Pioneer Material Renewal Report by Meaghan Markiewicz

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section one: introduction ([HFXWLYH 6XPPDU\ _ 003 3URMHFW &ULWHULD _ 004 :K\ 'HFRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ 'HWURLW" _ 005 3URMHFW 3DUWQHUV _ 008 6FKHGXOH _ 009

Section two: documentation 8UEDQ $QDO\VLV _ 014 0LGGOH (DVW &HQWUDO 1HLJKERUKRRG _ 020 6WUXFWXUH 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ _ 028

section three: deconstruction 'HFRQVWUXFWLRQ 3URFHVV _ 040 &RRUGLQDWLRQ 6FKHGXOH _ 041 3HUPLW 7KH 3URFHVV _ 043 'HFRQVWUXFWLRQ 'D\V _ 046 7KH &UHZ _ 047 7KH &OHDQRXW _ 050 /DWK ,QWHULRU _ 054 5RRI _ 058 $WWLF )ORRU _ 062 ,QWHULRU :DOOV _ 066 ([WHULRU :DOOV _ 070 0DWHULDO 3URFHVVLQJ _ 074 )LUVW )ORRU 3ODWIRUP _ 078 7KLQJ :H )RXQG _ 081 7KDQN <RX 9ROXQWHHUV _ 082

section four: Material Assessment

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section six: building sustainable communities /HDUQLQJ )URP 7KRVH LQ $FWLRQ _ 133 &LYLF (QJDJHPHQW 6WHSV _ 134 &RQFOXVLRQ _ 136

PIONEER material renewal

team ralph nelson

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section one: introduction

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BUILDING SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES

STUDENT LEADERSHIP

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addressing an unmet need

multi-disciplinary approach

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detroit: why deconstruction? 'HFRQVWUXFWLRQ LV WKH FDUHIXO GLVDVVHPEO\ RI WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI DQ H[LVWLQJ EXLOGLQJ UHPRYDO RI DQ\ KD]DUGRXV PDWHULDO ZKLOH UHWDLQLQJ YLDEOH PDWHULDO DQG WKHQ FODVVLI\LQJ WKH YLDEOH PDWHULDO 7KLV PDWHULDO KDV PDQ\ UHXVH DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG LV IRXQG PRVW FRPPRQO\ LQ IXUQLWXUH PDNLQJ DQG LQWHULRU IXUQLVKLQJV IRU KRPHV RU EXVLQHVVHV VXFK DV ZDOO FRYHULQJV EDU FRXQWHU WRSV RU Á RRULQJ 7KLV UHXVH LV RQO\ SRVVLEOH WKURXJK GHFRQVWUXFWLRQ DV RSSRVHG WR LWV DOWHUQDWLYH RI GHPROLWLRQ 'HFRQVWUXFWLRQ XQOLNH GHPROLWLRQ VDYHV XVDEOH PDWHULDO IURP ODQGÀ OOV SURYLGHV RSSRUWXQLW\ WR UHXVH TXDOLW\ DQG KLVWRULF PDWHULDO LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG ZRRGZRUNLQJ SURYLGHV WUDLQLQJ DQG VNLOOHG ODERU MREV WR WKRVH VHHNLQJ HPSOR\PHQW DQG LV D SURÀ WDEOH ¶JUHHQ· LQGXVWU\

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" after looking into it more and more, i realized deconstruction is not just waste diversion, it’s job creation, it’s an economic multiplier.” -chris rutherford, architectural salvage warehouse of detroit

" The Motor City has become the testing ground for an updated American dream: privateers finding the raw material for new enterprise in the wreckage of the Rust Belt." -the new york times

" Unless we want to have landfills on every corner, we can't just keep throwing away perfectly good material. Over 100 million tons a year from taking down buildings is going into landfills right now." -dan pratt, architectural salvage warehouse of detroit

"Despite years of service, reclaimed wood does offer some performance advantages. Many of today's buildings use virgin lumber cut from second and third growth forests, resulting in lumber with a looser grain and more knots than wood cut from old growth forests." -james brandon, “suitability of salvaged timber structural design” 006

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lawrence technological university

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008

process: original schedule dated: may 2014

DOCUMENTATION

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AUGUST 2014

SEPTEMBER 2014

OCTOBER 2014

deconstruction

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material assessment

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NOVEMBER 2014 report 1 DECEMBER 2014

JANUARY 2015 report 2 FEBRUARY 2015

MARCH 2015

design

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APRIL 2015 report 3 MAY 2015 final report

process: revised schedule dated: january 2015

DOCUMENTATION

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AUGUST 2014

SEPTEMBER 2014

OCTOBER 2014

material assessment

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design

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NOVEMBER 2014 report 1 DECEMBER 2014

JANUARY 2015 report 2 FEBRUARY 2015

MARCH 2015

deconstruction

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APRIL 2015 report 3 MAY 2015 final report 010

section two: documentation

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MIDDLE EAST CENTRAL

NEIGHBORHOOD NEIGHBORHOOD

today

in 1930 interpolated

lack of density:

abundance of density:

3,961

11,375

unimproved lots in 2009

population per sq. mile 1930

blighted structures:

occupied structures:

136

vacant, open, & dangerous houses in 2010

occupied houses per detroit block in 1930

h igh rate o f unemployment:

h i gh r ate o f employment:

