park - ZOOm plan

temporary sculpture site

DEvElOpmEnt skEtcHEs

Golf course

Entrance kiosk

museum Gateway

museum car park

musEum GatEWay

The gateway to the museum is located off studley crescent on the western edge of the Eastern Golf club. The entrance kiosk has been designed with the same language of permanent sculpture sites. at this point visitors

receive a map that illustrates the path network that connects the artwork.

The entrance point to the golf club and the museum has been deliberately separated to create a feeling that these

cOncEpt skEtcH

two programs are operated by two different organisations but they share the same space through cross programming interventions.

spectators view

Hazard

Golfers view

85

mix usE backyarD 5.1 rEtail - cOmmErcial - rEsiDEntial - builDinG sEtbacks - GOlf

87

5.1 built fOrm - mix usE rEsiDEntial DEvElOpmEnt

ExistinG DOncastEr rEsiDEntial fOrm

prOGrams - GOlf + rEsiDEntial / cOmmErcial / rEtail

Design scenario 5.1 explored the integration of mixed use development within the existing Eastern Golf club, incorporating retail, food and beverage, commercial and residential uses. The concept was to maintain half of the golf course and preserve the existing site qualities of open space, vegetation and topography.

Through analysing the contextual urban fabric of Doncaster it was evident that the existing lot sizes were in excesses of 600 m2. The dwelling is then located in the centre of the section resulting in a large private front and back yard.

prOGram HiErarcHy

DEvElOpmEnt structurE

The existing residential setbacks were challenged through this scenario where the house was pushed hard up against the boundary line to create a large backyard that could be cross-programmed with the golf course.

spatial cOnfiGuratiOn

smart lOts

retail commercial residential

300 - 400 square meter lots suitable for singles, couples or families seeking a low maintenance lifestyle

prEmium lOts 500 - 800 square meter lots suitable for families looking for added space and flexibility. These lots occupy specific areas on the site that provide views over the golf courses and city. low Density residential Dwellings - Doncaster mEDium DEnsity mixED usE cOmplEx Ground floor - retail & commercial second floor - commercial

ExistinG builDinG sEt back

prOpOsED sEt back

Third / sixth floor - accommodation

6m 15m 25m 45m

45m 20m

14m 12m

12m cross-program backyard potentials 89

prOGram OvErlaps

mastEr plan - mix usE DEvElOpmEnt

ZOOm up plan

program Overlaps

internal access roads

Golf Hitting Direction

The proposed setbacks within residential housings has increased the open space that can be cross-programmed with the golf course. The edge of the fairway overlaps with the backyard creating a dynamic interface between the housing

4th fairway

smart lots (300 - 400m2)

internal access roads

and the golf course. private vegetation becomes a safety screen between the housing and the golf course. safety is a constraint that needs to be address through cross-programming interventions.

minimum anD maximum GOlf HOlEs par 5’s

600m

440m fairway Width 20 - 40m par 4’s 440m 230m

par 3’s 230m 80m

kEy smart lots

premium lots

medium Density mixed use

proposed tram line (Doncaster road) 91

mEDiatinG lanDscapEs 5.3 sOcial HOusinG - sOcial intEGratiOn

93

5.3 mEDiatinG lanDscapEs

HOusinG tOpOlOGy analysis

Design scenario 5.3 investigates how social housing could be integrated within the golf course through a mixed use development. The first step was to analyse the existing condition of golf course housing estates.

The price of real estate and the golf membership fees are targeted at the high-budget buyers. This produces an exclusive residential community based on a lifestyle that is only viable for a small percentage of the population.

australia does not have many gated communities but the majority that do exist can be found within private golf courses. sanctuary lakes in melbourne’s outer West is a significant example of an exclusive residential development.

The Greg norman designed course is surrounded by oversized luxury houses that are situated on small lots that overlook the golf course and the meandering wetland.

The security enforced around and within sanctuary lakes re-iterates the exclusiveness of this residential subdivision On the other hand, melbourne’s public housing is formed within high-density residential towers which accommodate low-income earners.

