The Scientific Journal of the Modern Education & Research Institute, Issue 16/2021, 15.02.2021 by Modern Education and Research Institute

scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium

15 February 2021 Brussels, Belgium

Scientific Journal

of the Modern Education

& Research Institute

ISSN 2506-8040

scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium

In cooperation with our members:

scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium

The worldwide lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated with it global recession of 2020 have created a highly uncertain labor market outlook and accelerated the transition to a new work relationship.

According to the report of the World Economic Forum «Future of Jobs 2020», the pandemic accelerated the shift to remote working by 83% over expected level, the rate of digital tools adoption increased by 84%, and automation – by 50%. In addition to the introduction of cloud technologies, technologies based on big data, which we have already got used to, we are now experiencing a significant interest in encryption, the use of robots and artificial intelligence. Automation has had the greatest impact on the HR decisions of companies. This trend is only expected to intensify and will lead to a transformation of job tasks, professions and skills needed in the labor market by 2025. 43% of CEOs that participates in the WEF survey said they intend to downsize by integrating technology, 41% plan to expand the use of contractors for specialized tasks. Researchers estimate that 85 million jobs will disappear by 2025 as a result of the redistribution of labor between humans, machines and algorithms, and 97 million new roles will emerge that will be shared between humans, machines and algorithms. It is also estimated that the time spent by machines and humans on job tasks will become equal by 2025. Low-wage workers, women, and young professionals are the most vulnerable on the job market after the pandemic. Comparing the impact of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis on those with lower levels of education to the impact of the COVID-19 crisis, it can be concluded that the impact today is much greater and more likely to deepen existing social and economic inequalities. To survive in the new job paradigm, it is essential to increase the level of education, to learn new skills and competencies and to become flexible towards career turns. The so-called «jobs of tomorrow» offer more opportunities for people who will completely rethink their professional trajectory or change jobs completely. Mastering new skills in big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence allows more opportunities on the labor market in frontier areas.

Ekaterina Tsaranok

Director Modern Education & Research Institute

scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium

CONTENT 1.

1. Bondar I. S., D. T. Aldekeyeva, A.K. Nurakhova, M.J. Kvashnin,R.B.Bazarovn METHOD OF HARDENING OF NON-RIGID ROAD CLOTHES Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Almaty, Kazakhstan........................ 9

2. Eshiev Daniyar, Taalaibekov Nursultan, Eshieva Asel, Alieva Aidai, Eshiev Abdyrakman COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF UPPER JAW CONNECTION TREATMENT WITH RAPID PALACEAL EXPANSION APPARATUS Osh Interregional Joint Clinical Hospital, Osh, Kyrgyzstan; Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan; Kyrgyz State University of advanced and continuous education named after S.B. Daniyarov, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan......................................................................................................................................... 15 3. Helmle A.M., M. Imangalieva PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ININOVATIVE CLUSTERS Central-Kazakhstan Academy, Karaganda, Kazakhstan............................................................................ 20 4. Israil Mukaddas, Shamaksudova Saodat PROBLEMS OF LEARNING THE LANGUAGE AND MEDIA STYLE Uzbek State University of World Languages, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Journalism & Mass Communications University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan....................... 24 5. Israil Shukhrat, Israil Mukaddas FEATURES OF DISCURSIVE ACTIVITY IN THE MEDIA Uzbek State University of World Languages, Tashkent.............................................................................. 29 6. Ivanov A.V., Aibolat A. EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR POLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REGION Central-Kazakhstan Academy, Karaganda, Kazakhstan............................................................................. 34 7.

Kalandarishvili Maia, Tamar Tukhashvili AGE AND OCCUPATIONAL CORRELATIONS OF HUMAN INTENSE SENSORY NEEDS St. Andrew Georgian University of the Georgian Patriarchate, Tbilisi, Georgia.................................... 37

Kusainov Sh.K., Kassenova A.A. THE POWER OF THE PROCEDURAL PROSECUTOR UNDER THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN Central-Kazakhstan Academy, Karaganda, Kazakhstan............................................................................. 42

Rzhevska Natalia, Irina Dobroskok, Hamdi Ayyıldız PHENOMENON «HUGGE», NEUROPEPTIDES AND ICT TECHNOLOGIES: ACTUAL POTENTIAL IN HIGHER EDUCATION Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine; Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey........................................................ 45

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10. Sarancha Iryna, Pastukh Nataliia, Dobrynova Iryna SOCIO-PEDAGOGICAL BASES FOR FORMING DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COMPETENCE OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES FROM THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ROMA POPULATION OF UKRAINE Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine............................................ 51 11. Shakhnovskaya O.V., Zhanaydarov E.V. VINDICATION LAWSUIT AS A WAY TO PROTECT PROPERTY RIGHTS Central-Kazakhstan Academy, Karaganda, Kazakhstan............................................................................. 56 12. Sharipova G.K., Ko C. SOCIOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF DEVIANT PERSONALITY BEHAVIOR Central-Kazakhstan Academy, Karaganda, Kazakhstan............................................................................. 59 13. Teshabayeva Dilfuza, Israil Mukaddas LINGUISTIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES JOURNALISTIC TEXT Uzbek State University of World Languages, Tashkent.............................................................................. 63 14. Tokubaev Z.S., Tokubaev Sh. STABILITY OF LEGISLATION AS A CONDITION OF ENSURING LEGALITY IN THE SPHERE OF FIGHT WITH CRIMINAL OFFENSES Central-Kazakhstan Academy, Karaganda, Kazakhstan............................................................................. 67 15. Zhakipbekov Sh.K., А.S. Yestemessova, A. Zhilkibayeva PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAVY CONCRETE WITH A COMPLEX MINERAL ADDITIVE Intereng-Almaty LLP, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Kazakh Leading Architectural Building Academy , Almaty, Kazakhstan................................................ 71

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METHOD OF HARDENING OF NON-RIGID ROAD CLOTHES I. S. Bondar D. T. Aldekeyeva A.K. Nurakhova M.J. Kvashnin R.B.Bazarov

Abstract The article discusses the method of strengthening the roadbed and non-rigid road surfaces, in the conditions of design and construction of new roads, as well as widening (reconstruction) in areas with weak soils. The stability of road structures built on weak water-saturated bases is ensured if the following conditions are met: the use of polymer geogrids under the supporting bases of capital road coverings for roads with heavy and heavy traffic and in transitional road coverings as a priority structure of stage construction. Features of the production technology are associated with the introduction of an additional operation for laying a geogrid and the introduction of additional requirements for the performance of work on the device of the base layer located directly above the geogrid. The use of geosenthetic materials has a positive effect on the condition of the roadbed and road surface, especially in the conditions of increased traffic load in recent years. The completed works will allow in the future reducing the cost of maintenance and operation of the highway, as the design of the road surface will last much longer when operated in difficult natural and climatic conditions of our country. Keywords: polymer geogrids, design and construction technology of road surfaces.

Design solutions for road reinforcement Reinforcement is used in new construction and in cases where it is planned to replace the existing road surface (Figure 1a), as well as in areas of widening of highways (Figure 1b). The geogrid is placed on the contact between the bearing layer of the base of untreated granular materials and the sandy additional layer of the base or the ground of the roadbed in the absence of road surfaces with improved types of coating (Figure 1c). For road surfaces with a transitional type of coating, a geogrid is placed under a coating of granular materials (Figure 1d).

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Figure 1. Reinforcement of the bases of road clothes in new construction (a), the execution of works for the widening of (b), design of reinforced pavements improved (c) and transitional (d) types: 1 – asphalt concrete pavement, 2 – gravel base, 3 – sand drainage layer, 4 – the soil subgrade, 5 – geogrid, 6 – cohesive soil on the roadside, 7 – podlaska edges of the base, 8 – outline of widening a 9 – outline of the old slope, 10-ledges.

The decision on reinforcement is made taking into account the area of rational use of geogrids, the following additional provisions: • it is recommended to use geogrids under the load-bearing bases of capital road coverings for roads with heavy and heavy traffic; • it is recommended to use geogrids in transitional road coverings as a priority structure for stage construction. In these cases, the determining factor for making a decision on the use of geogrids may be the performance of not only reinforcing functions, but also separation functions (preventing the interpenetration of materials of adjacent layers, leading to a decrease in the durability of the structure). The choice of materials and the assignment of the thickness of the pavement layers is carried out taking into account the requirements of section 5 and on the basis of the calculation method according to clause 6.2 [1].

Calculation of road surfaces based on the permissible pressure on the surface of the ground base The construction of the road surface meets the requirements of strength if the condition is met: (1) where, – vertical stresses arising in the ground, taking into account the distribution capacity of the – maximum permissible stress in the ground, at which the linear relationship beroad surface, MPa; tween pressure and precipitation is maintained, MPa. The effective vertical stresses are determined by the dependence: (2) where, P – pressure on the coating from the design load, MPa; – a coefficient that characterizes the decrease in vertical stresses in the road surface and is determined by the dependence: 10

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(3) where, а = 1,7; 1,8; 1,9 – for road surfaces reinforced with SD-20, SD-30, SD-40 geogrids with conditional deformability indicators Е'(ε) 350, 525, 700 kN/m, respectively, also meeting the requirements of the table 1; а = 1,0 – for non-reinforced road clothes. Table 1. Characteristics of regulated parameters of polymer reinforcing materials when used in road structures

№ in order

Parameter

Parameter characteristics

Regulation

Mechanical properties of polymer reinforcing materials 1

Relative strength of nodal joints RGR

Identification parameter

Not lower 50% от RR

Conditional index of deformability in the material plane GR

Identification parameter that affects the effectiveness of the application

Not lower 20% от RR(ε)

The main functions and properties of geosynthetic materials of the company «Geksa» are presented in [2]. The permissible voltages are determined by the dependence:

(4)

– share of the pavement, MN/m3; с – specific adhesion of the Foundation soil, MPa; φ – angle where, of internal friction of Foundation soil, degrees; hод – thickness of the pavement, m.

Features of work production technology The technology and organization of the construction process in the application of reinforcement, including the preparation of the object, the scheme of the organization of the working area during the work, the organization of labor, quality control and safety, are subject to the general rules for the production of earthworks and road surface construction. When performing work, you should follow the requirements of [3], SNiP 12-03-2001, SNiP 12-04-2002, VSN 8-89, VSN 19-89, VSN 37-84, as well as the provisions of paragraphs 2.16, 2.17 [1]. Features of the production technology are associated with the introduction of an additional operation for laying a geogrid and the introduction of additional requirements for the performance of work on the device of the base layer located directly above the geogrid. The general technological scheme of production of works at new construction is presented in Figure 2, at reconstruction in Figure 3.

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Figure 2. Technology of work during new construction

Figure 3. The Technology of production of works for widening (reconstruction)

However, in some cases, to save the design position of the geogrid with the possible influence of technological loads encountered during the dumping and spreading of the overlying layer (the beginning of the roll, dumping material from an existing pavement in the widening), and also with strong wind influences, the geogrid can be secured by anchors in figure 4. The location of anchors with the different methods of device overlying layer shown in figure 4 (anchors are 10-15 m in length with a decrease in this distance, in the case of the device widening to 6 m at the edge of the leaf that is closest to the direction of dumping of the overlying layers; at the beginning of the roll and in places overlapping coils set of 3 anchor width, in other places – 2 anchor width).

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Figure 4. Technology of work arrangement of anchors (left), anchor design (right)

Laying of the geogrid is performed on a leveled and compacted soil base (sand additional layer of the base) by rolling the roll with periodic (after 10-15 m) alignment of the web and its light tension without the formation of folds (Figure 5,a). As a rule, fixing the geogrid to the underlying layer is not required and undesirable, since it prevents the tension of the web during the formation of a «wave» in the process of filling the overlying layer (Figure 5,d, p.7.4 [1]).

Figure 5. Separate working operations when reinforcing road surfaces: a – laying a geogrid; b – filling the material of the supporting base; c – leveling the material according to the method «from yourself»; d – formation of a «wave» before the leveled layer

Overlap of the canvases along the length and width of at least 30 cm. The direction of the ceiling prescribed with respect to the direction of backfilling and leveling of the material of the overlying layer for elimination of «scoring» the paintings on the ceiling (when dumping on the way from the end of the canvas fill layer is positioned over the beginning of the next leaf; when dumping from an existing cover in case the device widening near the side dumping feature painting above). The geogrid is laid on the width of the base layer with a margin of at least the thickness of the granular material layer plus 0.1 m in each direction. Filling on the laid geogrid of the large-fraction material of the base is carried out according to the method «from yourself» (Figure 5,b and 5,c). Basic terms the device of the base layer is to prevent built – in transport on the exposed surface of the fabric, the gradual leveling of stacked base material in several passes with successive sliding of the base material to the geogrid. When a wave is formed (Figure 5,d), the geogrid should be tensioned. In the process of sliding it is recommended to respect a minimum distance along the stream between the operations on the device layer of the base and rolling rolls (but not closer than 20 m) to 13

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provide more tension geogrids. The base material must be poured onto the geogrid during the work shift. When performing works according to paragraphs 7.3 and 7.4 [1], the quality of the laid canvases is visually evaluated. Defects in appearance are recorded (breaks, breaks, other violations of the continuity of edges and nodes, skewed cells, the presence of inclusions, dirt, the presence of kinks or traces of kinks on the edges, the evenness of the edges). Also fixed the overlap of adjacent cloths in width and length, the length of material per roll and width, their compliance documents (as marked on the rolls, according to the passport on the batch of material). According to the results of the control, an act for hidden work is drawn up. Conducting a survey of the condition of road surfaces under dynamic impact, as well as studying the design of road surfaces under static impact of transport load, will make it possible to predict subsequent repairs of the highway [4, 5].

Conclusion: The use of geosenthetic materials has a positive effect on the condition of the roadbed and road surface, especially in the conditions of increased traffic load in recent years. The completed works will allow in the future reducing the cost of maintenance and operation of the highway, as the design of the road surface will last much longer when operated in difficult natural and climatic conditions of our country.

References 1. ODM 218.5-002-2008 – Methodological recommendations for the use of polymer geogrids to strengthen the layers of road pavement made of granular materials [In Russian: Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po primeneniyu polimernykh geosetok (georeshetok) dlya usileniya sloev dorozhnoy odezhdy iz zernistykh materialov]. Moscow: ROSAVTODOR, 2008, p. 99. 2. Sh. V. Yunusov, I. S. Bondar. The use of geosynthetics in embankments on soft soils [In Russian: Primenenie geosinteticheskikh materialov v nasypyakh na slabykh gruntakh] // proceedings of the XLII International scientific-practical conference Kazatk. M. Tynyshpayev on the theme «Innovative technologies in transport: education, science, practice», Volume 4, 2018 – P. 147-157. 3. SNiP RK 3.03-09-2006 road [In Russian: Avtomobil’nye dorogi], Astana, 2006 p. 86. 4. I. S. Bondar, J. D. Madiev. Assessment of the state of road surfaces under dynamic impact [In Russian: Otsenka sostoyaniya dorozhnykh odezhd pri dinamicheskom vozdeystvii] // Collection of materials of the XIX annual Republican Scientific Student Conference. Part I of kazgas, – 2019-pp. 417-421. 5. I. S. Bondar, D. T. Aldekeyeva, Zh. B. Bekasyl. Investigation of pavement structures under static load [In Russian: Issledovanie konstruktsiy dorozhnoy odezhdy pri staticheskom vozdeystvii nagruzki] // Bulletin of KazNITU No. 1 (141) 2021-pp. 21-26.

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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF UPPER JAW CONNECTION TREATMENT WITH RAPID PALACEAL EXPANSION APPARATUs Eshiev Daniyar Abdyrakmanovich (daniyar.eshiev@gmail.com) Taalaibekov Nursultan Taalaibekovich (taalaibekov.nt@gmail.com ) Osh Interregional Joint Clinical Hospital, Osh, Kyrgyzstan Eshieva Asel Abdyrakmanovna (eshieva020928@gmail.com) Department of Clinical disciplines, Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan Alieva Aidai Momunjanova3 (moona-77@mail.ru) Kyrgyz State University of advanced and continuous education named after S.B. Daniyarov, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Eshiev Abdyrakman Moldalievich1 (eshiev-abdyrakhman@rambler.ru ) Osh Interregional Joint Clinical Hospital, Osh, Kyrgyzstan

Abstract The article is devoted to the research carried out in the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Osh Interregional Joint Clinical Hospital to correct deformities of the upper jaw in the form of its narrowing. The study involved 83 patients with a corresponding diagnosis, who were divided into two groups for the possibility of comparing the obtained results. In one group we used an expander with extra-bone fixation on pins whereas in the other expander Quad Helix with tooth fixation. Rapid expansion devices have been used in complex treatment. The patients’ age ranged from 11 to 21 years. Comparison of treatment results was carried out according to the data of X-ray studies, cephalometric analysis, analysis of diagnostic models. The effectiveness of the use of devices for rapid palatal expansion of the upper jaw was noticeable after 3 months of treatment. At the end of the treatment, the effectiveness of using an expander with extra-bone fixation and its advantage over a device with tooth fixation were reliably proved, after which the corresponding conclusions were drawn. Keywords: maxillofacial surgery, anomalies of the jaws, dentoalveolar anomalies, orthodontics, expanders.

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Introduction The significance of this problem is due to popular, but not practical, methods of treating the narrowing of the upper jaw. In dental practice, only few methods are used for correcting this pathology. Along with this, the population’s demand for orthodontic care is increasing from year to year, which prompts orthodontists to develop more effective methods of treating dental anomalies. Narrowing of the upper jaw is a fairly common pathology, according to studies of the last century, up to 60% of all anomalies of the dentition. The need for research in this area is also due to the high aesthetic requirements of modern people, since the narrowing of the upper jaw with various variations in the position of the teeth directly affects the appearance of a person and affects his social status. Also, according to numerous authors, the narrowing of the upper jaw leads to a violation of the bite, thereby directly affecting the functional activity of the masticatory apparatus and, as a result, leads to various morphological and functional complications of the maxillofacial region. Objective: to compare the effectiveness of treatment with an orthodontic appliance for rapid expansion of the upper jaw with extra-bone fixation on pins in comparison with the Quad Helix apparatus.

Materials and research methods The study was carried out in the center of orthodontics on the basis of the Osh interregional joint clinical hospital, the department of maxillofacial surgery. During the study period, a total of 83 patients (48 women and 35 men) with distal occlusion (narrowing of the upper jaw, crowded teeth) and dystopia of the anterior teeth were treated, which were divided into 2 groups: main (n-50) and control (n-33) of the study group. In the main study group, a rapid expansion palatal expander with attachment on pins (RPE) was used, in the control group, a Quad Helix expander. The age group of patients was from 11 to 21 years old. The examination of each patient included a complete collection of anamnesis of the disease and life, a panoramic X-ray, and then, after the patient’s consent, additional X-ray diagnostics in the form of a Teleroentgenogram and 3D computed tomography were carried out to fully represent the volume of deformity and treatment planning, and diagnostic models were also used. The effectiveness of treatment results was assessed according to cephalometric indicators, processing of 3D images in the EasyDent program and assessment of occlusion correction using diagnostic models, the distance was measured with a caliper between the large molars, the reference point for the contact of the compass was the center of the fissure of the first molars of the upper jaw. Qualitative parameters were analyzed according to Pearson’s x2 test. The composition of the patient groups was of the same type in terms of the severity of the pathology (p = 0.8624 according to Pearson’s criterion). The whole complex of treatment lasted from 1.5 to 3 years, depending on the clinical situation.

