©Teaching and Learning Case Studies
Teo RH, Ho S, Kong YZ, and Fadeyi MO (2024). Construction safety: Bridging the gap in understanding through construction management learning journey Teaching and Learning Case Studies #06. ISSUU Digital Publishing
Construction safety: Bridging the gap in understanding through construction management learning journey
Rue Hong Teo, Shimin Ho, Yong Ze Kong Students, project researchers, and story writers
Moshood Olawale Fadeyi Module instructor, project designer and advisor, and story writing advisor
Engineering Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10, Dover Drive, Singapore 138682
Corresponding Email: fadeyi.moshood@singaporetech.edu.sg
PREFACE
The module that informed this paper was designed to help graduate students think effectively through problem-solving processes, leading to the development of solutions that can enhance value delivery during construction management. The name of the module is Construction Management using BIM (Building information modelling). The approach to the learning journey in this module is different from the traditional method of teaching construction management. In the traditional method, module instructors share information about subject matter concepts and issues and hope learning will occur
The traditional approach cannot be sustained and is inappropriate, especially in an artificial intelligence (AI) world. With the traditional approach, students may not see the need to be in the classroom. This is because, with advancements in digital and AI technologies, students may believe that, with the module topics provided by the instructors, they can easily access information on the subject matter as required without attending classes. Thus, there must be additional value the students have to gain in the context of the required knowledge, understanding, and skills when they attend classes that are made compulsory with mark implications.
In the module learning journey shared in this paper, the module instructor facilitated and led intellectual exchanges in the classroom with the students. Case study presentations and discussions in the classroom based on a couple of week-long assignments given by the module instructor and self-learning, hands-on 4D BIM assignment also occurred in the module learning journey. There were also thought-provoking and open-ended take-home examinations that could only be effectively answered if a student was present and mentally engaged in classroom sessions.
A case study research project was also given to students. The students were required to form a group and engage with a construction company to learn about the realities involved in ensuring safety during construction. This included safety considerations involved in the planning and
implementation of the processes leading to the construction of buildings. To enhance the students' critical and reflective thinking, abstract reasoning, logical deduction, creative imagination, problem-solving capability, and knowledge and understanding, they were required to document their case study research project findings in a non-fictional story format.
Although the students had never written a story before, they were able to write it with guidance from the module instructor and through self-learning. This paper presents a non-fictional story of a group of three students learning journey in the module, with emphasis on the section of the learning journey where they interacted with an industry professional sharing his and his company's experience. The students shared their personal experiences on the development of their consciousness for safety to facilitate accountability and responsibility in their professional activities when they start working in the construction industry.
The goal of the assignment is to enhance students’ thinking processes with the additional benefit of learning more about safety and construction management. Samples of students’ reflections on how the designed learning journey for this module has enhanced their intellectual capabilities can be found in the appendix section of this paper. These capabilities are needed for value delivery in construction management. This paper is shared publicly for public reviewers (i.e., readers) to engage in learning needed to generate knowledge and understanding relevant for the enhancement of educational and industry practices.
Keywords: Artistic research; Construction management; Construction safety; Applied learning; Storytelling
THE JOURNEY FROM YOUNG
Growing up, I never had the luxury of a conventional family life. My name is Rue Hong. I am a member of the group, and at the age of 26, I reflected on a journey filled with twists and turns, challenges, and moments of self-discovery.
Raised away from home, I found solace and love in the arms of my foster parents, who later became my godparents. They welcomed me into their home, alongside their three biological children, treating me with the same love and care as their own. Among their children, I found a brotherly bond with Ben*, who became not just a sibling but also my role model. Ben was someone I had always thought to be highly intelligent and capable even to this day. Growing up, I had always aspired to become a man like him.
However, adolescence brought its share of trials. In my secondary school years, I veered off course, falling into a rebellious phase. Joining the rowdiest sport and associating with the wrong crowd, I embraced a lifestyle of recklessness and disregard for responsibilities. I was almost never in school, and I continuously failed all my tests and examinations. My academic pursuits took a backseat, and it wasn't until the eve of my O-level exams that a conversation with my godmother sparked a change within me.
With her gentle guidance and unwavering support, I found the motivation to turn my academic performance around. Despite the odds, I dedicated myself to my studies and achieved a
commendable grade with only the short one and a half months before my O-levels. But the journey didn't end there. As I stood at the crossroads of further education, uncertainty loomed over my future.
My godfamily wished for me to enter a Junior College and advance to university. However, following my instincts and guided by my admiration for Ben's career as a Facility Manager, I enrolled in the Integrated Facility Management (IFM) course at Temasek Polytechnic. Yet, even with a chosen path, I found myself adrift, lacking clarity and purpose. It wasn't until after fulfilling my national service duties that I discovered my true calling.
Enrolling in the Sustainable Building Infrastructure (Building Services) programme at Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT), I embarked on a journey of self-discovery and growth. Through dedication and perseverance, I honed my skills and knowledge in the built environment industry. But it was during my pursuit of a Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering (Sustainable Building Technology) that I truly found my passion.
From a lost teenager to a driven professional, my journey has been one of transformation and resilience. Through the guidance of my foster parents, the support of my godmother, and the inspiration of my brother Ben, I've discovered my purpose and forged my path forward.
As I prepare to step into the next chapter of my career, I carry with me the lessons learnt and the experiences gained. With gratitude and determination, I embrace the challenges ahead, knowing that every twist and turn has led me to where I am today.
While I was determined to transition into the construction industry with a positive attitude and a sense of responsibility that I have gained, I could not shake away the thought that the safety problems which had been in the news regularly could shake my confidence. My confidence level had been the engine room for my positive attitude because I had confidence in my capability and did not feel insecure.
To prevent a dent that could occur to my confidence because I contributed to safety problems at my place of work, I believed I needed to learn about safety practices. However, I was not sure whether such training would occur during my MSc study.