The existing 1960’s housing topology

has significant problems in terms of its site layout, interior and exterior connections and configuration to the external street network. currently there is major shortage in public housing infrastructure for low socio-economic groups. Therefore, this scenario looks to open the Eastern Golf club through mix use development that integrates multiple socio-economic groups through providing a range of accommodation options. for example, the average house price in Doncaster is currently $725,000 (realestate.com.au 2013). The cost of living within this area has enforced social stratification and marginalisation within this suburban setting.

ExclusivE HOusinG - sanctuary lakEs rEsOrt

built fOrm 500 - 1000m2

low Density upper class living

The gated community is disconnected from public transport, resulting in people relying in on cars for transport.

prOGram HiErarcHy

intEGratED prOGrams

prOpOsED cOncEpt

sitE cHaractEristics

The golf holes are spaced out through the subdivision to maximise the golf course views.

Oversized houses on small lots. Excessively large private development site.

sOcial HOusinG - carltOn public HOusinG EstatE

sitE cHaractEristics built fOrm

mix use accommodation (medium Density)

Exclusive Green space (Eastern Golf club) segregated social Housing

medium Density social integration reduced building size = multiple clusters

Disconnection between Ground plane and residents

lygon street, carlton

Open public space

High density accommodation towers

High Density public towers (40 - 45 floors) 95

intEGratED HOusinG clustErs

cOurtyarD + built fOrm

HOusinG stratEGy

DEvElOpmEnt skEtcHEs

mastEr plan

The concept was to create a series of courtyards across the site that accommodates varies programs such as markets, playgrounds, performance areas, community gardens and exhibition sites. These programs will attract people from the surrounding context. The built form is then integrated around the these courtyards.

ZOOm plan

performance area/market

built form

sitE GatEWays

Golf course courtyard medium Density Housing playground

Existing residential Edge Existing

proposed

courtyards

GOlfErs pErspEctivE

97

cHaptEr 5

DEsiGn tEstinG part 3 rEvEal - clEan - cOnnEct - inclusivE urban GOlf

Part three is a collaboration of design testing that is grouped in relation to the hierarchy of the combined programs. These design iterations are integrated over the existing program of golf.

Program Hierarchies

prOGram x

x = tested program combined with the existing program 99

rEvEal - clEan - cOnnEct 4.2 GOlf + WatEr filtratiOn [WEtlanDs/rEvisOr], Habitat anD WatEr spOrts

101

4.2 rEvEal - clEan - cOnnEct

cOntExtual HyDrOlOGy

prOGrams - GOlf + WatEr filtratiOn [WEtlanDs] anD WatEr spOrts

after reflecting upon the previous design scenario it was evident that golf occupied the highest point in the hierarchy of programmes, over the inserted programmes. This feedback inspired me to attempt to invert the hierarchy and integrate environmental, ecological and recreational programs into the site that have an influence over the way golf is played at the Eastern Golf club.

a generative diagram was used to develop a concept of reveal – clean – connect. reveal was exploring the idea of rising storm water from underground pipes through bio-retention swales and rain gardens. Through these contextual interventions the storm water is directed into the Eastern Golf club where the concept of clean begins. as the water

flows through the site it steps through a series of natural and mechanical filters that improves the water quality. Once the water has been processed through a number filters it becomes adequate for recreational swimming. This occurs at a central location within the site that allows people to connect with the water through recreational swimming, bathing, pedalling and diving.

DEsiGn cOmpOnEnts

ruffy lake Eastern Golf club

ruffy creek

potential connection

Doncaster shopping mall

prOGram HiErarcHy WEtlanD - Habitat rEcrEatiOnal sWimminG

koonung creek

kEy storm Water pipes Doncaster suburb boundary

HyDrOlOGy catcHmEnt

GEnErativE DiaGram reveal substitution of Drains and pipes

clean Water filtration

Habitat

connect Water - people - recreation

bioretention swales mechanical

natural

swimming bathing

pedaling

in creating constructed wetland environment it was important to understand the contextual hydrology. The urban development of Doncaster has forced the majority of its waterways underground into storm water pipes. road

runoff and storm water will be the main hydrology source for the proposal and will look to connect the two existing streams that boarder the suburb.