45.6 %

89.0 %

unemployed civilians in 2010

employed civilians in 1930

chene ferry market | 2014 chene ferry market | past

4820 DUBOIS

neighborhood condition | 2014 dequindre street | 1935

018

BASEBALL GAME - 1888

MIDDLE EAST CENTRAL: late 1800's 2

turnbull & chene streetcar - 1888

3+2726 )520 7+( :$<1( 67$7( :$/7(5 3 5(87+(5 ',*,7$/ /,%5$5<

SANBORN MAP -1897

4820 DUBOIS

020

MIDDLE EAST CENTRAL: 1900's 2

3+2726 )520 7+( '(752,7 +,6725,& 62&,(7<

DU BOIS STreet - 1901

427 hancock avenue - 1901

new orleans & superior - 1902

west side of chene - 1902

SANBORN MAP -1921

4820 DUBOIS

022

MIDDLE EAST CENTRAL: 1950's 2

3+2726 )520 7+( '(752,7 38%/,& /,%5$5< ',*,7$/ &2//(&7,21

1035 DUBOIS STreet - 1950

1014 dubois street - 1951

dubois & monroe - 1950

8035 st. aubin street - 1950

SANBORN MAP -1951

4820 DUBOIS

024

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MAPPING: DENSITY

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1951

1981

1997

2014

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026

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028

The house: 4820 dubois street HOUSE HISTORY

HOUSE ACQUISITION PROCESS

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Second Floor Bedroom

Attic

First Floor Walls

Back Porch 030

residents of 4820 dubois

1889 Funk, frank + sched

frank + ramiowsky, jos goralski, joseph 1895 coop

1902 kuptz, frank+ rom bercholc, michael + kurz anthony 1912 bercholc, mi 1922 berckulz, michl + r

berchule, michl + sheski, h 1963 no return 1974 myles

s street 1888 Funk, frank dnkowski, wm. 1890 Funk, eph 1892 Funk, frank + p, frank 1900 kuptz, frank manowski, wladislav 1911 zewski, joseph + Lasinski, chael + Lasinski, anthony rearwietek, stanley 1941 henry 1957 berchulc, john , effie, mrs. 1997 no listing

Documentation: house plans + elevations

BED ATTIC / STORAGE

plan: second floor

FAMILY

Â· Âµ

Â· Âµ Â· Âµ

LIVING

DINING

0$6215< &+,01(<

KITCHEN 0$6215< &+,01(<

BATH

ENTRY BATH LIVING

plan: first floor

DINING

KITCHEN

Â· Âµ

Â· Âµ Â· Âµ

0$6215< &+,01(< $63+$/7 6+,1*/(6 Â· Âµ

Â· Âµ

:22' 6.,57 9,1</ 21 :22' 6,',1*

elevation: south

Â· Âµ

0$6215< &+,01(< $63+$/7 6+,1*/(6

Â· Âµ

:22' 6.,57 9,1</ 21 :22' 6,',1*

elevation: north

Â· Âµ

Â· Âµ Â· Âµ

034

Documentation: house plans + elevations Â· Âµ

ATTIC / STORAGE

BED

Â· Âµ

DINING LIVING

BATH

LIVING

Â· Âµ

section: north - south

Â· Âµ

Â· Âµ Â· Âµ

6758&785$/ 7,0%(56

CELLAR

plan: basement

0$6215< :$//6

Â· Âµ

Â· Âµ Â· Âµ

Â· Âµ

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Â· Âµ

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:22' -2,67 Â· Âµ

ATTIC / STORAGE Â· Âµ

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Â· Âµ

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Â· Âµ

sections: east - west

Â· Âµ

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Â· Âµ

Â· Âµ :22' 6.,57

elevations: east - west

Â· Âµ

Â· Âµ Â· Âµ

036

section three: deconstruction

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pre-deconstruction logistics

OCT 2014

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SEPT 2014

NOV 2014

DEC 2014

JAN 2015

FEB 2015

MAR 2015

APR 2015

MAY 2015

042

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nt of

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the Lair of

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2 the Inspector of

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Dangerous Buildings

Structure

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cleanout

lath

roof

attic

interior

exterior

material

Platform

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046

the crew

Meaghan Markiewicz, pmr team member jamiil gaston, volunteer site leader

pierce Sadler, (left) volunteer site leader mike paciero, (right) pmr team member

joe kuzdal, volunteer site leader drew tucker, volunteer site leader

dan pratt, aswd contractor charlie harris, pmr team member

jose perez, volunteer site leader brandon olsen, pmr team member

chris rutherford, aswd contractor justin lee, volunteer site leader

james sharp, pmr team member tony fakhouri, volunteer site leader

kienan kowalski, volunteer site leader detroit challenge fellows, volunteers

048

pre-deconstruction: the cleanout

cleanout

lath

roof

attic

interior

exterior

material

platform

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;This day was probably the most emotionally varied of the project... Although we had a great time as a group cleaning out the house, There was always that little voice in my head reminding me everything we found to be worthless was once priceless to someone.â&#x20AC;? -Joe kuzdal, volunteer

