scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium
LATIN INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH VOCABULARY Baltabay Tomiris, student of the Central Kazakhstan Academy Kuznetsova T.A., senior lecturer, scientific adviser Central Kazakhstan Academy
Abstract Due to the specific historical development of English, it has adopted many words from other languages, especially from Latin. Many common and everyday words are of Latin origin. Latin was the language of a higher civilization, from which the Anglo-Saxons had much to learn.Latin words were borrowed in all historical periods. A portion of these borrowings came directlyfrom Latin, or through one of the Romance languages. Keywords: Latin, English, loan-words, borrowings, Latin borrowings in English, historical periods, Latin phrases and idioms, abbreviations.
Latin roots serve as the key to understanding the vocabulary of English and of many modern European languages. These words were borrowed in various historical periods and for different purposes [1, 2]. Sometimes, it is difficult to say whether the loan-words were direct borrowings from Latin or had come in through French, because, after all, Latin was also the language of learning among the French. Words with Germanic origin make only 20% of the Early Modern English lexis. The main sources are Latin and French covering 60% of the new words [3, 52] The earliest Latin loan-words date from the period before the Germanic tribes invaded England under invite from the Britons. The Germanic tribes, who would later give rise to the English language (the notional Angles, Saxons and Jutes, traded and fought with the Latin speaking Roman Empire. They had to use Latin words in order to name new notions they had not known before: soccus (sock), cappa (cap), butyrum (butter), caseus (cheese), discum (dish), moneta ( mint), pondo (рound), pirum (pear), prunus (plum), pipere (pepper), plante (plant), vinum (wine), vallum (wall), campus (camp), strata (street). In the old English there are much of the Latin words associated with agriculture and war. During the whole Old English period (600-1100), Latin was regarded highly. «It was the language of a highly regarded civilization, one from which the Anglo-Saxons wanted to learn» [4, 75]. Examples of Latin borrowings in that time improve these: monachus (monk), monasterium (mynster/minster), schola (school), papyrus (paper), versus (verse), chorus (chorus), nonna (nun), candela (candle), etc. Numerous Latin words which found their way into the English language during these five hundred years fall into two main groups: 1. Words connected with religion; 2. Words connected with learning [5, 236–240]. It was the result of the facts that 1) Latin became the official language of the Christian church; 2) the first schools were opened at churches and first teachers were priests and monks. During the Early Modern or English Renaissace (1500-1650) Latin was drawn upon the scientific nomenclature, it was considered the common name-language for science: animal (animal), formula (formula), memorandum (memorandum), inertia (inertia). These words were mainly borrowed through books, by people who knew Latin well and tried to preserve the Latin form of the word [6, 70–125].
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