103

rEvEal - clEan - cOnnEct

mastEr plan - HyDrOlOGy + GOlf cOursE

cOncEpt skEtcH rEvEal - storm water is raised from pipes and diverted through bio-retention swales and rain clEan - The storm water that enters the site passes through a series of mechanical and natural filters. cOnnEct - as the water quality improves over the site there is a central location that allows people to connect with the water through recreational swimming, bathing, pedalling and diving.

OvErlappinG prOGrams

0

0

DEvElOpmEnt skEtcHEs

WatEr Quality

p1

“cOmbininG tWO Or mOrE prOGrams, WHErEby a rEQuirED spatial cOnfiGuratiOn Of prOGram a cOntaminatEs prOGram b anD b’s pOssiblE cOnfiGuratiOn. tHE nEW prOGram b may bE ExtractED frOm tHE inHErEnt cOntraDictiOns cOntainED in prOGram a, anD b’s rEQuirED spatial cOnfiGuratiOn may bE appliED tO a.” bErnarD tscHumi

90

swimming

85

65

Wetland

0

WatEr Quality kEy storm Water runoff

swimming Water

105

EcOlOGical Habitat - WEtlanD - GOlf [p1]

Habitat

mammals

swamp Wallaby

rintail & bushtail possums

bush rat

common barn Owl

long neck turtle fisH

tawny frogmouth

sand mullet

rainbow lorikeet

blue spotted Gobi

yellow tailed black cockatoo

silver trevally

Grey Heading foxes

micro bats birDs

invErtEbratEs

rEptilEs anD ampHibians

crabs kookaburras Water flow Direction

protection screen

bird Watching slots mechanical filter integrated under the recreational path.

The golf course has been re-configured in result of the imposed hierarchy of additional programs that have been integrated within the site.

revisor ponds

White skinks

attracted Wetland vegetation Habitat

Dragonflies kingfisher

magpie

blue tongue lizard pEsts

frogs

European rabbit

stray cat

107

WatEr filtratiOn [clEan]

vEGEtatiOn

WEtlanD filtratiOn pErspEctivE

uppEr bank plants

submErGED plants

poa labillardierie

isolepis fl uitans

ficinia nodosa

crassula helmsii F F

E E cyperusgunni i

marsilea mutica

lOWEr bank plants ExistinG trEEs

alisma plantago-aquatica

Eucalyptus camaldulensis

mEcHanical filtEr / crOss briDGE - sEctiOn f - f

carexa ppressa

Wattles

juncus holoschoenus

Eucalyptus (disambiguation)

bridge filter

Golfers cross bridge

Dry sEasOn - sEctiOn E1 - E1

Water catchment retaining Wall

marGinal plants

funnel Zone

Existing vegetation

WEt sEasOn - sEctiOn E2 - E2

myriophyllum simulans

Eucalyptus melliodora

upper bank plants isolepis inundata

Wild grasses

lower bank plants

marsubginal Existing plants merged trees plants

109

WatEr rEcrEatiOn

transEpt plan 90

90

85

65

85

65

70

75

70

75

D

DEvElOpmEnt skEtcHEs

G 80

80

85

60

75

75

85

G

60

90

sEctiOnal pErspEctivE

90

rEcrEatiOnal sWimminG

7th Green

8th tee Off area

swimming changing rooms

bathing

Diving

swimming

pedalling

passive seating area

circulation path

“a spatial sEQuEncE tHat is stratEGically DisjunctivE: tHE runninG track in tHE library.” bErnarD tscHumi

111

inclusivE urban GOlf 5. 2 rEsiDEntial HOusinG + GOlf

113

prOGram intEGratiOn

Design scenario 5.2 investigated how golf could be maintained within a proposed residential subdivision. The concept was to alter the building setbacks within private lots to increase open space that is adjacent to the street-scape. Golf became cross-programmed with the streetscape and the private backyard. The

crOss-prOGramminG [GOlf + strEEt-scapE]

road and footpaths became the fairway for the golf course. This proposal was a conceptual idea that enabled greater thinking of how cross-programming can be deployed in various urban concepts.

prOGram HiErarcHy rEsiDEntial accOmmODatiOn

5

6

urban GOlf

4

2

3

1

The canadian centre of architecture organised an exhibition that featured “experimental interactions with the urban environment that show the potential influence personal involvement can have in shaping the city� (pruned 2009).