Research results and their discussion At 3-5 weeks of using the rapid expansion apparatus, the first results of the treatment were observed. And so in the main group of the study, all patients achieved a rupture of the palatine suture and noted a diastema. After that, the device remained in the oral cavity until the results obtained were fully consolidated and the dentition was corrected with braces. Before using the devices, the distance between the first large molars was measured, the measurement points were the center of the fissure of the tooth. The distances between the first molars before the start of treatment in both groups were on average from 30 to 35 mm, which at the end of the treatment increased by 5-7 mm in the main group and by 3-6 mm in the compared group, which in turn indicates a greater efficiency of application with fastening on pins. Fig. 1 and 2 shows a result of the treatment of a patient from the main group, the distance between the first molars increased by 7 mm, which in turn is an irreplaceable result in orthodontic practice. The bracket system was installed after obtaining the required space in the dentition individually, on average 1.5-2 months after the start of treatment. 16

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Figure 1. Measuring the distance to the treatment

Figure 2. Distance measurement after treatment

For the sake of convenience in comparing the results obtained, the cephalometric data were summarized and the average indicator of all patients, as well as of the groups separately, was derived. Cephalometric parameters in both study groups before treatment were approximately the same. To assess changes at the skeletal level, attention was paid to the angles SNA, SNB, ANB. The average values of these parameters of all patients were SNA – 76.4 ± 2.1; SNB – 74.9 ± 1.1; ANB – 2.1 ± 0.6. Particular attention was paid to the ANB angle, as the aim of the treatment was to correct the ratio of the jaws during the expansion of the upper jaw. When analyzing 3D images during treatment, it was revealed that in the comparison group, the inclination of the molars on which the rings of the Quad Helix were attached increased to the buccal side, while in the main group this phenomenon was not recorded. According to table 1, we can say that the patients were with pathology both at the dental alveolar level and at the skeletal level. A significant deviation from the norm was both in the main indicators characterizing the position of the jaws in relation to the cranial vault (NS-Gn, SNA, SNB), and in the dentoalveolar limits, as evidenced by deviations of the angles of the longitudinal axis of the incisors to the palatal and mandibular planes (Max1-ANSPNS, Mand1-MeGo) and inter-incisal angle (Max1-Mand1). Table 1. Average cephalometric values of patients in both groups before treatment

Indicators

Norm

Meaning

Deviation

SN-ANSPNS

7±30

12±2,1

5±2,1

ANSPNS-Me-Go

28±40

33,4±1,9

5,4±1,9

N-S-Gn SNA SNB ANB Ar-Go-Me NS-Ba Max1-ANSPNS Mand1-MeGo Max1– Mand1

66±30 82±30 79±30 3±20 127±50 127±50 109±60 92±50 131±70

75,2±1,7 76,4±2,1 74,9±1,1 2,1±0,6 137,1±3,8 135,8±4,1 113,1±2,9 82,5±3,1 136,9±5,1

9,2±1,7 5,6±2,1 4,1±1,1 0,9±0,6 10,1±3,8 8,8±4,1 4,1±2,9 9,5±3,1 136,9±5,1

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From table 2 it can be seen that at the end of the treatment the angular indices: SNA by 2.8 ± 2.25; SNB 1.6 ± 1.6; ANB by 0.8 ± 0.4 approached the norm in comparison with the baseline, which indicates changes occurring at the skeletal level. Table 2. Average indicators of cephalometry of patients of the main group at the end of treatment

Indicators

Norm

Meaning

Deviation

SN-ANSPNS

7±30

9,2±1,9

2,2±1,9

ANSPNS-Me-Go

28±4

30,2±1,1

2,2±1,1

N-S-Gn SNA SNB ANB Ar-Go-Me NS-Ba Max1-ANSPNS Mand1-MeGo Max1– Mand1

66±3 82±30 79±30 3±20 127±50 127±50 109±60 92±50 131±70

73,4 ±2,3 79,2±2,4 76,5±2,1 2,9±0,2 131,3±4,2 132,4±4,1 111,5±1,4 88,7±2,3 133,7±2,4

7,4 ±2,3 2,8±2,4 2,5±2,1 0,1±0,2 4,3±4,2 5,4±4,1 2,5±1,4 3,3±2,3 2,7±2,4

0 0

Table 3 shows, at the end of the treatment, the angular indices: SNA by 1.1 ± 1.85; SNB by 0.4 ± 0.9; ANB by 0.1 ± 0.5 approached the norm in comparison with the baseline data. Table 3. Average indicators of cephalometry of patients of the compared group at the end of treatment

Indicators

Norm

Meaning

Deviation

SN-ANSPNS

7±30

11,2±3,1

4,2±3,1

ANSPNS-Me-Go

28±4

32,9±1,2

4,9±1,2

N-S-Gn SNA SNB ANB Ar-Go-Me NS-Ba Max1-ANSPNS Mand1-MeGo Max1– Mand1

66±30 82±30 79±30 3±20 127±50 127±50 109±60 92±50 131±70

74,8±1,5 77,5±1,6 75,3±0,7 2,2±0,4 136,2±2,9 134,1±4,1 112,8±2,1 89,1±1,9 134,2±2,4

8,8±1,5 4,5±1,6 3,7±0,7 0,8±0,4 9,2±2,9 7,1±4,1 3,8±2,1 2,9±1,9 3,2±2,4

When comparing the data in Tables 2 and 3 in both study groups, it follows that in the main group, along with the tooth-alveolar changes, the linear indicators were significantly corrected, while in the comparison group, changes were noted mainly in the indicators Max1-ANSPNS, Mand1-MeGo, Max1Mand, and changes in SN-ANSPNS, ANSPNS-Me-Go, NS-Gn, SNA, SNB, ANB, Ar-Go-Me, NS-Ba were insignificant, which indicates the effectiveness of the Quad Helix expander only at the dentoalveolar level. Moreover, on TRG, as on 3D images, changes in the transversal dimensions of the upper jaw and the projection of the teeth of the upper jaw were assessed, specifically, the inclination in response to the maxillary expansion, where the inclination of the molars in the comparison group increased. And so, in the main 18

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group, the intermolar width increased due to changes at the skeletal level, while in the compared group this indicator increased due to the dentoalveolar tilt to the buccal side. Based on the study and comparison of the results obtained, some conclusions follow. The Quad Helix expander acts within the dental alveolar zone, which in turn leads to a change in the perpendicular axis of the tooth. In the comparison group, where the Quad Helix expander was used, there was an undesirable deviation of the teeth with the rings of the apparatus towards the pike side, thereby further complicating the clinical picture for further treatment with a bracket system. Therefore, the Quad Helix expander has proven itself in case of deformities of the dentition of the upper jaw only at the dental alveolar level. In the main study group, where an expander with extra-bone fixation on pins was used, changes in the bone structures of the upper jaw were reliably noted, as evidenced by the data of the analysis of cephalometry. Also, an expander with extra-bone fixation was applicable in patients with missing abutment teeth or their destruction. Advantages were also the absence of marginal bone resorption and gingival recession, which are usually associated with the use of dental appliances.

References 1. Galiullina MV Diagnostics and treatment of dentoalveolar anomalies with narrowing of the frontal area of the upper jaw [Text]: author. dis. ... Cand.honey. Sciences: 14.00.21 / MV Galiullina – Perm, 2008. – P.3-7. 2. Persin, LS Complex treatment of patients with distal occlusion, complicated by deformities of the dentition [Text] / LS Persin, VA Tugarin // Ortodent-info. – 2000.– No. 4.-. S. 34-35 3. Persin, LS Orthodontics: Diagnostics and treatment of dento-maxillofacial anomalies [Text] / L.S. Persin [et al.]. – Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2015.-640 p. 4. Senyuk A. N. Correction of skeletal anomalies of the maxillofacial region / A. N. Senyuk, N. B. Marakhtanov // Modern technologies in medicine, Nizhny Novgorod -2012.-S. 138-144. 5. Nabiev, F. Kh. The use of multisegmental osteotomy of the upper jaw in complex orthodontic-surgical treatment of patients with vertical incisaldisocclusion Text] / F. Kh. Nabiev, A. N Senyuk, RN Askerov, G. Yu.Chikurov / / Russian Dental Journal. – 2012. – S. 34-36. 6. Myagkova NV Modern possibilities of treatment of adult patients with jaw occlusion disorders / NV Myagkova, NV Styazhkin // Problems of dentistry. Yekaterinburg, 2011.-№5.-С. 56-60. 7. Arutyunov S. D. The character of periodontal lesion in system loss of osteal mineral density / Vertkin A. L., Pleskanovskaya N. V., Naumov A. V., Tsukov S. V., Mirzoyan A. B. // Russian Journal of Dentistry No. 1 2009. – P. 61– 65. 8. Eshiev A.M. Bone autoplasty of the alveolar ridge in congenital clefts followed by orthodontic treatment [Text] / A.M Eshiev, D.A Eshiev, N.T Taalaibekov // International Journal of Experimental Education. – 2015. – No. 11. – P. 362–364. 9. Stepanova, Yu. V. A case of rare congenital pathology of the maxillofacial region [Text] / Yu.V. Stepanova, M.S. Tsyplakova // Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery. – 2014. – T. 2, No. 3. – P.64– 67. 10. Eshiev, D. A. Various methods of osteotomy of the jaws with dentoalveolar anomalies (literature review) [Text] / D. A. Eshiev // Bulletin of the Kyrgyz Republic. -2020.-№1 (20). – P. 21 –29.

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PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ININOVATIVE CLUSTERS Helmle A.M., Head of the Department «Accounting and Audit Finance» Ph.D. Imangalieva Maria, 2nd year student of the specialty Finance Central-Kazakhstan Academy, Karaganda, Kazakhstan

Abstract The cluster itself brings innovation to any production, but a cluster developing a fundamentally new type of technology or production, such as nanotechnology and biotechnology, has much greater prospects. Free resources are created for the innovator – support centers for research, experimental work, financing, promotion, expertise, training and conditions for the territorial convergence of innovative projects. Keywords: сluster, innovation, enterprise, technology park.

The history of cluster development has more than 30 years of history. The evolution of cluster initiatives has led to the fact that in recent years, clusters of spontaneous disparate independent associations have turned global projects funded by the state. Despite all this, cluster theory has quite a few opponents. As a rule, these are antiglobalists who believe that clusters lead to the following negative consequences: 1. The uneven distribution of benefits in the cluster; 2. Strengthening the interdependence of enterprises, which in turn leads to increased instability and increased risk. In our opinion, the most promising direction of implementing cluster initiatives is innovative production. The term «innovation» was first introduced by J. Schumpeter. In his 1912 work, The Theory of Economic Development, he identifies the following types of innovations, which were then called innovations: 1. Introduction of a new product unknown to consumers (consumer novelty); 2. Introduction of a new production method; 3. Opening a new market in which the industry was not previously represented; 4. The introduction of a new organizational structure in any industry; Schumpeter was the first to introduce the term «innovation cluster» as a set of innovations implemented at a single point in time. The incentive for the development of innovative clusters is scientific ideas and discoveries. By definition, N. Kalyuzhnova, the innovation cluster is an association of various organizations, industrial companies, research centers, scientific institutions of government, trade unions, and public organizations [1.42]. The cluster itself brings innovation to any production, but a cluster developing a fundamentally new type of technology or production, such as nanotechnology and biotechnology, has much greater prospects. Free resources are created for the innovator – support centers for research, experimental work, financing, promotion, expertise, training and conditions for the territorial convergence of innovative projects [2,200]. The cluster structure is shown in Figure 1. 20

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Figure 1. The structure of the territorial innovation cluster [2,201]

An important element of the innovation cluster are technology parks. Technopark is a property complex provided to residents located on its territory and supported by its services for inventive and innovative activities. The government is trying to consolidate the creation of innovation infrastructure centers on a territorial and geographical basis. This approach is based on the cluster concept of the organization of invention, R&D and production. An innovative entrepreneur within a cluster can implement not one, but several projects. The cluster is an integrated platform for the innovator, capable of capturing all the ideas and bringing them to a commercial result – innovation. This is the synergistic effect – the avalanche-like growth of innovations on the platform of an organized cluster [3, 203]. Currently, there are heated debates about the effectiveness of the cluster development path, and the European model based on the support of high-tech and innovative types of industries can become an example of the successful implementation of this concept. If we consider the experience of Germany in the implementation of cluster policy, then as an example we can cite the program BioRegio – a cluster of biotechnologies in Regensburg. BIORegio was launched in Germany in 1995. The long-term goal of this project is the country’s first place in Europe in the field of biotechnology. Until now, the leader in this area has been the United Kingdom. In the process of implementing this program, priority was given to the development of the business environment in the biotechnological community of Germany, to assist (including financial) in the development of their business. All participants in the program (not only winners) then began to be called bioregions, these include the following, presented in table 1: Table 1. Участники программы BioRegio

Region

Scientific field

Companies

Munich

Two universities, large research institutes

35 biotechnology companies

Rhine region

Research institutes

Bayer, over 20 mid-sized companies

Rhine Neckar

Research institutes

Roche, Basf

Jena

University and several Research Institute

More than five medium and small companies

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Source: Competitive Regional Clusters: National Policy Approaches. Overview of innovation at the regional level. The budget was 90 million euros. The victory was won by 4 regions, which in the first two years received more than half of all available funds, as well as access to other programs to promote the development of biotechnology (namely, the federal Biotechnology 2000 program with a budget of 700 million euros). If we consider the enlarged diagram of the BIORegio cluster, then it has the following form, shown in Figure 2:

Figure 2. The structure of the biotechnological cluster in Germany

The main participants, i.e. The core of the cluster was small and medium-sized companies, which alone could never have made the revolutionary breakthrough they made together. Moreover, when creating the cluster, the German government did not take into account large, long-existing companies on the market, priority was given to even not very large and profitable enterprises, but to those who had innovative ideas and proposals for their implementation, and did not have enough funds to implement them . Being a pioneer is always hard. It is one thing to produce classic models of trousers that will always be in demand in the market and quite another to develop a methodology for treating a disease or a new drug. There is always a great risk of failure, economic collapse, and only a few companies (usually large monopolists) can afford to conduct basic scientific research alone. The environment created in Germany for biotechnology companies has been favorable, and this is not just about financial support. It is no coincidence that the biotechnology field was taken under the wing 22

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of the state, because it is one of the newest areas in modern economics and science, the results of which are in great demand in the market and have great prospects. In addition, the achievements of modern biotechnology guard the health of the nation and can be a powerful weapon in the fight against various kinds of aggression. What are the results of the implementation of this innovation program? The result is unequivocal – German companies made a major breakthrough in the field of biotechnology, having achieved tremendous success in this matter, taking a leading position in the world. Thus, cluster initiatives have helped to focus the efforts of more than 70 biotechnological German companies in achieving clear competitive advantages. Another state that pays great attention to cluster ideas is Japan. It is difficult to overestimate the contribution of Japan to the development of the global industry of nanotechnology and information technology. Today in this country, promising scientific research is being carried out in the field of production of nanotechnological materials for nano-processing and nanosystem modeling. Since 2001, the development of nanotechnology has been recognized as a priority, which is included in the state master plan for economic development. In addition, Japan adopted a national strategy for the development of nanotechnology, which is designed to solve the problems of improving the quality of life using highly sensitive test, measuring and other devices, creating high-strength and lightweight materials, ensuring the sustainable growth of the nano-industry, by creating a cluster [3]. Since the beginning of the global crisis of 2008 – 2009, the US government has paid closer attention to the development of innovative projects. Since 2011, the United States has been implementing the Employment Promotion and Innovation Catalyst program. Within the framework of this program, 20 regional clusters were allocated to which state support was provided. Each project was funded in the amount of about 2 million dollars. Since October 2012, another 10 new clusters have been selected. In March 2012, the United States launched a program to stimulate innovation and create jobs in remote areas of America. The result of the introduction of clusters can be considered primarily an increase in patents and licenses for new technologies and inventions. More than half of small enterprises were able to form partnerships with cluster members. According to the Dan & Brandstreet statistical agency, employment in regions with clusters has increased, and wages have increased by 14%. An example of the successful implementation of cluster initiatives in America is the cluster of MBA (Magnolia Business Alliance) in the state of Mississippi, which consists of 48 members. Within this cluster, there has been a sharp jump in the development of geospatial technologies, as well as defense and energy industries. Currently, the Mississippi is among the ten fastest growing regions of the United States. In Ohio, a cluster is also successfully operating in the energy, electronics, and water technology sectors. Within the framework of the cluster, it is planned to create 3,020 new jobs and increase the share of the world market to 42 billion dollars [4, 125]. Thus, the outcome of the implementation of cluster strategies in various sectors of the economy cannot be unambiguously assessed. Proponents of a negative attitude towards clusters cannot deny the positive impact of the clustering process on the economic development of regions. Today, cluster initiatives are an actual lever for the implementation of state policy, in many countries of the world and their effectiveness in the development of innovative sectors of the economy is beyond doubt.

References 1. The competitiveness of the regions: Theoretical and applied aspects / Ed. prof., Doctor of Economics Yu.K. Persky, Assoc. N.Ya. Kalyuzhnova. – M.: TEIS, 2003. – 427 p. 2. Alekseev A.A. Innovation Management.– M.: Moscow-Yurait, 2017. – 257 p. 3. Competitive regional clusters: national policy approaches. Overview of innovation at the regional level. 4. Clusters in the USA: the role and place of small business. M.L. Popova. Bulletin of KarSU No. 1, 2016, Karaganda, Series Economics. – 171 p.

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PROBLEMS OF LEARNING THE LANGUAGE AND MEDIA STYLE Israil Mukaddas Irgashevna, Doctor of Philosophy, professor (israil19mukaddas@gmail.com) Uzbek State University of World Languages (UzSUWL), faculty of International Journalism, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Shamaksudova Saodat Khidoyatovna, Senior lecturer, scientific researcher (saodat.xidoyatovna@gmail.com) Journalism & Mass Communications University of Uzbekistan (JMCUUz), faculty of Print Media Journalism, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Abstract The level of studying the language of mass media in the world linguistics has been rapidly increasing in recent years. Currently medialinguistics studied largely from the point of view of its multi-faceted relations and functions. The language of media and thinking, language and media companies, language, media and cultural studies, language, media and politics are bright objects such studies. Of course, new approaches to the language of mass media are not only related to the general trends in the development of world linguistics. The changing functions of the media, the transition processes taking place in society, also have a direct impact on this. This creates the need to understand the language of the media, taking into account the processes taking place in society in the field of culture, politics and ideology. Verbal language used in interpersonal communication, in its own way, manifests its main features in the process of mass communication. In the following years, the concept of media text has become widespread in the modern information world. The concept of media text emerged instead of the traditional printed text in the twentieth century due to the rapid development of mass communication as a new form of text that is associated with cinema, radio-television, video, the Internet and mobile phones. The concept of media text is widely used mainly in the field of media. In the following years, a number of studies were conducted by such linguists as Volkov A. A., Volodina M. N., Demyankov V. N., Dobrosklonskaya T. G., Ivanova L. Yu., Klushina G. I., Kobzeva I. M., Kuchiboev A., Makhmudov N., Melnik G. S., Tepyashina A. N., Mirsanov G., Pardaev A., Ra’ziev F., Mahamadaliev H., Smetanina S. I., Solganik G. Ya., Shevelevsky I. M., Bakieva G. H., Teshabaeva D. M., Israil M. I., Tashmukhamedova L. I. G. Bakieva and D. Teshabayeva in the monograph «Text in the media space» argue that new approaches in the process of studying media text are associated not only with the general directions of the development of world linguistics. This is directly influenced by the changing functions of mass communication, as well as by the transition processes taking place in society. This makes it necessary to understand the text of mass communication, taking into account the processes in the field of culture, politics and ideology that take place in society [2, p. 8]. This article is devoted to the study of the language and style of media, the principles and approaches of teaching media linguistics at the faculties of Journalism and Philology.

Keywords: discursive analysis, linguistic stylistic features, linguistic stylistic analysis, media linguistics, media space, media language, media text, media style, language and style of the media.

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Sosiolingvistik, cognitive, semantic, psycholinguistic, pragmatic and culturological, discursive printsips open up wide opportunities in the full imagination of the so-called unique socio-linguistic phenomenon of the media. The study of the media language in such aspects also requires the study of important features of the processes of speech interaction [1, p. 19]. At the moment, theeksex approach is developing in the study of the media language. Such an educational and scientific direction is called Medienwissenshaft in German, and according to the English scientific tradition, medialingustic – medialingvistika. Under this new direction in linguistics, various areas of studying Mediatexts have been combined. All of them represent the dialectical integrity of linguistic and media characteristics and are manifested in three dimensions of the medianutq: the scale of the text, video or graphic image consisting of words, the scale of the sound volume (the scale of sound harmony). Mediatexts are considered within the framework of various schools and spheres: from the point of view of sociolinguistics, functional methodology, discursive theory, content analysis, cognitive linguistics, rhetorical criticism. The attention of the researchers is attracted by a variety of topics: these are the methods of identifying the functional and methodological state of the language of the mass media, as well as the methods of describing the various mediatexts and the influence of socio – cultural factors on the medianutq and the lingvomedian technologies of influence. The analysis of the activities of representatives of this sphere makes it possible to emphasize that at the end of the XX century all the necessary conditions were created for the formalization of the accumulated knowledge and experience in the independent scientific direction of the language of the mass media. In other words, the overall volume of research carried out within the framework of mediams has reached a «peak of criticism», suggesting a new quality of study of this area – a systematic Komplex approach to medialingvistics, the study of the language of the media within its framework. The term «Medialingvistika» is formed by analogy with a number of related terms, which are used in new academic disciplines that arise in the cross-section of Sciences. The term itself combines two main components – media (massmedia) and linguistics, and the subject of this new science is the study of the function of language in the field of mass communication. That is, medialingvistics deals with the study of a certain area of the use of speech – the media language [7, p. 19]. Even if the terminology of medialingvistics is now being formed, we can distinguish a number of specific terms that are widely used in the media to describe the functioning of the language. These are words and phrases formed mainly with the help of the lexical basis of «media». For example, media text, media speech, media landscape, median language traits and characteristics, linguistic impact technologies, etc. Thus, the analysis of the state of the components of the basic rule in relation to medialingvistics makes it possible to emphasize that there are all the grounds for considering this humanitarian direction as an independent scientific rule. It is worth noting that, like other sciences that arise at the intersection of Sciences, medialingvistics naturally combines the features of two scientific fields: on the one hand, it relies on the generalized base of linguistic research, on the other hand, it enters into the general system of media communication-a new scientific direction. It is engaged in a comprehensive study of the media [7, p. 24]. The work «news analysis in the press» and «structure of news in the Press» by the well-known Dutch scientist Teun van Deyk are examples of many studies conducted using the method of discursive analysis for characterization in the media. Seeing the news as a specific type of discussion, Teun van Deyk draws an important conclusion on the entire composition of the media outlets. In his opinion: if we analyze them as a result of the cognitive and social activities of journalists in the production of texts and their meanings, then the interpretation of the texts by the readers and viewers of the gazeta, based on their experience of communication with the media, can only be adequately understood in one case [20, p. 123]. Thus, with discursive bias, each concrete text is considered, proceeding from the prism of social and ideological relations, taking into account the social interests and political views of the participants of mass communication, the people who created and perceived it. The main purpose of discursive critical analysis is to identify and characterize the links that are usually hidden for a wide audience between language, authority and ideology. Critical linguistic style, which is close to the method of analyzing critical diskurs for the performance of its functions, is a new direction in relation to linguistics, which appeared at the end of the last century. 25

