Desiging with transparency

DESIGNING WITH T R A N S PA R E N C Y C A S E S T U D I E S F O R A LT E R N AT I V E S TO G L A Z I N G

This designer manual is part of the Innovation and Sustainability course from Delft University of Technology

Faculty: Masters: Course: Instructor: Students:

Architecture Building Technology AR0533 Innovation and Sustainability Designer’s Manual 2014 Eric van den Ham Katerina Antoniadi (4310586) Melissa Krisanti Tanuharja (4326989)

A LT E R N AT I V E S TO G L A Z I N G

Transparency is an important parameter for many architectural buildings. The need for a total or a large percentage of a transparent envelope often contradicts with other conditions that the building needs to fulfill. Those can be a demand for high thermal insulation or sound insulation, UV protection, uniform light distribution or less light transmission. Nowadays new materials are being used and studied, which give a great variety and offer new possibilities to the architect or the designer who wants to achieve transparency in his building.

Transparent polymers is a strong candidate that has the possibilites to change glass as the only transparent material for curtain walls. For years, glass has satisfy designer’s demands to have transparent facade with low U-value, long life span and non flammable material. However, designers start to improve polymers properties that threatened the position of glass. The main advantages of using polymers instead of glass are that they are less brittle than glass , less weight than glass, and the ultimate strength of polymers can be higher than glass.

There will be four materials that will be discussed in this manual, which are ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene), PC (polycarbonate), PET (polyesters), PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) or also known as acrylic. These four materials give alternatives to glass facade in terms of aesthetic point of view and its properties.

The aim of this manual is to give designing directions for alternatives to glazing. The case studies that were chosen have a characteristic performance in one or more categories and therefore are interesting and are being analysed. Glazing systems were not being included in this manual, due to the fact that they are already quite known between architects and designers and they do not perform any variations in the installation methods and procedures.

GET TING STARTED!

W H AT I S YO U R QUESTION?

TURN T H E PAG E !

CHOOSE THE ICON

LOW

MEDIUM

HIGH

I C O N S E X P L A N AT I O N

kg

MAINTENANCE

SUSTAINABILIT Y

costs and hours that need to spend for the maintenance.

the material can be recycle and consume less energy

S O U N D I N S U L AT I O N

COST

how well the material can reduce the sound pressure.

the cost of the material and its production.

WEIGHT

A S S E M B LY E A S I N E S S

the amount of the heaviness or mass of the material.

the easiness of how the materials are assembled on site.

T H E R M A L I N S U L AT I O N

FIRE RESISTANCE

how well the material can insulate the building thermally in any season.

how well the material can withstand a standard fire resistance test.

MA N U FAC T U R E I N C U R V E S

STRENGTH

the ability to pruduce the material in curve forms.

the ability of the material to withstand an applied load without failure.

M A N U FAC T U R E I N F L AT S

UV RESISTANCE

the ability to pruduce the material in flat forms.

LIGHT TR ANSMIT TANCE the amount of light that can be transmitted through the building.

UV

the ability of a material to resist ultra violet light.

ETFE ETHYLENE TETRA F LU O R O E T H Y L E N E

l ow f l a m e re s i s t a nt

PC

brittle

UV l ow f l a m e re s i s t a nt

l ow U V re s i s t a nt

l ow f l a m e re s i s t a nt

brittle

P O LY E S T E R

l ow f l a m e re s i s t a nt

n o t e a s y to m a n u f a c t u re d c u r ve fo r m s

GLASS

kg

GLASS

h e av y we i g ht

P O LYC A R B O N AT E

ex p e n s i ve

ex p e n s i ve

PMMA P O LYM E T H Y L M E T H AC RY L AT E

PET

n o t e a s y to m a n u f a c t u re d c u r ve fo r m s

brittle

CHARACTERISTIC kg l i g ht we i g ht

e a s y to m a n u f a c t u re d c u r ve fo r m s

easy m a i nte n a n ce

sustainability

e a s y to m a n u f a c t u re d c u r ve fo r m s

e a s y to assembly

sustainability

kg l i g ht we i g ht

kg l i g ht we i g ht

UV e a s y to m a n u f a c t u re d c u r ve fo r m s

e a s y to assembly

to u g h a n d rigid

re c yc l a b l e

kg l i g ht we i g ht

UV h i g h h e at re s i s t a nt

high UV re s i s t a nt

re c yc l a b l e

high UV re s i s t a nt

01.

L A BA N CE N T E R

PET PC

02.

03.

04.

UV

UV

MEMEE X PE R I M E N TA L HOUS E

PET PET

kg

PET ETFE

kg

ALLIANZ ARENA

T H E N E L S O N -AT KIN S M U S E UM O F A RT

PET PMMA

OVERVIEW 05.

UNILEVER H E A D Q UA RT E R S

PET ETFE

06.

07.

08.

A RT C E N T E R FO R CO L L E GE O F D E S I GN

PET ETFE

kg

PET PC

kg

PR OTO S H O P L AM BO R GH I N I

WAT E R CU BE

PET ETFE

UV

PC

UV

Im age S ou rce : [1]

P O LY C A R B O N AT E S H E E T

01. A

L A BA N CE N T E R HERZOG AND DE MEURON, LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM, 2003

PC

Th e La b a n Ce nte r fo r M ove m e nt a n d D a n ce a s t h e l a rg e s t i n s t i t u t i o n s fo r m o d e r n d a n ce i n Eu ro p e, wa s n a m e d a f te r H u n g a r i a n a r t i s t R u d o l f La b a n , a f a m o u s c h o re o g ra p h e r. Th e b u i l d i n g i s s i t u ate d i n t h e t r i b u t a r y o f t h e Th a m e s i n D e p t fo rd, S o u t h Ea s t Lo n d o n w h i c h i s s u r ro u n d e d by wa re h o u s e s a n d wo r k s h o p s. Th e s ki n o f t h e b u i l d i n g a n d t h e u s e o f d i f fe re nt co l o u r s a re t h e m a i n co n ce p t o f La b a n Ce nte r. Th e b u i l d i n g s ki n f a c a d e a re co m p o s e d o u t o f p o l yc a r b o n ate s h e e t s w i t h co l o u re d co at i n g s i n ce co l o u r i s f u n d a m e nt a l p a r t o f t h e d e s i g n .

S ou rce: [ 2]

O U T E R AT S M O S P H E R E

01. B

A close look on the outer skin of th e f ac ade w h e re th e tran s pare nt or col ou re d pol yc arbon ate sheeting a re applied and incorporate d w i th f l u s h w i n dow an d c re ate s a ‘re f l e c ti n g pool s o f water on a coloured fabric ’ a pp e aran ce. Non -vi s i bl e j oi nts or f i xi n gs l e ad to ve r y c l e ar l o o k f ac ade.