The precedent set provided an interesting commentary on popular perceptions of golf; particularly that it is elitist, sexist and supports unethical club policies. urban golf is seen as an activity that can be played in various urban environments with a modest budget and informal participation. The traditional golf ball is substituted for a larger and softer ball to reduce risk and damage within the playing area

scalE nts

115

cHaptEr 6

syntHEsis prOjEct rEDEvElOpmEnt - DOncastEr Hill mastEr plan - DEvElOpmEnt timElinE - spOrt anD rEcrEatiOn - cOmmunity - EnvirOnmEnt anD Habitat

This chapter illustrates a synthesis project that was born from the initial design testing. It begins by positioning the project in relation to Mirvac’s redevelopment plans for the Eastern Golf Club and the City of Manningham’s Doncaster Hill master plan. Then the design research follows by addressing the

117

[rE] DEvElOpmEnt crEatinG a crOss prOGramminG framEWOrk tHat usEs lanDscapE anD ExtEriOr prOGram as a catalyst fOr urban DEvElOpmEnt.

119

rElOcatiOn - EastErn GOlf club

rEDEvElOpmEnt - EastErn GOlf club

DOncastEr - yErinG

DOncastEr

ExistinG sitE cOnDitiOn

W

yErinG

The current Eastern Golf club is a private 18 hole golf course that occupies 41 hectares of valuable open green space.

The site is located within close proximity to Westfield shopping mall.

SOLD

DOncastEr

cbD

High street

Doncaster road

pOrt pHilip bay

20% OpEn spacE rEtEntiOn The mirvac Development Group pruchased the site and plan to retain significant native vegetation and 20% open green space.

20% Open space retention

rElOcatiOn The Eastern Golf club is a private facility that has been sold to the mairvac Development group for 100 million dollars. The golf club has purchased a plot of land in yerring where they will build a new 18 hole championship course and clubhouse to accommodate their current members. construction will begin in 2014 on the yerring site.

The relocated Eastern Golf club will be situated on land outside the melbourne urban Growth boundary. This is a significant concern because golf courses attract residential development resulting in further urban sprawl within outer suburbs of melbourne.

800 prOpOsED DWEllinGs

kEy

mirvac’s vision is to transform the Eastern Golf club into a master planned community featuring approximately 800 medium to low density dwellings.

Existing site - Doncaster new site - yering urban Growth boundary

800 proposed dwellings

121

20

DOncastEr Hill - mastEr plan 1

13

futurE DEvElOpmEnt - incrEasE DEnsity

8

14

123

DOncastEr Hill mastEr plan

DOncastEr stats

DOncastEr rEsiDEntial DEnsity

pOpulatiOn current population

118,756

2036 population forecast

140,000

land area

890

Ha

population Density

21.08

Eastern Golf club

persons per hectare

builDinG tOpOlOGiEs

71.7%

71.7%

4.5%

single Dwellings low Density

medium Density

High Density

DWEllinG structurE cHanGE 2006 - 2011

kEy Eastern Golf club

Developed site

Doncaster Hill

The current population of Doncaster is 118,756 and in 2036 it is predicted to rise to approximately 140,000 people (manningham, 2013). One of the aims of the master plan is therefore to increase density through medium to high-density living accommodation.

300 200 116

100 0

High Density High Density

Medium Density medium Density

-100

low Density

as the density within Doncaster increases there are predictions that the public transport infrastructure will be need to be upgraded through a connecting train line to the cbD.

The synthesis project for the Eastern Golf club works in with the current Doncaster Hill master plan. The design aims to provide medium to high-density living accommodation to preserve open space for sport and recreation, community and environmental aspects. mixed use development will occur along the Doncaster road edge connecting with the existing retail and commercial precinct. This proposal will increase density and inform the development of public transport within Doncaster.

The image above illustrates the current suburban density within Doncaster. 24 dwellings would fit within the mcG stadium (2ha). approximately 12 dwellings per hectare form the urban fabric of Doncaster (visual city, 2012).