“There was a crazy amount of stuff!” -brandon olsen, team member

052

deconstruction: lath & interior

cleanout

lath

roof

attic

interior

exterior

material

platform

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“I will hate lath for the rest of my life!” -Joe kuzdal, volunteer

process Step 1- Remove and cleanup plaster Step 2- Remove lath and other interior Ànishes with hammers/prybars Step 3- Pile with similar sized pieces Step 4- Denail Step 5- Bundle lath into 50 piece per bundle and bundle trim

materials harvested Lath • Door Trim • Window Trim • Base Trim • Interior Shealthing • Wainscoting • Electrical Wiring • Window Weights • Doors

“One of the most awe striking experiences of all, was when I was tearing apart the ceiling and found a handwritten note from 1927 completely intact that had been hidden from the world for almost an entire century! Finding the note made me realize that this isn’t just some house, this was once someone’s home and has been a home to many different people over its lifetime.” -tony fakhouri, volunteer

056

deconstruction: ROOF

cleanout

lath

roof

attic

interior

exterior

material

platform

Roof: Raise Drop the roof 'D\ WKURXJK 'D\ ZDV WKH URRI ZDV UHPRYHG 2QFH WKH ODWK DQG Ã&#x20AC; QLVKHV ZHUH UHPRYHG WKH QH[W VWHS ZDV WR VWDUW IURP WKH WRS DQG ZRUN GRZQ 2Q 'D\ WKH URRI ZDV VWULSSHG RI WKH VKLQJOHV E\ $6:'Â·V FUHZ IRU VDIHW\ UHDVRQV VR WKH YROXQWHHU FUHZ FRXOG VDIHO\ UHPRYH WKH UHVW RI WKH URRI IURP WKH XQGHUVLGH 7KH URRÃ&#x20AC; QJ Ã&#x20AC; QLVKHV FRQVLVWHG RI WZR OD\HUV RI VKLQJOHV DQG RQH RI FHGDU VKDNH 2QFH WKH VKLQJOHV ZHUH JRQH VXQ UD\V EHWZHHQ WKH RSHQ VOLWV

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process Step 1- Strip roof Ànishes

Step 2- Dispose of roof Ànishes Step 3- Remove chimneys Step 4- Remove the underside roof sheating Step 5- Remove interor attic walls Step 6- Remove roof rafters Step 7- Remove gable ends Step 8- Remove front and back porch awning.

materials harvested 1” Thick Roof Sheating Boards • Brick • 2x4 Interior Studs • 2x4 Roof Rafters • 2x6 Roof Rafters • 2x4 Framing of Gable Ends • Wood Siding & Sheathing from Gable Ends • Cedar Shake Siding from Gable Ends

“With my major being Architectural Engineering the project had a lot to teach me. In classrooms you learn mostly theory and design, but deconstructing you learned how houses were actually put together.” -Pierce sadler, volunteer

â&#x20AC;&#x153;As the roof boards came down, the sun rays created an amazing lighting effect in the second story.â&#x20AC;? -Meaghan Markiewicz, team member

060

deconstruction: Attic floor

cleanout

lath

roof

attic

interior

exterior

material

platform

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062

“I began to see much more potential in all the material!” -Jeremy nafus, volunteer

process Step 1- Put on Safety Harness Step 2- Determine where to start (from front of

house) Step 3- Remove Floorboards with Prybar Step 4- Drop Floorboards between Ceiling Joists for Storing. Step 5- Remove All Wood from Main Floor of House.

materials harvested 1x12 Áoorboards (middle-original house) • 1x8 Áoorboards (back addition) • 1x6 Áoorboards (front addition)

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The project has helped me gain inspiration for myself in Detroit. We can play a role and impact the future of this city and help make it the place we want to live and spend our life in. The amount of opportunity I see in the city now makes me want to stay here which is something I would have never thought of saying before.â&#x20AC;? -kienan kowalski, volunteer

064

deconstruction: interior walls

cleanout

lath

roof

attic

interior

exterior

material

platform

Interior WallS: They are on the inside 'D\ ZDV UHPRYDO RI WKH LQWHULRU ZDOOV DQG WKH FHLOLQJ MRLVWV 7KLV ZDV RQH RI WKH PRVW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQDO GD\V DV WKH KRXVH EHFDPH RQ ODUJH RSHQ URRP E\ WKH HQG RI WKH GD\ $W WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH GD\ LW ORRNHG OLNH LW GLG DIWHU UHPRYDO RI WKH DWWLF Á RRU ZLWK ZRRG VWUHZQ HYHU\ZKHUH 7KDW ZRRG ZDV FDUULHG RXW DQG SLOHG LW XS 7KHQ WKH WHDP SURFHHGHG WR NQRFN RXW DOO RI WKH LQWHULRU VKHDWKLQJ DQG LQWHULRU VWXG ZDOOV 2QH LQWHUHVWLQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQ PHWKRG ZDV WKDW WKH [ VKHDWKLQJ W\SLFDOO\ SO\ZRRG

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066

â&#x20AC;&#x153;It is not typical to see such high quality interior boards. They must have been original to the house â&#x20AC;? -Mike Paciero, team member

process Step 1- remove remaining interior

sheathing boards Step 2- remove interior walls Step 3- remove remaining door frames Step 4- remove stairs Step 5- remove remaining windows Step 6- remove ceiling joists

materials harvested 1x interior sheating boards • 2x4 studs from walls • 2x4 top & bottom plates door frames • window frames & glass stair stringers, risers, & treads • 2x6 ceiling joists