S ource: [ 3 ] Image S ource: [ 4 ]

PC

2 STORIES 8.200 m2

UV coating triple layers transparent polycarbonate hollow cellular slab coloured coating steel cable (d = 6 mm) 40 mm galvanized steel SHS 10 mm toughened glass 16 mm air cavity laminated safety glass (2x6 mm) with matt film

OUTSIDE

INSIDE

S ou rce : ow n di agram

01. C

Th e s ki n o f t h e b u i l d i n g co n s i s t s o f t wo l aye r s o f s ki n , t h e o u te r s ki n w h i c h a c t s a s a v i s u a l s c re e n i s co m p o s e d o u t o f p o l yc a r b o n ate s h e e t s w i t h co lo u re d co at i n g. Th e i n n e r s ki n co n s i s t s o f t ra n s l u ce nt d o u b l e g l a z i n g. Co mb i n at i o n o f t ra n s p a re nt o n t h e o u te r s ki n a n d t ra n s l u ce nt o n t h e i n n e r s ki n g i ve m o re a r t i c u l at i o n t h a n o n l y s e p a rat i n g t h e i nte r i o r a n d t h e ex te r i o r.

S ou rce: [ 2]

PC

Th e o u te r s ki n a l re d y i n co r p o rate d w i t h t h e r m a l i n s u l at i o n a s we l l a s U V co at i n g o n t h e o u te r s h e e t w h i c h i s a b l e to re d u ce u p to 6 0 % o f t h e i n f ra re d ray s a n d co l o u re d co at i n g i n t h e i n n e r s h e e t w h i c h g i ve s t h re e d i m e n s i o n a l e f fe c t. Ste e l s t ru c t u re i s p l a ce d i n b e t we e n t h e o u te r s ki n a n d i n n e r s ki n w i t h 6 0 0 m m c av i t y. Th i s g a p b e t we e n t h e o u te r a n d i n n e r s ki n , w i l l h e l p co o l t h e b u i l d i n g i n s u m m e r, a n d i n s u l ate t h e b u i l d i n g i n w i nte r S ource: [ 5 ]

PHOTOS OF DETAIL A

PHOTOS OF DETAIL B

01. D PHOTOS OF DETAIL C

Im age S ou rce : [ 2 ]

1

PC

3 5

13

6

2

4

14 11

8 16

9 10

9 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

13

11

4

DETAIL A plastic roof sealing layer 50 mm polyurethane insulation anodized-aluminium ventilation louvers 2 mm anodized-aluminium sheeting triple-layer transparent polycarbonate hollow cellular slabs (40/500 mm) with coextruded coloured rear face 55/80 mm anodized aluminium fram for 4 50/50/4 mm aluminium SHS suction anchor 60/60/4 mm steel angle 100 mm rock-wool thermal insulation, grey coated 80/80/4 mm galvanized steel SHS rail 80/80/4 mm galvanized steel SHS post 50/120 mm aluminium RHS post 60/60 mm aluminium SHS double glazing : 10 mm toughened glass + 16 mm cavity + laminated safety glass (2x6 mm) with matt film aluminium clamping plate (d = 60 mm) 40 mm galvanized steel grating 100 mm insulated aluminium panel 2 mm perforated aluminium sheeting fabric wall lining 20 mm plywood 50 mm sound insulation

13

10 7 15 5 16

4

13

01. E Im ag e S o urce : [ 2 ]

12 14

4 4

20 18

17

18 19

Fo u r l aye r s o f p o l yc a r b o n ate s h e e t s h a s a n i m p re s s i ve U - va l u e o f 1 . 4 5 W / m 2 o C a n d a b l e to d i f f u s e l i g ht. Po l yc a r b o n ate h a s s i m i l a r l i g ht t ra n s m i t t a n ce p ro p e r t i e s a s g l a s s, h e n ce i t a l s o u n b re a k a b l e a n d n o n - f l a m m a b l e.

Th e p o l yc a r b o n ate p a n e l i s i n co r p o rate d w i t h t h e wate r p ro o f to u n g e a n d g ro ove j o i nt s o i t i s e a s y to b e co n n e c te d ve r t i c a l l y o n s i te. Th e l i fe s p a n o f t h e p a n e l i t s e l f c a n b e l a s t to 3 0 - 4 0 ye a r s.

S ource: [ 6 ]

PC

1 2 4

3 1

2

3

1 2

01. F

3 4 5

DETAIL B plastic roof sealing layer 50 mm polyurethane insulation double glazing : 10 mm toughened glass + 16 mm cavity + laminated safety glass (2x6 mm) with matt film aluminium clamping plate (d = 60 mm) 50/165 mm aluminium RHS post rainwater channel

4 5

Im age S ou rce : [ 2 ]

PC

2

1 3 4 6

10

9

8 7

5

11

DETAIL C 1 double glazing : 10 mm toughened glass + 16 cavity + laminated safety glass (2x6 mm) with matt film 2 aluminium clamping plate (d = 60 mm) 3 50/120 mm aluminium RHS post 4 80/80/5 mm galvanized steel SHS 5 40 mm galvanized steel grating 6 steel cable (d = 6 mm) 7 50/50/4 mm aluminium SHS suction anchor 8 80/80/5 mm galvanized steel SHS post 9 5 mm transparent perspex sheet. bent to shape and adhesive fix to 10

10 3 mm transparent perpex sheet, bent to shape 11 triple-layer transparent polycarbonate hollow cellular slabs (40/500 mm) with coextruded coloured rear face 12 80/40/7 mm steel T-section 13 5 mm sheet steel 14 2 mm anodized aluminium sheeting 15 aluminiun section reinforced with 2x 23/172 mm steel sections 16 double glazing : 10 mm toughened glass + 16 mm cavity + laminated safety glass (2x6 mm) adhesive fixed with silicone

14

15

13

01. G

12 16

Im age S ou rce : [2]

A S S E M B LY E A S I N E S S Th e p o l yc a r b o n ate p a n e l i s i n co r p o rate d w i t h t h e wate r p ro o f to u n g e a n d g ro ove j o i nt s o i t i s e a s y to b e co n n e c te d ve r t i c a l l y o n s i te.

T H E R M A L I N S U L AT I O N t h e 6 0 c m c av i t y b e t we e n t wo l aye r s o n t h e s ki n f a c a d e p rov i d e s t h e r m a l i n s u l at i o n w h i c h e n a b l e to co o l t h e b u i l d i n g i n s u m m e r, a n d i n s u l ate t h e b u i l d i n g i n w i nte r.

UV RESISTANT

UV

t h e o u te r s h e e t o f t h e p o l yc a r b o n ate i s co ate d w i t h U V co at i n g w h i c h c a n re d u ce u p to 6 0 % o f t h e i n f ra re d ray s. Th e m a n u f a c t u re g u a ra nte e t h e p o l yc a r b o n ate w i l l n o t l o s e m o re t h a n 1 % o f i t s t ra n s p a re n c y w i t h i n 1 0 ye a r s.

SUSTAINABILIT Y p o l yc a r b o n ate i s a re c yc l a b l e m ate r i a l a n d i n t h e c a s e o f t h i s p ro j e c t, t h e l i fe s p a n o f t h e p a n e l i t s e l f c a n b e l a s t to 3 0 - 4 0 ye a r s.