THE QUIET ONE
I am also a member of the group. Growing up, I, Shimin, was always the quiet one, content to fade into the background while the cheerful and boisterous voices of my peers filled the air. Amidst the bustling energy of primary school, I stood apart with my reserved demeanour, finding solace in the shadows rather than the spotlight. I was never the talker, and often struggled with socialising with my peers. Yet, despite my inclination towards silence, my teachers were very fond of me due to my quiet disposition and perceived obedience.
Ms Heng stood out as a beacon of encouragement. Clad in her bright and vivid coloured dresses, she reflected her warm and kind-hearted nature. I’ll never forget the day she nominated me as a
prefect, a gesture that left me bewildered yet oddly emboldened. It’s funny looking back; at the time, I had no clue what a prefect even was. I was just too young to grasp the concept.
Returning home with the consent form clutched tightly in my hand, I eagerly showed it to my mother, seeking answers. "What's a prefect?" I asked, puzzled by the sudden responsibility thrust upon me. In my young mind, I couldn't fathom why I had been chosen. After all, I didn't see myself as a leader.
The following day, I handed the signed form back to Ms Heng, still uncertain about what it all meant. Sensing my hesitation, she uttered words that I still remember to this day. “I chose you as a prefect not solely for your good behaviour, but because I want you to be more confident.” Hearing her response, I was stunned; this was not the answer I was expecting. Yet, I knew deep down that she was right. Her words echoed in my mind, lighting a flicker of determination within me to defy my own insecurities and simply give it a try.
And try I did. Yet, despite my efforts, here I was again, a 16-year-old in polytechnic, confronted with the same fears of socialising. It felt like a regression, as if I had returned to square one, back to where I was nine years ago. It felt horrible, and it seemed as though all the progress I had made had been in vain.
However, amidst the despair, something stirred within me. Surprisingly, it was this setback that ignited a newfound determination. It sparked a resolve deep within me to break free from the shackles of my own insecurities, to push myself beyond my comfort zone.
So, I did. In my second year of polytechnic, I seized the opportunity to join Energy Oasis, a student club dedicated to our course, Clean Energy. It was through this opportunity that I found myself exposed to fresh experiences and forged meaningful connections with my peers. As fate would have it, by my third year, I ascended to the role of president a milestone I had never dared to envision for myself. It was a role filled with weighty responsibilities and stress, yet it also served as a platform for personal growth.
For a shy, reserved individual like me, stepping into the shoes of a leader marked a profound transformation. It signified my emergence from the confines of my shell and my earnest desire for change. This pivotal experience reshaped my perspective on life, propelling me to press onward and confront the challenges that lay ahead.
Fuelled with this newfound sense of purpose, I pursued higher education at university, studying Sustainable Infrastructure Engineering (Building Services) to further my passion for the built environment. Thereafter, I pushed myself to go beyond my limits and embarked on a journey towards a master's degree in mechanical engineering.
While I was on a journey of self-discovery and leadership development, I still doubted my confidence level in being a leader in the construction industry, which is filled with many challenges, including safety problems that had been in the news regularly in recent times. I believed I needed to learn more about how to reduce the risk of safety problems occurring.
Such knowledge and understanding would make it easier for me to be accountable and responsible when I start working in the construction industry after completing my MSc degree studies. However, it was not clear to me whether I would have such an opportunity to learn more about safety in my MSc degree programme in Mechanical Engineering.
EVOLUTION OF CURIOSITY
My name is Yong Ze and a member of the group. Since I was old enough to walk, I’ve been obsessed with tinkering with anything I could get my hands on. As a child, I would attempt to take apart any electronic device I could find to satisfy my curiosity and understand their inner mechanisms. Of course, this habit led me into a lot of trouble, with the most memorable incident happening during my primary school days.
I vividly remember the weekday it happened while my parents were at work. I was grounded from using the computer as a punishment, but as boredom gnawed at me, an idea came to mind. What if I could somehow bypass the password lock? And just like that, I got to work unscrewing the side panel, peering inside to find a secret switch or mechanism that could grant me access.
Minutes grew into hours, yet I still could not figure out a way to reset the password. Looking at the clock, I realised my parents would be home soon and hastily put the computer back together. To my horror, I realised the computer could not turn on. Panic surged through me as I fled the crime scene, but I knew there was no excuse; I had to eventually face the consequences. True enough, I received an even harsher punishment for ruining the computer.
To keep me from ruining other appliances in the house, my parents kept me busy with LEGOs, which eventually sparked my interest in buildings. After secondary school, I decided to pursue a diploma in architecture as I marvelled at the way architects could turn ordinary spaces into works of art and push against the creative limits of what was possible.
My time studying architecture at Singapore Polytechnic allowed me to rediscover the curiosity I possessed as a child and introduced me to digital design tools that helped in my learning and passion for the subject. However, I soon realised that my interest in architecture was slowly waning. While I enjoyed the creative process of designing buildings, my desire to understand the inner workings of objects could not be fulfilled.
Thankfully, the two mandatory years of national service gave me time to contemplate the path I wished to tread, and after much deliberation, I decided to bite the bullet and switch specialisation. I decided to enrol at SIT, where I took a degree in Sustainability and Engineering. Fast forward to four years later, and I’m now taking a master’s degree in mechanical engineering.
The journey to reach this point had not been easy, but my passion to understand the construction industry, along with the support of my family and friends, had constantly fuelled my desire to keep going. I had one concern that I harboured within myself, though. It was my tinkering habit. It was still a part of me, and it had served me well in learning a lot. However, my curiosity, if unguided, might result in unintended damage and consequences when working in the construction industry.
This was a concern for me because in a few months, I would be transitioning into the construction industry, where safety problems had been in the headlines in recent times. I felt I needed to learn more about safety practices to have the capability of guiding my curiosity in a safe manner before I started working in the construction industry.
A JOURNEY TOWARDS EXPLORING CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
In our journey through the challenging landscape of construction management, our paths had crossed before, during our undergraduate studies. Despite sharing the same academic environment, circumstances had never quite aligned for us to truly connect and collaborate.