“This deconstruction project was entirely different. Not only did it strengthen my pride for Detroit, it energized my friends, non-Detroiters, to give back to the city that helped build America.” -Jamiil gaston, volunteer 068

deconstruction: exterior walls

cleanout

lath

roof

attic

interior

exterior

material

platform

exterior WallS: They are on the outside 'D\ WKH À QDO IXOO GD\ ZDV UHPRYDO RI WKH H[WHULRU ZDOOV 7KLV ZDV D ODERU LQWHQVLYH SURFHVV DV LW WRRN QHDUO\ WKH HQWLUH FUHZ WR ORZHU WKH ZDOOV RQFH WKH\ ZHUH FXW WKHP LQWR VHFWLRQV ,W ZDV FHUWDLQO\ D G\QDPLF GD\ DV WKH HQWLUH SURMHFW ZDV QRZ UHYHDOHG WR WKH VWUHHW 2QFH WKH ZDOOV ZHUH GRZQ WKH\ ZHUH GLVDVVHPEOHG WKHP RQ WKH Á RRU GHFN 7KLV ZDV WKH VDIHVW ZD\ WR FRPSOHWH WKLV SURFHVV $IWHU WKH ZDOOV

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process Step 1- Sawzall walls in sections at

strategic points Step 2- Lower wall to ground with entire crew Step 3- Disassemble wall on ground Step 4- Organize components into respective piles

materials harvested 2x4 exterior studs • 2x4 top and bottom plates • wood siding • cedar shake siding from front wall front window & decorative trim • exterior facia boards

â&#x20AC;&#x153;It was extremely satisfying to see the house slowly become piles of organized materials to be re-purposed.â&#x20AC;? -Joe kuzdal, volunteer

072

deconstruction: material Processing

cleanout

lath

roof

attic

interior

exterior

material

platform

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074

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The project has opened my eyes to the possibilities and potential that the city of Detroit possesses.â&#x20AC;? -Justin lee, volunteer

“What made the work easiest was the comradery between the volunteers. We were all excited to be there which made even the worst jobs, like removing lath or de-nailing wood, incredibly fun. Nothing makes the work go by faster than when you’re dancing, singing, and working all at the same time” -Joe kuzdal, volunteer 076

deconstruction: first floor platform

cleanout

lath

roof

attic

interior

exterior

material

platform

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078

process Step 1- Remove Tongue + Groove

subÁoor decking Step 2- Remove Áoor joists Step 3- cut beams at intersection point of where structure will be saved Step 4- Rake and clean dirt and debris under house Step 4- Organize materials under existing structure and tarp

materials harvested 4” Tongue + Groove SubÁoor • 2x6 + 2x8 Floor Joists • 6x8, 8x8, 4x7 Structural Beams • CMU Block from Structural Piers • Misc. 2x4’s and Other Supporting Members • Misc. Metal, Glass, + Plastic

â&#x20AC;&#x153;It was amazing to see how the foundation of the house was constructed. For 127 years Hardly anything was mechanically fastened, yet most of the foundation was solid as can be. The beams sat unattached on the piers, beams were notched together where they connected, and the joists were notched into the beams.â&#x20AC;? -mike paciero, team member

080

THINGS WE FOUND One of the most exciting parts of the project was discovering souveniers with either historical signiÀcance from the early 1900’s or belongings of previous residents that were hidden behind walls or under the Áoors. Each time something new was discovered, the crew member who made the discovery walked around the site and showed the Ànd to everyone. Pictured here are a few of the items found. To name a few, there were 1922 Silver Dollars, square hand cut nails, old newspaper dated 1927, and what ended up being deeped the project mascot “Mr. Hippo”, and his friends.

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section four: material assessment

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086

michigan lumber: history 2

Wood harvested from Michigan forests

WOOD traveling down THE BLACK RIVER

a sawmill in Detroit

Modern harvesting equipment

25 billion 35-96 million was transported on the board feet of lumber is sold annually in saginaw river THE state of michigan board feet of lumber

Michigan Lumber:1897

Michigan Lumber: today

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088

Cut lumber came from St. Clair, Lapeer, Sanilac and Saginaw, towed by tug boat along the shore of Lake Huron, down the Black River and across Lake St. Clair. Over time Detroit's role faded as more and more mills were built in the Saginaw Valley.

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094

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STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES

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096

material test one: compression

compression:

7HVWLQJ FRPSUHVVLYH SURSHUWLHV RI QHZ DQG UHFODLPHG [ V LV 3LRQHHU 0DWHULDO 5HQHZDOV Ã&#x20AC; UVW WHVW 7KH WHDP PXVW YHULI\ WKDW WKH UHFODLPHG ZRRGÂ·V FRPSUHVVLYH SURSHUWLHV KDYH QRW GHWHULRUDWHG RYHU WLPH ,QKHUHQWO\ ZRRG LV VWURQJHVW LQ FRPSUHVVLRQ VR LW ZDV K\SRWKHVL]HG WKDW WKH KLJKHVW ORDG RI DOO WKH WHVWV ZRXOG EH H[SHULHQFHG KHUH 7KH FRPSUHVVLYH SURSHUW\ LV LPSRUWDQW EHFDXVH FRPSUHVVLRQ LV D PDMRU IRUFH WKDW [ V DUH VXEMHFWHG WR ZKLOH LQ D ORDG EHDULQJ VWXG ZDOO