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Explaining the basic rules of this direction, linguists came to the conclusion that the signs of the language and the methods of their actualization are not neutral. The purpose of the critical linguistics method is to find and study the ideologically diverse components of the text. In addition, special attention is paid to the analysis of media texts as texts with a deep ideological character. Also, great attention is paid to the study of medias within the framework of cognitive linguistics, the main task of which is to determine the interrelation of different language processes with cognitive methods of information processing. Using the techniques of cognitive linguistics, one can learn the meaning and methods of expressing different concepts in the media. G. H. Bakiyeva and D. M.Teshabayeva’s textbook «The language of mass media» provides such an idea about the cognitive approach: the study of the media language in a cognitive direction is also one of the most relevant research aspects. According to him, the language not only reflects the concepts in thought, but also significantly impresses on him. According to this approach, the role of the media is not limited to the broadcast and dissemination of knowledge. The media through its language creates a certain view of the world landscape. It remains important to determine the characteristics of the Bunda, different from its, for example, scientific-artistic or religious landscape. After all, the publicistic landscape of the world, created through the distinctive linguistic and non-linguistic features of the media, has the property of having a stronger impact than other types of models of the world. It is known that language is not only an axiom of thought, but also a means of influencing it sufficiently [1, p. 25]. The problems of multicultural society, immigration, religious conflicts, attitude to the environment, gender problems-cognitive analysis of the mass media, which is constantly highlighted, allows us to understand how the general information landscape of the world develops, in which the national and cultural peculiarities of the media landscape of certain countries are manifested. Therefore, from the point of view of cognitive linguistics, it is important that the thematic organization of the information space, expressed in a certain set of stable media paths and reflecting the peculiarities of the media flow, is important. The cognitive approach also allows us to answer the most important question about the methods of interrelation between real reality and its manifestation in the media. Modeling the presentation of real events in the media allows to conditionally reflect, reconstruct, distinguish between three types of media presentations, which can be distinguished as myth. The type of «reflection» suggests describing events as close as possible to reality. As an example of the presentation of this type of media, some events, including political events, include the most objectionable and reliably illuminated mediams. At the linguistic level, the peculiarity of presenting this type of media is the abundance of quote speeches, the multiplication of whole fragments from the speeches and speeches of politicians, the mandatory presence of links to the source of information, as well as the practically absence of analytical, interpretive and evaluative parts. The type of «reconstruction» provides a wide range of freedom of interpretation in the media: the real event is»reconstructed» on the basis of more specific political and ideological views in the media. Therefore, the existence of an analytical commentator and an ideologically evaluative part is a characteristic sign of the resumption of the mass media. The third type of media presentation – «myth» – is created for this purpose, often very far from the embodiment of the event. There are cases when there are reports of events that have not occurred in the media, but simply to provoke some kind of attitude of the audience [7, p. 31]. Cognitive analysis is aimed at studying the media text as a tool and result of understanding the world. The concept and the linguistic image of the world are the most important categories of cognitive linguistics. Conceptions are mental (fantastic) concepts that have their own term in the language and reflect the culturalnational imagination of mankind about the olam. Using the techniques of cognitive linguistics, it is possible to study the importance of various conceptions in mediamatn and the importance of their enslavement: law, America, Russia, Punishment, Crime, own/alien, enemy, terrorism, зatriot, family, etc. The cognitive approach also makes it possible to find answers to important questions that arise in the study of Real life and the mutual difference in the expression of fantastic concepts [18, p. 44]. «A lot of attention will be paid to the issues of research of texts in the field of Culture on the study of the media language in a culturological direction. It is important to interpret the cultural characteristics of the media language in connection with the understanding of the text. Culture is a collection of texts, interpreted as a sum or «complex structured text». G. S. Melnik believes that the text is not an unchanged hardened phenomenon as a product of culture, it is accompanied by the 26

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expression of different meanings (one-meaning texts), creating new meanings, that is, it also has a creativecreative function (multi-meaning texts). Such texts have a significant cultural value on a global scale. The scientist claims that any reader in them can look for something new for himself » [14, p. 37]. When studying mediamats, it is important to pay attention to their genre characteristics. Because each of the journalistic genres has its own laws, which also directly affect the linguistic composition of the mediams. In the genres of journalism, it focuses on the discovery of phenomena occurring in society in social, political, cultural, spiritual and other spheres, based on the characteristics of the genre. The use of language tools of each genre will be unique. For example, in information genres it is required to strictly observe the norms of the literary language, not to use impulsive words, and in analytical and publicistic genres it is allowed to approach the style of artistic speech of the language, to use a wide range of expressive means. It is very important to research the genre-style characteristics of mediatext. In conclusion, there are different approaches to the study of mediatext. Of these, a group of methods of linguistic analysis is important. In the study of the language, style and genre characteristics of mediatext, a continuous text analysis method that allows to determine the rules of the mediamatn structure at the syntagmatic and stylistic level is important. Also, the purpose of the stylistic analysis method, which is important in the study of mediatext, is to determine the various methodological tools and their role in the implementation of mediamatn general communicative view. To this end, in carrying out the study, we found it appropriate to use linguistic features of Mediatexts, analysis methods that allow us to determine the structure of mediamatn, analysis of linguistic-stylistic and genre characteristics of Mediatexts. We were also helped by the use of the analysis methods discussed above in each complete study of the mediatext.

References 1. Bakiyeva G.H., Teshabayeva D.M. Ommaviy axborot vositalari tili. –Tashkent, 2020. 2. Bakiyeva G.H., Teshabayeva D.M. Mediamakonda matn. Monography. – Tashkent: Turon-Iqbol, 2019. 3. Volodina M. N. The language of mass media as a special type of social interaction. // The language of mass media as an object of interdisciplinary research. Ch. 2. – M., 2004. 4. Volkov A. A. Rhetorical aspect of the media language. // The language of the mass media. Edited by M. N. Volodina. – M.: Academic project: Alma Master, 2008. 5. Volodina M. N. Language of mass media – – M.: Academic Project, 2008, 6. Demyankov V. N. Semiotics of eventfulness in the media. // The language of mass media as an object of interdisciplinary research. Ch. 2. – M., 2004. 7. Dobrosklonskaya T. G. The language of mass media. – M.: KDU, Dobrosvet, 2018. / / URL: https:// bookonlime.ru/node/509/. 8. Ivanova L. Yu. Language in electronic means of communication. // Russian speech culture. – Moscow: Flinta-Nauka, 2003. 9. Israil M. I., Tashmukhamedova L. I. Notiqlik san’ati. – T.: Noshir, 2019. 10. Klushina G. I. Journalistic text in the pragmatic aspect. Collective monograph. The language of mass and interpersonal communication. – Moscow: Media-Mir 2007. 11. Kobozeva I. M. Linguoprogmatic summary of the analysis of the language of mass media. // The language of mass media. – M.: Academic project, 2008. 12. Kuchiboev A. Matn pragmatikasi. – Samarand, 2015. 13. Mahmudov N. Ukituvchi nutq madaniyati. – T.: Uzbekiston Milliy of kutubxonasi, 2007. 14. Miller G. S., Tepesine A.N. The basics of creative activity of journalists. – Moscow: Piter, 2006. 15. Mirsanov G. Discourse tarkibida aspectual va temporal mazmun ifodasi. – T.: Navruz. 2018. 16. Pardaev A., Ryziev F., Mamadaliev H. Jurnalistikada til va ifoda. – T.: Istiqlol, 2006. 17. Smetanina S.I. Mediatext in the system of culture. – St. Petersburg, 2002. 27

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18. Modern media text: a textbook. Resp. N. And. Kuzmin. – Omsk, 2011. 19. Solganik G. Ya. General characteristics of the language of modern media of the previous period. // The language of mass and interpersonal communication. – M., 2007. 20. Teun van Dijk. Language. Cognition. Communication. Moscow: 1989. 21. Shamaksudova S. Kh., Israil M. I. OAVda yozma matn. Nutq va munozara. – T.: Iqtisod-moliya, 2018. 22. Shevelevsky I. M. Information and analytical texts in business media discourse (based on the material of online versions of Russian mass media). Diss. cand. sciences. – Tver, 2015.

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FEATURES OF DISCURSIVE ACTIVITY IN THE MEDIA MIsrail Shukhrat Mukhtar o’gli, Professor, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (muzaf17@gmail.com) Israil Mukaddas Irgashevna, Doctor of philosophy (Philology), professor (israil19mukaddas@gmail.com) Uzbek State University of World Languages (UzSUWL), Faculty of International Journalism, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Abstract The article is devoted to the problems of journalistic style and the peculiarities of written media discourse. In recent years, a different perception of the essence of the journalistic style has appeared. We suggest looking for the specifics of media discourse at the intersection of two taxonomies: genre and stylistic. As for written discourse, we consider reportage and news to be the most likely candidates for media genres. We suggest looking for the specifics of media discourse at the intersection of two taxonomies: genre and stylistic. In this context, it should be emphasized that since the appearance of the term «discourse» itself, over the past few decades, there have been disputes about the essence of this concept and about its difference from the term «text». Scientists have tried to distinguish between these two concepts, then to establish the degree of kinship between them. More recently, the concept of «text «was replaced by the concept of» discourse « and vice versa, that is, these two terms were considered completely interchangeable. American linguistics is characterized by the application of the concept of «discourse» only to the result of oral communication. Keywords: discursive activity, journalistic style, media text, news, regulatory function, reportage text, written media discourse.

The concept of language as a functional system, that is, as a «system of means of expression serving a certain purpose» [15, p. 390], appeared in the framework of the Prague Linguistic School. V. V. Vinogradov stands at the origins of the Russian functional-stylistic theory of text. It was he who proposed to consider the categorical trichotomy of language functions: communication-message – who-action [16, p. 5-36]. This trichotomy formed the basis for the differentiation of functional styles. Thus, O. S. Akhmanova defines functional styles as «styles that are differentiated according to the main functions language – communication, communication and influence – and classified in the following way: the style of science – a function of the messages, the style of everyday speech, the function of communication, style official-documentary – function of a message, the publicistic style is a function of influence, the style of artistic and fictional – forcing function» [2, p. 456]. In the center of our attention is a journalistic style that is currently being considered from different perspectives. The representatives of the traditional approach are the Russian researchers G. Ya. Solganik, O. N. Grigorieva, T. S. Dronyaeva, N. I. Klushina. From their point of view, journalistic style «serves politicalideological, socio-economic and cultural relations. That is why its importance in the modern world has increased. It has a characteristic vocabulary, correlated with the basic topics in the media. It forms the main ideologemes, which are replicated by the media and then «settle» in the mass consciousness. Publicistic speech is characterized by a hidden or open evaluation, depending

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on the scale of values of the author or publication...» [12, p. 269]. In the journalistic style, a special role is played by the image of the author, who creates a certain information atmosphere. In publicistic speech, the modern attitude of the mass media to creativity, and not a stereotype, is most clearly manifested ... «[12, p. 289]. The journalistic style is represented by a variety of genres: 1) Newspaper genres – essay, report, article, feuilleton; 2) Television genres-analytical program, information message, interview, live dialogue; 3) Oratorical genres-speech at a rally, public speeches of politicians, slogans, toasts, debates; 4) Communication genres – press conference, summit, meeting «without a tie»; 5) Advertising genres – advertising essay, advertisement [8, p. 167-180]. Russian linguists [13, p. 156] consider the concept of «discourse» more broadly. Researchers tend to strictly differentiate these concepts along the lines of statics / dynamics, that is, the text is represented as a result, a product of communication, and the discourse is a living process of communication itself [10, p. 307-323]. The tendency to separate the terms «text» and «discourse» was outlined in the 70s and 80s of the last century. Under the discourse began to understand different types of actualization of texts in connection with extralinguistic indicators. According to M. P. Brandes, «man-made verbal works are not posthumous remains, but the real life of human subjectivity, its objectified moment in language» [5, p. 25]. We believe that the above applies not only to literary works, but also to journalistic works, including the written discourse of the media. We tend to adhere to the point of view of E. S. Kubryakova, according to which media activity is a special type of discursive activity that reveals a new communicative and cognitive function of language [13, p. 156]. Based on the results of domestic researchers. A. A. Kibrik and V. A. Plungyan, we consider media materials, on the one hand, as a manifestation of a special discursive activity, and on the other – as the final product of this activity. For the language of mass media, the dichotomy of written and spoken speech is of great importance [1, p. 160], since these types of discourse are built on different principles. However, due to the constant development of the media themselves, there is a gradual blurring of the boundaries of written and oral discourses. What was previously considered the privilege of exclusively spontaneous speech is now fixed in dictionaries and is gradually becoming part of written discourse. In the printed media genres, discursive activity has its own specifics. Speaking of this, it should be noted that in written communication, the parties do not enter into direct contact. The result of a journalist’s communicative action is a written discourse – the text of the article. The readership is often not expected to react directly at all, which is always the case in the process of live oral communication. In the case of printed material, we are faced with the so-called non-contact discourse [13, p. 156]. Even if the addressee reacts to the journalist’s communicative action, the initial communicative situation will undoubtedly change due to the forced time interval. The next feature of the discursive activity of print media is the specificity of communicants. Unlike contact discourse, in which the role of the recipient addressee perform individuals, in written discourse, for example, Newspapers in the place of the recipient is huge in quantity and surprisingly different age, ethnic, religious, political and many other characteristics of the audience. The sender of the information is also not always represented by one person: this can be the customer of the material, in other words, the initiator of the text, the author’s team, and even the entire editorial board. The author of the newspaper material is forced to model his typical addressee. When preparing the text of the article, the journalist must take into account many characteristics of the recipient, both common to all speech acts, and specific, for example, the system of values, principles and ideals, the reference competence of the addressee. In case of miscalculation, the reporter will face a communication failure, which will undoubtedly affect the reputation of the publication. Creating a written discourse, the author uses special speech (locative) statements, trying not only to achieve an effect designed for the addressee, but also to fulfill a social order. It is precisely because the journalist initially has certain intentions (the author’s intention) that he makes a conscious choice in favor of the specific language means necessary in this particular article to perform the influencing function that is so characteristic of the language of the mass media. When considering media activities as discursive activities, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that media is a means of recording information for the purpose of influencing, clarifying, popularizing the masses. In this regard, the media clearly reflects the scientific system and its assessment of life and 30

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focuses on the understanding of the real reality of the addressee, and, most importantly, on his subsequent actions and feuds. Scientists from Uzbekistan G. H. Bakiyeva and D. M. Teshabayeva according «the journalistic text is a discursive, a complex communicative concept consisting of extralinguistic factors (knowledge about the world, opinion, the purpose of the addressee), in addition to the text that will be necessary for understanding the text» [4, p. 77]. The same linguist should evaluate the strength and level of influence of the applied language tools. Only the linguist can determine the cognitive structures of their relation to the aksi in the language, the location in the text and the diskurs, and the sequence of the use of language tools in speech. Thus, while the media is subject to the rules of objectification and transmission of information, cognitive linguistics plays an important role in the discursive activity of the media. With the concept of media, we connect the specific type and nature of information being delivered. One of the important characteristics of information is its importance in the life of society, the main thing is that any information is necessary and able to influence the public. From this, the following media sources can be cited: radio, television, the press (not only socio-political, but also socio-informational, scientific and social entertainment) and the Internet as an example. As N. D. Arutyunova describes, diskurs is a «life-pounding speech». The activities of the media are also associated with continuous processes of life. Therefore, it is necessary to study the media as a special type of discursive. From our point of view, discursive is the process of carrying out speech activity in a state of limited time and place. This process depends on the social activity of people, pursuing specific goals and objectives. In the concept of diskurs, there are no restrictions on the type of speech activity and the participants of this activity, but there is a bias between the diskurs and the text, more attention will be paid to the activitie In the process of perception of the text in the subconscious, the necessary clusters are involved and help to better understand the content of the information. However, if a person does not have a cluster of knowledge and experience on the required topic, then the text will simply remain incomprehensible. «To understand a phrase or text means to «pass» it through your thesaurus, to relate it to your knowledge and find a «place» corresponding to its content in the picture of the world» [9, p. 172]. According to Yu. N. Karaulov, understanding of the text can be achieved even with an approximate knowledge of the semantics of words, but with an adequate correlation of their meaning with the areas and nodes of knowledge of the thesaurus. Different people also see the facts described in different ways. The difference in the «vision» is explained by the fact that each of us in the course of life develops its own system of clusters, more or less independent of the others. Two people who have received the same information may perceive it as two completely different messages. In the process of discursive activity in the print media, the journalist tries not only to convey some information, but also to exert a certain influence on the readership, the reader, in turn, carries out cognitive activity, that is, tries to get the information that he does not yet have. However, in certain circumstances, when, for example, the author uses too complex or completely inappropriate language material, people completely forget the text representation, but they can remember the model of the situation well. Tonguetied journalist can ruin the article itself, but the main thing is to model a situation that came from re-reading material, would be part of a cluster of knowledge or thesaurus and to help in the future, an adequate perception of the new texts. In order to confidently navigate all the intricacies and nuances of the process of perception and understanding of the text, the reader must take into account the structure of linguistic personality, which can be considered as consisting of three levels [9, p. 173]: 1) Verbal-semantic and lexicon of the individual; the lexicon, understood in a broad sense, including also the Foundation of grammatical knowledge; 2) Linguistic and cognitive presented thesaurus personality, which depicted «the way of the world», or a system of knowledge about the world; 3) Motivational, or the level of activity and communication needs, reflecting the pragmaticon of the individual, that is, the system of its goals, motives, attitudes and intentions. In real communication, the interpenetration of all three levels is so strong that the boundaries between them are blurred, but, in our opinion, it is indisputable that almost all authors of bright or at least somewhat successful materials, consciously or not, are guided by this structure of the language personality. Fulfilling a certain social order of society, satisfying the pragmatics of their target audience, journalists choose an adequate linguistic and extralinguistic material, focusing not only and not so much on the topic, but on the lexicon and the intended thesaurus of the readership.

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To create and fulfill the conditions for the success of written discourse, journalists are helped by P. Grice’s maxims of communicative cooperation [7, p. 217-237]: 1) The maxim of the amount of information-to report no more and no less than is required at this stage of the development of the communication process; 2) The maxim of the quality of information-to report only what is true or what is confirmed; 3) The attitude maxim – what is reported should be relevant to the topic under discussion; 4) The maxim of the method – the statement should be clear and concise in form. As a rule, within the same written discourse, there are different speech forms, as well as different text-forming strategies or modalities. And since speech forms are based on text-forming strategies, when moving from one type of discourse to another, we will automatically encounter a switch from one speech form to another. What type of discourse and what form of speech will prevail in this particular article depends on many factors: the type of publication, the personal preferences of the journalist, the topic of the material, the characteristics of the readership, and, not least, on the initiator of the text. Life gives more and more new topics for materials, but if a TV reporter If it has the ability to «broadcast» information from the place of the event, then on the pages of the newspaper we are met with a twofold eventfulness. On the one hand, the event as it really was, as a fact, the existence of which we know, but do not have the opportunity to see with our own eyes. On the other hand, an event that is presented to us by a journalist, passing through the prism of his individual consciousness, that is, a communicative act of verbalization. According to O. N. Grigorieva, «no information in journalism can be transmitted impartially, objectively. All language tools are aimed at influencing the audience. The regulatory, influencing function, being the leading one in the journalistic style, is manifested in speech: emotional, figurative, expressive to the point of shocking, eye» [8, p. 167-180]. So, when choosing both linguistic and non-linguistic means, the journalist shows two lines of behavior. On the one hand, predicting non-standard perception of the material, the author seeks to avoid possible misunderstandings, and on the other hand, non-standard perception can be consciously introduced into the outline of the article as a means of influence, and even manipulation. Therefore, despite one of the most important genre characteristics of information media – objectivity, on the other side of the coin will always be subjectivity.s of online diskurs.

References 1. Alexandrova O. V. The ratio of oral and written speech and the language of the media. // Language media as an object of interdisciplinary research: textbook. // Ed. edited by M. N. Volodinа. Part 2. M., 2004. 2. Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. -M., 2005. 3. Arutyunova N. D. Diskurs. // Lingvisticheskaya encyclopedia. – M., 1990. 4. Bakiyeva G. H., Teshaboyeva D. M. Chapter One. Medialingvistika: mediatexts theory and mediadiskurs. // Journalism: Medialingvistika and edits. Volume III. – T.: Uzbekistan, 2019. 5. Brandes M. P. Stylistics of the German language. -M., 1990. 6. Deyk T. A. van. Strategies for understanding a coherent text. // Novoe v zarubezhnoy lingvistike. Vol. 23. Cognitive aspects of language. – M., 1988. 7. Gries P. Logika i rechevoye obshchestvo [Logic and speech communication]. linguistics. Vol. 16. – M., 1985. 8. Grigorieva O. N. Journalistic style in the system of functional varieties of language. // The language of mass media as an object of interdisciplinary research. // Ed. by M. N. Volodina. – M., 2003. 9. Karaulov Yu. N. Russian language and language personality. – M., 2007. 10. Kibrik A. A. Functionalism and discursive-oriented research. // Fundamental directions of modern medicine American linguistics. – M., 1997. 11. Kibrik A. A. On the meaning of the concept of «media discourse». // The language of mass media as an object of interdisciplinary research: materials of the 2nd international Conference. // Comp. M. N. Volodina. – M., 2008. 12. Klushina N. I. General features of the journalistic style. // The language of mass media as an object of interdisciplinary research. // ed. edited by M. N. Volodina. M., 2003. 32

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13. Kubryakova E. S. Verbal activity of mass media as a special type of discursive activity. // The language of mass media as an object of interdisciplinary research. // Resp. edited by M. N. Volodina. Part 2. – M., 2004. 14. Lenkova T. A. Text forming the strategy for the creation of the written discourse of the report in the modern German press: author. of dis. PhD. – M., 2009. 15. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. GL. ed. by V. N. Yartseva. – M., 1990. 16. Vinogradov V. V. Style. Theory of poetic speech. Poetika. – M., 1963.

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Evaluation Criteria for Political Processes in the Central Asian Region Ivanov A.V., Head of the Department of International Cooperation of the Central Kazakhstan Academy, Master of Economic Sciences Akhmetov Aibolat 3rd year student specialty State and local government

Abstract In recent years, the geopolitical situation in the Central Asian region has undergone significant changes. The states of the region are increasingly moving away from each other. The most important factor leading to a complication of the situation is the many accumulated interstate problems that cannot be resolved. Keywords: Eurasian Economic Union, integration, reforms, economic development.