It was during our exploration of the module "Construction Management using BIM" that we began to truly scrutinise construction practices in Singapore. Assigned by Prof. Moshood, the tasks set before us ignited interest in understanding the intricacies of construction management and industry practices.
As we delved deeper into the assignment, it became increasingly clear that our focus on construction management and safety practices was more than just academic curiosity it was a shared passion that brought us together. In our discussions and collaborations, a sense of camaraderie and shared purpose emerged, despite our diverse backgrounds and experiences.
Driven by our collective desire to promote safety and excellence in the construction industry, we found common ground and forged ahead together. Drawing upon our individual strengths and perspectives to navigate the complexities of construction management. We embarked on a journey to deepen our understanding and make meaningful contributions to the field of construction management.
With each discussion and challenge faced, our resolve strengthened. Together we sought to uncover the nuances of safety protocols and management strategies, eager to make meaningful contributions to the industry. Through our collective efforts, we aimed not only to expand our own skills but also to contribute to the greater body of knowledge surrounding construction management and safety practices
UNVEILING THE SILENT SENTINELS OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
In a bustling hub like Singapore, where towering skyscrapers stretched towards the heavens and construction sites buzzed with activity, a tale of discovery unfolded. The discovery of how safety considerations can impact the different construction management practices across different phases of a construction project.
Amidst the chaos of cranes and concrete, safety considerations stood as the silent sentinel, guarding the progress of construction projects with unwavering vigilance. It was a truth known to all who toiled in the industry - the success or failure of a project hinged not only on the quality of its design or the efficiency of its execution, but also on the steadfast commitment to safety.
As the construction management practices evolved over the decades, the importance of safety became abundantly clear. For without it, the carefully crafted timeline and meticulously planned milestones would crumble like sandcastles before the tide. With each passing day, the construction timeline danced to the rhythm of safety considerations.
Unnecessary delays threatened to derail progress at every turn. Whether caused by workplace accidents or injuries, these disruptions cast a shadow of uncertainty over the project, jeopardizing its timely completion. But safety was not merely a matter of avoiding accidents or injuries; it was also intricately linked to resource management.
From the dollars and cents of project budgets to the personal protective equipment (PPE) worn by workers, every resource played a crucial role in ensuring the safety and well-being of those on the front lines. Failure to allocate resources effectively meant more than just budgetary woes; it meant putting the lives of project staff at risk. It was a sobering reminder of the delicate balance between progress and protection, a balance that could tip precariously at the slightest misstep.
Budgeting in a construction project is paramount in ensuring value delivery to all stakeholders by driving the invested resources low while the yield output high. While some may see safety measures as an added expense, astute project managers recognise them as invaluable investments in risk mitigation and long- term sustainability. After all, the cost of accidents and injuries far outweighs the price of prevention.
In the pre-construction phase, safety considerations tend to take the center stage as plans are drawn, permits are obtained, and risk assessments are conducted. Anticipation of potential hazards and mitigating measures are foresighted before actual construction commences.
Once actual construction unfolds, safety considerations such as ensuring compliance with relevant regulations and standards and conducting regular inspections and trainings for workers shall be present. Finally, towards the project completion, handover procedures shall be conducted and there is a need to ensure the finished project meets the ideal quality standards and ensure the safety and security of the future occupants.
Amidst the challenges and uncertainties, there was hope, for in the diligent hands of those who understood the importance of safety, there lay the promise of success. With each precaution taken, each safety measure implemented, the path to project completion grew clearer and the obstacles became more surmountable. By discovering how safety considerations can impact the various construction management practices across the different phases of the project, we can understand the significance of having certain safety practices in place.
This intrigued us to explore the depth of the common industry safety considerations and practices. Being a group of 3 students with minimal exposure and connections to the industry experts and affiliates, we had a rough time pulling strings to set up a meeting to learn more about the industry. We eventually managed to contact Mr. Zhao Wu*, an Engineer from Douglas* Pte Ltd to bring us through his company safety practices etc. via a Zoom meeting with us.
Eager to glean insights from Zhao, we got ready our iPad for notes taking and posed the first question: "Does the work environment of construction sites vary according to the progress of the project? In other words, do different stages of the project determine the amount of hazard present on the sites?" As the question-and-answer session unfolded in the comfort of our home, each member of our team took turns expressing their thoughts on the matter.
It felt more like a group discussion where everyone’s opinions were taken into consideration. And finally, "Yes, I agree with the statement," Zhao spoke up. "Different stages of the project will indeed increase or reduce the number of safety hazards on site." Nods of agreement rippled through the room as we listened intently to his reasoning. "Consider the beginning stage of the project," he continued, "When the land is bare and there is just the site office, there are little to no safety hazards to contend with.
At most, the worst-case scenario would be tripping on uneven ground." His words resonated with us, painting a vivid picture of the tranquil calm that often characterized the early days of a construction project. "But," he added, his tone growing more sombre, "once it reaches the midpoint of the project, that's when things start to get tricky." He leaned forward, his hands gesturing animatedly as he spoke.
"With all the trades in a rush and heavy vehicles constantly coming and going, it's easy for workers to become complacent and overlook their own safety. And let's not forget about the countless scaffoldings that seem to sprout up overnight walk into one of those without paying attention, and you could find yourself in serious trouble."
His words served as a sobering reminder of the potential dangers that lurked around the construction sites. Suddenly, he straightened up his posture with a glimmer of hope in his eyes: “But, there is light at the end of the tunnel.
Once the project reaches the Temporary Occupational Permit (TOP) stage, most if not all of the work has been completed. There is very little equipment and materials left on site that could cause harm. It's a time of relief and celebration, knowing that the finish line is finally in sight."
For the workers on site, the three top contributors to accidents were as familiar as the tools they wielded: tripping over objects, injuries caused by heavy materials, and the ever-present threat of falling objects. As the sun shines down on the site, casting harsh shadows across the concrete landscape, workers hurried about their tasks, their minds focused on the job at hand. Yet in their haste, they often overlooked the hazards that lay in their path.