Example Calculation:

materials needed:

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testing Pictures:

)LJXUH Compression Test Specimens

process:

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)LJXUH Compression Test Setup 098

3 4 5

Compression failure beyond max yield point Compression failure in new lumber specimen Compression failure in reclaimed lumber specimen

Results: 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU ZDV VWURQJHU LQ D[LDO FRPSUHVVLRQ WKDQ WKH QHZ OXPEHU 7KLV FRQÃ&#x20AC; UPV 305V RULJLQDO K\SRWKHVLV 7KH FRPSUHVVLRQ WHVW ZDV WKH PRVW FRQFOXVLYH RI DOO WKH WHVWV DV WKH GLà©&#x201D; HUHQFH LQ VWUHQJWK ZDV KLJKHVW 2Q DYHUDJH WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU KHOG ZDV PRUH SVL WKDQ WKH QHZ OXPEHU +RZHYHU LW LV QRW HQRXJK WR MXVW FRPSDUH WKH UHFODLPHG YDOXHV WR WKH QHZ YDOXHV LW PXVW DOVR EH FRPSDUHG WR FRGH YDOXHV VLQFH FRGH JRYHUQV EXLOGLQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQ UHTXLUHPHQWV (YHU\ VSHFLHV RI OXPEHU KDV LWÂ·V RZQ VWUXFWXUDO SURSHUWLHV SHU W\SH RI IRUFH $OORZDEOH D[LDO FRPSUHVVLRQ RI 6SUXFH

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

Specimen: one

Specimen: two

Specimen: three

New Lumber: 5238 psi

New Lumber: 5486 psi

New Lumber: 4895 psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 8133 psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 7613 psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 7733 psi

100

material test two: tension

Tension:

7HVWLQJ WHQVLOH SURSHUWLHV RI QHZ DQG UHFODLPHG [ V LV 3LRQHHU 0DWHULDO 5HQHZDOV VHFRQG WHVW /LNH FRPSUHVVLRQ WKH WHDP PXVW YHULI\ WKDW WKH UHFODLPHG ZRRGÂ·V WHQVLOH SURSHUWLHV KDYH QRW GHWHULRUDWHG RYHU WLPH ,QKHUHQWO\ ZRRG LV ZHDNHVW LQ WHQVLRQ VR LW ZDV K\SRWKHVL]HG WKDW WKLV LV WKH SURSHUW\ WKDW KDV GHJUDGHG WKH PRVW RYHU WLPH DQG ZRXOG EH PRVW FRPSDUDEOH WR QHZ ZRRG 7KH WHQVLOH SURSHUW\ LV LPSRUWDQW EHFDXVH OLNH FRPSUHVVLRQ LV D PDMRU IRUFH WKDW [ V DUH VXEMHFWHG WR ZKLOH LQ D ORDG EHDULQJ VWXG ZDOO DQG LQ WUXVV DVVHPEOLHV

Example Calculation:

materials needed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Â·W HQRXJK IRUFH LQ WKH PDFKLQH WR SXOO WKH IXOO VHFWLRQ DSDUW VR WKH FURVV VHFWLRQ VL]H KDG WR EH UHGXFHG E\ FXWWLQJ LQFLVLRQV DW WKH FHQWHU SRLQW WR LQGXFH WHQVLRQ IDLOXUH DV FDQ EH VHHQ LQ WKH SKRWRV

testing Pictures:

)LJXUH Splitting of the reclaimed wood due to

jaw pressure

process:

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)LJXUH Tension Test Specimens

102

3 4 5

textbook tension failure in new lumber specimen tension failure in new lumber specimen tension failure in recliamed lumber specimen

Results: 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW RQ DYHUDJH WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU ZDV VOLJKWO\ ZHDNHU LQ D[LDO WHQVLRQ WKDQ WKH QHZ OXPEHU 7KLV GRHV QRW FRQÃ&#x20AC; UP 305V RULJLQDO K\SRWKHVLV WKDW WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU LV VWURQJHU WKDQ WKH QHZ +RZHYHU D WHVW HUURU RFFXUHG WKDW OHDGV WR EHOLHYH WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU GLG QRW UHDFK LWV PD[LPXP WHQVLRQ VWUHQJWK 7KH QHZ OXPEHU UHDFKHG WH[WERRN WHQVLRQ IDLOXUH DV FDQ EH VHHQ RQ WKH WRS SLFWXUH RQ WKH SUHYLRXV SDJH %HIRUH WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU FRXOG UHDFK WKLV SRLQW WKH SUHVVXUH IURP WKH MDZV RI WKH PDFKLQH VSOLW WKH VSHFLPHQ HDFK WLPH KDOWLQJ WKH WHVW DQG DQà©&#x201D; HFWLQJ WKH UHVXOWV 7KH VSOLW FDQ EH VHHQ LQ WKH