394

400

single Dwellings Separate Housing

The manningham city council has proposed a master plan for the Doncaster Hill area to provide a common focus for all the stakeholders who are involved with future developments. The community and the council have formed a vision that aims to achieve greater community wellbeing, physical and mental health, sustainability and identity.

future Development

125

DEvElOpmEnt timE linE

127

DEvElOpmEnt timE linE

20300 - matEr plan - crOss-prOGramminG

insErtED prOGram

yEar

0%

OrcHarD

1855

6%

GOlf

1944

69.7%

rEcrEatiOnal tracks

2014

74.7%

mixED usE

2015

79.7%

rEcrEatiOnal HyDrOlOGy

2017

84.7%

cOmmunity clustErs

2019

89.7%

activity arEa

2020

96.7%

ball spOrts

2024

2030

2020

cOmbinED prOGram

18

55

201

4

9 201

public spacE %

4

194

129

2030 mastEr plan systEm Of intEGratED prOGrams [spOrt anD rEcrEatiOn cOmmunity - EnvirOnmEntal anD Habitat]

131

1:1000 sitE mODEl

20300 - matEr plan - crOss-prOGramminG

The 1:1000 topography model has been used as a tool to understand the existing site topography and its relationship to the surrounding context. This knowledge has informed the form and location of the filtration swales and ponds. The model has been used as a sketch model to explore design concepts and it will also become a final piece within the exhibition.

builDinG prOcEss

rOutinG - tOpOGrapHy

cOncEpt mODEllinG

matErials

precedent - The Hill subdivision model

The three design lenses (sport and recreation, community and environment and habitat) have been combined through the master to form a network of programs that inform one another through an integration process.

133

spOrt anD rEcrEatiOn WalkinG - runninG - cyclinG - fitnEss arEas - baskEtball nEtball - tEnnis - crickEt - sWimminG

135

rEcrEatiOn tracks

prOpOsED primary anD sEcOnDary rEcrEatiOn tracks

There are two types of recreation tracks primary and secondary. The primary loop track is located around the perimeter of the site adjacent to the surrounding residents and the secondary tracks create connections to surrounding open spaces and the Doncaster shopping precinct. This design intervention produces a recreational amenity that provides a space to walk, run, cycle, workout, and observe the exhibition sites. it opens the site

to a significant section of the population who participate in these activities. This intervention not only opens the site to surrounding users but it allows the adjacent residents to reconfigure their boundary fence to create direct access to the track. The tracks become part of an integrated system with the community and the environmental wetland.

OvEr lappinG

sEparatED

primary track 3.5 km

intEGratED

sEcOnDary tracks constraints: safety

constraints: EďŹƒciency

constraints: circulation Overlaps

Golf and recreational tracks can not operate at the same time unless the track or the golf course changers.

The track length is significantly increased when the two programs are separated.

The integration of the two programs results in a reconfirmation of the existing golf hole and the proposed recreational track.

rEcrEatiOn circuits The primary recreation track is 3.5km long and there are secondary tracks that connect across the site to create multiple internal loops.

kEy primary track

secondary track 137

sEctiOn - ExistinG EDGE cOnDitiOn

sEctiOn - prOpOsED rEcrEatiOnal prOGrams

Semi - Private

Private [Residential]

Private Exclusive Open Space [Eastern Golf Club]

Private [Residential]

Mix Use Recreation Track

Backyard Connection with

ExistinG EDGE cOnDitiOn

EDGE transfOrmatiOn nOW

fEncE

2014

GatE

2020

transparEnt fEncE + GatE

2025

HEDGE

2030

GrOunD cOvErs

2030 EDGE cOnDitiOn

The existing edge condition illustrates the segregation between exclusive open green space and private residential backyards.

139

cOmmunity mix usE DEvElOpmEnt - rEtail - cOmmErcial - rEsiDEntial - car parkinG - cOmmunity GarDEns - playGrOunDs - pErfOrmancE arEas - skatE park - ExHibitiOn sitEs

141

HEllEr strEEt tOWn HOusEs

cOmmunity

precedent - 6 Degrees architects

The community design lens integrates multiple programs; mixed use, retail, food and beverage, commercial, residential, town houses, residential towers, car parking, community gardens, playgrounds, performance areas, skate park and exhibition sites.