In the narrow confines of the work areas, trades jostled for space, their materials piled high in precarious stacks. Cement bags teetered on the edge of collapse, while loose scaffolding pipes lay scattered around.
When lunchtime comes or when the day ends, workers rush off, leaving behind a chaotic mess of debris and potential danger which is a recipe for disaster. Trips and falls became all too common at the construction sites, each one a stark reminder of the need for vigilance and proper housekeeping.
Yet it wasn't just the cluttered work areas that posed a threat. For some workers, their job scope required them to grapple with heavy materials tiles, toilet bowls, and other cumbersome objects that could easily weigh over 10kg each. When distracted or careless, accidents will be inevitable, as these heavy burdens slipped from weary hands and crashed onto unprotected limbs.
Then there are the falling objects, a constant menace that hung over the site like a dark cloud. Whether it was debris from gondola workers hacking away at the façade or unexpected protrusions from the building, the threat of falling objects was ever-present.
It was a danger that lurked in the shadows, striking with lethal precision when least expected. This is why all workers at the construction sites are provided with safety helmets and there are always safe work procedures in place to mitigate such associating risks. The installation of catch nets is often utilised to minimise the likelihood of workers getting struck by these falling objects.
Zhao reiterated that the firm took safety seriously. Over at Douglas, a dedicated safety team often patrolled the site. Daily meetings kept everyone informed of ongoing works and potential hazards, while anyone who witnessed unsafe practices was encouraged to speak up and report them.
Regular safety site walks and newsletters reinforced the importance of vigilance and compliance with safety regulations at the construction site as well. The newsletters share the history of accidents across the various sites to serve as a case study to learn from, and not a form of mockery or discouragement to the contractors.
For the next part, we asked Zhao about the significance of safety planning and whether it can be coordinated with the construction schedule to reduce the risks of accident on site. “Safety planning is a lifeline for every worker on site,” was his answer.
As he previously mentioned, different phases of the construction project introduce different types of risks at the construction sites, and “it’s during the mid to late phase that things really start to heat up. Heavy vehicles, heavy lifting we've got it all happening at once, and everyone's rushing to meet those completion deadlines." He added that “that's where our safety planning comes in.
We've got to be one step ahead, anticipating the risks and preparing for them before they become a problem." And so, the safety plans must be laid out. From the moment materials were brought onto the site to the final days of construction, every step was carefully mapped out to minimise risk and ensure the safety of every worker.
"When we bring in the materials, we make sure the safety barriers and walkways are clearly identified," Zhao explained. "We leave nothing to chance, because the safety of our team is nonnegotiable."
“When it comes to cutting corners and taking the easy way out, how do Douglas eliminate such implications?” More often than not, we find ourselves seeking the easy way out for the sake of convenience without delving into the potential implications such shortcuts can bring. Taking shortcuts is a human nature of doing things when they are tired or overwhelmed with work.
At Douglas, Zhao shared that they have a quality control/quality assurance team for every project, to look out for workers who do not comply with the proper standards. Such problem usually arises when the workers want to finish their work fast or find mixing a new batch of cement too troublesome, especially if they do not require a lot more.
Apart from the quality assurance team, there are also other pairs of watchful eyes around the sites, known as the Residential Technical Officers (RTOs). The RTO’s presence is a constant reminder of the standards to which every worker must hold. With years of experience under their belts and a deep understanding of construction codes and regulations, they are a force to be reckoned with.
As RTOs, it is their duty to ensure that every aspect of the construction process meets the highest standards of quality and any deviations from the Method of Statement will not be tolerated. Even with the quality assurance team and RTOs on duty, the supervisors on site served as the final line of defence against sloppy workmanship and shortcuts.
Often, it is the presence of the supervisors that deter the workers from infringing on these safety malpractices. If ever caught by the supervisors, the workers will have to backtrack their work progress to ensure compliance and in turn delay their own payment claims.
NAVIGATING SAFETY CHALLENGES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Touching on the topic of safety at construction sites, we asked Zhao what he actually thought about the issue of increased accidents at construction sites. “We actually stumbled upon this very thought-provoking article by The Straits Times, who revealed that there has been a significant increase in major accidents occurring in the construction industry.
We found this to be very intriguing because we had all believed that Singapore’s stringent laws and guidelines had prioritised safety above all else, but this doesn’t seem to be the case. So why do you think this is happening? What actually went wrong?”
Zhao paused for moment, scratching his head in contemplation. “Well, to be honest, there are many factors that can contribute to accidents in the construction industry, especially at a construction site. Its challenging pinpoint one exact reason for all of these accidents,” he replied. “Accidents can occur anywhere at any time, even with all the precautions in place, things do happen. It’s just the nature of the job.”
Zhao's thoughtful response gave us all pause for reflection. He was right – there's rarely a single cause for accidents in the construction industry. It's a multifaceted issue that's deeply ingrained in the nature of the job itself. "It's tough, isn't it?" Zhao continued; his brow furrowed in contemplation.
We all nodded in solemn agreement, keenly aware of the inherent dangers that come with working in construction sites. The truth is, construction sites are hazardous environments where workers are constantly exposed to many risks from slight risks such as heat stroke and fatigue to more
serious ones like falling from heights, being struck by objects, getting caught between machinery, and even death.
“And it’s not just the immediate dangers,” Zhao added, his expression sombre. “Long hours on the job can take a toll on workers’ health in the long run, especially the construction industry where the physical demands of the job are very high.”
Zhao went on to explain the various health issues that construction workers often face – from ergonomic problems like hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) from the long usage of power tools and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) from lifting heavy objects, to auditory issues caused by constant exposure to loud noises.
“With all these issues, do you think MOM’s right in saying that the reason for an increase of accidents in construction sites are due to the lack of enforcement on smaller construction projects?” we asked. Zhao leaned back in his chair, considering the question. “Yeah, I can see where they’re coming from,” he admitted.