SLFWXUH RQ WKH SUHYLRXV SDJH ,W LV WKHRUL]HG WKDW LI WKH VSHFLPHQ GLG QRW VSOLW LW ZRXOG KDYH PHW RU H[FHHGHG WKH QHZ OXPEHU WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK 7KLV DOVR PD\ LQGLFDWH WKDW GXH WR WKH UHFODLPHG ZRRGÂ·V GU\QHVV IURP VR PDQ\ \HDUV FRPSUHVVVLRQ SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WKH JUDLQ PD\ EH D FRQWUROOLQJ VWUXFWXUDO IDFWRU UDWKHU WKDQ FRPSUHVVLRQ SDUDOOHO WR JUDLQ WHQVLRQ RU EHQGLQJ 5HJDUGOHVV WKRXJK ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR DOORZDEOH FRGH YDOXHV IRU 63) ERWK QHZ DQG UHFODLPHG OXPEHU KHOG WR WKH FRGH DOORZDEOH SVL WHQVLRQ VWUHQJWK IRU 63) $OO PHPEHUV DOVR H[FHHGHG WKDW YDOXH PXOWLSOLHG E\ DV LV WKH UXOH RI WKXPE VDIHW\ IDFWRU IRU FRGH

2x4 Tension Test Í˛ Lumber Lumber vs. Old Growth Reclaimed Lumber Type

Name

Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 1 Reclaimed Specimen 2 Lumber Specimen 3 New Lumber

Specimen: one

Width (in) Height (in) Area (in^2) 1.5 1.5 1.5 2 1.9375 1.9375

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.75 3.8125 3.8125

5.25 5.25 5.25 7.50 7.39 7.39

Specimen: two

Red. Area Force (lbs) (in^2) 1.125 6,000 1.125 3,500 1.125 5,500 1.125 4,400 1.125 5,400 1.125 5,100

Stress (psi) 5333 3111 4889 3911 4800 4533

4444

4415

Specimen: three

New Lumber: 5333 psi

New Lumber: 3111 psi

New Lumber: 4889 psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 3911 psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 4800 psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 4533 psi

Avg Stress (psi)

104

material test three: bending

bending:

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Example Calculation:

materials needed:

7KH PDWHULDOV XVHG IRU WKH EHQGLQJ WHVW LQYROYHG WKUHH UHFODLPHG VSHFLPHQV DQG WKUHH QHZ OXPEHU VSHFLPHQV (DFK VSHFLPHQ ZDV FXW WR EH VL[ IHHW ORQJ 7KLV OHQJWK DOORZHG IRU D UHDVRQDEOH VSDQ WR EH WHVWHG 7KH DFWXDO VSDQ EHWZHHQ VXSSRUWV ZDV · µ 1RUPDOO\ [ V GR QRW VSDQ KRUL]RQWDOO\ DV KRZ 305 WHVWHG WKHP EXW D QRUPDO KRUL]RQWDO VSDQQLQJ PHPEHU VXFK DV D [ LV H[SHFWHG WR EHKDYH LQ D VLPLODU PDQQHU ZKLOH VXSSRUWLQJ PRUH ZHLJKW $V LQ WKH SUHYLRXV WHVWV WKH QHZ OXPEHU LV VWUXFWXUDOO\ JUDGHG DV 1R 6SUXFH 3LQH )LU 63) DQG LV FRPPRQ OXPEHU IRXQG DW DQ\ ORFDO KDUGZDUH VWRUH 7KH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU VSHFLHV DQG JUDGH LV XQNQRZQ EXW LV VXVSHFWHG WR EH SLQH

process:

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fully yielded reclaimed lumber specimen

Results: 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW RQ DYHUDJH WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU ZDV VWURQJHU LQ EHQGLQJ VWUHVV WKDQ WKH QHZ OXPEHU 7KH WHDP WHVWHG WKH QHZ OXPEHU Ã&#x20AC; UVW DQG NQHZ WKDW WKH UHFODLPHG ZRRG ZRXOG QHHG WR VXVWDLQ D ODUJHU ORDG WR HTXDO WKH VWUHVV VXVWDLQHG E\ WKH QHZ OXPEHU EHFDXVH LW QDWXUDOO\ KDV D ODUJHU FURVV VHFWLRQ WKHUHIRUH LW VKRXOG FDUU\ PRUH ZHLJKW +RZHYHU 305 GLG QRW H[SHFW ZKHQ WKH UHVXOWV ZHUH FDOFXODWHG WKDW RQ DYHUDJH WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU ZRXOG EH RYHU SVL VWURQJHU WKDQ WKH QHZ OXPEHU %HQGLQJ VWUHVV FDOFXODWLRQV KHDYLO\ GHSHQG RQ WKH VL]H RI WKH PHPEHU 7KH VOLJKWHVW FKDQJH LQ VL]H FDQ TXLFNO\ LPSDFW WKH UHVXOWLQJ

VWUHVV 7KLV ZDV HYLGHQW WKURXJK WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU FDOFXODWLRQV )RU H[DPSOH LI UHFODLPHG OXPEHU VSHFLPHQ ZDV WUXO\ Âµ[ Âµ RQO\ Âµ ZLGHU DQG Âµ WDOOHU WKH EHQGLQJ VWUHVV ZRXOG EH UHGXFHG WR SVL UDWKHU WKDQ SVL 6LQFH WKH ZRRG ZDV KDQG FXW VR PDQ\ \HDUV DJR YHU\ IHZ RI WKH PHPEHUV DUH DFWXDOO\ WKH VDPH H[DFW VL]H DQG RQO\ URXJKO\ Âµ[ Âµ 7KLV XQLTXH PDWHULDO TXDOLW\ LV VRPHWKLQJ WR WDNH LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ ZKHQ GHVLJQLQJ ZLWK WKH PDWHULDO ERWK DHVWKHWLFDOO\ DQG VWUXFWXUDOO\ 5HJDUGOHVV DOO PHPEHU H[FHHGHG FRGH YDOXHV DJDLQ DV VHHQ LQ WKH FKDUW