This set of drawings focuses on the three proposed building topologies that are

integrated within the site. mixed use development occurs along the Doncaster road edge housing retail shops, cafĂŠ and bars, commercial oďŹƒces and medium to high density residential dwellings. residential towers are the second building topology, located across the site in clusters of three. The creation of medium to higher density living allows for significant open space retention within the redevelopment proposal.

ExistinG blOck structurE - DOncastEr rOaD

The residents who occupy these residential towers have access to large areas of open space that house multiple recreational programs.

The third building topology is a two-story town house located on a small lot. These buildings are clustered around pockets of common open green space, similar to the Heller street residents in brunswick. The boundary between public and private space is blurred through subtle topography and vegetation screening.

transEct DiaGram

photos: patrick rodriguez

prEcEDEnt - 6 DEGrEEs arcHitEcts

segregated programs

transEct DiaGram a

100m

200m

70m 130m

Doncaster Road

Key Commercial Residential

Key Residential

a sEctiOn a -a

DOncastEr rOaD sitE pHOtOs

large commercial buildings - Doncaster road

Doncaster road - car Dominant

view from the Doncaster Hill

143

prOpOsED mix usE DEvElOpmEnt

builDinG tOpOlOGiEs

DOncastEr rOaD - ZOOm plan

transEct DiaGram

200m

130m

Doncaster Road Key Mix Use Residential Mix

ExistinG EDGE cOnDitiOn kEy mixed use (retail - food & beverage commercial - residential)

residential towers

residential town Houses

145

prOpOsED mix usE DEvElOpmEnt

builDinG tOpOlOGiEs

Mix Used Architecture Highway

Recreation Track Exhibition Site

Residential Town Houses

Markets

mix usE - cOmmunity cOurtyarD

Orchard

Golf Course

Wetland

Exhibition Site

Residential Towers

Recreation Track

builDinG tOpOlOGy ElEvatiOns The community courtyard illustrates the integration of mix use, residential town houses, the primary recreation track, exhibition site and the pedestrian pathway that connects to Doncaster road.

The open space becomes a shared courtyard that blurs the threshold between public and private space.

mix use (7 - 4 floors)

residential towers (7 - 10 floors)

residential town houses (2 floors)

kEy retail - food and beverage

commercial

residential

147

crOss-prOGramminG - intEGratED prOGrams

149

EnvirOnmEnt anD Habitat rEvEal (cOntExtual rOaD sWalEs) - clEan (natural anD mEcHanical filtratiOn) - cOnnEct (rEcrEatiOnal sWimminG)

151

cOncEpt [rEvEal - clEan - cOnnEct]

HyDrOlOGy systEm

GEnErativE DiaGram Reveal Substitution of Drains and Pipes

Clean Water Filtration Habitat

Connect Water - People - Recreation

Bioretention Swales Mechanical

Natural

Swimming Bathing

EnvirOnmEnt anD Habitat

Pedaling

WatEr Quality

The environment and habitat design lense was developed through a generative diagram that set a framework through key terms of reveal, clean and connect.

The ideal of reveal was to raise the storm water form the underground pipes and develop road swales and rain gardens that started to filter the brown water before it entered the Eastern Golf club site.

The second concept of clean was implemented through natural and mechanical filtration. internal swales direct the water to a series of catchment ponds. as the water moves through the site the quality of the water improves to a point where people can swim in it. The swales and the ponds are formed with vegetation that implements the filtration process. This creates and environment that supports local fauna.

The third concept of connect was to provide a space where people could interact with the hydrology through padalling, bathing and swimming. This area is located near the centre of the site where the water is at its cleanest state.