“I mean, there are so many construction projects going on all over Singapore, it’s impossible for MOM (Ministry of Manpower) to keep an eye on all of them. I believe MOM has many other things of higher concern than to constantly send inspectors out every single day around Singapore to check on all these smaller construction sites.”
He continued, highlighting the issue of the multitude of construction projects around Singapore. “The thing is, it’s a constant cycle,” Zhao remarked. “With Singapore industrialising and the economy booming, new buildings are constantly being constructed. And with each new project, construction firms are always competing to get the most profitable contracts.
With new buildings being constructed, businesses are thriving, and the demands for new projects are made again. I mean it’s a business after all, who doesn’t want to earn big money?” Zhao laughed in response.
“Construction firms are constantly vying for multiple projects to maximise profits. But this means the workers and engineers like us are often pushed to meet tight deadlines,” he explained. “And sometimes, that pressure leads us to take shortcuts.” Zhao sighed, his expression sombre. “Of course, we know it’s not ideal to cut corners. I mean regulations are there for a reason. But in this face-paced industry, where time is money, we often feel compelled to prioritize speed over safety. It’s a risky trade-off.”
Nodding in understanding, we empathized with Zhao’s perspective. “We can imagine how stressful it must be,” we agreed. “It seems like construction companies are constantly under pressure to take on new projects, and the burden falls heavily on the workers. I guess that’s the bad part about it.”
In fact, what Zhao shared about the competition for more profitable projects is very true. While embarking on our journey to understand construction management, we sought out information about the construction industry in Singapore.
Zhao remarked about the constant rise in demand for construction projects in Singapore. Hence, the pressure on construction companies to secure lucrative projects is indeed palpable, and it’s concerning to see how this demand can potentially impact the well-being of workers.
Moving on, we pressed Zhao further on how his company, Douglas, addresses these safety concerns and how safety considerations impact various phases of the construction process and management. Zhao shared insights from his experience: "In any phase of a construction project, safety takes precedence for everyone on the site. However, prioritizing safety comes with its own set of challenges. Increased safety measures necessitate more checks and inspections, which inevitably prolong the time required to complete tasks."
He elaborated, "When a task is deemed unsafe, the team engages in extensive discussions to assess potential risks and determine how they may impact worker safety. By identifying these risks, the safety team can propose safer methods for executing the task. While these safety protocols are crucial, they also contribute to project delays. In the event of an accident, not only does work grind to a halt, but the overall construction process is further extended, impacting deadlines and project timelines."
We continued asking Zhao, eager to explore potential improvements in current safety conditions at construction sites. “In addition to existing safety protocols and discussions within the team, what do you think are some additional measures that could enhance the current safety conditions of construction sites?” we inquired.
Zhao considered the question thoughtfully before responding, “I believe there's room for more emphasis on the dangers of unsafe tasks. This could involve conducting briefings for workers who are handling equipment or engaging in physical work on tasks deemed unsafe." He continued, outlining his vision for bolstering safety measures.
“To address this, I think hiring more safety officers could help ensure that sites remain a safe environment for all workers," Zhao suggested. "Furthermore, I believe everyone on-site should take on more responsibility for maintaining proper housekeeping, particularly in their respective work areas. Ensuring the overall safety of the site is everyone's responsibility."
We absolutely agree with what Zhao had shared. The overall safety on a construction site cannot be the sole responsibility of the site manager or site supervisors but rather it is the responsibility of each and every single person to conduct work safely and efficiently. For instance, the managers and supervisors have to establish and enforce safety policies and procedures, ensure that all workers are properly trained and aware of safety protocols, and provide adequate resources for safety training and equipment.
However, the responsibility doesn't end there. Every individual on the construction site must actively participate in maintaining a safe working environment. This includes following safety guidelines, using personal protective equipment (PPE) correctly, reporting hazards or unsafe conditions, and proactively addressing any safety concerns they encounter.
Moreover, fostering a culture of safety where everyone feels empowered to speak up and prioritize safety is essential. Encouraging open communication and collaboration among team members can help identify potential risks and prevent accidents before they occur. Ultimately, by collectively embracing their role in promoting safety, construction workers can contribute to creating a safer and more efficient work environment for all.
TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Unlike the past, construction management in current times cannot do without technology. Technology has provided us with great aid and ease of carrying out project planning and design, increase efficiency of tasks, ease in communicating and collaborating between stakeholders and project members, quality control, safety monitoring, and project handover and documentation. However, has construction management truly benefited from technology? We asked Zhao for answers.
“With the advancement of technology, do you think that this has helped the process of construction management?” Zhao replied, “Yes, I believe that technology has greatly improved and impacted us. From what I have seen, I feel that technology has the potential to benefit construction projects.”
Zhao continues, “However, this is what I have observed from others, in Douglas, scheduling software is still being adapted into the construction projects as it is quite costly to implement. But it is more troublesome, as we have to manually update even for the smallest amount of works, making it more time consuming that it should be.”
His response caught us off guard, we had always believed that technology held the key to solving all our problems, including those in the construction industry. It was a stark reminder that while technology has the potential to revolutionize construction management, its implementation is not without challenges.
The notion that scheduling software, despite its benefits, is still not widely adopted due to cost and operational issues was surprising. It made us realise that the adoption of technology in construction management is not as straightforward as we had assumed.
As we delved deeper into the topic, we realized that the effectiveness of technology in construction management depends not only on its capabilities but also on factors such as cost, ease of use, and integration with existing processes. While technology offers great promise in enhancing project planning, communication, quality control, and safety monitoring, its full potential can only be realized if these challenges are addressed.
Despite the hurdles, Zhao's optimism about the potential benefits of technology in construction management was encouraging. He shares, “Although it might require more effort to update the scheduling in the software, in an almost perfect scenario, these tools would definitely increase the productivity and overall efficiency of project management. There would be a clear guide on the steps needed to be taken.”