Central Asia is historically one of the most important geopolitical regions of the world, the stability of which ensures the security of the entire Eurasian continent. At the same time, Central Asia is an extremely heterogeneous region both politically, economically, militarily, as well as socioculturally and ethno-confessionally, which makes it difficult to create an effective security system in it [1]. In recent years, the geopolitical situation in the Central Asian region has undergone significant changes. The states of the region are increasingly moving away from each other. The most important factor leading to a complication of the situation is the many accumulated interstate problems that cannot be resolved. Leaders of the countries of the region are increasingly looking for support from external forces, which was most pronounced after the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States. In many respects, it was the aggravated situation between the countries of the region that allowed the United States to sharply increase its presence in the region under the guise of an anti-terrorist operation [2]. According to experts, the failure of integration processes in most states of the region leads to an everincreasing impoverishment of the population and the strengthening of authoritarian regimes, and also creates fertile ground for the dangerous rivalry of foreign states for influence in the region. Many of them note that disputed border territories remain the main source of tension and conflicts between Central Asian states [3]. So, in January 2003, there were massive clashes between residents of the Isfara district of Tajikistan and the Batken district in Kyrgyzstan. More than 500 people were drawn into the conflict. Border posts on either side were destroyed. Law enforcement agencies of both states managed to restore order, but the problem of disputed territories remains unresolved. In an effort to prevent its citizens from traveling to Kazakhstan for cheaper goods, Uzbekistan closed its border with a neighboring state. This led to the emergence of tension in relations between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan – the only state with which Tashkent has a visa-free regime. Another source of tension is noted: it is the question of dividing the water resources vital for both electricity production and agriculture. The bulk of the region’s water resources are concentrated in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan depend on their neighbors. The absence of an 34

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agreement on the division of water resources leads to unilateral unlawful actions of individual states. So Ashgabat developed a project to create an artificial sea by diverting the waters of the Amu Darya River, which feeds the entire region, which caused serious concern among neighbors [4]. With the collapse of the USSR and the Central Asian republics gaining independence, long-standing disputes and hidden hatred came to the surface. Now, apparently, the ruling regimes of the countries of the region have decided that it is time to settle old scores. Many people today agree that the region is torn by border disputes. Even the states that signed bilateral agreements on the delimitation of borders, for example, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, were not able to ensure their practical implementation. Seeing the inaction of the authorities, local residents of border villages often try to independently resolve territorial disputes, but this only leads to undesirable incidents that threaten the entire negotiation process to resolve border issues. The situation is especially tense in the Ferghana Valley, where the territories of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are connected. In 2000, Uzbekistan unilaterally mined its borders with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan – without the consent of the latter. Tashkent motivated its actions by the fact that it intends to prevent new attacks by militants of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) on its territory. Mines have already claimed the lives of many civilians and significantly complicated their movement across the border, which was already difficult due to the harsh visa regime between these states. Mutual accusations between Central Asian states do not stop. At the end of 2002, Turkmenistan expelled the Uzbek ambassador from the country, accusing Tashkent of aiding the organizers of the attempt on the life of the Turkmen president. And even earlier, from the end of 1999, Tashkent began to blame Dushanbe for the fact that, with the connivance of the latter, IMU militants created their own military camps in eastern Tajikistan, from where they make sorties into the territory of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan [5]. Against the general background of ongoing interstate squabbles, there is a constant struggle for leadership in the region between its largest states – Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The leaders of both countries try in vain to impose on each other and neighbors their vision of economic and political integration of the region. Such initiatives do not bring together, but only further remove the Central Asian states from each other. The countries of the region have chosen completely different models of economic and foreign policy development. Proclaiming in words a commitment to democratic and market reforms, each of these states understands these reforms in its own way. Kazakhstan carried out «shock therapy», introducing the principles of a market economy in the country as soon as possible. Mass privatization of former state enterprises took place. Nevertheless, despite the successes in building a market economy, a large part of the population of Kazakhstan still lives in poverty. Kyrgyzstan also carried out accelerated privatization with elements of «shock therapy». However, considerable funds borrowed from international financial organizations for these purposes have settled in the pockets of corrupt officials, and the country is currently experiencing serious difficulties in paying debts. At the same time, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were in no hurry with market reforms. In Turkmenistan, there is no private sector at all. Land, water and subsoil – everything is in the hands of the state. Uzbekistan is conducting market transformations gradually, however, the refusal to use foreign loans during the transition to the market has led to the fact that the main burdens of the transition period fell on the shoulders of ordinary citizens. Small and medium-sized businesses are stifled by exorbitant taxes, and people receive low wages, the increase of which does not keep pace with rising inflation. At the same time, differences in foreign policy issues were clearly manifested. In the mid-nineties, Kazakhstan began to draw closer to Russia, which provides the export of Kazakh oil to Western markets. Uzbekistan is not against cooperation with Moscow, but only on a parity basis [6]. The United States also decided to place the main stake in the Central Asian region on Uzbekistan, which is considered by Washington as a key country capable of leading the process of strategic reorientation of Central Asian states from Russia to the USA. In addition, Uzbekistan in 1999 withdrew from the CIS Collective Security Treaty. On the other hand, the United States seeks to establish a reliable ally near the Caspian Sea, an area with large oil and gas reserves. 35

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Washington’s bet on Tashkent as the main partner and conductor of its policy in the region can lead to a sharp increase in the military potential of Uzbekistan and upset the current balance of forces in Central Asia. Turkmenistan could not establish relations with Washington, but with Moscow disagreed on gas supplies. Therefore, Niyazov seeks to expand ties with other influential regional powers, such as Turkey and Iran, while considering cooperation with his closest neighbors to be completely useless and unnecessary. He completely isolated his country from its neighbors in the region. In general, for the countries of the Central Asian region, integration into the Eurasian Economic Union, which has become a kind of vector for the rapprochement of economic and social ties, is the right decision. Integration into the EAEU will help the countries of the region to get out of endless economic and border disputes. The Eurasian Economic Community is the pre-EAEU integration organization, which was abolished in connection with the creation of the EAEU. On the official website of the Eurasian Economic Commission it is indicated that the abbreviation EAEU is adopted in all official international documents [7]. The EAEU was created in order to comprehensively modernize, cooperate and increase the competitiveness of national economies and create conditions for stable development in the interests of improving the living standards of the population of the member states. The overall macroeconomic effect of the integration of post-Soviet countries is divided into several points: • Reducing the price of goods by reducing the cost of transporting the necessary raw materials / export of their finished goods; • «Healthy» competition in the EAEU common market is stimulated due to the equal level of economic development; • Increased competition in the common market of the countries-members of the Customs Union due to the entry of new players from the common space onto the market; • Increased average salary due to lower costs and increased productivity; • Increased production due to increased demand for goods; • Increased prosperity of the peoples of the EAEU countries due to lower food prices and increased employment in the expanding production of import-oriented / export-oriented firms; • The payback of new technologies and products is increasing due to the increased market size; • An increase in the volume of GDP of the EAEU countries by at least 25% [8].

References 1. Myasnikov V.S. Russia and China. 400 years of interstate ties. – N. Y. – L., 2001. 2. A. Postnikov. Struggle on the «Roof of the World»: Politicians, scouts, geographers in the struggle for the Pamirs in the 19th century / Society. ed. and foreword acad. V.S. Myasnikov. – Ed. 2nd. – M.: Ripol-classic, 2005 . – 512 p. – 2000 copies. – ISBN 5-7905-3465-1. (per.) 3. A. Postnikov. The Formation of Russian Borders in Central and Central Asia (XVIII — XIX Centu ries). – M.: Monuments of historical thought, 2007. – 464 p. – 800 copies. – ISBN 5-88451-216-0. (per.) 4. Mavlanov I. R. India – Central Asia: economic status and trade and economic relations in the second half of the XIX – first half of the XX century. – Tashkent: Institute of Oriental Studies. A. Beruni of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2012 .-– 254 p. – ISBN 9789943-340-28-2. 5. A. Postnikov. History of geographical study and mapping of Siberia and the Far East in the XVII – early XX centuries. in connection with the formation of the Russian-Chinese border. – M.: Lenand, 2013. – 364 p. – ISBN 978-5-9710-0699-2. 6. Russian-Chinese relations in the XX century. – Moscow. 7. Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic sites. – London: McFarland & Company, 1997 – ISBN 0-7864-0172-9 8. Daniel Yergin. In Search of Energy: Resource Wars, New Technologies and the Future of Energy = Daniel Yergin «The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World». — М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2016. — 720 p. — ISBN 978-5-9614-4379-0. 36

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Age and occupational correlations of human intense sensory needs Maia Kalandarishvili (kalandarishvilimaia64@gmail.com) Tamar Tukhashvili (tukhashvilitamar@gmail.com) St. Andrew Georgian University of the Georgian Patriarchate

Abstract The purpose of the research is to determine: • The relation of age factor to the need for a person to feel intense • Relating the professional interest factor to the need for a person to feel intence. Keywords: Prone to intense sensation, professional interests, correlation, age dynamics. Research tools: 1. The Georgian version of Zuckerman’s Intense Feeling Need Questionnaire 2. Klimov Professional Interest Questionnaire The subjects of investigtion: 100 test persons(50 females, 50 males). Age –17-60 years. Empirical data obtained in the study was processed by correlation and dispersion analysis methods. Conclusions: 1) The need for intense sensations is negatively correlated with the human age factor or the tendency to acute sensations decreases with age. 2) People with a intense sensory need are more likely to be represented in professions relevant to their artistic and sporting interests.

In professional and organizational psychology they distinguished the demand theories by David McClelland And the theories of encouragement and appreciation by Canadian psychologist Victor Vroom. According to McClelland, a person who has a high need for achievement sets goals and achieves them, That is, he is more independent and principled in his choices than a person with a low desire to achieve, which itself means that the motivation «I can do it» becomes a factor of professional choice. The same theory implies that this desire for achievement takes on an innate appearance and undergoes development over time. Vrum disagreed with David McClelland, saying only desire to achieve was not enough for motivational action, the fact is that if a person sees that he/she is not doing the right thing while acting, his/her motivation disappears, which also hinders the behavior, and conversely, if his/her actions are encouraged and appreciated, his/her motivation will also increase. Vrum (1964) notes

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that this occurs when the object of motivation, in this case the worker, exists and is self-aware in his/her own activities. Dimitri Uznadze (1996) offers a set idea of professional activity and making choices. He points out that the main organizing function of human behavior is the set, that is, the basis of goal-oriented labor in behavior should be considered to be the readiness of the psyche in advance. Labor operations are carried out as a result of a completely certain set , because for professional labor it is necessary to activate personal characteristics, that is, the set in Uznadze’s language. It becomes quite clear that the suitability of a professional orientation depends on an adequate attitude towards the same profession. The first work (Zuckerman, Kolin, Price, & Zoob, 1964) was published in the 60s, where acute feeling is considered as a personal characteristic, as a need for personal action. Based on this, the human psychobiological factor, or the objective aspect is discussed. Behind a person there stands a common characteristic he called (sensation seeking) – the search for sensation. Its sign is: to get different, new, complex, intense sensations and feeling experience. The «adventure search» is genetically transmitted to humans. Marvin Zuckerman believed that ‘stimulus hunters’ had a strong reaction to a new stimulus in some areas of the brain,especially where it contains monoamine oxide (MAO), it includes systems where noradrenaline (Na) and dopamine play the role of neurotransmitters. Evidence was obtained in one study when noradrenaline levels were linked to a personality trait test. The result showed a negative correlation. The higher the «stimulus hunt», the lower the noradrenaline release. Of course, this contributed to Zuckerman’s main hypothesis: If a person has low noradrenaline, it is possible that noradrenaline systems are poorly functioning, as a result, he describes a lack of stimulation that forces a person to find risk and danger in order to activate the release of norepinephrine. From this we conclude that human behavior towards acute sensations is the goal of releasing more norepinephrine to compensate for its deficiency. Noradrenelline expresses anger, rage, and similar emotional types in emotional language, and according to Zuckerman, the focus is on intensity. Studies have also shown that people who have a strong need for intense sensations have lower levels of monoamine oxidase than others, which means, according to Zuckerman, that these people are characterized by low self-control and self-regulation skills. The gender difference has also been proven, the amount of this enzyme is higher in women than in men, with increasing age, its amount in the blood increases. People who have a sudden emotional gratification (sudden onset of need) so that they do not think about the future outcome, they have also been shown to have low levels of monoamine oxidase, these individuals are mostly mentally unstable. According to the analysis of Zuckerman and Horvat, there are four risk zones that a person can enter: * Crime zone (committing a crime that would justify prosecution). • Minor crime zone (crime for which there is no accountability, traffic fine, bus ticket fine, etc.). • Financial zone (errors in money circulation, such as incorrect investment, irrational use of a bank loan). • Sports risk (injuries during sporting events). Risk in any action has three characteristics: potential loss, significance of the loss, and uncertainty. It is really clear that the meaning of loss depends on the individual perception of each person, so, for example, the loss of one hundred units of money becomes more difficult to bear for a low-income person than for a high-income person, of course, if both sides give the appropriate weight, rationalization as a defense mechanism may tell the low-income person that he does not care, although in economic terms, calculating coefficient between income and loss is not a big problem. The propensity of feel intense is mainly divided into four directions: • Thrill and adventure seeking – risk-taking in outdoor activities, parachuting, scuba diving, deep swimming and the desire to fly. • Experience-seeking – is based on the search for new sensory and mental feelings, in non-traditional ways, psychedelic experiences, non-traditional social actions that are the basis for deviation from the norms of society. • Disinhibition – actions out of control, unbridled desire to get strong impressions, taking drugs, desire to go to a noisy party. • Boredom – intolerance of boring environmental factors, including monotonous and monotonous situations and objects, as well as a boring person. 38

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Marvin Zuckerman (1984) has conducted research on sports professions as well. There are several classifications of motivation, although psychologists agree that there are two main types of motivation among them: motivation to achieve and motivation to avoid failure. People engaged in sports are more often found to be motivated to achieve, they are focused on getting pleasure from a future perspective, for example if they win, their work will be enjoyable. That is, sports activities are characterized by certain risks, in the United States alone, according to the BBC, up to 40,000 thousand injuries (various fractures) occur in extreme sports. Zuckerman was investigating whether there was a connection between the fans of intense sensations and the dangerous sports. Experts divided the sport groups into high-risk and low-risk sports groups. The high-risk group also includes high-risk sports: skydivers, mountaineers, hang gliders, runners, and low-risk sports: swimmers, aerobics enthusiasts, golfers, and marathon runners. Special tests were used to calculate the Search and Adventure Search Index TAS, Experience Search Index ES, Disability DIS, and Boredom BS. Research has shown that high-risk substituting sports also have a high level of impulsivity and a strong sense of urgency. The SSS (Sensation Seeking Scale) clearly shows that the SSS is higher for a high-risk substitute sport, parachuting, than for any other low-risk sport. The rate of Imp, or the Impulse Demand Scale, gives a similar result. Similar studies have been conducted in relation to other sports. The result was similar. It becomes clear that in the choice of a sports profession, in addition to the social side, a new factor arises, the need for intensity, which is the biological basis, or a common characteristic of the person, as Zuckerman calls it. Zuckerman (1984) concluded that the tendency of sensation seekers in choosing a profession is directed beyond where there are novel-like situations, different types of events where there is less structured assignments and there is a strong stimulus background. While there is a low propensity for strong emotions, the focus of professional choice is to go beyond where job assignments and their performance plans are defined. Men with a high sense of need usually choose scientific and social professions, while women with a low need are more inclined towards more traditional professions, such as housewife, librarian, etc. Based on the already mentioned problems, the aim of our research is: • Determine the relation of age factor to the need for intense feeling. • Determine the relation of the professional interest factor to the need for intense feeling. Our hypotheses are: • The need for intense sensations is negatively correlated with the age of a person, the intensity of the need for intense sensations decreases in humans. * People with a strong sensory need are more likely to be represented in professions relevant to their artistic and sporting interests.

Research methods and tools • Zuckerman’s Intense Feeling Need Questionnaire • Klimov Differential-Diagnostic Questionnaire The subjects of inversigaion: 100 test persons (50 women, 50 men) Age -17-60 years.

Instructions for test persons M. Zuckerman test: «Your attention will be drawn to a number of statements that are combined in pairs. From each pair you have to choose the one that is most typical for you and highlight it» A score of 0 to 5 in the Marvin Zuckerman Questionnaire means: strong resilience to strong feelings and a need for stability, a score of 5 to 10 means: moderate need for strong feelings, indicated by the development of self-control, and a score of 5 to 15 indicates a strong new and to intense sensations which cannot be controlled, such people are distinguished by instability and low retention of impulses. 39

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E. Klimov «Professional Interests Questionnaire»: «Suppose you can do any task after proper training. But if you had only two options to choose from, which one would you prefer.The test subjects were required to circle one of the two alternatives that was closest to them» • Human-nature: includes all professions related to plant breeding, animal breeding, land work, etc. • Human -equipment: includes all technical professions, including electrician, machinery specialist, assembler of micro-chips of equipment, etc. • Human-to-Human: related to human services and relationships in all professions, including consultant, doctor, police officer, teacher, psychologist, etc. • Human-sign system: all professions related to computing, digital and physical signs, including informatics, accounting, etc. • Human-Creativity: All professions related to creativity and art, including musician, art critic, artist, designer, art critic, curator, etc. Experimental procedure: The test subjects completed the given test assignments in a specially designed quiet environment. The obtained data was processed in the database, using Microsoft excel 2007 and IBM SPSS software 17.1. Correlation analysis: Correlations in professional ratings, between the degree of intense sensation needs and different types of professional interests. • Human-nature – R = -0,22 p < 0.05 • Human-equipment – R = -0,01– p > 0,05 • Human-to Human R = 0,10– p > 0,05 • Human-sign system – R = -0,04 p > 0,05 • Human-Creativity – R = 0.34 p < 0.05 Analysis: Between human-nature and the result of the seekers of intense sensations, the more the propensity for intense sensations increases, the less there is a demand for professions of human-nature. As for human creativity, with the increase of stress rate, the tendency of people with the mark of this profession to human creativity increases. • Correlation between the age of the test subjects and the results of those seeking intense sensation R = -0,45 p < 0,05 Analysis: As the age of the test subjects increases, the need for intense sensation decrease

Conclusions Our hypotheses have been confirmed: • Age and propensity for intense sensations are negatively correlated with each other. That is, the degree of susceptibility to acute sensations decreases with age. • People with artistic and sports professional interests are more likely to have a predisposition to intense sensations than people with natural, technical and social professional interests.

References 1. Uznadze, Dimitri (1933) «Current Problems and Theoretical Foundations of the Psychology of Professions» Small paper. P. 1 – 37 2. Uznadze d. General Psychology, Herald of Georgia p. 151 –157, 165 – 175, 190 – 202, 203 – 223. 3. E.Yu. prryazhnikova, NS pryazhnikov (2008) PROFORIENTATION – Publishing Center «Academy» p. 7 – 55 40

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4. 5. 6. 7.

E.F. Seeer (2003) PSYCHOLOGY OF PROFESSIONS, Academic Project p. 5 – 105.109 Klimov E.A. Psychology of professional self-determination. M., 1996 Pryazhnikov ნ NSP Professional and personal self-determination. M. – Voronezh, 1996 Raigorodsky D. Ya. (Editor-compiler). Practical psychodiagnostics. Techniques and tests. Study guide. — Samara: Publishing House «BAHRAKH-M», 2001 p. 671 8. Berne, Eric (1964). Games People Play – The Basic Hand Book of Transactional Analysis. New York: Ballantine Books 9. Barron, F. (1953). Complexity-simplicity as a personality dimension. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48, 163-172 10. Bell, N. J., Schoenrock, C. J., & O’Neal, K. K. (2000). Self-monitoring and the 11. propensity for risk. European Journal of Personality, 14, 107-119. 12. Buss, D. M., Abbott, M., & Angleitner, A., et al. (1990). International preferences in selecting mates: A study of 37 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48, 247–249 13. C. G .Jung, (London 1954) «Psychology of the Transference», Collected Works Vol. 16 12. 14. D.N. Uznadze, «The Psychology of Set», New York, 1966 15. David Clarence McClelland (2002) Review of General Psychology, American Psychological Association (United States 16. Hellweg, Paul (1977) The American Heritage College Dictionary 266 17. James F. T. Bugental (1963) Portrait of a Humanistic Psychologist. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 18. James, Wiliam, (1950) The Principles of Psychology, 2 vols. (1890) Dover Publications vol. 1 19. King, D. Brett; Viney, Wayne; Woody, William (2009). A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. 332 – 337 20. Levenson, Thomas (2010). Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of the World’s Greatest Scientist. Mariner Books. გვ. 65 – 90 21. Parsons, Frank (1909) Choosing a vocation, Boston New York Houghton Mifflin company 20 – 35 22. Polly Young-Eisendrath/James Albert Hall, Jung’s Self-Psychology (1991) pg. 5 23. Super,Donald (2008) Opportunities in Psychology Careers, learn more. do more 24. Steven D. Brown ,Robert W. Lent (2012) Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work 75 – 120 25. Stelmack, Robert (2004) on the psychobiology of Personality: Essays in honor of marvin zuckerman 26. Zuckerman, Marvin (1991–2005) Psychobiology of Personality, second edition, revised and update, Cambridge University Press 27. Zuckerman, Marvin (1996) Effects_of_Impusive Sensation_Seeking Aggression and_Risk-Taking_ Behavior_on_the_Vulnerability_of_Motorcyclists 1 – 18 28. Zuckerman, Marvin (2007) sensation seeking And risky behavior , the American Psychological Association 89 – 94 Internet resource 29. www.geostat.ge 30. www.bookap.info 31. www.psychology.net.ru

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THE POWER OF THE PROCEDURAL PROSECUTOR UNDER THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN Kusainov Sh.K., Professor of the Department of Criminal Law and Process of the Law Faculty of the Central Administrative District, Ph.D. Kassenova A.A., Student group Yu-17-02 The power of the procedural prosecutor under the criminal procedure legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Abstract The procedural prosecutor was introduced with the goal of being equal with the heads of the investigative units to ensure legality at the pre-trial stage and participating in the trial court as the state prosecutor oversees the application of laws in the criminal case. Thus, the procedural prosecutor is called upon to strengthen the legality of pre-trial proceedings, and this, as you know, is a solid foundation for the court to make a legal final decision on the case. Keywords: Criminal procedural code, prosecutor, criminal process, investigation.