01. H

SOURCES

[ 1] Kennedy, S. ( 2 014). [i m age ] Avai l abl e at: http://w w w.s i m on ke n n e dy. net/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/herzog_and_de_meuron_laban_ d a n c e _ c e n t re _ g re e nw i c h _ l o n d o n _ a rc h i te c t u r a l _ p h o to g r a p h e r _ 0 0 2 . j p g [Accessed 24 J un. 2014]. [ 2] D eta il- online.co m , (2014). Laban Ce ntre i n Lon don | D E TAIL i n s pi ra tion. [online] Ava i l abl e at: http://de tai l - on l i n e.com /i n s pi rati on /l aban centre - in- london- 1 03729.htm l [Acce s s e d 24 J u n . 2014]. [ 3] Architec tu re Tod ay 137. (2003). 1s t e d. [e book ] pp.41-59. Avai l abl e at: http://w w w.rode c a.i t/IT /ak tu e l l /pre s s e -pdf /arc h i te c tu re 137.pdf [Accessed 24 J un. 20 14]. [ 4] B ra ncolina, ( 20 14). [i m age ] Avai l abl e at: http://bran col i n a.f i l e s.wordpress. com/20 11 /0 1/bran col i n a-l aban -re f l e c ti on s -11.j pg? w = 655 [Accessed 24 J un. 20 14]. [ 5] Rodec a.com.a u, (2014). D e s i gn Fac ade s - Rode c a Tran s l u ce nt B u i l di n g Elements. [online] Avai l abl e at: http://w w w.rode c a.com .au /? page _ i d= 17 [Accessed 24 J un. 2014]. [ 6] La ne, T. ( 2 00 1) . Col ou r m e be au ti f u l. [on l i n e ] B u i l di n g. Avai l abl e at: http: //w w w. building.co.u k /col ou r-m e -be au ti f u l /1014265.ar ti c l e [Accessed 24 J un. 20 14].

01. I

PET

kg

Im age S ou rce : [1]

M E M B R A N E M AT E R I A L A N D P E T

02. A

M EM E- E X PE R I M E N TA L H O U S E K E N G O K U M A , M E M U, J A PA N , 2 0 1 1

PET

Meme is an expe ri m e ntal h ou s e de s i gn e d by Ke n go Ku m a as s oc i ate s at a rura l a rea in Japan . Th e bu i l di n g f u n c ti on s as a re s e arc h f ac i l i t y for s tu d ying design re s pon s e s to th e re gi on’s h ars h c l i m ate. Th e m ai n i de a i s to create a su stai n abl e bu i l di n g an d th e i n s pi rati on com e s f rom ‘Ch i s e’, t he traditional hou s i n g s t y l e of Ai n u. In th i s t y pe of bu i l di n gs, n atu ral m ate ria ls a re u sed i n orde r to i n s u l ate th e bu i l di n g an d th e h e at th at i s c re ated by the indoor f i re pl ace i s be i n g re cove re d i n orde r to ac h i e ve com for tab l e inner temperatu re s.

S ou rce: [ 2]

I N N E R AT M O S P H E R E

02. B

Inside view of the roof : The light tran s m i ttan c y of th e w h ol e s tru c tu re i s vi s i bl e. Th e wood en g lazing ba rs suppor ting the bu i l di n g are al s o re cogn i s i bl e be h i n d th e re m oval e gl as s f ib er cloth. The chimney of the central f i re pl ace pe n e trate s th e tran s pare nt e nve l ope.

Image S ource: [ 3 ]

PET

6,3 m

7,2 m

10,9 m

Polyester Fluorocarbon tarp Wooden Glazing bar Polyethelene sheet Polyester Insulation from recycled PET bottles Polyethelene sheet Wooden glazing bar Removable Glass Fiber Cloth

OUTSIDE

INSIDE

S ou rce : ow n di agram

02. C

Using the t ypology of ‘Ch i s e’ h ou s e, M e m e di s pl ay s di f fe re nt m ate ri al u s e.

A dou ble skin mem bran e i s com pos e d of a pol ye s te r f l u oroc arbon tarp on the outside a nd a re m ovabl e gl as s -f i be r c l oth m e m bran e on th e i nte ri or, insu lated with tran s pare nt pol ye s te r i n s u l ati on m ade f rom re c yc l e d PET bottles. The basic con ce pt be h i n d th i s s e c ti on al com pos i ti on i s to c re ate a convec tion c urrent f l ow i n g be t we e n th e ou te r an d i n n e r m e m bran e s th at will ma inta in a comfor tabl e i nte ri or e nvi ron m e nt. Th e bu i l di n g i n corpo rates a geothermal f l oor h e ti n g an d h e at s torage s y s te m .

S ou rce: [ 4]

The idea be h i n d th e f ac ade l ayou t i s to u s e th e m ate ri al s prope r ti e s s o that the bu i l di n g f u n c ti on s i n th e de s i re d way an d n ot j u s t adj u s t t he thickness of th e i n s u l ati on m ate ri al i n orde r to ac h i e ve th e de s i re d i n s u lation. For th at re as on th e radi ant h e at f rom th e f l oor i s be i n g u s e d. The building is a bl e to be h abi tabl e for s e ve ral day s du ri n g w i nte r w i th o ut u sing the flo or h e ati n g s y s te m .

PET

1 2 3 4

12

5

13

6 7

14

8 9

15

10 11 12 13

16 17

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

18

14 15 19

16

20

17 18 19 21 20 21

9 10 11

DETAIL SEC TION

02. D

Hex lag screw Membrane Flat rope RB-16φ (ST) PL-6 (ST) ribPL-4.5@303 Insect protection net SUS M10 nut weld L-30x30x55T CR gum t2 FB-6x40AL M10 bolt SUS Wooden glazing bar 30x100 Glass fiber cloth Polyester insulation 100 Polyethelene sheet t0.2 Hole for hot-water pipe Polyurethane foam filling Lighting Skirting board:St t2.0, ready-mixed synthetic resin paint, hook and loop fastener Floor: straw mat t15 Reinforced Concrete t100, hot water pipe

PET

22

37

23 28

24

32

38 39

40

25 26 27 33 34

31 35 29

30 36

41

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Aluminium flame FB (AL) FB RB (ST) Membrane Polyethelene sheet w200 Sealant Glass fiber cloth Shade Wooden window flame

WINDOW HORIZONTAL SEC TION

02. E

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Glass fiber cloth Shade Wooden window flame Wooden window flame Glass fiber Cloth Membrane RB (ST) FB Aluminium flame Sealant Polyethylene sheet w200

42

WINDOW VERTICAL SECTION

SUSTAINABILIT Y The sustaina ble charac te r of th e bu i l di n g i s ac h i e ve d by th e h e at th at i s c re ated by the indoor firep l ace w h i c h i s be i n g re cove re d i n orde r to ac h i e ve com for tab l e inner temperature s. Th e advantage of th e s y s te m i s th at i t provi de s e f f i c i e nt therma l inulation (i t c an f u n c ti on s e ve ral w i nte rday s w i th ou t h e ati n g) re ta i n ing on the sa me ti m e i ts tran s pare n c y.

WEIGHT

kg

The weight of the m ate ri al s th e m s e l f s as we l l as th e w h ol e f ac ade are ve r y l i g ht ( a precise va lue is n ot kn ow n ), gi vi n g th e w h ol e bu i l di n g a te m porar y c h arac ter which cou ld be u s e d for e m e rge n c y c i rc u m s tan ce s.