2x4 Bending Test Ͳ Reclaimed Lumber vs. Old Growth Reclaimed Lumber Type

Section Width (in) Height (in) Area (in^2) Modulus Span (in) "Sx" (in^3)

Name

Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 1 Reclaimed Specimen 2 Lumber Specimen 3

1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0625 1.875 1.75

New Lumber

Specimen: one

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.875 3.75 3.625

5.25 5.25 5.25 7.99 7.03 6.34

3.063 3.063 3.063 5.162 4.395 3.833

Specimen: two

64 64 64 64 64 64

Max Force (lbs)

Max Moment (lbͲin)

1,661 1,067 974 1,254 2,926 2,178

26,576 17,072 15,576 20,064 46,816 34,848

Stress Avg Stress (psi) (psi) 8678 5575 5086 3887 10653 9092

6446

7878

Specimen: three

New Lumber: 8678 psi

New Lumber: 5575 psi

New Lumber: 5086 psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 3887 psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 10653 psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 9092 psi

Reclaimed vs. new bending stress over time: 10000

PSI

8000 6000 4000 2000 49.4 99.1 148.8 198.5 248.2 297.9 347.6 397.3 447 496.7 546.4 596.1 645.8 695.5 745.2 794.9 844.6 894.3 944 993.7 1043.4 1093.1 1142.8 1192.5 1242.2 1291.9

SECONDS Reclaimed Lumber Stress (PSI) 7KH JUDSK DERYH VKRZV WKH VWUHVV FXUYHV RI 1HZ /XPEHU 6SHFLPHQ DQG 5HFODLPHG 0DWHULDO 6SHFLPHQ 7KH JUDSK VKRZV WKH EHKDYLRU RI WKH LQWHUQDO VWUHVVHV RYHU WLPH 7KH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU

New Lumber Stress (PSI) WRRN PXFK ORQJHU WR IXOO\ \LHOG WKDQ WKH QHZ OXPEHU DQG LW ZDV PRUH UHVLOLHQW DV LW UHORDGHG VHYHUDO WLPHV EHIRUH IXOO\ IDLOLQJ 108

reclaimed lumber specimen mid test

Results: %HQGLQJ VWUHVV ZDV QRW WKH RQO\ LPSRUWDQW YDOXH WR HYDOXDWH ZKHQ FRPSOHWLQJ WKLV WHVW 6LQFH GHÁ HFWLRQ ZDV DOVR PHDVXUHG LW ZDV SRVVLEOH WR FDOFXODWH WKH HODVWLF PRGXOXV ( RI WKH PDWHULDO 7KH HODVWLF PRGXOXV LV WKH UDWLR RI WKH VWUHVV WR WKH VWUDLQ RI WKH PDWHULDO ,W LV GHWHUPLQHG E\ DVVHVVLQJ WKH DPRXQW RI GHÁ HFWLRQ DW PD[LPXP ORDG DQG WKH PRPHQW RI LQHUWLD RI WKH VHFWLRQ ZKLFK LV DJDLQ GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH FURVV VHFWLRQDO DUHD RI WKH VSHFLPHQ 7KH HODVWLF PRGXOXV GHWHUPLQHV KRZ PXFK D PDWHULDO FDQ HORQJDWH EHIRUH LW FDQQRW JR EDFN WR LWV RULJLQDO VKDSH DQG HYHQWXDOO\ \LHOGV $V FDQ EH VHHQ LQ WKH SKRWRV RQ WKH SUHYLRXV SDJH WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU ZDV VXUSULVLQJO\ Á H[LEOH 7KH

WHDP DQWLFLSDWHG PLQLPDO Á H[LQJ GXH WR LWV GU\QHVV 7KLV ZDV QRW WKH FDVH DV LW WRRN ORQJHU WR IXOO\ \LHOG WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU GXH WR WKLV Á H[LQJ WKDQ LW GLG WKH QHZ OXPEHU VHH IROORZLQJ JUDSKV ,Q IDFW RQFH WKH QHZ OXPEHU \LHOGHG RQFH LW ZDV FRPSOHWHO\ IDLOHG 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU UHORDGHG PDQ\ WLPHV EHIRUH FRPSOHWHO\ IDLOLQJ 305 FRQFOXGHV WKDW WKLV LV D UHVXOW RI WLJKWHU DQG PRUH OD\HUV RI JUDLQ LQ WKH ROG OXPEHU DV ZHOO DV LWV RSHQ DLU QDWXUDO GU\LQJ SURFHVV UDWKHU WKDQ LQVLGH D ODUJH RYHQ ZKLFK FDQ GHVWUR\ QDWXUDO JOXHV DV LV GRQH WRGD\ $V D UHVXOW WKH HODVWLF PRGXOXV ZDV KLJKHU LQ WKH UHFODLPHG OXPEHU

Reclaimed vs. new deflection + modulus of elasticity: Type

Name

Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 1 Reclaimed Specimen 2 Lumber Specimen 3 New Lumber