In order to implement the concept of the legal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 2010 to 2020 on the issue of expanding the limits of judicial control and strengthening the rule of law in pre-trial proceedings, the CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL CODE of the Republic of Kazakhstan introduced a new participant – a procedural prosecutor, to whom, in accordance with Article 193 p3 THE PROCEDURAL CODE of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the head of the prosecutor’s office entrusted with the supervision of the application of laws in a criminal case. He supervises the criminal case from the start of the pre-trial investigation until its completion. In this regard, it can be said that the activities of the procedural prosecutor as a measure aimed at strengthening the protection of the rights of persons involved in the orbit of the criminal process. The procedural prosecutor was introduced with the goal of being equal with the heads of the investigative units to ensure legality at the pre-trial stage and participating in the trial court as the state prosecutor oversees the application of laws in the criminal case. Thus, the procedural prosecutor is called upon to strengthen the legality of pre-trial proceedings, and this, as you know, is a solid foundation for the court to make a legal final decision on the case. Very important is the provision of the law that the procedural prosecutor is irremovable, but in cases provided for by regulatory legal acts of the General Prosecutor of the Republic of Kazakhstan, by decision of the head of the prosecutor’s office, he may be replaced by another procedural prosecutor. Depending on the number of cases investigated (load), there may be several procedural prosecutors so that they can carry out their duties efficiently. The purpose of this article is to show the powers of the procedural prosecutor at the pre-trial stages of the criminal process, therefore, attention should be paid to article 193 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, which lists the powers of the prosecutor in criminal proceedings. First of all, we will consider the powers of the head of the prosecutor’s office in order to immediately separate them from the procedural prosecutor. The full list specified in subsection 19 (2) of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE has been provided for the convenience of readers of all material. So, the exclusive jurisdiction of the head of the prosecutor’s office includes: the conclusion of a 42

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procedural agreement on cooperation; According to part 2 of article 618 CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL CODE A procedural agreement on cooperation with a suspect, accused, defendant is approved by the prosecutor of the region and the prosecutor equated to him, and with the convict – by the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Kazakhstan or his deputy. Cancellation of unlawful decisions of the investigator, interrogator, body of inquiry, as well as the order and instructions of the heads of the investigation department and body of inquiry, the lower (subordinate) prosecutor; withdrawing a criminal case from a person or body conducting a pre-trial investigation, and transferring it to another person or body for conducting a pre-trial investigation; making a submission to obtain consent to the deprivation of immunity and prosecution of persons possessing privileges from criminal prosecution; extension of criminal investigation; consideration of complaints about the actions and decisions of the investigator, interrogator, the body of inquiry, the heads of the investigation department and the body of inquiry, as well as the lower prosecutor; in case of violations of the law, the removal of the investigator, the inquirer from the pre-trial investigation of the criminal case. Approval of the decision of the procedural prosecutor on the return of the criminal case for an additional investigation. The procedural prosecutor is not entitled to exercise the specified powers in the second part of Article 193 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, which relate to the exclusive jurisdiction of the head of the prosecutor’s office. In the first part of Article 193 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, the general powers of the prosecutor are listed in the course of criminal proceedings. According to this rule, the procedural prosecutor, overseeing the legality of the pre-trial investigation, as well as criminal prosecution. It registers a statement of a criminal offense and transfers it to the criminal prosecution body or accepts it in its proceedings and carries out a pre-trial investigation. According to Article 185 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, the investigating prosecutor is obliged to accept and register in the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations the application received to him, a message about any criminal offense being prepared, committed or committed and to issue the applicant with a registration document. Overseeing the legality of the preliminary investigation of the case, the investigating prosecutor may see a clear need to take the case to its production, and personally investigate it. According to the third part of Article 56 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, he is entitled by his decision to take the case to his production and to personally conduct the investigation using the powers of the investigator. Having made such a decision with the issuance of the relevant resolution, the procedural prosecutor passes into the status of an investigator, i.e. fulfills the powers inherent to the investigator, and he already does not exercise supervision over the legality of the investigation of such a case. Supervision of the legality of pre-trial investigation, i.e. the powers of the procedural prosecutor in this case in such cases, on behalf of the head of the prosecutor’s body, are performed by another prosecutor who is authorized to do so and transfers the application and the available materials on criminal offenses received from one criminal prosecution body through jurisdiction and jurisdiction; According to part 3 of article 180 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, a more detailed procedure for the reception and registration of applications and reports of criminal offenses, as well as the procedure for maintaining the Unified Register of pre-trial investigations, are determined by the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Kazakhstan and is entitled to participate in the inspection of the scene of the incident, and also carries out other actions within its powers provided by this Code. With the participation in the inspection of the scene and the exercise of his other powers, the procedural prosecutor is guided by Articles 219-220 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE gives written instructions on the performance of certain investigative actions. In order to ensure completeness, comprehensiveness and objective investigation, the investigating prosecutor checks the fulfillment by the criminal prosecution body of the requirements of Article 24 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE. If necessary, he gives written instructions on the production of certain procedural actions. The instructions of the procedural prosecutor are mandatory for the criminal prosecution body. In case of disagreement with them, the investigator, in accordance with paragraph 8 of Article 60, the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE has the right to appeal to their higher prosecutor. In the cases provided for by this Code, it shall coordinate the actions and (or) decisions of the person conducting the pre-trial investigation. In accordance with Article 112 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, one of the conditions for accepting as evidence evidence of factual data obtained during the investigation of a case is the obser43

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vance of the procedure for the production of a procedural action during which these materials were obtained. Earlier, before the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 10, 2017 «On the Prosecutor’s Office», the execution of a number of procedural actions was possible only with the approval of the prosecutor to carry them out. As an exception, in the urgent cases stipulated in the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, a procedural action was allowed without prior authorization by the prosecutor, however, after conducting the criminal prosecution body within 24 hours provided all the materials to the prosecutor who checked their legality and made the appropriate decision. Currently, this prerogative, according to the above law, is excluded. According to Article 192 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, the decision to extend the period of the pre-trial investigation, the head of the investigative department, the inquiry, the prosecutor must submit to the district prosecutor, the district prosecutor and equivalent prosecutors no later than five days, the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Kazakhstan, his deputies – no later than ten days before the expiration of the pre-trial investigation. Article 303 obliges the procedural prosecutor in the course of performing the actions provided for in the first part of Article 302 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE to pay attention to the preventive measure applied to the suspect. By a reasoned decision, the procedural prosecutor, if there are appropriate grounds, cancels or changes the measure of restraint chosen with respect to the suspect. If the preventive measure was not applied at all during the investigation of the case, then the procedural prosecutor has the right to make a decision on choosing a preventive measure. If the prosecutor sees the need to cancel, change, or select a preventive measure in the form of detention or house arrest, he is guided by Articles 146,147 and 153 of this Code, respectively. In accordance with the requirements of Article 304 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, the indictment, after being approved by the procedural prosecutor, must and must be handed over to the accused in advance. The prosecutor ensures the delivery of the indictment to the accused on receipt of receipt, which is attached to the case and included in the list of case materials. In cases where the accused is outside the borders of the Republic of Kazakhstan and evades the appearance of the prosecutor’s bodies, the prosecutor is obliged to send him an indictment through available means of communication. If necessary, the prosecutor also arranges for the publication of the message about the criminal case being sent to the court in the media and also public telecommunication networks. A copy of the indictment is also handed to the defendant’s defense counsel, the victim and his legal representative directly against receipt or sent to the indicated persons through available means of communication. Information on the prosecutor’s performance of these actions must be attached to the case. The prosecutor must take into account the provision of part four of this article, according to which the indictment of the accused or the victim who does not speak the language in which the proceedings were conducted is served in the language they speak. After taking the actions provided for in Article 304 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, the procedural prosecutor decides to bring the accused to court and sends the criminal case to the court to which it is subject. If the accused is in custody, the prosecutor shall notify the head of the administration of the place of detention about the direction of the criminal case to the court and the transfer of the accused to the court. A suspect, the accused has the right to file a motion to conclude a procedural agreement in the form of a plea bargain at any time in a pre-trial criminal case. The procedural agreement may be concluded at the initiative of the procedural prosecutor. In the exercise of these powers, the investigating judge should be guided by the requirements of the articles contained in section 13 of the CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, which regulate the procedure and conditions for concluding a procedural agreement and its legal consequences. The list of powers of a procedural prosecutor is not exhaustive.

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PHENOMENON «HUGGE», NEUROPEPTIDES AND ICT TECHNOLOGIES: ACTUAL POTENTIAL IN HIGHER EDUCATION Nataliia Rzhevska, PhD of Pedagogic (zolotysya@ukr.net) ORCID ID 0000-0001-8695-5964 Irina Dobroskok, Correspondent member of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor (irina.dobroskok@gmail.com) ORCID ID 0000-0002-3937-8428 State Higher Educational Institution «Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhorii Skovoroda State Pedagogical University», Ukraine Hamdi Ayyıldız, PhD of Economics, Lecturer of Management and Organization (hayyildiz@ksu.edu.tr) ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6280-7182 Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Turkey

Abstract Often, the study of the educational process associated with the concepts of efficiency, accessibility, professional orientation, etc. If we take into account the fact that the educational process essentially represents the accumulation of knowledge and experience through neurogenesis, it becomes necessary to study the factors that influence this process. The article makes an attempt to apply the hugge phenomenon within the educational process, its necessity as a factor influencing the emotional state and mental mood of students is proved. Therefore the «hygge» sense carries itself the phenomenon «hygge», as the creation the atmosphere of trust, calmness, appeasement, happiness. During the analysis of the scientific literature on neurogenesis, neurophysiology, pedagogic, was clarified that the «hygge» role in the formation of «happy», comfort and cozy perceptions of the world and surrounding play neuropeptides. There was made a decision that they are able to realize the potential of the phenomenon «hygge» in the educational process. Systematized information about neuropeptides, which influences happy perception of the world and could be stimulated by means of external factors (oxytocin, serotonin, derivatives of anti-corticoid hormone). There was analyzed their interrelation with cognitive processes and was made a conclusion that indicated neuropeptides simultaneously develop the potential of the phenomenon «hygge» and contribute the creation of traces of long-term memory, activation of perception and thinking, what is irreplaceable constituent of the educational process. It is important to note that we implement the phenomenon «hygge» in the educational process with help of informational technologies. Since exactly they belongs to the precedence in the establishment of motivated attitude towards knowledge and information in general. Neuropeptides could activate processes of neurogenesis through external influence and give the feeling of happiness and calmness and informational technologies motivate to action, provide the access to the educational process 24 hours per day, and allow choosing the alternative methods of accumulation of knowledge and formation of relevant competences. Keywords: Phenomenon «hygge», neuropeptides, ICT– technologies.

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Introduction Studies of the second half of the 20th century laid the foundation for our understanding of the processes of consolidating the trace of memory in the neuron, neuronal plasticity, and the ability of the neuron to learn under the influence of input stimulation. In 1998, Fred H. Gage proved that new neurons can form in the adult’s hippocampus. As a result of the studies, it was proved that the newly formed neurons are embedded in existing neural networks, providing the brain with continuous replenishment by young active neurons. Thus, the above neuropeptides contribute not only to the discovery of the potential of the Huggе, but also affect cognitive processes. The results of neurophysiological studies of the process of memory consolidation, formation of cognitive potential should not be divorced from pedagogy are the basis for building an effective «happy» educational process. Modern educational space is characterizes by the innovation of methods, using of the latest information and media technologies, intensification, which is associated with rapid «aging of knowledge» and necessity not only in presentation of the educational material, but also formation the ability to self-search of information in students. Even the game form in conducting the learning sessions creates the atmosphere of competition, tension, in which not everyone could feel him comfortable. It is necessary to take into account the factor of move from the own home to the hostels, student camping, hostels etc. There is a complete reorientation of personality on the independent everyday life and formation of the principles of own time-management. New circumstances cause interest, admiration and require the presence of certain psychological characteristics, such as: stress resistance, rationality, attentiveness, antedating, etc. The educational process itself however requires creativity, innovative thinking, and the ability to work in command and to generate new ideas. The aim of educational process is training of a highly skilled specialist with the high professional effectiveness. Complexity of this conception is in the following professional characteristics: the ability to quick adapt to changing conditions, the ability to generate new ideas, the ability to evaluate the possible risks and to make optimal decisions, the ability to make plans and properly allocate time and resources, the ability to be impartial, the passion for self-education and to improving of the own skills etc. Professional effectiveness requires constant self-improvement. Certain formed cognitive bases of professional activity cannot provide the suitability of the graduate to the employment and high professional effectiveness. The painstaking work that is directed on formation of personal qualities in the respect of professional activity and yourself in it and directing of innate instincts on the disclosure of professional potential is necessary. Such tasks should necessarily find reflection in the missions of higher education institutions. If to imagine the picture in full, the student turns in the complicated, multifaceted, controlled and such process, which requires the demonstration of the results during the certain period. Such tempo of acquiring skills for professional activity together with changing the conditions and rhythm of life frequently leads to antipathies to the educational process, alienation, closeness, etc. In such case, the teacher should turn into the mentor, coach, who create the atmosphere of trust, comfort, mutual respect, what will contribute internal equilibrium, peace, disconnection of rivalry, but on the contrary, expressing the point of view not in favor of the estimate, but for the formation of their own I and professional Ego. If the atmosphere of understanding, support was not created in the group, it reduces the ability of members to understand motives, values and emotions of partners. In such conditions the group members create visibility of communication and interaction, rely on rigid role structures, use the cautious strategy of decision making and apply dependent and anti-dependent patterns of behavior. We anticipate, that phenomenon «hygge»: in the educational process will be able to breathe a new life into the atmosphere of cooperation, to become a guarantee of harmony in the team and in the balance of mind, without which it is impossible to form personal qualities related to professional efficiency. Research methodology is based on the latest achievements of neurosciences, namely: neurophysiology and neuropedagogics. The object of research of these sciences is the human brain. In the first case – its anatomical structure, physiological features, in the second – peculiarities of mental processes. Neuropedagogy represents the latest knowledge about the functional development of the brain, new strategies of experimental research, active, comprehend attitude of the individual to the activity. Thinking, emotions, imagination and other mental processes proceed in it along with the action of the mechanisms of information processing and social-cultural interaction (communication) with other people. 46

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Participants the study focused on scientific discipline called professional education for specializations, which include students’ financial and humanitarian faculty. All procedures were approved by the institution’s ethics committee, and all participants were provided with verbal and written information to ensure informed consent. Experimental approach of the complex of educational disciplines (merchandizing, marketing commodity and price policy, commercial activity of of intermediary organizations) was delivered in a traditional manner but also had access to different digital technologies to support their learning. The digital technologies were chosen with the intention of each principle which was highlighted by us for organization of educational process in «hygge» style. It was also deemed important that the student could use digital technologies in his or her own time without the reliance of another person.

Results Connection of the phenomenon «hygge» in the educational process with neural studies we find in neuropeptides which are able to influence on the remembering, learning, feeling of happiness and etc. Phenomenon «hygge» in the educational process is considered by us as the ability to influence on the neural processes from outside in a way, to make the stimulation of positive mood, perception and remembering of new information. Happy, comfort and cozy educational process can be created by the stimulation of certain neuropeptides. It is proved by the scientists that an important role in the influence of arriving in neuron impulses on occurring biochemical processes in it, play neuropeptides. There are a number of experimental observations confirming an important role of neuropeptides in the mechanisms of consolidation and formation of neurochemical (intermediate) memory. A beneficial effect on memory has an oxytocin, derivatives of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, endorphines, enkephalines and other peptides. We can group neuropeptides depending on the factors of its producing in the following way: 1. neuropeptides, emission of which can be stimulated by external factors (oxytocin, endorphins, enkephalins) 2. neuropeptides which are formed and transformed in the conditions of internal environment and are indifferent to the possible external influences (vasopresen, peptides, c-fos, c-jun). In such way, it is necessary to systematize the scientific neuro inventions, which refer to the mechanism of formation and ejection of neuropeptides, and those, which can be stimulated by the presence of various external factors. And exactly those external factors will be the obligatory condition for the disclosure of the potential of the phenomenon «hygge» in the educational environment. Oxytocin. Oxytocin strengthens the feeling «we are native» to people who are around. Increasing the level of oxytocin in the blood causes a person’s sense of satisfaction, reduction of fears and anxieties, sense of trust and tranquility (Dixie, 2007). Derives of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Researches on the volunteers have shown, that introduction of adrenocorticotrophic hormone 4-10 leads to increasing of selective attention [2; 3]. There are such data that fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone influence the specific mechanisms of a memory – the processes of formation, storage and reproduction of memory trace. It is confirmed by the experiments with the introduction of peptides after the training sessions [4]. Neurotropic effects of corticotrophin do not depend on hormonal action, but are the result of its direct influence on the central nervous system. The greatest secretory emission of adrenocorticotropic hormone usually occurs early in the morning. Therefore, the person should feel himself joyful and cheerful, mainly in the morning hours. Serotonin – it is neurotransmitter – one of the substances, which are a chemical transmitter of impulses between the nerve cells of the human brain. It is difficult to overestimate the role, which plays serotonin in the human body: Except the mood, serotonin is responsible for self-control or emotional stability [5]. Serotonin controls the receptivity of brain receptors to the hormones of stress, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. The 47

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slightest reason causes an abundant stress reaction in people with a low serotonin level. Human studies have confirmed the same regularity: high impulsivity (hysteria) was peculiar to people, with a low level of serotonin. Both animal and human studies suggest that reduced serotonin functioning is related to impaired impulse control [6; 7]. 1. Formation of a trusting relationship with peers and teachers, approval of teacher`s role as mentor, coach, but not the controlling person with a presence of cognitive advantages.. Trust level is the decisive factor in any learning environments. Gibb (Gibb, 1973) is indicating two methods of creation of supporting, trusting atmosphere in the group: replacement of the estimating, condemning communication on descriptive and reorientation of controlling behavior joint problem solving. Self-regulated Learning with Technology. This research seeks to find out whether university students really use digital technologies to plan, organize and facilitate their own learning. We explore not only the type of technologies they use but also the learning strategies for which they are used. We are especially interested in independent and self-regulated learning strategies that students develop from their own educational learning process [8]. The university is responsible for motivating students to continually want to learn more. Social Networks: Twitter, Facebook. Production and Storage Tools in the cloud: wikis & blogs, Dropbox, Google + Internet: Wikipedia or online dictionaries; translators; Google academic, Dialnet. 2. Objective collective interaction, inner sensation of solidarity and emotional brightness of what is happening, which can be reached with help of innovative educational technologies. Technology enhanced learning tools (TELT), which are directed on the performance of collective task and suggest, that the final result is knowingly unknown. Virtual Field Guides Technology. Virtual Field Trips in essence try to capture the real world environment of a specific location or region through a collection of data, photographs, cartography and other technologies such as GIS, without the cost of physically being there [9]. 3. Planning of individual and group types of work, mainly in the morning hours. It could be achieved with help of informational technologies in the educational process, and exactly by watching film with on-line commenting, work in a chat and etc. Despite asynchronous online forums being available 24/7, and synchronous chat available at designated times, the unavailability of on-demand synchronous communication with lecturers to accommodate individual learning needs was highlighted as lacking and disadvantaging students’ learning. TMC (technologically-mediated communication), asynchronous/synchronous forums, virtual lectures, electronic announcements Communication Tools: WhatsApp, Line, Skype, Google Talk. Repositories: Slideshare, Instagram, Pinterest, Issuu, Calameo, Youtube, iTunes, iVoox. Mobile applications (apps). Drawing on various examples of impactful mobile learning gamification initiatives, the app at the center of this study was fitted with such features as push notifications, leaderboards and digital badges, while the pedagogy of spaced education operationalized through multiple-choice quizzes strategically scheduled post-lectures and pre tutorials was used to boost student engagement.

Discussions The essence of phenomenon «hygge» is in organization of such conditions, which bring happiness, joyfulness, comfort, coziness; they make you feel important and feel the enjoyment of every second of life. Can the student feel «hygge» within the framework of formal education, which is regulated by a certain academic institution? With help of neurophysiology we were looking for the answer on this question. On the basis of neurosciences` data we have made a conclusion that in the construction of educational process, neuropeptides play the hygge role. Moreover, the interest represents those, which can be stimulated by external factors. Analysis of scientific information about oxytocin, derivatives of adrenocorticotropic 48

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hormone, serotonin allowed to conclude that all above mentioned neuropeptides have not only the positive influence on the emotional state, but contribute to activate the cognitive processes. On the basis of the neuropeptides functions analysis and methods of its stimulation were formulated principles for realization of phenomenon «hygge». Phenomenon «hygge» in the educational process can be reached with help of realization of the following principles: 1. Becoming trust relationship with peers and teacher, statement of the role of teacher as a mentor, coach, but not controlling person with the presence of cognitive advantages. 2. Objective collective interaction, inner sense of community and emotional brightness of what is happening. 3. Planning of individual and group type of work, mainly in the morning hours. It can be reached with help of informational technologies in the educational process, but exactly by watching a movie with online commenting, work in a chat and so on, for realization of such principles it is impossible to ignore the influence of information technologies. For effective realization of identified principles were selected teaching methods and relevant information technologies. So, for realization of the first principle, was chosen the Self-regulated Learning method and the following informational technologies: Repositories: Slideshare, Instagram, Pinterest, Issuu, Calameo, Youtube, iTunes, iVoox. Production and Storage Tools in the cloud: wikis & blogs, Dropbox, Google + .Internet: Wikipedia or online dictionaries; translators; Google academic, Dialnet. For realization of the third principle – TMC (technologically-mediated communication) and respectively the following informational technologies: asynchronous/synchronous forums, virtual lectures, electronic announcements Communication Tools: WhatsApp, Line, Skype, Google Talk Social Networks: Twitter, Facebook. The pedagogical experiment has proved the positive influence of the proposed and realized principles in the pedagogical process in three meanings: target, perspective, cognitive. In a such way, with help of the data from neuroscience, pedagogics and informational technologies was described and approved (according the experiment) the connection between neuronal processes, internal state of human body (the student in our case) and effectiveness of educational process in the «hygge» style.