He proceeds to give several examples of how it can help pre-construction planning. “For instance, there are many steps such as defining the project plan and scope, budget, timeline, activities, resources required, operation and maintenance, and manpower required. And with construction projects, there is just a lot to account for.
So having a tool that would be able to collate all these information efficiently makes it easier for anyone to refer to. The usage of planning technologies can also aid us in identifying potential conflicts or issues early in the planning phase, allowing us to quickly resolve such issues. quickly”
To add on to what Zhao has shared, planning technologies aid project managers in effectively monitoring the team’s progress and assigning tasks to individuals based on their capabilities. They also facilitate communication between managers, workers, and stakeholders to manage project progress.
Moreover, technology has significantly contributed to the project handover phase by providing real-time updates on task progress and recording its completion status. This enables more effective monitoring of project milestones during the handover stage. Furthermore, technology can generate reports and documentations of completed activities, testing records, and lists of defects and outstanding issues that need to be addressed.
Similar to the pre-construction stage, technology facilitates in effective communication with clients by providing visibility into project progress and timelines, fostering trust between the client and contractors in meeting expectations.
As we sought Zhao’s insights on useful scheduling software, we wanted to hear what he feels are some scheduling software that has been particularly useful. Zhao pondered for a moment before answering, “I think features such as showing ongoing works and real-time updates through reminders on the latest site progress and developments have been very beneficial and useful.”
We are reminded once again of how technology has become an indispensable tool throughout the entire construction project lifecycle. From the initial stages of project planning and design to the final handover phase, technology has revolutionised how construction projects are managed and executed.
It enables efficient communication and collaboration among project stakeholders, enhances project planning and scheduling, facilitates real-time monitoring of progress, and ensures effective quality control and safety management. As construction management continues to evolve, technology will undoubtedly play an increasingly vital role in driving productivity, efficiency, and success across the entire construction project spectrum.
SAFETY CULTURE IN VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION PHASES
We moved on to question more about Zhao’s personal experience with reducing risk during the 4 construction phases of conceptualisation, planning, construction and lastly occupancy. He revealed to us that during the conceptualisation and planning phase, their primary roles were to identify the
services needed to deliver value to their clients and the routing strategies involved after identifying the services. For example, the client wanted an industrial building to be built.
Their role would be to source out and hire subcontractors, then manage when and where each subcontractor would come in to work on their specific jobs. To oversee them, they are regularly monitored based on their progress done, as well as their progress reports.
However, Zhao also highlighted that they often take a backseat for safety during the first two stages as their attentions are usually directed towards outlining the project scope and logistics. “We don’t have usually have much time to think about these things as these are not the most tedious parts of our scope.” He chuckled, “but we make sure to follow the standard procedures and if anything comes up, our engineers will bring the issue up immediately.”
However, everything changes once we get into the construction phase. Zhao explained that once the construction works start, safety procedures kick into high gear. He joked that once a project enters the construction phase, he gets headaches all the time from trying to manage new safety procedures. Yet, he understands that purpose of these safety measures and reiterated what could go wrong if they are not followed properly.
“We hear many stories of accidents occurring all the time; news travels fast since Singapore is such a small country.” he sighed. He gave us examples of some of the safety procedures practiced by the company, which included safety officers who patrol the site during work hours and survey the work site for anyone not following safety protocols.
Beside surveillance, they are also in charge of enforcing safety protocols, including the consistent use of personal protective equipment (PPE), conducting regular safety briefings, and ensuring compliance with emergency response procedures. He added that the safety officers also regularly conduct comprehensive safety workshops tailored to the specific hazards present on site to any new personnel on site, ensuring they are informed of the safety standards on site.
“We make sure to recognise valiant efforts in stopping unsafe work they encounter, especially for the workers on ground.” he said. He then went on to explain the company’s safety culture, which is to empower all employees to halt unsafe work as by doing so, everyone can proactively mitigate the risks before anything major happens. This will also foster a sense of ownership and accountability amongst the workforces.
Another method mentioned by Zhao to reduce risks during the construction phase was to have Residential Technical Officers (RTOs) come to the site for checks. These Officers assume a pivotal role in ensuring the construction works comply with the approved drawings, construction methods and industry standards.
Zhao said: “All of them are proficient in their respective fields of Structural, architectural or M&E (Mechanical and Engineering), by having them to check the construction works regularly, we can be at ease from knowing that they will identify and address any deviations promptly. “Lastly for the occupancy phase, they conduct exhaustive safety inspections to certify that all areas are safe for habitation before tenants start moving in.
Moreover, they proactively engage regulatory authorities, inviting them to inspect the buildings and provide independent verification of safety compliance. This collaborative approach not only ensures regulatory adherence but also instils confidence in future occupants regarding the safety and integrity of the structures they inhabit
WILLINGNESS TO ADAPT
After the explanation given to us by Zhao, we began to wonder how safety measures would evolve as the company undertook more projects. Therefore, we decided to pose the question: “Have you noticed any changes to these practices mentioned above after every project? If so, what are they? If not, why are they unchanged?”
Zhao replied, telling us that changes to the standard safety practices mentioned earlier are typically minimal after each project. “Usually, these standards are sufficient in preventing workplace accidents, so we typically won’t need to change anything.” He added. However, occasional adjustments are made in response to unavoidable mistakes during project execution, such as rushed work or lack of attentiveness.
In such cases, additional checks are assigned to the Resident Technical Officers to reinforce their check lists and scrutinize the common mistakes that have happened before. Overall, while the core safety measures remain unchanged due to their proven efficacy, Zhao emphasised that it is important to remain vigilant and adaptable, ready to refine practices as needed to uphold the highest standards of safety excellence.
We noticed that our interview time was running short, so we quickly squeezed in a last question of “Has there been a time where a client’s request would increase the chance of a problem? If so, how did you deal with it? How do you handle unforeseen problems during a project? (bad weather, financial instability etc).