Key - Water Quality

kEy Wetland ponds and swales

swimming

153

WEtlanD vEGEtatiOn

Habitat

uppEr bank plants

mammals

poa labillardierie

submErGED plants

isolepis fl uitans

swamp Wallaby

filtratiOn sEctiOns

rintail & bushtail possums

sEctiOn - Dry sEasOn ficinia nodosa

crassula helmsii

bush rat

Grey Heading foxes

micro bats

birDs

cyperusgunni i

marsilea mutica kookaburras

lOWEr bank plants

kingfisher

magpie

ExistinG trEEs lower bank plants Water catchment retaining Wall

alisma plantago-aquatica

Eucalyptus camaldulensis

common barn Owl

tawny frogmouth

rainbow lorikeet

rEptilEs anD ampHibians

carexa ppressa

Wattles

White skinks

blue tongue lizard

frogs

yellow tailed black cockatoo

funnel Zone Existing vegetation

sEctiOn - WEt sEasOn

long neck turtle

fisH

juncus holoschoenus

Eucalyptus (disambiguation)

sand mullet

blue spotted Gobi

invErtEbratEs

myriophyllum simulans

isolepis inundata

Eucalyptus melliodora

Wild grasses

upper bank plants lower bank plants marginal submerged plants floating plants plants

marGinal plants

crabs

silver trevally

Dragonflies

pEsts

European rabbit

stray cat

155

rEvEal - cOntExtual rOaD sWalEs / rain GarDEns The stormwater enters the site from the north East

157

clEan - natural anD mEcanical filtratiOn

159

cOnnEct - rEcrEatiOnal sWimminG

DEvElOpmEnt skEtcH

sWimminG - batHinG - pEDallinG

161

cHaptEr 7

cOnclusiOns rEflEctiOn - prOjEctiOn

163

rEflEctiOn - prOjEctiOn

The design research project has been developed through the concept of crossprogramming. multiple programs have been integrated from three design lenses of sport and recreation, environment and habitat, and community. These three significant sections of the research have provided a framework that has been explored through an iterative design process.

The aim of the research was to break open exclusive green spaces through fOlliEs

the development of multifunctional interventions that enhance surrounding contexts. This ambition was communicated through the initial follies that were used as a communication tool to physically represent the design hunch (follies). Through the development of the research project key images emerge that illustrate how cross-programming operaters. This is successfully communicated through a series of perspectives within the synthesis project (community perspective).

Throughout the research process there were a number of techniques employed to generate various outcomes that tested the research question. flow chats were used to unpack and define key terms that were driving the research. Generative diagramming was another tool that informed program selection within the initial design scenarios. These techniques were used on a regular basis to test and develop the research agenda.

Throughout developing the synthesis project key images emerged that illustrated how cross programming can break open exclusive green space. for example the proposed recreation track opens the site to the surrounding context through providing a public space to walk, run, cycle and workout. The track also informs a new adjacency between the existing residents who occupy the edge of the site (track perspective).

Three hierarchy structures emerged from the initial design testing. additional programs have been integrated underneath, aligned or above existing golf course (diagram 1). Each part produced various results that informed the development of the synthesis project. for example when selected programs were positioned below golf there were few program overlaps and crossprogramming was not achieved.

crOss-prOGramminG OpEratiOn

brEakinG OpEn ExclusivE GrEEn spacE

prOGram HiErarcHiEs

community perspective

recreation track

Diagram 1

in this scenario it was clear that the inserted programs became segregated rather than integrating as a multifunctional surface (diagram 2).

On the other hand programs that where positioned above golf significantly changed the existing use and function of the golf course.

crOss-prOGramminG failurE segregated programs - failure

program x

integrated programs - success

program x

program x

The initial design follies illustrated the ambition of breaking open exclusive green space to the surrounding context.

secondary recreational tracks create an improved connectivity within Doncasters urban fabric.

The orchard becomes the safety buffer between the golf course and the community space.

Exhibition sites combined with the recreation tracks. public and private space is blurred through the connection between the backyard and the common open green spaces.

The community market space is a multifunctional surface that operates as a performance space, skate park, orchard and ball sports area. The market attracts people from the surrounding context.

secondary recreational tracks safely cut through the golf course to create circulation connections throughout the site. art work is exhibited on the ha ha wall to create an interesting journey through the site.

reconfigured private boundary.

surrounding residents have direct access to the recreation track.

3.5km loop track adjacent to surrounding residents.