LIGHT TR ANSMIT TANCE The envelope of t h e bu i l di n g h as a l i ght tran s m i ttan c y i n w h i c h th e bu i l d i ng glows at night a nd i s be i n g l i ghte d by day l i ght du ri n g th e day, bu t on th e s a me time there is no vi s i bi l i t y i n or f rom th e bu i l di n g w h i c h provi de s a l e ve l prov i c y to the people that i n h abi t th e i nte ri or. (S pe c i f i c val u e for th e l i ght tran s m i t tance is not known )

A S S E M B LY E A S I N E S S The construc tion o n s i te an d as s e m bl y proce du re of th e bu i l di n g i s re al l y s i m ple. The plastic me m bran e s attac h e d on th e woode n bars c an be e as i l y attac hed on site with the ins u l ati on fom re c yc l abl e PE T bottl e s i n be t we e n . Howe ve r t he membra nes as a fi n al re s u l t h ave a we av y l ook w h i c h gi ve s a draf t i m pre s s i o n du e to the fa c t that th e h ou s e i s an expe ri m e ntal on e.

02. F

SOURCES

[ 1] D eta il- online.co m , (2014). M ĂŞ m e Expe ri m e ntal Hou s e i n Tai ki | D ETAIL inspiration. [online ] Avai l abl e at: http://de tai l - on l i n e.com /i n s pi rati on / meme - experimenta l -h ou s e -i n -tai ki -106146.htm l [Acce s s e d 02 J u n . 2014]. [ 2] D eta il- online.co m , (2014). M ĂŞ m e Expe ri m e ntal Hou s e i n Tai ki | D ETAIL inspiration. [online ] Avai l abl e at: http://de tai l - on l i n e.com /i n s pi rati on / meme - experimenta l -h ou s e -i n -tai ki -106146.htm l [Acce s s e d 02 J u n . 2014]. [ 3] 62 89 - 9 02 1. zippy ki d.n e tdn a- cdn .com , (2014). [on l i n e ] Avai la ble at: http:/ /6289-9021.z i ppy ki d.n e tdn a- cdn .com /w p - conte nt/u p l o a d s / 2 0 1 3 / 0 1 / m e m e _ m e a d ow s _ ex p e r i m e nt a l _ h o u s e _ ke n g o _ ku m a _ 1 9 . jpg [Accessed 2 J u n . 2014]. [ 4] designboom | a rc h i te c tu re & de s i gn m agaz i n e, (2014). ke n go ku m a: meme mea dows expe ri m e ntal h ou s e - de s i gn boom | arc h i te c tu re & de sign ma ga zine. [onl i n e ] Avai l abl e at: http://w w w.de s i gn boom .com /arc h itec ture/kengo - kuma-m e m u -m e adow s - expe ri m e ntal -h ou s e / [Acce s s e d 02 J u n. 2 01 4] . [ 5] World- architec ts.com , (2014). Prof i l e s of S e l e c te d Arc h i te c ts | worl da rchitec ts.com. [onl i n e ] Avai l abl e at: http://w w w.worl d-arc h i te c ts.com / e n / p ro j e c t s / p ro j e c t - c u r re n t - re v i e w / 3 8 9 2 7 _ m e m e _ e x p e r i m e n t a l _ h o u s e [Accessed 02 J un. 2014].

02. G

ETFE

kg

Im age S ou rce : [1]

ETFE

03. A

ALLIANZ ARENA H E R Z O G A N D D E M E U R O N , M U N I C H , G E R M A N Y, 2 0 0 5

ETFE

Al l i a n z Are n a i s a fo o t b a l l s t a d i u m w i t h a p p rox i m ate f l o o r a re a o f 2 7 0 . 0 0 0 m 2 , t h at i s l o c ate d at 2 5 We r n e He i s e n b e rg. Th e s t a d i u m i s m a i n l y fo r t wo p ro fe s s i o n a l M u n i c h fo o t b a l l c l u b s, w h i c h a re F C B aye r n M u n i c h a n d TS V 1 8 6 0 M u n c h e n . E T F E i s t h e m a i n m ate r i a l fo r t h e co m m u n i c at i ve e nve l o p e o f Al l i a n z Are n a s t a d i u m . Th re e d i f fe re nt co l o u r s o f L E D l i g ht s a re i n co rp o rate d i n t h e s y s te m o f t h e e nve l o p e a n d w i l l s h ow d i f fe re nt co l o u r t h at w i l l s h ow w h at te a m i s p l ay i n g.

S ou rce: [ 2]

O U T E R AT S M O S P H E R E

03. B

O u tside view of the envelope: Th e s ki n fo r t h e s t a d i u m i s co m p o s e d o u t o f 2 , 8 7 4 r h o m b o i d a l i n f l ate d E T F E fo i l p a n e l s t h at fo r m 6 6 , 5 0 0 m 2 fo r b o t h ro o f a n d f a รง a d e. Ea c h c u s h i o n c a n b e i l l u m i n ate d f ro m i n s i d e w i t h b l u e, re d, a n d w h i te l i g ht s. E T F E c u s h i o n s o f t h e Al l i a n z Are n a h a s a p p rox i m ate l y l i fe s p a n o f 2 5 ye a r s, n o n - f l a m m a b l e, ve r y g o o d re s i s t a nt to h e at a n d co l d, a n d a b l e to s e l f- c l e a n w i t h ra i n .

Image S ource: [ 3 ]

ROOF transparent

ETFE

1st layer 2nd layer

50 m

227 m 258 m

UPPER WALL translucent with printed less dense dot screen

1st layer

2nd layer

LOWER WALL translucent with printed more dense dot screen

1st layer

03. C

2nd layer

S ou rce : ow n di agram

Th e c u s h i o n fo r t h e ro o f i s t ra n s p a re nt i n o rd e r to e n a b l e e n o u g h s u n l i g ht to re a c h t h e g ra s s o f t h e p i tc h , w h e re a s t h e c u s h i o n fo r t h e f a รง a d e i s t ra n s l u ce nt w h i te w i t h p r i nte d w h i te d o t s c re e n , w h i c h i s d e n s e r i n l owe r l e ve l to avo i d v i s u a l d i s t u r b a n ce o f t h e d r i ve r o n t h e ro a d. Th e v i s i b l e l i g ht p e r m e a b i l i t y fo r t h e c u s h i o n i s 9 3 % , w h i l e n o r m a l g l a s s i s l e s s t h a n 8 0 % .