After listening to the question, Zhao furrowed his eyebrows. “It is not uncommon for the client and contractor to have conflicting visions for a project. After all, sometimes the product they are looking for can prove to be impractical to build on site, or if they want something to be built in an extremely short timeframe.” When faced with such challenges, Zhao’s approach is rooted in proactive communication and strategic problem-solving.
When he notices potential conflicts in the client’s project vision based on his judgment and experience, he first tries to fully understand the implications and potential consequences of proceeding according to the client’s wishes. This involves thorough analysis and consideration of the feasibility of the proposed approach, taking into account factors such as site conditions, logistical constraints, and project timelines.
Subsequently, he prioritizes open dialogue with subcontractors, recognizing their expertise and insights as valuable resources in finding viable solutions. By engaging them early in the process and discussing the possibility of alternative approaches, he aims to ensure that they are adequately prepared to adapt to any necessary changes should they arise.
Simultaneously, he conducts a comprehensive evaluation of the client's request, weighing the potential benefits against the associated risks and challenges. This entails a detailed examination of the pros and cons, including considerations such as project budget, timeline implications, and overall project objectives.
In instances where proceeding with the client's request may pose significant challenges or exacerbate existing issues, Zhao does his best to be transparent in communicating these complexities. “I try to provide the client with a clear understanding of the potential complications and costs involved, instead of forcing them to go with our suggestions, it is better to enable them to make informed decisions that align with their broader project goals. After all, these are people who provided us our rice bowl, it is not wise to upset them.” he laughed.
He proceeded to mention some examples of unforeseen problems during a project, namely the Covid 19 pandemic. He lamented on how the safety distancing controls made it extremely difficult to keep up with construction work timeline, and how the entire industry took a hit. He continued about the additional problems for material shipment delays, as the materials could not reach the site on time due to port lockdowns.
Zhao pointed out that “In cases like these, there is no time to sulk, the only thing to do is to make sure we have a swift response to the situation.” He explained the next step of his response was the find alternative suppliers while temporarily suspending the original orders, ensuring they could move forward with their construction plans as soon as possible. This proactive approach not only helped mitigate the impact of the delay but also bolstered the confidence of his clients in the company’s ability to navigate unforeseen challenges effectively.
After hearing his response, we were impressed with his quick decision-making ability and professionalism in prioritising the project construction. After working for a year through the Integrated Work Study Program (IWSP), we could confidently say it is not easy to work under immense pressure such as the example given by Zhao.
MANIFESTATIONS AND LEARNINGS – TRANSFORMATIVE REFLECTIONS
At this point in time, we felt a sense of gratitude for his many insights. Zhao spoke of the importance of safety and how it impacted the different phases of the construction project. The effective allocation of PPE, safety barriers, and signages help to maintain a safe work environment and protect the workers. But ensuring safety wasn't without its challenges. Regular inspections and training sessions often diverted manpower from primary tasks, impacting project timelines and resource allocation.
Delays were inevitable, pushing back completion dates and testing the patience of everyone involved. Yet, it was a sacrifice they were willing to make, knowing that the benefits far outweighed the drawbacks. If safety issues and concerns are effectively addressed through the inplace safety measures, the delays initially incurred will become so negligible.
Investing in safer machinery may incur higher initial costs, but it's a cost worth bearing. It mitigates the risks of accidents and injuries, ultimately saving us time and money in the long run. And it wasn't just about the machinery procurement decisions were also influenced by safety considerations.
Contractors and subcontractors opted for higher quality materials, despite the higher upfront costs, knowing that they would yield cost savings in the long term. It was a proactive approach to safety, one that prioritized the well-being of the workers and the success of the project above all else.
We also learned that safety in Douglas is a constantly evolving process. While the core safety measures remain constant, adjustments are always made in response to mistakes or unforeseen challenges in order to maintain the high standards of safety held by the company.
In our opinion, the method of following a standard set of safety measures can be useful as it allows for a consistent framework to be used in a variety of projects without the need to spend time formulating custom safety measures for every project. However, we should be aware of the culture that it brings to the company.
Workers may start to be accustomed to the established standards and perceive new changes to it as unnecessary or burdensome. A possible method to circumvent this issue is to spread awareness amongst the workforce about the purpose of these safety measures so that these safety measures are not thought of as strict rules to be followed, but as a means to prevent accidents from occurring.
Communication is also highlighted by Zhao as an important part of the construction process. According to him, big mistakes should be immediately brought up to the management level and not swept under the rug as this will allow everyone to be on board with solving the problem rather than shifting the blame to someone once it is found out. But we found out that while communication with clients was proactive, communication on the sub-contractor level was still lacking.
The method of exchanging data with sub-contractors is via progress monitoring, where supervisors manually check and evaluate the progress of the project and updates the main contractors with a progress report. This process is prone to time delays as the collection of data is time intensive.
Additionally, human error in manual entry can increase the risk of mistakes occurring. It is evident that this method of data exchange is outdated and is a hazard towards a successful project. Therefore, some suggestions that may eliminate this hazard is the use of IoT sensors embedded with construction equipment to from insight into the performance of both human and machine resources, or drones and aerial imaging to survey large sites, assess topography or even identify potential safety hazards
Throughout our interview with Zhao, we experienced several enlightening moments that profoundly impacted our perspectives. As students with limited experience in the construction industry, Zhao's insights provided us with invaluable knowledge and a fresh outlook on the complexities of construction management.
One key realisation was the inevitability of accidents on construction sites, despite the presence of regulations and safety measures. This led us to understand that while regulations are essential, they have limitations, and it's crucial for everyone to diligently fulfil their roles in ensuring workplace safety.
Another significant "aha" moment occurred when we grasped the stark reality of the industry's priorities. It became evident that many companies prioritise profit over the well-being and safety of their workers. This realisation was sobering, as it underscored the urgent need for a shift in priorities to prioritise human life over financial gain. However, we also acknowledged the challenges inherent in effecting this change.
Despite our idealism, we recognised the complexities involved in reshaping industry practices. Additionally, we confronted our preconceived notions about the role of technology in addressing safety issues. While we had believed that technology could enhance the effectiveness in problem solving, Zhao's insights highlighted the limitations and challenges associated with its implementation in the construction industry.