165

rEsEarcH OutcOmEs

Through an iterative design process a system of integrated programs were formed to create a framework for urban development that is driven by sport and recreation, environment and habitat, and community. cross-programming interventions were developed to open exclusive green spaces through an implementation time line that illustrates the physical design outcomes.

larGEr framEWOrk

Human safety is a significant constraint within cross-programming an existing golf course with additional programs.

Design interventions have been formulated in relation to the path of the golf ball to minimise risk of injury and damage within the site.

a significant failure of segregated programs occurred during design iteration 1.2 Edge topologies that Through the reflection process it became developed a new understanding of how to create a cross-programmed space that evident that cross-programming as a strategy has significant potential to create acts as a multifunction surface. a network of adjacencies, informing The failures experienced throughout the new relationships that act as a catalyst design testing have informed a body of towards producing new urban form. knowledge that is illustrated throughout the synthesis project.

aucklanD city - urban GOlf cOursEs

The final outcome of the systhesis project demonstrates a cross-programming strategy that opens exclusive green space.

The redevelopment framework maintains open space through the proposal of medium to high-density living.

The final outcome maintains the existing golf course through a reconfigured nine hole golf course that is enhanced through the additional wetland. maintaining the Eastern Golf club within the existing site reduces potential urban sprawl around the proposed relocation site in yerring. cross-programming has resulted in a network of multifunctional, integrated programs that operate on an equal hierarchy. The site has been transformed form an exclusive monofunctional space to an open inclusive green space.

10km

5km

titirangi Golf club

cbD

keith Hay park Golf club

remuera Golf club

mungakiekie Golf club chamberlian Golf club

futurE DEvElOpmEnt The current body of research will continue developing through an opportunity that the auckland city council has presented. They have expressed an interest in re-programming a number of public golf courses in close proximity to the cbD. my plan is to present my research to the auckland council and inform a cross-

programming redevelopment framework that opens exclusive mono-functional green space to surrounding contexts.

This is an exciting opportunity that i will pursue with confidence from the experience that i have gained throughout the masters of landscape architecture at rmit, melbourne.

167

rEfErEncEs research summary report (aGic).

2009. australian Golf industry council (aGic). [OnlinE] available at: https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/ assets/pdf_file/0019/325144/ aGicresearch.pdf. [accessed 20 june 13].

The society of australian Golf course architects (saGca). 2003. benefits to The community and Environment.

[OnlinE] available at: http:// www.sagca.org.au/environment.php. [accessed 20 june 13] Oma. 2011. cHanGcHun jinGyuE cultural anD lEisurE District, cHina, cHanGcHun, 2011. [OnlinE] available at: http://www.oma.eu/ projects/2011/changchun-jingyuecultural-and-leisure-district. [accessed 20 june 13].

ASPECT Studios. 2013. Box Hill Garden Multi-purpose Area. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.aspect.net.au/wps/ wcm/connect/web/w/news/ news+box+hill+garden+open.

[Accessed 20 June 13].

Whitehorse City Council. 2013.

Multipurpose Space at Box Hill Gardens. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.noodls.com/view/5772 DC3310D32E9525BC970B94DAC 51A411CD594. [Accessed 05 June 13].

Bernard Tschumi Architects. 1995.

National Library of France (TGB) Paris, 1989. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.tschumi.com/ projects/25/. [Accessed 22 October 13].

realesate.com.au. 2013. Doncaster Property Data & Trends.

[ONLINE] Available at: http:// www.rs.realestate.com.au/cgi-bin/ rsearch?a=sp&s=vic&u=doncaster.

[Accessed 20 October 13].

Pruned. 2009. Urban Golf.

[ONLINE] Available at: http:// pruned.blogspot.com.au/2009/10/ urban-golf.html. [Accessed 20 October 13].

City of Manningham.

2013. Population Forecasts.

[ONLINE] Available at: http:// forecast2.id.com.au/Default. aspx?id=115&pg=5000. [Accessed 10 October 13].

Visual City. 2012. Melbourne’s Urban Growth Boundary Extended. [ONLINE] Available at: http://visualcity.wordpress. com/2010/06/13/melbournes-ugbextended/. [Accessed 03 August 13].

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