S ou rce: [ 4]

ETFE

3

2

1

4

5 6

7 8

10 11

9

13

12 14

7 15 15

3

16 16

17

03. D

1 60 mm mastic asphalt 250 mm concrete filigree beam floor 1250/900 mm reinforced-concrete floor beams 2 reinforced-concrete composite column 3 3500/300/60 mm lighting unit 4 4 mm sheet-steel smoke flap 5 roller sunblind 6 post and rail facade with double glazing 7 precast spun concrete column (variable diameter) 8 bolt fixing of precast concrete column 9 2 x 12.5 mm fibre-cement sheeting with smooth render finish 100 mm mineral wool reinforced-concrete edge beam

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Im age S ou rce : [ 5 ] 200/300 mm steel RHS with traveller facade bracket, 2 x 100/80 mm steel flats 100 mm diamater of air duct to facade 50 mm diameter polythene air tube 0.2 mm ETFE sheeting ladder of travelling system 120/200 mm steel RHS 6 mm galvanized sheet-steel gutter

ETFE

Th e d i m e n s i o n o f t h e E T F E c u s h i o n s ra n g e f ro m 2 x 7 m to 5 x 1 7 m w i t h t h i c kn e s s o f 0 . 2 m m a n d we i g ht o f 0 . 3 5 / m 2 . Fa n s ke e p t h e c u s h i o n at a co n s t a nt p re s s u re o f 0 . 0 3 5 b a r, w h i l e t h e p o s s i b l e m a x i m u m p re s s u re i s 0 . 0 8 b a r. Th e c u s h i o n i s n o n - l o a d b e a r i n g p a n e l s a n d s u p p o r te d by s te e l p ro f i l e. Th e s y s te m c a n a l l ow t h e l o a d o f s n ow u p to 1 . 6 m . I n o rd e r to e n s u re p ro p e r ve nt i l at i o n , 1 9 p a n e l s at a p p rox i m ate l y 5 1 m a b ove g ro u n d l e ve l, c a n b e o p e n e d.

S ou rce: [ 6]

Im age S ou rce : [4] 1 2

3

5

4

1 2 3 4 5 6

6

stop ring for maintenance cushion welded and screwed angle profile galvanized steel surface steel profile 220 x 120 x 1-8,8 mm sheet steel as welded flap

1 4 2 5

03. E

3

6

7

8

9

1 2 3 4 5 6

cushion steel profile 220 x 120 x 1-8,8 mm aluminium profile air valve fluoropolymeric hose mounting bracket for steel lighting 7 blue light 8 white light 9 red light

LIGHT TR ANSMIT TANCE t h e E T F E c u s h i o n i n t h i s p ro j e c t h a s a re a l l y g o o d v i s i b l e l i g ht t ra n s m i t t a n ce o f 9 3 % , w h e re a s n o r m a l g l a s s h a s l e s s t h a n 8 0 % .

WEIGHT

kg

t h e d i m e n s i o n o f t h e E T F E c u s h i o n s ra n g e f ro m 2 x 7 m to 5 x 1 7 m w i t h t h i c kn e s s o f 0 . 2 m m a n d we i g ht o f 0 . 3 5 kg / m 2 , w h i l e d o u b l e g l a ze d ( 6 m m , 1 2 m m a i r c av i t y, 6 m m ) we i g ht a p p rox i m ate l y 3 0 kg / m 2 .

MAINTENANCE E T F E m ate r i a l i t s e l f i s s e l f- c l e a n i n g w i t h ra i n wate r s o t h e f re q u e n c y o f m a i n te n a n ce i nte r va l s c a n b e re d u ce d. Howe ve r, t h e E T F E c u s h i o n s a re p l a ce d a b ove h u m a n ra n g e to avo i d va n d a l i s m f ro m t h e fo o t b a l l s u p p o r te r s.

FIRE RESISTANCE t h e c u s h i o n i s co n s i d e re d to b e n o n - f l a m m a b l e, w h i c h w i l l f a i l a b ove 2 0 0 o C b e c a u s e t h e h o t s m o ke w i l l s o f te n t h e fo i l.

03. F

SOURCES

[ 1] B uildingskins.fil e s.wordpre s s.com , (2014). [on l i n e ] Avai l abl e at: h t t p : / / b u i l d i n g s k i n s. f i l e s. wo rd p re s s. c o m / 2 0 1 0 / 0 1 / a l l i a n z _ a re n a _ w a l l paper. jpg [Accessed 26 M ay. 2014]. [ 2] Allianz- a rena.de, (2014). Al l i an z Are n a. [on l i n e ] Avai l abl e at: https :// w w w.a llia nz- a rena.de /e n /f akte n /de tai l l i e r te -z ah l e n / [Acce s s e d 21 M ay.

2 01 4] . [ 3] Koksal, H . ( 20 01). Ex te ri or Cl addi n g of Al l i an z are n a, M u n i c h , G e rmany. [ ima ge] Avai l abl e at: https ://w w w.f l i c kr.com /ph otos /23452102@ N00 /3 58 50 27 17 1/ [Acce s s e d 10 J u n . 2014]. [ 4] Robinson, L. A. 2005. Stru c tu ral oppor tu n i ti e s of ET FE (e thy l e n e te tra flu oro ethylene) . [ 5] B uildingskins.fil e s.wordpre s s.com , (2014). [on l i n e ] Avai l abl e at: http: //buildingskins.f i l e s.wordpre s s.com /2010/01/al l i an z are n a3.j pg [Accessed 20 May. 2 01 4]. [ 6] Lec uyer, A. W. 2 008. E T FE . B as e l : B i rkh au s e r.

03. G

PMMA

UV

Im age S ou rce : [1]

PMMA INTO GLAZING

04. A T HE NEL SO N-AT K I N S M U S E UM O F A RT S T E V E N H O L L A R C H I T E C T S , K A N S A S C I T Y, U S A , 2 0 0 7

PMMA

The ex tensio n of th e Ne l s on -Atki n s m u s e u m of Ar t i n K an s as Ci t y com pr i s es of a n a ddi ti on of f i ve m i l k y- gl as s bl oc k s de s i gn e d by Ste ve n Hol l Arc hitec ts. When l i t u p at n i ght, th e s e m i -tran s pare nt e nve l ope of th e c u b es illuminates i nto i ts e nvi ron m e nt. D u ri n g day, th e tran s l u ce nt gl az i n g o f the c u bes al l ow s th e n atu ral day l i ght to i l l u m i n ate th e exh i bi ti on area s below. The di f f u s e day l i ght produ ce s a bri ght an d pl e as ant atm os ph e re i n the rooms that are be l ow grou n d. Wh e n wal ki n g rou n d th e m u s e u m , o c c asiona l tran s pare nt gl as s s u r f ace s i n th e c u be s form a con n e c ti on wi t h the outside by al l ow i n g vi s i tors re pe ate d gl i m ps e s of th e s c u l ptu re s i n t he adjoining pa rk . S ou rce [2]

I N N E R AT M O S P H E R E In this inner perspec tive of the m u s e u m th e u n i form di s tri bu ti on of th e l i ght as i t i s pen e trating through the envelope i s vi s i bl e. Im age S ou rce : [2]

04. B

PMMA

The ma in charac te ri s ti c of th e ok apan e pan e l s w i th c api l l ar y i n l ay s of PMMA is that an op ti m u m , u n i form l i ght tran s m i ttan ce i nto th e room c an be achieved, which i s i rre s pe c ti ve of i radi ati on con di ti on s an d th e re fore it is su itable for us e i n m u s e u m s or l i brari e s.