Conclusions Phenomenon «hygge», neuropeptides and digital technologies are able to organize the educational process in such way, that the student will feel comfort, harmony, easiness, and immediacy in expressing ideas. Such conclusion we can do based on the neurophysiology science data, regarding the theory of neuropeptides influence (oxytocin, serotonin, derivatives of adrenocorticotropic hormone) on person`s feeling of happiness, harmony, self-confidence, satisfaction and so on, these feelings are very important during the organization of educational process, because they influence on the degree of realization of the potential, both emotional and cognitive.

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References 1. Jacob S., Brune C., Carter C., Leventhal B., Lord C, Cook E. (2007). Association of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) in Caucasian children and adolescents with autism». Neuroscience Letters 417 (1): 6–9. DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.001. PMID 17383819). 2. Miller L.H., Kastin A.J. Sandman C.A., Fink M., Van Veen W.J. Polypeptide influence on attention, memory and anxiety in man // Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1974, v. 2, p. 663-668. 3. Sandman C.A., George J.M., Nolan J.D., Van Riezen H., Kastin A.J. Enchancement of attention in man with ACTH/MSH(4-10) // Physiol. Behav., 1975, v. 15, p. 427-431. 4. Flood Y.M., Yarvik M.E., Bennet E.L., Effects of ACTH peptide fragments on memory formation // Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1976, v.5, suppl., p.41-51. 5. Mehlman, P.T.; Higley, J.D.; Faucher, I.; et al. Low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations and severe aggression and impaired impulse control in nonhuman primates. American Journal of Psychiatry 151:1485– 1491, 1994. 6. Higley, J.D., and Suomi, S.J. Parental behavior in non-human primates. In: Sluckin, W., ed. Parental Behavior in Animals and Humans. Vol. 20. Oxford, England: Blackwell Press, 1986. pp. 152–207. 7. Linnoila M. et al. (1994) Serotonin, violent behavior and alcohol. In: Jansson B., Jörnvall H., Rydberg U., Terenius L., Vallee B.L. (eds) Toward a Molecular Basis of Alcohol Use and Abuse. Experientia, vol 71. Birkhäuser Base. 8. Yot-Domínguez and Marcelo University students’ self-regulated learning using digital technologies. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2017) 14:38 DOI 10.1186/ s41239-017-0076-8. 9. Islam et al. A proficient and versatile online student-teacher collaboration platform for large classroom lectures. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2017) 14:29 DOI 10.1186/s41239-017-0067-9.

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SOCIO-PEDAGOGICAL BASES FOR FORMING DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COMPETENCE OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES FROM THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ROMA POPULATION OF UKRAINE Sarancha Iryna Grygorivna (isarancha@gmail.com) Pastukh Nataliia Sergiivna (nata.pastuh.2104@gmail.com) Dobrynova Iryna Leonidivna (idobrinova07@gmail.com) Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University (VSPU), Ukraine

Abstract The article highlights the problem of integration of the Roma population into the society. The main problems faced by the Roma are highlighted. In particular, we conducted a general survey that will help us to more effectively research and analyze the needs of the Roma. These questions related to the age, gender, marital status and education of the respondents. Keywords: the Roma, social work specialist, social problems, education, social status, society.

Introduction In the struggle for its independence, Ukraine has come a long thorny way. Ukrainian lands at different times were the part of various state entities, which entailed certain ethnic characteristics. Ukraine is a multi-ethnic state, today its ethnic composition numbers about 130 nationalities. Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, Moldovans, etc make up the majority of the population. With such an ethnic diversity of the country, the presence of a large number of the national minorities is inherent and Ukraine is no exception. According to the law of Ukraine «On the National Minorities in Ukraine», groups of the citizens of Ukraine who are not Ukrainians by nationality and who show a sense of national awareness and community among themselves belong to the national minorities [1]. The issue of one of these minorities formed the basis of our research – the Roma national minority.

Presentation of the main material The history, life, political relations and problems of the Roma have been studied by the modern domestic and foreign scientists for more than one decade, such as I. Danylovych, N. Zynevych, A. Belikov, A. Danylkin and others. The turning point in the life of all Roma was the event of 1956, when the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Kliment Voroshylov, signed a decree «On introduction of Gypsies involved in vagrancy into labor». This decree said: «The Councils of the Ministers of the Union republics must take measures for resettlement of the Roma who are engaged in vagrancy, their employment and cultural and consumer services.» In case of non-compliance with this decree, criminal liability was provided. Today, there is some progress in the fight against discrimination against the Roma in Ukraine. The integration of the Roma into the Ukrainian society is taking place in accordance with the state strategy, which expired in 2020. Now we are on the verge of building a new strategy, which should begin

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with inclusion of the Roma in the process of its formation, implementation and further monitoring. The main task in building a new strategy is to study the pressing problems and actual needs of the Roma, because it is incomplete distorted information at the beginning of planning that jeopardizes the whole prospect of effective implementation of the new strategy. There is very little reliable, disaggregated data on the living conditions of the Roma in the country as a whole, let alone the poorest and most marginalized communities among them. Many live in «undocumented houses» which, because they are not officially recognized, lack access to clean water, electricity and sanitation. The situation is even more difficult for those who also do not have personal documents and who, as a result, are even fighting for basic civil rights [3]. To this day, the Roma cannot fully integrate into the life of the public society, and their problems begin from childhood. Most of their children do not go to school or their educational level is below secondary. Because of this, they then cannot get a normal job, because, on the one hand, they are illiterate, on the other hand, because of stereotypes, few people agree to hire the Roma. Employers do not want to hire even qualified Roma, so the latter are forced to be engaged in low-skilled labor, or simply work without registration and be interrupted by «side work», which ultimately also leads to poverty. People do not receive free medical care, and because they are poor, they generally remain cut off from the medical care. Also, they cannot receive any social benefits, because most of them do not even understand where to turn and how to apply for this assistance. All these problems follow a chain, and experts call all these factors «structural discrimination», because one problem clings to another, and they do not know how to get out of this circle. No one meets the Roma halfway and does not try to solve their problems, and without outside help, they themselves cannot do this. In Ukraine, there is no reliable and comprehensive data on the exact numbers, needs and living conditions of the Roma. The most recent national census, conducted in 2001, recorded 47,600 Roma (which is about 1% of the total population) [9]. According to the actual data, their number is much higher – all over the country there can live communities from 200,000 to 400,000 Roma, who unite a number of dialects and cultural identities [8]. The human rights issues they face also differ, sometimes significantly, depending on the region. However, despite this diversity, the Roma population as a whole is considered the most vulnerable minority group in the country. The largest Roma communities are located in the Transcarpathian, Odesa and Kharkiv regions. Therefore, it is extremely important that central and local governments have access to reliable data on the demographic composition, geographical distribution and specific needs of the population in general, in particular the Roma and other minorities, in order to ensure development of the effective and equitable policies. [7] Further work to protect and integrate the Roma national minority into Ukrainian society should be based on the joint efforts of the authorities at the national level, local self-government bodies, public organizations and the Roma themselves. It should be noted that all efforts will be in vain without sufficient budgetary funding to support implementation of the strategy. The construction of any strategy begins with the examination of the needs of the research object. That is why the international charitable organization «Chirikli» with the support of the Abilis Foundation took on the basis of the study – studying the needs of the Roma community. The organization carried out a sociological study aimed at studying the needs of the Roma with disabilities in 7 regions of Ukraine. At the beginning of the questionnaire, we asked a general question that will help us to more effectively research and analyze the needs of the Roma. These questions related to the age, gender, marital status and education of the respondents. A total of 490 respondents took part in the survey, including 272 women and 218 men (See Table 1, Fig. 2). The first stage of the analysis is to study respondents by age and sex composition, because any human needs depend on his/her physiological state.

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Table 1. Age and Sex Composition of the Respondents

Age of respondents

Results of the entire sample

Men

Women

quantity

14-18 years old

1,4

1,6

19-25 years old

11,6

5,1

6,5

26-35 years old

154

31,5

12,3

19,2

36-45 years old

0,6

0,2

0,4

46-55 years old

144

29,4

13,7

15,7

56 and more

117

23,9

11,8

12,1

Total:

490

100

218

44,5

272

55,5

Figure: 2 Age and sex composition of respondents

Based on the personal data, it should be noted that both men and women took part in the study, however, there were more of the latter (55,5%). If we consider the age, then a third of the respondents aged 26-35 (31,5%), a third of 46-55 years (29,4%), a little more than 20% of the respondents aged 56 and more, and the age distribution between women men are almost invisible. The next step is to analyze the availability of education and its level among the surveyed participants. For a more detailed study, we will link two indicators of education and gender at once (see Table 2; Fig. 3) Table 2. Analysis of the Level of Education Depending on Gender of the Respondents

Age of respondents

Results of the entire sample

Men

Women

quantity

Higher

0,8

0,4

Initial

0,6

0,2

0,4

Secondary

1,8

0,6

1,2

Secondary special

291

59,4

134

27,4

157

No education

183

37,4

15,9

105

21,5

Total:

490

100

218

44,5

272

55,5

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Figure: 3 Analysis of the level of education depending on the gender of the respondents

Analysis of the educational level of the respondents immediately raises concerns. Among 490 Roma interviewed, 37,4% have no education at all, of which 21,5% are women and 15,9% are men. The lack of education for more women is associated with high gender inequality, recognition of the lack of education for women and the widespread practice of early marriage. Among 62,6% of the educated Roma, one cannot speak of a high and quality education. Less than 1% of the respondents have higher education, another 1% have primary or secondary education, and the lion’s share falls on secondary specialized education. For the accurate and detailed study of the needs of any society, a comprehensive and accurate study of its age, sex, family, social and other characteristics is required. Therefore, the next step is to try to investigate the marital status of the respondents depending on age and gender (see Table. 3; 4; Fig. 4) Table 3. Analysis of the Marital Status Depending on Gender

Age of respondents

Results of the entire sample

Men

Women

quantity

Married

198

40,4

100

20,4

Not married

175

35,7

14,9

102

20,8

In relationship

8,4

2,7

5,7

Divorced

4,7

3,7

Widower/Widow

10,8

5,5

5,3

Total:

490

100

218

44,5

272

55,5

Table 4. Analysis of the Marital Status Depending on the Age

14-18 years old

19-25 years old

26-35 years old

46-55 years old

56 and more

Total

Married

197

Not married

176

In relationship

Divorced

Widower/Widow

Total:

154

147

117

490

Family status

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The analysis of the respondents’ marital status in relation to the age and gender allows us to conclude that marriage traditions are highly valued in the communities. So only 5% are divorced and 8% are in no official relationship. The majority of the Roma have been married all their lives or are waiting for an official marriage (40% and 36%).

Conclusions Summing up the results of the study, it should be said that the study identified a number of the needs of the Roma national minority, which should become the basis for building a new strategy for protection and integration of the Roma national minority into Ukrainian society.

References 1. Adam A. Transcarpathian Gypsy Cultural and Educational Society «Romani Yag»: History of its creation and stages of its formation / Aladar Adam // Romology: History and modernity: materials of international scientific readings / ordering E. N. Navrotskaya. – Uzhgorod: Polygraph center «Lira», 2017. – P. 57-60. 2. Belikov A. State policy towards the Roma of Ukraine: history and modernity [Electronic resource] / Alexander Belikov. – Access mode: http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/26930/03Byelikov.pdf?sequence=1 3. Belikov A. Materials for documentation of the state institutions of the 1920-1950s. as a source for the study of Roma (on the example of Donetsk region) [Electronic resource] / Alexander Belikov. – Access mode: http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/71216/52-Belikov. pdf?sequence=1 4. Bocheva, Roma in Ukraine – time for action: priorities and ways of effective integration policy: analytical report. URL: https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/MRG_Rep_Ukraine_ UKR_ Apr19.pdf 5. Zynevych N. A. Roma in Ukraine: formation of an ethnic group and current state. УІЖ. 2016. No. 1. P. 40-52 6. Advisory Committee of the Council of Europe on the Framework Convention for Protection of the National Minorities «fourth thought regarding Ukraine», adopted on March 10, 2017 and published on March 5, 2018. URL: https://www.coe.int/en/web/minorities/news/-/asset_publisher/ d4ZbHbFMMxCR/ content / ukraine-publication-of-the-4th-advisory-committee-opinion? _101_ INSTANCE_d4ZbHbFMMxCR_viewMode = view / 7. Monitoring the human rights situation in relation to the Roma in Ukraine. Chirikli Foundation. 2014.7 p. 8. On the national minorities in Ukraine: Law of Ukraine No. 2494-XII https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/2494-12#Text 9. Results of 2013 National Population Census regarding the ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine. URL: http://2013.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/ general / nationality

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Vindication lawsuit as a way to protect property rights Zhanaydarov E.V., 2nd year undergraduate of the Central Kazakhstan Academy O.V. Shakhnovskaya, Scientific adviser Central Kazakhstan Academy

Abstract A lawsuit shall be recognized as vindictive by a non-possessing owner to an illegally owning non-owner regarding the seizure of property in kind. A vindication claim protects the right of the owner as a whole, i.e. all the powers of the owner, since he is presented in those cases when the rights of possession, use, disposal are violated at the same time. Keywords. Civil Code, vindication lawsuit, property rights.

The most important way to protect property rights is vindication, i.e. the owner claiming his thing from someone else’s illegal possession. The object of ownership is individually defined things. Therefore, the protection of the right of ownership boils down, ultimately, to the protection of the right of the owner to exercise the powers of possession, use, disposal in relation to a specific thing consisting in his property. The protection of property rights should be distinguished from the protection of the property interests of the owner, which can be carried out in various ways, for example, by invalidating transactions, compensation for losses, etc. [1, p.47] Protection of property rights is directly carried out by methods applicable to a specific individually defined thing. The methods of protecting property rights include the recovery of property from someone else’s illegal possession, which is commonly referred to as vindication. A lawsuit shall be recognized as vindictive by a non-possessing owner to an illegally owning non-owner regarding the seizure of property in kind. A vindication claim protects the right of the owner as a whole, i.e. all the powers of the owner, since he is presented in those cases when the rights of possession, use, disposal are violated at the same time. The owner is temporarily deprived of the opportunity to exercise all three powers, however, the ownership right is reserved for him and serves as the basis for filing a claim for the seizure of the thing from the illegal owner. The object of vindication is always an individually defined thing, preserved in kind. Since the content of vindication complies with the requirement to restore possession of a thing, and not to replace it with another thing of the same kind and quality, a vindication lawsuit cannot be brought regarding things determined only by generic characteristics, or not preserved in kind (for example, when a controversial structure thoroughly rebuilt, and not just repaired by the new owner). The plaintiff in a vindication claim may be the owner of the thing, moreover, the owner who does not own the thing at the time the lawsuit is filed. However, practice, in accordance with the meaning of the law, established an exception to this rule. If the property is state property, a legal action is brought on its behalf by the legal entity in whose operational management is the property and which is endowed with the powers of possession, use and disposal. The property interests of the owner can be protected by other legal means, in particular, a claim for an obligation out of harm. The question of the possibility of seizing an individu56

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ally defined thing that has undergone changes, processing, should be decided depending on the nature of such changes, their materiality. If a thing has changed its original purpose as a result of processing, it should be recognized that there is no reason for vindication, there are consequences similar to the loss of a thing, the owner has the right only to compensation for losses. As already mentioned above, the subject of a vindication claim is irreplaceable, and the defendant is obliged to return to the owner exactly the thing to which the latter has the right to own. And, as a general rule, returning things in kind fully meets the interests of the owner, is the main requirement of vindication. But in some cases, the owner may prefer to return the thing in kind, reimbursing its value in money, since the withdrawal of the thing for one reason or another is not practical. Such calculations of the owner of the thing with the owner do not contradict the law and are allowed by the judicial authorities. Vindication lawsuit refers to those ways of protecting civil rights when execution in kind is awarded. When awarding the collector certain items specified in a court decision, the bailiff seizes these items from the debtor and transfers them to the collector. However, the filing of a vindication claim does not preclude the filing of a claim for damages caused by deprivation of ownership. Vindication lawsuit should be delimited from claims, also aimed at an individually defined thing, but based on obligations that already existed between the parties to the claims. The consequences of nonfulfillment of the obligation to transfer an individually defined thing come from the fact that the ownership of the thing has not yet passed to the plaintiff, and therefore a vindication claim cannot be brought. A vindication lawsuit may be brought only in the absence of a contractual relationship between the parties or after the contractual relationship has ceased (prior to its termination, the possession of the thing is based on a legal basis [2, p.19]. To satisfy a vindication lawsuit, the wine of a responder is not required. According to previous legislation, the vindication lawsuit was subject to the statute of limitations, and the exemption was established only to recover state property from the ownership of cooperative and public organizations and citizens. «The increased protection of state property, compared with the property of cooperative and public organizations, consists in the fact that, in accordance with the law, the statute of limitations does not apply to the requirements of state organizations on the return of state property from the illegal ownership of collective farms and other cooperative and public organizations spreads out. This rule does not apply to the ownership of cooperative and public organizations. For vindication claims between state organizations, the general rules on limitation apply. The current Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides for requirements to which the statute of limitations does not apply. These are the requirements of the owner or other owner to eliminate any violations of his rights, even if these violations were not combined with dispossession. Of paramount importance in the protection of property rights is the norm that establishes an exception to the general rule, providing for cases when the owner cannot recover his property from another’s possession. Moreover, under these circumstances, ownership ceases from the former owner and arises from the owner [3, p.12-14]. An exception to the general principle is established when, in addition to the interests of the owner, there is another, noteworthy interest – the interest of a bona fide purchaser, and the legislator gives him preference. It establishes that, as a rule, the interest of a bona fide acquirer is subject to protection. Protection is based on the principle of limited windage. Limited vindication applies only to a bona fide unlawful acquirer who acquires property for money from a person who did not have the right to alienate it. From the bona fide purchaser, to whom the thing was alienated for a fee, the owner is not entitled to claim his thing. In this case, the law protects the bona fide purchaser even in relation to the owner. In the absence of such a solution to the issue, civil circulation would have been impossible; people would have been afraid of alienating things and acquiring them. Protection of a bona fide acquirer is of great practical importance [4, p. 458].

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References 1. Gurevich M. Civil protection of property rights // Soviet Justice, 1969, No. 21, pp. 12-14. 2. Sukhanov EA Lectures on ownership. – M., 1991, p. 83 3. Cherepakhin BB Acquisition of ownership by prescription. // Soviet state and law, 1980, No. 4, p. 54 4. Civil law. Textbook. part 1. // Ed. Sergeev A.P., Tolstoy Yu.K. - M., 1997, p. 458

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Sociological understanding of deviant personality behavior Sharipova G.K., scientific adviser, MD, professor «Social and humanitarian disciplines» Ko Carina, Student of the second year of the CCP

Abstract Keeping alive the fabric of social relations helps social control. It is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements: norms and sanctions. Keywords: Social norm, stability of society, moral law, rules of conduct, customs.

The development and stability of society is impossible without the preservation of moral laws, norms, rules of conduct, customs, which are passed down from generation to generation and constitute the content of culture. Keeping alive the fabric of social relations helps social control. It is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements: norms and sanctions. A considerable number of researchers tried to show various models of ideal societies in which all citizens would behave in accordance with generally accepted regulatory requirements, in this case, any dissent or minor misconduct or violation of the norm would entail sharp condemnation. In philosophical and sociological literature, social norms are classified according to various grounds and criteria. The basis for distinguishing the types and types of social norms is the type and type of social relations. In accordance with them distinguish economic, political, moral, esthetic, religious norms, traditions and customs. There are also institutionalized and non-institutionalized social norms. The former include norms and rules of behavior that are officially approved by the society and its institutions. They are manifested in areas such as economics, politics, education, and others, supported by the force of law or official instructions. The concept of social norm includes three main aspects: 1) a social norm implies a certain set of rules of behavior; 2) it embodies a typical or reference pattern of actions, prescribing to an individual person or group what they should do in a given situation; 3) the basis of the mechanism of action of norms is the expectation of people around people regarding human behavior. The individual assimilates social norms in the process of socialization, which is the necessary side of mastering him various social roles, rules of conduct, any deviation from normative requirements is punishable by sanctions. We can conclude that the idea of deviant behavior is associated with the prevailing social norms in society, which are determined by the concrete historical conditions of a particular stage of social development, the characteristics of the sociocultural environment of various states, peoples, and that deviant behavior has relativistic character, due to the diversity of norms in various societies.