Average Moment Elastic Deflectio Elastic of Inertia Modulus n " " (in) Modulus "E" "I" (in^4) "E" 1.365 5.359 1,240,454 0.940 5.359 1,156,824 1,124,879 1.015 5.359 977,360 0.522 10.001 1,312,694 1.256 8.240 1,543,560 1,530,372 0.987 6.947 1,734,863

Specimen: one

Specimen: two

Specimen: three

New Lumber: 1,240,454 psi

New Lumber: 1,156,824 psi

New Lumber: 977,360 psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 1,312,694psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 1,543,560 psi

Reclaimed Lumber: 1,734,863 psi

Reclaimed vs. new elastic modulus over time: 2500000

ELASTIC MODULUS

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

33.9 68 102.1 136.2 170.3 204.4 238.5 272.6 306.7 340.8 374.9 409 443.1 477.2 511.3 545.4 579.5 613.6 647.7 681.8 715.9 750 784.1 818.2 852.3 886.4 920.5 954.6 988.7 1022.8 1056.9 1091 1125.1 1159.2 1193.3 1227.4 1261.5

SECONDS Reclaimed Lumber Elastic Modulus

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New Lumber Elastic Modulus

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material test four: truss

Truss:

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materials needed:

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scale model of truss design using available lengths

Trimming and cutting ends to the right angles for connection

Mid-Construction of full scale truss

process:

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truss lab setup with lateral bracing.

2 truss under load with final cross bracing setup

gusset plate at peak of truss

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4 Gusset Plate at bottom of truss

114

Truss Load & Deflection vs. Time 3.5

5,500 5,000

3 4,500 4,000

3,000 2,500

1.5

2,000 1

1,500 1,000

0.5 500 0

0 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.4 7.9 8.3 8.7 9.1 9.5 9.9 10.3 10.7 11.2 11.6 12.0 12.4 12.8 13.2 13.6 14.1 14.5 14.9 15.3 15.7 16.1 16.5 16.9 17.4

Time (Minutes)

Â&#x192;

Load (LBS)

3,500

Deflection (IN)

2.5

nail deformity in first gusset plate after removal

failed bottom cord splice separation

7KH PD[LPXP ORDG VXVWDLQHG E\ WKH WUXVV ZDV SRXQGV $W D VSDQ RI IHHW DQG ยท R F VSDFLQJ WKDW LV HTXLYDOHQW WR SVI PXFK KLJKHU WKDQ WKH GHVLJQ ORDG RI SVI OE SRLQW ORDG HVWLPDWHG E\ 0DYHULFN 7KLV FRQร UPV WKDW DQ DV\PPHWULFDO UHFODLPHG ZRRG WUXVV FDQ DQG ZLOO VXVWDLQ FRGH UDWHG ORDGLQJ DQG VDIHO\ VXSSRUW D EXLOGLQJ $W PD[LPXP ORDG GHร HFWLRQ RI WKH WUXVV PHDVXUHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\ LQFKHV EXW DW GHVLJQ ORDG OEV LW KDG RQO\ GHร HFWHG LQFKHV 7KLV GDWD FDQ EH VHHQ LQ WKH FKDUW DQG WUXVV GLDJUDP RQ WKH OHIW

nail tearout in bottom cord splice connection

damage to wood from nail tearout

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116

repaired bottom cord splice connection ready for second test

section five: design

design PROCESS 7KH 'HVLJQ 3KDVH RI WKLV SURMHFW UHSUHVHQWV WKH SURMHFW·V KROLVWLF DSSURDFK WR VXVWDLQDEOH GHVLJQ DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ ,W ZDV WKH GULYLQJ IRUFH EHKLQG WKH SURMHFW·V SURSRVDO DV WKH 305 WHDP WRRN DLP DW DSSURDFKLQJ WUXH QHW ]HUR HQHUJ\ GHVLJQ 1HW ]HUR HQHUJ\ GRHV QRW RQO\ SHUWDLQ WR WKH DPRXQW RI HQHUJ\ WKH EXLOGLQJ XVHV EXW DOVR WKH DPRXQW RI HPERGLHG HQHUJ\ LQ LWV PDWHULDOV ,Q WRGD\·V PDVV SURGXFHG JOREDO PDUNHW 3LRQHHU 0DWHULDO 5HQHZDO ZDQWHG WR VKRZ WKDW DW D VPDOO VFDOH EXLOGLQJV FDQ EH EXLOW IURP ORFDO UHF\FOHG PDWHULDOV DQG EH MXVW DV LI QRW PRUH EHDXWLIXO FRVW H੔ HFWLYH DQG H੕ FLHQW DV FRQVWUXFWLRQ XVLQJ QHZ PDWHULDOV +XQGUHGV RI \HDUV DJR WKLV ZDV D VWDQGDUG SUDFWLFH EXW GHYHORSPHQW RI PDQXIDFWXULQJ DQG DXWRPDWLRQ RYHU WKH ODVW FHQWXU\ KDV UHVXOWHG LQ OHVV VXVWDLQDEOH EXLOGLQJ SUDFWLFHV DQG H[SRQHQWLDOO\ LQFUHDVHG DPRXQWV RI ZDVWH DURXQG WKH ZRUOG

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128

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plan: neighborhood

dubois grange

proposed agriculture land use

plan: farmstead

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134

136

section six: Building Sustainable Communities

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social media

I want to create an urban homestead, creating a structure that would support resident farming.

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