The light transmitt an ce c an var y f rom 30-40% an d th e U -val u e f rom 1.1 to 2 .0 W /m 2 K . More inform ati on c an be fou n d at: h t t p : / / w w w. o k a l u x . d e / f i l e a d m i n / D o w n l o a d s / D o w n l o a d s _ e n g l i s c h / Infotex te/i_ok apa n e _ e.pdf

5 Milky glass blocks

Outer glass shell Okapane slab Inner glass shell

UNIFORM LIGHT DISTRIUTION I R R E S P E C T I V E O F I R R A D I AT I O N

04. C OUTSIDE

INSIDE

S ou rce : ow n di agram

PMMA

The fa c ade of th e gl as s c u be s i s m ade f rom U -prof i l e d gl as s e l e m ent s on the ou ter l aye r an d s i n gl e gl az i n g i n th e i n n e r l aye r. O k apan e l i g ht diffu sing ins u l ati n g s l abs are i n s e r te d i nto th e U -s e c ti on gl as s pan e l s, providing com pre h e n s i ve prote c ti on agai n s t U V radi ati on w h i l e contr i b u ting to the re gu l ati on of th e te m pe ratu re w i th i n th e m u s e u m . By l i m i t ing the addi ti on of i ron - oxi de adde d du ri n g th e m an u f ac tu re of th e gl a s s the green ti n ge c h arac te ri s ti c of U -s e c ti on gl as s, was avoi de d, th e re by ensuring the w h i te appe aran ce of th e l e n s e s.

The c apillar y i n l ay s f rom PM MA s h ow ve r y h i gh l i ght tran s m i s s i on val ues and protec t th e work of ar t i n th e Ne l s on -Atki n s m u s e u m f rom U V rad i a tion. S ou rce [3]

LIGHT DISTRIBUTION

04. D

S un a ngle of 2 5 degrees ( 1st row ), 50 de gre e s (2n d row ) an d 75 de gre e s (3d row ) Compa rion of light distribu tion be t we e n c l e ar gl as s (l e f t) an d O k apan e (m i ddl e ); a n orma l view ou t wards for the three dif fe re nt s u n e l e vati on s an d s u n az i m u th 45 de g (ri ght) S ource [ 3]

PMMA

1

4

3

2

5

6

OK A PA N E PA NEL 1 O ute r g lass shell 2 Inn e r g l ass shell 3 O k ap ane l ight diffu sing insulating slab 4 S il ico ne j o int 5 S il ico ne j o int 6 Pad d e d S e c tion

D E TA I L O K A PA N E PA N E L S E C T I O N S ou rce : [4]

04. E

UV RESISTANCE

UV

The c a pillar y inlay s f rom PM MA th at i s be i n g u s e d be t we e n th e U gl as s elements provides an exce l l e nt U V radi ati on re s i s tan c y to th e bu i l di n g, w h i c h makes this materi al appropri ate for m u s e u m or l i brar y u s e.

A S S E M B LY E A S I N E S S The simple profiles of th e produ c t th at i s be i n g u s e d m ake s th e as s e m bl y p ro cedure rea lly quic k an d s i m pl e.

LIGHT TR ANSMIT TANCE The fa c ade of the m u s e u m h as a l ow l i ght tran s m i ttan c y of 30-40%. Th e a d vantage of the mate ri al i s th at i t provi de s a u n i form l i ght di s tri bu ti on w hi c h is irrespec tive from s u n i rradi ati on an d th e re fore m ake s th e m ate ri al i de al fo r librar y or museu m u s e.

T H E R M A L I N S U L AT I O N The bu ilding per form s a good th e rm al i n s u l ati on w i th a U -val u e of 1.5 W/m 2 K reata ing on the sam e ti m e i ts tran s l u ce nt c h arac te r.

04. F

SOURCES

[ 1] 62 89 - 9 02 1. zippy ki d.n e tdn a- cdn .com , (2014). [on l i n e ] Avai la ble at: http://6 28 9-9021.z i ppy ki d.n e tdn a- cdn .com /w p - conte nt/u p loads/20 13 /0 1/mem e _ m e adow s _ expe ri m e ntal _ h ou s e _ ke n go_ ku m a_ 19. jpg [Accessed 5 J u n . 2014]. [ 2] [online] Ava ilabl e at: http://w w w.googl e.de / imgres?imgu rl=http%3A%2F%2F37.m e di a.tu m bl r.com %2F6ad71ac 5056 0 c6 9bd9 61 b1 cbbe545abb%2Ftu m bl r_ n 02u j vz 6Z W1s 5qh ggo7_ r1_ 500.j p g&imgrefu rl=http%3A%2F%2Farc h atl as.tu m bl r.com %2Fpos t%2F74770 7 25 64 7&h=75 0&w=500&tbn i d= w HFL 3f D QZ U U f O M %3A&zoom = 1&doc i d =RD kLG 4FbLL zjxM&e i = O qG Q U 9ONCrS By Q O n qoHw BQ&tbm = i s c h &i ac t= rc &u ac t=3 &du r=8 33 &page = 3&s tar t= 49&n ds p= 31&ve d= 0CM U BE K0D M D E [Accessed 5 J u n. 2 014]. [ 3] D - lite. org, ( 20 14). D -L ITE Proj e c t - O k apan e Pan e l. [on l i n e ] Avai l abl e at: http://w w w.d-l i te.org/page /ok apan e _ pan e l _ p52.ph p [Acce s s e d 5 J u n. 2 01 4] . [ 4 ] h t t p : / / w w w. o k a l u x . d e / f i l e a d m i n / D o w n l o a d s / D o w n l o a d s _ e n g l i s c h / Infotex te/i_ok apa n e _ e.pdf. (2014). 1s t e d. [Acce s s e d 05 J u n . 2014].

04. G

ETFE

Im age S ou rce : [1]

ETFE FOIL

05. A

U NI L E V E R H E A D Q UA RT E R S B E H N I S C H A R C H I T E K T E N , H A M B U R G G E R M A N Y, 2 0 0 9

ETFE

The Unilever He adqu ar te rs, de s i gn e d by B e h n i s c h Arc h i te kte n i s l oc ated by the river El be i n Ham bu rgs’ Hafe n c i t y. Af te r i ts col pm e ti on i n 2009 , i t received a G o l d EcoLabe l, a l abe l e s tabl i s h e d by Hafe n Ci t y to ac kn ow l e d g e buildings wi th exe m pl ar y e nvi ron m e ntal pe r form an ce. [4] The main a rc h i te c tu ral de s i gn de c i s i on of th e bu i l di n g i s a l arge atri u m i n the middle of th e bu i l di n g, i n u n date d w i th day l i ght. Pas s e n ge rs of th at spa ce have th e oppor tu n i t y to bu y produ c ts of th e com pany or j u s t re l a xe at the c a fe o r s pa. Th e atri u m ac ts al s o as a m e e ti n g poi nt an d com m u nic ation space for th e pe opl e worki n g for th e com pany w i th th e bri dg es ramps and ste ps i t contai n s. [5]

CLOSE OUTER VIE W The 1 layer ETF E foil and its sup por ti n g c abl e s tru c tu re i s vi s i bl e i n th at i m age Image S ource: [ 2 ]

05. B

ETFE

The bu ilding is cove re d w i th a s i n gl e -l aye r of f u l l y tran s pare nt pl as ti c cover ma de by ETF E foi l. Th i s l aye r prote c ts th e bl i n ds f rom s tron g w i n d a nd other weather i n f l u e n ce s s u c h as drops tran s fe re d by th e ai r w h i c h could ru in the fa c ade. Th e appe aran ce of th e bu i l di n g w i th i ts s h ape an d the ETF E foil layer on th e ou ts i de c re ate s u n de r ce r tai n we ath e r con ditions the connec tion of a s h i p for th e vi e we r. ‘‘ It i n f l ate s l i ke a s ai l an d hisses in the wind.’’ [6] From an e n e rge ti c al poi nt of vi e w, th e bu i l di n g incorporates a new S M D -L ED s y s te m for th e l i ghti n g w h i c h i s u p to 70% more efficient than conve nti on al l i ghti n g.