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The term «deviant behavior» is defined in sociological literature as the deviation of an individual or group from the norms adopted in society, as a result of which the subjects of deviation are subjected to appropriate sanctions by the group, society or law enforcement agencies. Also, by deviant behavior is understood deviant, non-adapted behavior, often manifested in adolescence and youth, and consisting in a systematic violation of moral and legal norms and the rights of others. Sociologists call deviant behavior any social phenomena that pose a threat to a person’s life due to a violation of the process of assimilation of norms and values, self-development and self-realization in society. [1] The sociological explanation of deviation comes down to establishing a connection between deviation and the influence of social and cultural aspects of social life, i.e. explores exclusively the social causes of this phenomenon. In sociology, there are a number of theories that explain the genesis and essence of deviant behavior. All of them can be conditionally divided into several main areas: biological, psychological and culturalsociological – depending on the basic principles of explaining social deviations. Akazhanova A. in her textbook «Deviantology» shows the structure of an integrated approach to the study of deviant behavior as follows: sociological, socio-legal, psychological and pedagogical, clinical and psychological. [2] In the works of foreign researchers, deviant behavior is associated with many negative manifestations, is the personification of «evil» in the religious worldview, a symptom of «illness» from the point of view of medicine, in particular, psychiatry, and «illegal» in compliance with legal norms, in connection with which, «there was a tendency to consider it« abnormal »and to define deviation as a deviation from the group norm, which entails isolation, treatment, imprisonment or other punishment of the offender» [3], in other words, conformity or inconsistency of actions with social expectations and norms. Basically, this problem was investigated as E. Durkheim, N. Smelzer, J.B. Watson, V. Fox, R. Merton, E. Fromm, and representatives of the modern approach: G. Becker, O. Turk, R. Quinnie, E. Sutherland, A. Bandura. The objective of this article is to show some aspects when considering the sociological approach of deviant personality behavior, which are reflected in the views of the representatives of the classical approach. Neil Smelser gives the following definition of deviant behavior: «Deviation is behavior that is considered as a deviation from group norms and leads to isolation, treatment, correction or punishment of the offender.» Deviation in its understanding consists of three components: 1) a person who is characterized by a certain behavior; 2) expectation or norm, which is the criterion for evaluating deviant behavior; 3) another person, group or organization that responds to deviant behavior. Another equally well-known theory is the theory of anomie by E. Durkheim, who considers deviant behavior and crime to be normal phenomena. When crime is eliminated, progress stops. Crime, a kind of payment for social change. To the same extent that a genius should be able to improve himself, the offender must have a chance of a crime. In view of the fact that crime in society is an inevitable and indestructible phenomenon, the criminal is the same individual as everyone, not an alien element that has not adapted to society, but a factor that plays a role in society. When the unity of society is destroyed, and the isolation of its elements increases, socially deviant behavior and crime increase. Society is in a state of anomie. Durkheim argues this provision as follows. As an example, E. Durkheim cites the development of French society in the last 100 years, which deliberately uprooted the factors of self-government by human instincts and passions. Religion almost completely lost its influence on people. Traditional professional associations such as craft guilds (workshops and corporations) were liquidated. The government firmly pursued a policy of free enterprise, non-interference in the economy. And the result of this policy was that dreams and aspirations are no longer held back. This freedom of aspiration has become the driving force of the French industrial revolution; but it also gave rise to a chronic condition of anomie with its accompanying high level of suicides. [4] The classic of world sociology for the first time called suicide a social phenomenon and explained its origin by social reasons. 60

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During crises, wars, radical social changes, life experience helps little. People experience a state of confusion and disorganization. Social norms are being destroyed, people are losing landmarks – «old norms» are no longer working, and new, nascent norms have not yet been tested to serve as effective and significant guidelines in behavior; all this contributes to deviant behavior. His main idea that social disorganization is the cause of deviant behavior is widely accepted. The sociological explanation of deviant behavior, unlike others (biological, psychological, cultural), has a number of advantages. These theories show, firstly, that deviation is not an innate quality of human nature, but a property acquired through socialization. Consequently, the deviation can be weakened or completely eliminated with the elimination of conditions conducive to its formation. Secondly, sociological concepts are not inclined to ascribe to people a constant need to commit various deviations under the influence of internal motives. On the contrary, the sociological approach is aimed at making people capable of committing deviations under the influence of social conditions, microenvironment, family education, and mass media. Therefore, the sociological tradition holds an optimistic view of the possibility of overcoming deviations, since changing social conditions can contribute to weakening deviant behavior, which means that it can be controlled with the help of adequate policies and social control mechanisms. The concept of «deviant behavior» is directly related to the concept of social control. Most sociologists believe that social control is achieved by combining factors of propensity for submission, coercion, on the one hand, and adherence to social values, on the other. Many traditional societies control the behavior of individuals through moral and religious norms, informal group control of the primary group or society as a whole. Formal laws or punishments do not play such a big role as, for example, traditions, customs, public opinion. In modern societies, informal control gives way to formal control, which finds its expression in laws and regulations. Control is carried out with the help of institutionalized regulators (law enforcement agencies, relevant instructions and sanctions). In those cases when the individual does not want to follow the prevailing norms in society, the group or society resort to coercion, persuasion or isolation. In modern societies there is a clearly developed control system, which is a set of existing sanctions applied in accordance with various types of deviant behavior. In sociological literature, there are diverse types of formal and informal control over human behavior. The American sociologist Crosby identifies four types of informal control: 1) social rewards, expressed in smiles, signs of attention, in promotion and serving to promote conformity and indirect condemnation of deviation; 2) punishment – dissatisfied views, criticisms, threats of physical violence; these actions are directly directed against deviant acts and are caused by the desire to prevent them; 3) persuasion is the simplest and most convenient method that affects deviants; 4) reassessment of norms – a complex type of social control, expressed in the fact that behavior that was previously considered deviant is regarded as normal in connection with a change in sociocultural conditions. [5] T. Parsons calls the following types of formal social control: isolation (complete removal of the deviant from other people, imprisonment, etc.), isolation (limiting the contact of the deviant with other people, including placement in a psychiatric hospital) , rehabilitation (preparation of the deviant for a return to normal life includes the rehabilitation of criminals and alcoholics in special institutions). Thus, social theories are based on the assertion that society itself provokes a person to violate his own rules, this is confirmed by the theory of anomie by E. Durkheim, his views are continued by R. Merton, who argued that deviation is primarily a person’s reaction to social and social crises , and as a result, «labeling» or stigma, which G. Becker revealed.

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References 1. Kravchenko A.I. Sociology: Textbook. – M .: Logos, 2000 .-– 382s. 2. Akazhanova A. Deviantology. Study Guide, Almaty, 2019 3. Tyurin E.Yu., Zinkevich E.V. The essence of the concept of deviant behavior in foreign studies. http://elib.bsu.by/bitstream. 4. Durkheim E. Suicide. Sociological study. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. 5. Crosby J. Sociology. Short course. https://fil.wikireading.ru/46529

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LINGUISTIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES JOURNALISTIC TEXT Dilfuza Teshabayeva, Head of the Department of the Uzbek State University of World Languages, Doctor of Philology, Professor Mukaddas Israil, Professor of the Uzbek State University of World Languages, Doctor of Philosophy

Abstract This article analyzes the linguistic and pragmatic features of a journalistic text. It is known that in the mass process of modern communicative society, publicistic communication takes an increasingly important place. A single center of knowledge and periphery comes to replace a multifaceted world with diverse knowledge and culture. This center has its own industries, which it provides with the necessary knowledge. The characterization of the modern communication society by such a clash will radically change our life. These changes will manifest themselves through the formation of public opinion. Scientific research carried out in the fields of linguistics and journalism in recent years is devoted to the problems of society, culture and other issues. It is generally accepted that factors such as economics, politics, cultural and national customs and traditions have a direct impact on the language. It is impossible to deny the fact that this list of sociocultural criteria needs to be clarified and supplemented. Therefore, the consideration of the specific communicative speech activity of journalism in a pragmatic aspect requires a modern approach. Keywords: journalism, journalistic style, mass communication, media, media linguistics, pragmatics, society, text.

Medialingvistics is a direction that studies modern print, audivizual and Internet language in the media industry. Medialingvistics involves not only language, but also speech, units of speech in certain areas of activity, the separation of mediamatns into genres, but also the effective use of resources in the case of non-speech and media communication in different areas of factors, the study of linguistic sources (lexical, gramatic) and media Stylistics. Mediacommunication is the sphere in which human activity carries out its potential in the quality of language functional integrity to the greatest extent possible. The influence of information on the quality of goods began to be seen in the independent reflection of the reader. The issues of formation of opinions, values and ideals of information consumers necessitate the search for ways to regulate the world of information in the minds of the reader, the development and formation of a system of new methods and skills of dealing with information. V. G. Kostomarov believes that for all mass media texts, the issue of «keeping an audience» is now very relevant [6, p. 120]. With constant communication with the audience, establishing communicative cooperation, adding important and interesting information, interacting all the time, not limited to a narrow atmosphere of communication, is the simplest way to attract the attention of the audience.

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Through communication, the growing frontal surfacetirib, although in part (usually only from the surface), the media has been using methods (the use of label formulas) designed to reduce the degree of manifestation through communication. The method of publicistic refers to the «numbered» address, even from the point of view of professional orientation (teachers, businessmen, etc.), even from the point of view of the circle of interests that do not belong to the profession (for motorists, movie enthusiasts, etc.), taking into account the methods of speech-etiquette, political interest presupposes that the text will be clear enough, even from the point of view of age, gender. The author of the publicistic text influences the socio-civil, social, emotional spheres of the reader [2, p.101]. One of the tasks of the author of the publicistic text is to establish a close relationship with the addressee and interest him. The basis for journalistic texts is inclined to the adress, with which it remains a function of the road izlash for the future conversation. To find a solution to this task, the journalist will be asked to look for a way to «work in cooperation» with the organizers of communicative competence, to have the knowledge of «self-organization» of colloquial speech and colloquial texts. The informativeness of the text is an indicator of the quality of the text. The expression of information within the text has a direct connotation of both the «time» associated with the situation of speech and the time of the information received. This is how the link provides for the expression of the given data within the framework of time and aspect [10, p. 8]. The demand and condition for information informativeness is in its novelty, relevance, adequacy, the word, sentence, can be realized in complex syntactic units and within the whole context. Of course, if we interpret the information given in the text from a linguistic point of view, then the text is an Information Unit. Therefore, the concept of text is necessary to be accepted in a broad sense. In particular, the concept of» text « can be used not only in relation to an artistically formed work, but also in relation to its parts [9, p. 81]. Within the framework of the text, conducted extensive research, the linguist van deck determines the indicators of the exchange of macros in the text as follows: 1) Change in probability (language indicator-the semantic category of modality); 2) Change in time or period (language indicator-the semantic category of temporality); 3) Spatial indicator i (Language indicator – the semantic category of locativity); 4) Introduction of new participants; 5) Change of point of view or purpose (language indicators-communicative purpose, semantic category of person); 6) Composition of predicates of different types. If a sentence does not correspond to this macrocomposition, a new macrocomposition is created [1, p. 62-67]. Pragmatics is interpreted as a real state of communication, which implies the selective use of linguistic means for the purpose of solving communicative tasks. Pragmatism keeps in mind all the conditions, circumstances of the use of linguistic signs by mankind. When it is said the use of circumstances, situations, the use of linguistic means corresponding to them, adequate means, through which the method and means of communicative influence on the interlocutor are understood. [3, p. 43]. The scientist L. Vitganshtane, who contributed to the formation of linguistic pragmatics, separately explained the subjects as one of the important factors in the development. The scientist stressed the need to take into account not only the internal context of the text in this process, but also the situations outside the language that arise through the influence of human activity [11, p. 187]. Uzbek linguist scientist M. Khakimov said that the study of the essence of pragmatic phenomena requires both logical and philosophical deliberations from a linguist. Therefore, linguistic pragmatics studies not only the linguistic analysis of the phenomenon, but also its logical, philosophical and sociological properties [4, p. 18]. In the pragmatic linguistic circle, the speaker’s attitude to 1) material existence; 2) the content of the message; 3) the tone of speech (confidence, perseverance, persistence, fear, distrust, suspicion, hadik, joy, etc.), the use of lexical units, the application of noverbal means, as long as they express their attitude to the addressee (listener), the speaker and the listener’s participation in the communicative act, is considered important and the pragmatic function of lan-guage units arises in such a way as to relate to 64

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the context, the conversational situation, the language skills of the speakers and the general knowledge of the object of speech. In colloquial communication, factors such as speech, spoken content, situation, spiritual, mental proximity of the speaker and the listener are also involved in the enlightenment of pragmatic content [10, p. 8]. The general boundaries of the concept of linguistic pragmatics can be defined as the introduction of linguistic signs into function in the process of speech, as well as the interpersonal relations of the expressed thoughts in the process of speech activity, the relationship of the speaker and the listener, the communicative situation in speech acts [7, p.123]. In particular, the essence of the text is understood as the coherence of the completed sentences, the connection of the language with each other in terms of meaning, with the help of lexical-grammatical means. It is closer to the fact that the text is a unit of speech than to say a unit of language [10, p. 7]. Speech consists of several types, T. G. Biryukova classifies it as follows:» speech expression»,» description»,» storytelling»,» reasoning « and a small part of the text, that is, it is a micromath. The field of pragmalinguistics’s theory of speech ICT is directly related to the process of communication, which includes the use of language tools by communicators, their purposeful, emotional and similar methods of expression. In pragmatic analysis, the composition of the text is considered to depend on how the data is transmitted by the author, also on the method of the writer. This information is also reflected in the expression of the situation in the memory of the transmitter and the temporal location of events. The formative appearance of information in the text is reflected in the functional – semantic category [10, p. 15]. Linguistic isolation is the implicit linguistic influence on an address, the purpose of which is to deliberately mislead the adresate about the intention or content of speech. There are many linguistics and tools that serve to carry out linguistic analysis (and described): the introduction of evaluative information into the faktological data – to the recipient «consciously convey a message whose falsity as a real message was previously known or not faktological and consisted only of evaluation (that is, neither true nor untrue)» [8, p. 165-166] (for example, the introduction of the author-specific sub-evaluation into the newsletter, which researchers previously considered an «unbiased» genre from the beginning) [5, p. 50]. The text is considered from our side as a high-level language unit. Knowledge of the language system is distinguished from many texts through linguistics. The collection of linguistic criteria will help to determine the nature of this or that journalistic text and reflect the generalized linguistic model of the journalistic text, which is the set of elements of this system. Natural language combines concretely thought-provoking images into a clear verbal and written harmony, allowing the transmission of pre-textual information contained in a particular journalistic text. The textology, which deals with the study of the process of the creation, modeling of structure and functioning of the text, is interesting to journalists today as a linguistic discipline. This is due to the fact that Linguistics scientists describe the modern state of the Russian language on the basis of various syllables, proceeding from a wide spectrum of linguistic and colloquial traditions. The main place in the study is represented primarily by the description of lexical and semantic changes observed in public speech. This is due to the fact that the word semantics itself as a unit, language or text has become problematic. If earlier the main unit of grammatical semantic analysis was the word, then to this day the unit that attracted the attention of scientists remains the literal meaning of the word, which is clearly in relation to other word combinations of words or other words. This approach allows you to analyze modern trends in language development, but does not allow you to see a single whole macro – text. Proceeding from the foregoing, the task, which is extremely urgent, remains the task of spiritual and structural modeling, participating in the dressing of text, relying on the pragmatics of the attitude of the speaker and listener. The last men-tioned aspect remains interesting from the point of view of journalism, since it has a direct path leading to journalistic practice, the concrete orientation of any information leads to the improvement of creative activity, the journalistic text is the maximum in this situation. According to the observations of scientists, the phenomenon of speech communication consists in the interaction of all participles in the formation of the text. Similar pronouns or «multifaceted entities that have their own expression in the text» include the features of the object’s activity, the character of thought activity, the systematic attitude of language units, the conditions and characteristics of the communicative process. In the process of speech activity, morphology, syntax, word formation, lexical interactions, syntax come from the linguistic means, the communicative meaning of the text comes from the column. Through this, it distin65

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guishes the sides of linguistic and socio-cultural criteria, which refers to the relationship of the journalistic text with the concrete socio-cultural model in the field of journalism. In the journalistic text, it is necessary to collect enough information to achieve the available power of influence, such characteristics increase the quality and and efficiency of data reception. As a result of this, the text brings out practical and organizational Mass Effects in the mass audience. It is the motivation of the audience for persuasive behavior or the adaptation of the audience to a particular environment that constitutes the value of their opinion, reasoning, feelings and specific journalism. The author, who does not have a special education, does not know the peculiarity of genres in the journalistic text, for the first time rocking a pen, is not a professional journalist. They build their works according to the rules of the generalized journalistic text. Through his thinking, he sought to collect various information, through which he attracted public attention. But it is difficult to call it a full-fledged journalistic work. It is worth noting that journalism does not always become a solution to all issues. It is necessary to rely on a professional newsletter, if it is necessary to achieve a specific goal. When collecting data, processing resources, thinking about the essence of the text, as well as weighing it in certain genres and forms, the journalist is required to be guided by reason of a certain sphere. Mediatexts is a unique laboratory for the synthesis and distribution of mediamatn values, concentrating virtual spiritual being, oriented immanently to axiological reproduction. As a result, journalism manifests itself as a social and political institution that shapes the consumer’s axiology. The rapid development of the «fourth power» in this direction has put journalism in line with communicative factors such as religion and art. In the study of the function of the mass as an inheritance of сulture, two de-grees are usually distinguished, characteristic of the fulfillment of this task. The first – historical or vertical-implies the transfer of values from generation to gener-ation. The second – related to the process of circulation of actual or horizontal – cultural information within a specific society. The collective background knowledge that complement and form the medium is based on mental imagination, the psychological principles of processing information specific to the local producer and recipient of mass communication begin with the semantics of folk spirituality.

References 1. Deyk van A.T. Shame. Cognition. Communications. – M .: Progress, 1989. 2. Formanovskaya I. I. On the everyday-business sphere of communication. // Cultural-speech situation in modern Russia: Questions of theory and educational technologies. – Yekaterinburg, 2000. 3. Karimov R. Linguopragmatic aspect of business letters (in English and Uzbek). PhD diss. – T., 2018. 4. Khakimov M. Fundamentals of Uzbek pragmalinguistics. – Tashkent: Akademnashr, 2013. 5. Klushina N. I. Stylistics of a journalistic text. –M .: MediaMir, 2008. 6. Kostomarov V. G. Language taste of the era. From observations of the speech practice of the mass media. – SPb .: Zlatoust, 1999. 7. Kochiboyev A. Text pragmatics. – Samarkand., 2015. 8. Leontyev A. A. Psycholinguistic features of the language of the media. // Language of Mass Media: Textbook for Universities. // Ed. M.N. Volodina. – M .: Academic project: Alma Mater, 2008. 9. Luhmann N. Media communications. – M .: Logos, 2005. 10. Mirsanov G. Expression of aspectual and temporal content in the structure of discourse. –Tashkent.: Navruz, 2018. 11. Noyberg A. Pragmatic aspects of translation. // Questions of the theory of translation in foreign linguistics. – M., 1978.

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STABILITY OF LEGISLATION AS A CONDITION OF ENSURING LEGALITY IN THE SPHERE OF FIGHT WITH CRIMINAL OFFENSES Z.S. Tokubaev, Vice Rector for Research and Innovation Central Kazakhstan Academy, Doctor of Law, Professor Shyngyskhan Tokubaev, student of the Central Kazakhstan Academy )Central Kazakhstan Academy

Abstract Any legislation, including criminal and penal enforcement, cannot be unchanged, since the variability of crime, the constant evolution of social relations, ideas about public danger lead to an objective obsolescence of the law and require its modernization. However, an analysis of the changes and additions made in recent years suggests that they are aimed at solving a particular problem or situation that has arisen, without thoroughly studying it, including criminological conditionality. Kewwords: Legislation, Criminal Code, law enforcement, rule of law.

One of the most important indicators of the country’s national well-being is the security of its citizens. The implementation of this task is intended to serve as the legislation in the criminal law sphere. The modern norm-setting activity of the criminal and penal legislation is characterized by the active adoption of changes and the complexity of their application in the activities of law enforcement agencies, the court, lawyers, etc. Criminal and penal legislation is gradually turning into a special tool in the Criminal Codes of state authorities, designed to solve pressing problems in the simplest and fastest way, it seems. At the same time, loud amendments to the criminal law often have a populist connotation and are not scientifically substantiated [1, p. 22]. Of course, any legislation, including criminal and penal enforcement, cannot be unchanged, since the variability of crime, the constant evolution of social relations, ideas about public danger lead to an objective obsolescence of the law and require its modernization. However, an analysis of the changes and additions made in recent years suggests that they are aimed at solving a particular problem or situation that has arisen, without thoroughly studying it, including criminological conditionality. As the scholars rightly noted: «In the heat of creative and legislative excitement (the legislator) was carried away often by the momentary and therefore often chaotic criminal-legal cosmetics (retouching) of the Criminal Code instead of carrying out substantiated from the standpoint of moral and economic requirements, long-term correction of the criminal legal policy »[1, p. 17-18]. L. D. Gaukhman, in turn, called instability a threat to the destruction of the rule of law, citing the five main negative consequences of the regular introduction of amendments to the CRIMINAL CODE: 1) nonobservance of the law by citizens due to its instability, which causes ignorance of the criminal law prohibition; 2) prolonged non-application of new criminal law by law enforcement agencies and courts until the formation of the practice of higher courts; 3) training in criminal law is complicated, educational literature quickly becomes obsolete; 4) scientific creativity in the specialties of the criminal cycle is hindered; 5) disrespect for the law in society is generated [3, p. 88]. The Criminal Code and the Penal Enforcement Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan came into force on January 1, 2015

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and immediately underwent changes. To date, 33 laws have been adopted on amendments and additions to the CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN and 19 laws in the PEC OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN [4; 5]. For the sake of justice, we note that the most significant changes to the criminal law were aimed at the humanization of the criminal law. At the same time, these changes caused difficulties in their enforcement and necessitated the search for a valid or applicable edition of a particular case, as a result of which errors, large time costs, and revisions of decisions already made in criminal cases are identified. In this regard, the state within the framework of reform 4 «The rule of law without corruption» of the Strategic Plan for the Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2025 provides for the development of measures aimed at ensuring the stability and effectiveness of legislation by setting limits on the timing, conditions and number of amendments to new laws [6] . Legislation in our country, of course, serves as the main regulator of the most important social relations, but the decline in the quality of regulatory material and the cardinality of updating necessitates an improvement in the legislative process in terms of analyzing the organizational readiness of the environment for its application and the degree of public demand for a particular act. This is evidenced by the adoption of a number of sensitive bills in recent years, for which neither the population nor the authorized bodies have been properly prepared. At the same time, all of them, according to the current procedure, went through a public discussion procedure. In addition, a number of changes and additions cause difficulties in their application in practice. In particular, for a number of criminal offenses, the terms of imprisonment were increased, new types of punishments and qualifying features were introduced, as well as compulsory medical measures and prohibitions on institutions for exemption from criminal liability and punishment. Changes that eliminate crime and punishable acts mitigate liability and punishment or otherwise improve the situation of persons who have committed a criminal offense, introduced by the law on improving the law enforcement system and criminal law. So, such compounds as minor harm to health, beating, and false business are decriminalized. Multiple fines have been introduced for the Criminal Code taxation from tax on organizations, commercial bribery and the organization of an illegal gambling business [7]. The Humanization Act has reduced sentences and softened the conditions for serving sentences of non-violent crimes. As an alternative punishment for committing crimes of small and medium gravity, community service (247 staff) was introduced for the first time, as well as restriction of freedom for 12 serious crimes (these are military, economic, official and property crimes). he minimum fine for crimes was reduced from 500 to 200 MCI (from 1.2 million to 481 thousand), while the term for the repayment of fines was increased from 6 months to 3 years. The amount of damage for crimes committed in the economic sphere, against property and other chapters not related to violence has been doubled. For economic crimes, the terms of imprisonment have been reduced, and a multiple fine has been introduced for fraud and misappropriation or embezzlement of entrusted property of others. In addition, the conditions for serving a sentence of imprisonment for a separate category of convicted persons have been relaxed. Now those who have committed crimes not related to violence will serve their sentences in minimum security institutions [8]. Given that false business is not a criminal offense, it is very difficult to talk about the economic security of the state. Indeed, it is on the basis of the creation of false enterprises that not one, not two, and sometimes even hundreds of guilty persons are identified and prosecuted who commit illegal acts that entail causing damage to the state in the hundreds of millions, and more recently, billions of tenge [9 ]. Moreover, persons involved in the creation of false enterprises are subject to exemption from criminal liability, and their counterparties, who, as a result of tax audits, accrued hundreds of billions of tenge, must pay them. It is extremely difficult to assess changes in toughening responsibility by translating the qualifying attribute of «repeatedness» in Articles 188 (theft), 189 (misappropriation or embezzlement of entrusted property of others) and 190 (fraud) CRIMINAL CODE from Part 2 to Part 3 of the Criminal Code of Articles [10]. Thus, the possibility of reconciliation and the avoidance of punishment by criminals is excluded. 68