In essence, our conversation with Zhao provided us with a deeper understanding of the intricacies of construction management and the importance of prioritising safety above all else. It served as a catalyst for reflection on our own roles and responsibilities in advocating for safer working environments in the construction industry.
DREAMS AND ASPIRATIONS - BRIDGING THEORY AND PRACTICE
The knowledge and insights gained throughout in the construction management learning journey significantly shaped our understanding of the field and will undoubtedly influence our future roles in the industry. By integrating the theoretical knowledge that we have attained from school in addition with the practical insights attained from our interview with Zhao, we gained a deeper understanding and appreciation of the multifaceted complexities involved in effectively managing construction projects.
One of the pivotal lessons we learnt revolves around the paramount importance of prioritising safety. Through our exploration of safety protocols and the examination of technological innovations in safety monitoring, we recognised safety as a cornerstone of project success.
Our understanding of safety extends beyond mere compliance with regulations; rather, it encompasses a proactive approach to mitigating risks and fostering a culture of safety on construction sites. Moving forward, we believe that the knowledge acquired will be applied to prioritise safety in our future roles, advocating for the implementation of effective safety measures and protocols.
From Mr Zhao’s sharing, we have also learnt the critical role of safety considerations in construction management practices across different phases of a construction project. He emphasised how safety stands as a silent sentinel amidst the bustling activity of construction sites, guarding the progress of projects with unwavering vigilance.
The insights we acquired underscores the importance of integrating safety measures into all aspects of project planning and execution, as failure to do so can lead to delays, accidents, and budgetary woes.
Moving forward, we truly believe that the insights gathered can shape our future roles in construction management in terms of prioritising safety, integrating safety planning into project schedule, risk management skills, leadership and communication, and ethical decision making.
The main lesson we took away from Zhao is the significance of safety in the construction industry, where there is a need to prioritise and practice safety while making ethical decisions. The aim is to achieve the project objectives while upholding the highest standards of safety, integrity, and professionalism.
Likewise, this relates to the adherence of regulatory compliances which all professionals shall stick to. We learnt that incorporating safety planning into the project planning process is highly beneficial and can help to mitigate risks and enhance the project outcome and improve the stakeholder’s satisfaction.
Importantly, through the sharing, we gained awareness about the potential hazards and challenges we could face on a construction site, which can eventually aid us in developing strong risk management skills
This is easily a transferable skill which can help us in our own future endeavours. Additionally, we understood that the ability to lead and communicate the safety plans and practices to the contractors and other stakeholders is crucial. We aim to foster a culture of safety and collaboration within our future project teams, be it in the construction industry or not.
For some of us, taking the master’s degree in mechanical engineering is simply a prerequisite into obtaining a professional engineer certificate. In Singapore, the role of a professional engineer plays a big part in ensuring the safety and reliability of engineering projects across the various disciplines. This interview session has given us more insight into the inner workings of the construction industry and their practices, giving us an opportunity to learn about the mindset and mannerism of an experienced engineer.
Even after 4 years of studying as an undergraduate, we realised that much of the knowledge gathered was purely technical and as a result, we often found it difficult to apply this knowledge as we were unaware of how things were done in the industry. This knowledge can be useful even for people who are not planning to work in a construction firm but are still in the built environment industry as it gives them greater insight into their roles and responsibilities.
Overall, the interview with Mr Zhao Wu has shed some light on the complexity of working in construction management. From the meticulous planning during the pre-construction phase to the complex management of personnel during the construction phase, we have witnessed creativity and decisiveness from Mr Zhao Wu to navigate uncertainties during a project and find innovative solutions to ensure any projects that they undertake are not compromised.
As we prepare to step into the professional realm, we do so with a reinforced confidence, knowing that we are well-prepared to uphold and advocate for the highest safety standards. The journey has been transformative, turning a potential area of insecurity into a cornerstone of our professional identity. We are now ready to contribute positively and responsibly to the construction industry, with safety consciousness as a guiding principle in all my endeavours.
*Not the real name
-The End-
COMMENTS FROM THE MODULE INSTRUCTOR
Students in the MSc Mechanical Engineering (Sustainable Building Technology) Programme embarked on a module titled Construction Management using BIM. This paper presents an example of stories written by a group of students within this module.
The students applied the knowledge, understanding, and skills gained from classroom training on construction management, supplemented with digital solutions, and a self-learning 4D BIM (not included in this paper) individual assignment, to inform the story writing development.
The written story illustrates the importance of giving highest level of priority to safety in construction management practices to enhance the chances of maximising productivity and value delivery. The story written was also designed to enhance students critical and reflective thinking, abstract reasoning, and logical deduction.
The students benefited from the self-learning 4D assignment. They learnt how to learn new software on their own. A skill highly essential in a fast-pace digital world. Many, including the student authors of this paper, had not used the BIM software (Navisworks Manage) before taking the module. The learning materials provided by the module instructor set their self-learning journey in motion, leading to their proficiency with the software.
All the students in the module successfully completed and demonstrated the following learning outcomes. The self-reflections of the student authors in the appendix of this paper highlight how the module's learning journey positively impacted their professional capabilities and readiness
• Interpret the role of integrated digital delivery (IDD) as a construction process management strategy for improving productivity in construction.
• Generate 4D BIM construction planning schedule.
• Appreciate technical and leadership skills needed to enhance productivity in the construction industry.
• Work effectively in teams by demonstrating an awareness of the varying roles within a group and the ability to choose the most appropriate role.
• Reflect upon the work of others, past and present, and relate their ideas to planning, coordination, and control of the construction process to form considered judgments about sustainable construction.
• Appreciate problem-solving skills.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The support of the interviewee and his construction company in conducting the case study research is gratefully appreciated. The support of the Singapore Institute of Technology in providing a conducive environment for applied learning which motivated this research, is gratefully acknowledged.