1 L AYER OF ETF E F OIL TO PRO TEC T THE SUNSH ADING SYSTEM

S ou rce : ow n di agram

INSIDE

05. C

OUTSIDE O n the grou nd floor for th e ex te n s i ve gl az i n g, a produ c t w i th a l ow s ol ar fac tor wa s being u s e d w h i c h prote c ts th e i n n e r s pace s of be i n g h e ate d u p during su mmer m onth s an d th e re fore re du ce s th e cos ts for ai r con ditioning. The large s u r f ace s of gl az i n g al l ow a s u f f i c i e nt am ou nt of l i ght to enter the bu ildin g an d th e re fore th e u s e of ari f i c i al l i ghti n g i s be i n g reduced.

D espite the fa c t that th e E T FE l aye r i s total l y tran s pare nt, i t re du ce s l i ght tra nsmittance. There fore for th e gl az i n g be h i n d th e pl as ti c l aye r a gl az i n g produc t with high li ght tran s m i ttan ce was be i n g u s e d. B oth l aye rs of E T FE foil a nd the gla zing s y s te m , c re ate a s u f f i c i e ntl y l ow s ol ar f ac tor of 39%. ‘‘In the winter time, th e Ug-val u e of 1.1 W/m 2K provi de s for e f fe c ti ve h e at insulation. In some par ts of th e bu i l di n g, a col d s ou n d-i n s u l ati on f ac ade, u sing laminated she e t gl as s s u ppl i e d by Inte rpan e, provi de s addi ti on al protec tion from inc re as e d n oi s e l e ve l s. ‘‘ [6] S ources [ 5] , [ 6]

ETFE

05. D

‘‘ The wind prote c ti on l aye r was de s i gn e d on a u n be n di n g f ram e, s h ap ing, loa d- beari n g s tai n l e s s s te e l gu y rope s, an d a tran s pare nt E T FE foil.

The overall s tru c tu re ge n e rate s l ow s u r f ace te n s i on m e an i n g th at di r t i s hardly a ble to s e ttl e f i rm l y on th e foi l an d i n s te ad ge ts was h e d away by the rain.’’ [ 2] ‘‘ To better wi th s tan d th e w i n d l oad, th e EFT E pan e l s com pri s i n g th e f ac a d e were designe d w i th a c u r vatu re. An al u m i n u m an d s te e l f ram e i n s tall ed 1–2m in front of th e gl as s e nve l ope s u ppor ts th e EFT E f ac ade. Fre s h a i r circ ulates be t we e n th e t wo s ki n s f rom both above an d be l ow.’’ [7]

The ou ter layer of ETF E foil is s u ppor te d w i th c abl e s w h i c h are attac h e d vi a s te e l rai l s on t he main stru c ture of the bu ildi n g (l e f t pi c tu re ) Th e s u ppor ti n g c abl e s tru c tu re an d i ts connec tion is visible ( right pic tu re ) Ima ges S ource: [ 2 ]

Frame of 2mm thick security steel profiles 3 mm thick aluminium flashing 3 750x21 mm steel profile anchoring skylight to principal load-bearing structure via connecting bracket 4 Roof Supporting structure consisting of frame of d. 356 mm thick tubular beams in 30 mm steel 5 Sprinkler fire system 6 Structure supporting skylight comprising steel support bolted to reinforced concrete edge via two (40x780mm) angle 7 Structure comprising supporting 9285x220mm) angle steel, 5 mm sheet aluminium water proofing membrane, (120 mm) board insulation 8 Guttering in 3mm sheet aluminium with overflow drain 9 Shaped 5mm thick sheet aluminium cladding 10 Sheet aluminium bird guard 11 Gren roof comprising plants in permanent 135 mm soil with steel angle profile retaining wall, 25mm drainage mat, root-repellent membrane, 420 mm board insulation, vapour barrier, 470 mm reinforced concrete slab 1 2

ETFE

1

2

3

8 5 4

17 13

6

7

9

19

11 12

18

10

14 15 16

20 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26

27 28 29

21

Shaped 3mm sheet aluminium waterproofing membrane, 150mm boardinsulation, double waterproofing membrane 290mm reinforced concrete edge Shaped 3mm sheet aluminium with anchoring structure, waterproofing membrane, double 35 mm pywood panel, shaped board insulation forming 2% slope Shaped 3 mm sheet aluminium cladding seamed to substructure in 47mm thick steel profiles anchored to slab Structure securing screen cladding comprising 3mm sheet aluminium, board insulation, structure of 180x10mm steel plates and 15mm thick shaped steel plates bolted to slab Connecting arm consisting of 120x5mm steel box profiles finish Screen cladding structure comprising 7mm thick, 70mm d. steel pipe profiles 35mm steel pipe profile bracing with steel tie rods tensioning external membrane Exterior ETFE transparent membrane External shading comprising venetian blinds with steel casing Glazed facade with 8/6/10 mm aluminium double glazing units 3mm Sheet steel trim, waterproofing membrane, frame of 100x70 mm, steel box profiles, 70mm board insulation Rainwater gutter Terrace roof comprising 20mm stone blocks, 8mm screed, 65mm concrete screed, 10mm drainage mat, footfall noise insulation, triple waterproofing membrane, 200mm board insulation, vapour barrier, 350mm reinforced concrete slab Service walkwat for facade maintenance comprising 30mm thick steel grille fastened with 100x50x6mm steel angle profiles Floating floor consisting of grey 10mm carpet, 35mm concrete screed, seperating membrane, 18mm plywood panel base on adjustable 87mm piers, 35o mm reinforced concrete slab 3mm thick shaped sheet aluminium trim 15mm gypsum board cladding, 120mm board insulation Glazed curtain wall comprising 10.15.10 mm aluminium double glazing units with 110x70x4 frames

05. E

24 22

23

25

26

28

27

29 D raw i n g S ou rce : [3]

SUSTAINABILIT Y O ne of the main c h arac te ri s ti c s of th e U n i l e ve r h e adqu ar te rs i s i ts s u s tai n a b l e charac ter which is ac h i e ve d w i th di f fe re nt m e as u re s s u c h as L ED l i ghti n g s ys tem a nd gla zing w i th l ow s ol ar f ac tor

T H E R M A L I N S U L AT I O N The fac ade of the bu i l di n g provi de s a Ug-val u e of 1.1 W/m 2K w h i c h i s an e f fec tive heat insu lation du ri n g w i nte r ti m e.

S O U N D I N S U L AT I O N In some par ts of th e bu i l di n g, a col d s ou n d-i n s u l ati on f ac ade, u s i n g l am i n at ed sheet glass su ppl i e d by Inte rpan e, provi de s addi ti on al prote c ti on f rom i n creased noise leve l s.