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Of course, the developers noted the inevitability of punishment for repeated theft of another’s property and that in some cases the same person committed 12 or more thefts. And each time things were stopped by reconciliation [11]. At the same time, the question arises that it is through toughening punishment that it is possible to increase the effectiveness of counteraction to such types of theft ? The translation of the qualifying attribute «repetition» also caused mixed practice of its application and questions. To date, the courts in sentencing in cases involving repeated occurrence and committed before the introduction of this change qualify them under Part 1 (where this qualifying attribute previously absent). In this case, the courts refer to Article 6 of the CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN, where the Criminal Code states that a law establishing criminality or punishability of an act, enhancing responsibility or punishment, or otherwise worsening the situation of the person who committed this act has no retroactive effect. Agreeing that in this case the law is not retroactive, we note the need to apply part two of the Criminal Code in the sentence of the reference to the CRIMINAL CODE as amended before the introduction of this law. There are doubts and changes aimed at weakening the punitive policy by introducing punishment in the form of community service. Despite the positive aspects of this type of punishment, it should be noted that its execution causes difficulties. The budget of local executive bodies, as a rule, does not provide for the costs of creating jobs for convicts, and in most cases the place where community work is performed are private organizations, where work with convicts aimed at correcting it is not carried out. Raises questions, and changes in legislation regarding serving persons convicted of a number of corruption crimes in institutions of minimal security. In this case, the legislator does not provide for the serving of punishment in this type of institution for persons convicted of corruption offenses under paragraph 2 of Part 3 of Art. 189 and paragraph 2 of Part 3 of Art. 190 CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN. The improvement of normative activity in relation to criminal and penal legislation should, in our opinion, go in the following areas. First of all, it is necessary to assess the consequences of the application of laws. In accordance with the Rules for organizing legislative work in authorized bodies of the REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN, the process of preparing a draft law includes forecasting social, financial, economic, environmental and legal consequences [12]. In particular, the developers should analyze the impact of the future law, both on the development of society as a whole and on its individual social groups, on improving the level and quality of life: access to services, development of civil society institutions, income and expenses of law enforcement, its impact on the existing legal regulation mechanism; possible risks and other consequences are assessed. According to Art. 50 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On legal acts», the assessment and forecasting of the effectiveness of legislation is the goal of legal monitoring and is carried out by identifying outdated, corrupt and ineffectively implemented legal norms that contradict the legislation of the Republic of KAZAKHSTAN, as well as formulating proposals for its improvement [13]. Meanwhile, the study of the mechanism of legal monitoring and practice of government bodies showed that they actually did not a forecast of expected legal consequences and evidence is carried out. For example, monitoring does not include statistics reflecting a qualitative improvement in crime rates after the law is enforced. However, the lack of baseline data and data that are obtained as a result of the adoption of the norms will always complicate the determination of the correspondence of the predicted and actual results. In this regard, in order to be able to give an objective assessment of the consequences of the application of laws, the methodology should include ways of fixing the initial and subsequent data in the context of legal consequences and it should become evidence for changing the situation. In addition, in order to increase the efficiency of the mechanism of lawmaking, legislative consolidation of the possibility of adopting a law with limited effect is necessary to verify the effectiveness of the new legal norms, especially in the framework of penal legislation. Moreover, this «pilot» stage must be accompanied by measures to establish the presence of unaccounted for, incomplete mechanisms that can be eliminated in the final version of the bill. To ensure the sustainability of the introduced norms, it is advisable to introduce norms that limit the frequency of changes or their necessity, should be determined only by objective reasons, in particular the 69

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achievement of the strategic objectives outlined in the President’s messages, development concepts and state programs. Thus, taking into account the peculiarities of the criminal and penal legislation, amendments should be made taking into account the principles of law-making that are specific to the penal and penal law: bills should be carefully substantiated by the initiator and the proposed draft law should contain a thorough forecast of the expected legal consequences and evidence and should be adopted no more than once a year.

References 1. Georgievsky E.V., Kravtsov R.V. Composition of a crime. Tutorial. – IR Republic of Kazakhstanutsk: ISU, 2012 . – 140 p. 2. Kozachenko I. Ya., Doronina Ye. B. Zigzags of the evolution of the Criminal Code of Russia in the labyrinths of criminal policy: Laws, chronicle, commentary, judgments. Yekaterinburg, 2007.966 s. 3. Gaukhman L. D. Instability of the criminal law as a threat to the destruction of the rule of law // Transactions of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014. No. 3. S. 87-107. 4. The Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 3, 2014 No. 226-V REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN // URL: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K1400000226 5. The Penal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 5, 2014 No. 234-V REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN // URL: https://online.zakon.kz/m/Document/?doc_id=31577739 6. Criminal Codex of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated February 15, 2018 No. 636 «On approval of the Strategic Plan for the Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2025 and the recognition of certain Criminal Codexases of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan» as invalid // URL: https://online.zakon.kz/document /? doc_id = 38490966 # pos = 689; 20 7. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 3, 2017 No. 84-VI «On Amendments and Additions to Some Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Improving the Law Enforcement System» // URL: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id= 33354739 # pos = 1; -155 8. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 12, 2018 No. 180-VI «On Amendments and Additions to Some Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Improvement of Criminal, Criminal Procedure Laws and the Activities of Law Enforcement and Special State Agencies» // URL: https: // online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=34803153#pos=1;-8 9. The Agency for Combating Economic and Corruption Crime (Financial Police) opposes the decriminalization of false entrepreneurship. According to the agency, billions of state money are laundered through «cash-out» companies // URL: https://kursiv.kz/news/vlast-i-biznes/2010-11/finpolprotiv 10. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 21, 2019 No. 217-VI «On Amendments and Additions to Some Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Enhancing the Protection of Property Rights, Arbitration, Optimization of the Litigation and Further Humanization of Criminal Law» // URL: https: / /online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=34378940#pos=55;-8 11. On measures to prevent and disclose cattle theft // URL: http://mvd.gov.kz/portal/page/portal/mvd/ mvd_page/mvd_news_smi/mvd_news/83D2410D896CE308E053030F110A7A66 12. Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 29, 2016 «On approval of the Rules for organizing legislative work in the authorized bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan» // URL: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=39753504 13. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 6, 2016 No. 480-V «On Legal Acts» // URL: https:// online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=37312788

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PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAVY CONCRETE WITH A COMPLEX MINERAL ADDITIVE Sh.K. Zhakipbekov (zhakipbekov_sh@mail.ru) Intereng-Almaty LLP, Almaty, Kazakhstan А.S. Yestemessova2 (axaya73@mail.ru) International educational corporation, Kazakh Leading Architectural Building Academy , Almaty, Kazakhstan Zhilkibayeva Aliya (aliya8706@mail.ru) Intereng-Almaty LLP, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Abstract The article is devoted to the study of the effect of a complex additive consisting of microsilica and the waste from the enrichment of the Balkhash mining-enrichment complex on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. In our studies it is established [1] that the optimal dosage in the composition of cement of a complex additive with microsilica and the waste of enrichment of the Balkhash mining-enrichment complex is 20%. Furthermore, the microsilica content of the concrete mixture B 35 is 32-38 kg/m3. Keywords: complex mineral additive, microsilica, enrichment waste, optimum concrete composition, physico-mechanical properties, coefficient of variation.

Introduction With the increase in construction, the demand for cement concrete is increasing rapidly. This increases the need to produce less clinker-based cement using locally produced products. The introduction of high-efficiency additives into concrete on the basis of a multi-component binder makes it possible to produce a material with high physical-mechanical and operational properties. The techno-economic objectives of saving imported mineral additives and traditionally used binders in construction can be achieved through the widespread use of secondary resources – waste from various industries, in particular polymetallic ore enrichment waste, The Government of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is committed to the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action. tons and increase annually. The use of enrichment waste in the production of building materials and products is of great scientific and practical interest. The article describes the optimum formulations of heavy concrete on the basis of the modified multicomponent binder with the addition of microsilica and the waste enrichment of the Balkhash mining-enrichment complex and their building and technical properties.

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Today, binding and concrete technologies are becoming knowledge-intensive. The basis for such technologies are scientific advances in building materials science: deep knowledge and understanding of the physico-chemical processes of producing binders, their hydration processes, the formation of micro– and macrostructure depending on the behaviour of nanoparticles, including water, the real and quantitative ratio of the components of the mixture, the role of the surface energy of the nanoparticles in the mixture, the nature of the source materials, the functional function of each component of the complex system [2, 3]. The studies show [4-10] that from the point of view of the efficiency coefficient taking into account the consumption of cement, superplasticizer and various types of micro-silica additives, in concrete technology it’s better to use, crystalline silicon and ferrosilic wastes containing more than 89% Si02. It has been established that the microsilica (silica fume) is an ultra-adhesive material consisting of spherical particles obtained during gas-cleaning of furnaces in the manufacture of silicon-containing alloys. The main component of the material is amorphous silicon dioxide [11]. Microsilica is an essential ingredient in the production of high-performance concrete, having a unique ability to positively influence the properties of concrete, improving its quality characteristics: it reduces water glazing, increases strength, frost resistance, chemical resistance, sulphate resistance, durability, etc. [12-14]. The microsilica additive acts at the nano level and has been shown to increase the strength of the concrete when compressed [15]. The increase in strength can be explained by filling pores with fine particles of microsilica and the formation of additional quantities of C-S-H in the puzzzonal reaction of microsilica from Ca(OH)2 [16-18]. In addition, the introduction of microsilica into concrete reduces the shrinking of concrete, increases its durability and adhesion to steel fittings, and also reduces permeability.

Materials and methods For the manufacture of heavy concrete used sulphate-resistant Portland cement C I 42,5N CC LLP «Caspian Cement» (Mangistau region). The shallow and large filler used is the sand of the Beineu deposit (Mangistau region) and crushed 5-10 mm and 10-20 mm JSC «Koktas-Aktobe». Functional additives – Master Air 200 (air-bearing additive) were used for the directed regulation of the rheological characteristics of cement systems at the cement stone structure formation stage and for the production of concrete with specified building and operating properties were used Master Glenium 51 and Master Rheobuid 1000 K. On mineralogical composition CEM I 42,5N CC GOST 22266-2013 (standards of Kazakhstan Republic) LLP «Caspian Cement» according to physical and mechanical properties and chemical composition meets requirements GOST 22266-2013 «Cements sulphate-resistant. Technical requirements». Crushed stones fraction are 10-20 mm from JSC «Koktas-Aktobe» – on grain composition, on strength (stamp on fracture), the grain content of plate and needle shape and the content of dust and clay particles meets the requirements of GOST 8267-93 « Crushed stones and gravel from dense rocks for construction works. Technical conditions» The module of the size of sand of the Beineu deposit – 2.75 and relates to the group – large and class of sand – I. The sand of the deposit «Beineu» has no deviation from the requirements of GOST 8736-2014 «Sand for construction works. Technical conditions» The nominal composition of concrete was selected according to GOST 27006-86 «Betons. The rules for the selection of the composition». The physico-mechanical properties of the heavy concrete and concrete mixture were determined by: • GOST 10181-2014 «Mixtures concrete. Test methods»; • GOST 10180-2012 «Concrete. Methods for determining strength on control samples»; • GOST 18105-2018 «Concrete. Rules for control and evaluation of strength». The air meter UTC-0650 was used to determine the porosity (air content) of the concrete mixture. An X-ray examination of the materials was carried out on the Nova diffractometer URS-50I. 72

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Results and discussions For directional control of cement systems at the stage of structure formation of cement stone for concrete building with specified performance characteristics are used functional additives – Master Air 200 (airentraining agent) and «Master Rheobuid 1000 K and «Master Glenium 51» (superplasticizers to reduce water-cement ratio). It is experimentally established that for concrete class B35 the optimal content of «Master Air 200» is 0.08% and «Master Rheobuid 1000 K and «Master Glenium» respectively are 1.6 and 1.0% of the mass of cement. With the addition of the air-bearing additive Master Air 200 in the amount of 0.08% of the cement mass, the volume of air involved is 4.4%. The introduction of an optimal number of superplasticizers when the concrete mixture mobility is 14-16 cm makes it possible to reduce W/C to 0.39 (Table 1). Table 1. Optimal composition of heavy concrete B35 with using a complex modifying additive

Material consumption for 1 m3 of concrete per kg №

Chemical additive, (%)

Chemical additive

Master Air 200, (0,08) Rheobuild 1000К, (1,6)

0,336

Master Air 200, (0,08) Glenium, (1,0)

0,336 4,20

6,75

Crash stone, fr., mm

Sand Cement*

Water

W/C

5-10

10-20

480

700

650

420

164

0,39

480

700

650

420

164

0,39

a complex modifying additive was introduced into the cement composition (20% by weight of cement).

Density of concrete mixture B35 – 2420 kg/m3; volume of air involved – 4.0-4.4 %. The mobility of concrete mixture according to cone precipitation – 14-16 cm. Under normal hardness conditions, the compression strength of 7 days is 28.5-32.0 MPa and 28 days 39.0-43.0 MPa. The effect of the complex modifying additive on the water content of the concrete mixture has also been investigated (table 2). Table 2. Effect of the complex modifying additive on the water content and density of the concrete mixture (cone draught is 14-16 cm)

Type of binder

Water absorbtion l/m

Average density, kg/m3

Concrete mixture В35 Cem I 42,5N СС

200

100

2410

MB-20

164

2420

МВ-25

170

2415

From the tab. 2 it can be seen that the introduction of 20% of the complex modifying additive reduces the water content of the concrete mixture by 18%. With the increase in the quantity of the additive up to 25% there is a decrease in the water consumption up to 15%. The reduction of the water content of the concrete mixture leads to an increase in the density by 10-15 kg/m3. 73

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Considering that the introduction of the superplasticizer «Master Rheobuid 1000 K» speeds up the beginning of the capture of the cement test and shortens the period of structuralization for further research selected the second concrete composition with the addition «Master Glenium», because the concrete formulations developed by us are intended for monolithic construction. Uniformity of strength of heavy concrete class B35 with complex modifying additive: Average strength of concrete: Standard deviation of concrete strength in batch:

Current coefficient of variation of concrete strength in batch:

The coefficient of requirement strength – Kr = 1,07 Requirement strength of concrete: The determination of uniformity in the strength of heavy concrete class B35 using a complex modifying additive shows (table 3) that the average strength of the developed concrete composition of class B35 is 40.75 MPa. The standard deviation of the concrete strength in the batch is 1.35 MPa and the current rate of variation of the concrete batch is 3.5%. The required strength of the concrete class B35 using a complex modifying additive is 37.45 MPa. X-rays of concrete without additive have shown the formation (Figure.1, 1) of two types of hydrosilicates CSH(II) and girolite. They correspond to diffraction maximas with d=0.304; 0.280; 0.182; 0.167 nm – CSH(II) and d=0.424; 0.336; 0.384; 0.285; 0.265; 0.225 nm – girolite. The formation of small quantities of gyolyte in the samples (Figures 1-2.3) is due to the high reactivity of the enrichment waste and microsilica, which is related to the presence in the last dominant quantity of amorphous highly dispersed silica.

Figure 1. X-ray of concrete on cement C I 42,5N CC without additives (1) and complex additives with superplasticizers «Master Rheobuid 1000 K» (2), «Master Glenium» (3) at the age of 28 days

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On an X-ray, complex-grade concrete, the girolite-related lines become dominant, indicating the highest concentration of girolite in it compared to other calcium hydrosilicates. With the introduction of complex additives into cement, the intensity of the lines with d = 0.336 nm characteristic of C2S3H2 increases markedly, accompanied by a decrease in the amount of Ca(OH)2. According to the X-ray analysis, the intensity of the lines 0,492 nm, characteristic of portlantide, is the least when introduced with superplasticizers «Master Rheobuid 1000 K» and «Master Glenium». Portlanded is known to bind more rapidly to silica in an active amorphous form than crystalline form. The formation of homomorphic portlanded results in faster concrete hardening with complex additives in the initial hardening period.

Summary 1. Optimum concrete composition of Class B35, kg/m3: modified binder 420; crushed stone fr. 5-10 mm – 480; crushed stone fr. 10-20 mm -700; sand-650; water-164; Master Air 200-0,336; and Master Glenium – 4.20. 2. Density of concrete mixture B35 – 2,420 kg/m3; Volume of air involved – 4.0-4.4%. The mobility of concrete mixture over cone draught – 14-16 cm. Under normal hardness conditions, the compression strength of 7 days is 28.5-32.0 MPa and 28 days 39.0-43.0 MPa. 3. The average strength of the developed Class B35 concrete composition is 40.75 MPa. The standard deviation of the concrete strength in the batch is 1.35 MPa and the current rate of variation of the concrete batch is 3.5%. The required strength of the concrete class B35 using a complex modifying additive is 37.45 MPa. 4. It has been established that the introduction of complex additives with superplasticizers «Master Rheobuid 1000 K» and «Master Glenium» reduces the number of the most metastable hydrates of portlanded.

References 1. Zhilkibaeva A.M. Technological methods of increasing activity of mineral additives // Sb. Article V of the International Scientific-Practical Conference «Modern Science and Young Scientists». -Penza: Science and Enlightenment, 2021. -S.36-38. 2. Batrakov V.G., Caprielov S.S., Ivanov F.M., Scheinfeld A.V. Assessment of the ultra-separable waste of metallurgical industries as additives in concrete // Concrete and reinforced concrete. – 1990. – 12. -S.15-17. 3. Kautt M. EVA_1: Evaluating nano-oriented competence centres. – Karlsruhe: FZKA, 2006. – 138 p. 4. Koning R. Nanostrukturing mit dem Rastertunnelmikroskop: Von der Fak. fur Maschinenbau u. Elektrotechnik der techn. Univ. Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung der Wurde eines Doktor-Ing. genehmigte Diss. – Braunschweig, 1997. – 109 p. 5. Kanda M., Suruki O.A. Onsideration of the presteaming periods in steam curing of. Concrete. 13-th Gen. Meet. Cem. Assoc. Jap. Techn. Sess. – Tokyo, 1976. – P.322. 6. Neville A.M., Brooks J. J. concrete tecnologu//Prentice Hall, 2010. -392 s. 7. Dolgopol N.N., Babayev S.T., Bashlykov N.F. etc. High-strength concrete from movable cast mixtures // Technological strength and fracture resistance of the prefabricated reinforced concrete. – M., 1988. – S.142-145. 8. Rahmanov V.A., Babayev S.T., Bashlykov N.F. -Pug.1.-C.19-38. 9. Batrakov V.G., Falikman V.R., Vinohradov Y.M. Prospects for production and use of modifiers for concrete and reinforced concrete // Concrete and reinforced concrete. -1989.– 4. – C.2-3.

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10. Lothenbach B., Matschei T., Moschner G., Glasser F. Thermodynamic modelling of the effect of temperature on the hydration and porosity of Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research, No.38(l), 2008, pp. 1-18. 11. Dolgopol N.N., Sukhanov M.A., Lorettova R.N. Betons on low-water binders: Training manual. -M.: CIMC, 1991. -81c. 12. Babaev S.T., Dikun A., Sorokin Y.V. Physical-mechanical properties of cement stone on VVVV // Building materials. -1991.-1. -C.19-21. 13. Bazhenov Y.M., Bashlykov N.F. etc. High-strength concrete on large aggregates from different rocks with the addition of a superplasticizer // Improvement of quality and efficiency of concrete and reinforced concrete constructions with chemical additives. -M.: NTO Stroy Industries. – 1981. – 235 pp. 14. Falikman V.R. Improvement of the concrete production technology using complex additives // Rheology of concrete mixtures and its technological tasks. Riga: RPI, 1989. -280 pp. 15. Batrakov V.G. Modified concrete. Theory and practice. -M.: Heat project, 1998. -768c. 16. A.S. Yestemessova, Z.N. Altayeva, B.K. Sarsenbayev, A.M. Budikova, R.O. Karayeshygv Modifying additive for based on concrete shungite processing waste // Buildintech bit 2020. innovations and technologies in construction. -IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 945, 2020 -P. 6. 17. Zhakypbekov S.K., Zhakypbekov D.S. Features of the hardness of modified concrete based on local binding substances // Technologies of concrete, M.: Composite of the 21st century, 10, 2014. – S.10-11. 18. Zhilkibaeva A.M., Estemesova A.S. Research of the process of concrete hardening and structure formation using modified binder substances // Vestnik KazGASA.-Almaty, 2020. – 4 (78). – C. 163-167.

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The Scientific Journal of the Modern Education & Research Institute, Issue 16/2021, 15.02.2021

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The Scientific Journal of the Modern Education & Research Institute, Issue 16/2020, 15.02.2021

The Scientific Journal of the Modern Education & Research Institute, Issue 16/2020, 15.02.2021