LIGHT TR ANSMIT TANCE D espite the fac t th at th e ET FE l aye r i s total l y tran s pare nt, i t re du ce s l i ght tra nsmitta nce. Therefore for th e gl az i n g be h i n d th e pl as ti c l aye r a gl az i n g prod uc t with high light tran s m i ttan ce was be i n g u s e d. B oth l aye rs of ET FE foi l an d t he gla zing system, cre ate a s u f f i c i e ntl y l ow s ol ar f ac tor of 39%.

05. F

SOURCES [ 1 ] C2. static flickr.co m , (2014). [on l i n e ] Avai l abl e at: https :// c2 .static flickr.com/4/3429/5791680446_ 9e 9f b96628_ z .j pg [Acce s s e d 24 J un. 20 14 ] [ 2 ] St ylepa rk .com, ( 2014). Cl os e to th e Wi n d | Arc h i te c tu re at St y l e park . [online] Ava ilable at: http://w w w.s t y l e park .com /e n /arc h i te c tu re /c l os e to - the - wind/3 14 60 8 [Acce s s e d 24 J u n . 2014] [ 3 ] Theplan.it, ( 20 14). [on l i n e ] Avai l abl e at: http://th e pl an .i t/J/di g_ book .php?id_a r t=1567 [Acce s s e d 24 J u n . 2014] [ 4 ] http: //buildipe di a.com /i m age s /m as te r form at/Ch an n e l s /G o_ G reen/2 01 2. 04 .2 3_ u n i l e ve r_ h e adqu ar te rs /draw i n gs /u n i l e ve r_ h e adqu arters_elevation.jpg. [on l i n e ] Avai l abl e at: http://w w w.googl e.de /i m gre s?imgu rl=http%3A %2F%2Fbu i l di pe di a.com %2Fi m age s %2Fm as te r form a t%2 F Cha nnels%2F G o_ G re e n %2F2012.04.23_ u n i l e ve r_ h e adqu ar te rs %2F drawings%2 Fu nileve r_ h e adqu ar te rs _ e l e vati on .j pg&i m gre f u rl = http%3 A%2F %2Fbuildiped i a.com %2Fae c -pros %2Fcon s tru c ti on -m ate ri al s -an dmethods%2Funileve r-h e adqu ar te rs &h = 609&w = 1280&tbn i d= i E7c Lf s Ik 28 9BM%3A&zoom=1 &doc i d= mtc G EaG MY Epc AM &e i = 2S apU 4y FCM f L Pc n 7gO g O&tbm=isch&ia c t=rc &u ac t= 3&du r= 457&page = 1&s tar t= 0&n ds p= 18&ve d=0 CCIQ rQMwAA [Acce s s e d 24 J u n . 2014]. [ 5 ] http: //behnisch.com /conte nt/02.proj e c ts /344/344.pdf. (2014). 1s t e d. [ 6 ] Interpa ne. com, (2014). U n i l e ve r, Ham bu rg - Inte rpan e G l as In du s tri e AG. [online] Availabl e at: http://w w w.i nte rpan e.com /u n i l e ve r_ h amburg_52 1. html?sprac h e = e n gl i s c h [Acce s s e d 25 J u n . 2014]. [ 7 ] http: //room34 .com /, R. (2014). Cas e Stu dy 1: U n i l e ve rh au s - Fabri c Architec tu re. [onlin e ] Fabri c arc h i te c tu re m ag.com . Avai l abl e at: http:// fabric a rchitec turemag.com /ar ti c l e s /1110_ f 1a_ be h n i s c h _ u n i l e ve rh au s. html [Accessed 2 5 J u n . 2014].

05. G

ETFE

kg

Im age S ou rce : [1]

ETFE

06. A A RT C ENTER F O R CO L L E GE O F D E S I GN D A LY G E N I K A R C H I T E C T S , PA S A D E N A , U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2 0 0 4

ETFE

Th e f i r s t a p p l i c at i o n o f va r i a b l e E T F E e nve l o p e wa s a p p l i e d i n t h e s k y l i g ht s o f t h e n e w Ar t Ce nte r fo r t h e Co l l e g e o f D e s i g n i n Pa s a d e n a . O r i g i n a l l y t h e b u i l d i n g i s fo r w i n d t u n n e l s, t h at i s t h e re a s o n t h at t h e b u i l d i n g h a s ve r y l i t t l e w i n d ow a s we l l a s a cce s s f ro m t h e s t re e t. B u d g e t i s re a l l y i m p o r t a nt i n t h i s p ro j e c t, s o t h at m o re we i g ht to t h e b u i l d i n g i s avo i d e d s i n ce t h e ex i s t i n g s t ru c t u re s h o u l d n o t b e u p g ra d e d to t a ke a d d i t i o n a l l o a d s.

S ou rce: [ 2]

O U T E R AT S M O S P H E R E

06. B

O u tside view of the envelope: s c u l p t u ra l s k y l i g ht s to e n a b l e o p t i m u m l i g ht i n g i n s i d e a n d c re ate co n n e c t i o n b e t we e n t h e i n d o o r e nv i ro n m e nt a n d t h e s u r ro u n d i n g e nv i ro n m e nt.

Image S ource: [ 3 ]

ETFE ETFE CUSHION 1st layer and 2nd layer are printed with silver FEP inks outer

inner

1st layer 3rd layer 2nd layer

S ou rce : ow n di agram

06. C

I n t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e re s e a rc h , t h e d e s i g n te a m co n s i d e re d a l o t o f e n c l o s u re m ate r i a l s i n c l u d i n g g l a s s, p o l yc a r b o n ate, a n d f a b r i c t h at a re l i g htwe i g ht. Howe ve r, a l l s t i l l re q u i re s u p p o r t i n g s t ru c t u re s t h at c a n l e a d to s i g n i f i c a nt l o a d to t h e ex i s t i n g s t ru c t u re. Th e re fo re, E T F E i s s u i t a b l e fo r t h i s p ro j e c t b e c a u s e o f i t s l i g ht n e s s, f l ex i b i l i t y, a n d a b i l i t y to d e f l e c t.

S ou rce: [ 2]

Th e e nve l o p e co n s i s t s o f t h re e l aye r s c u s h i o n s w i t h p r i nte d c i rc u l a r p at te r n i n s i l ve r F E P i n t h e o u te r a n d m i d d l e E T F E f i l m s, t h at m a n i p u l ate t h e a m o u nt o f l i g ht t h at c a n p a s s t h ro u g h . Th e s e p at te r n s a re i nte g rate d i n va r i a b l e s ki n te c h n o l o g y, w h i c h e n a b l e t wo p r i nte d l aye r s to c h a n g e i t s p o s i t i o n . L i g ht t ra n s m i s s i o n i n o p e n p o s i t i o n i s 6 0 % , a n d i n c l o s e d p o s i t i o n w h e n t wo l aye r s s u p e r i m p o s e d, re d u ce s to 1 6 % . D ay l i g ht s e n s o r a n d a t i m e r t h at t u n e d to t h e c a l e n d a r m a n a g e t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e fo i l s.

S ource: [ 4 ]

ETFE

1

1

valve closed

valve open (system inflates)

1

1

valve open (system stays inflated)

1 2

20 % 16 %

1 2

valve open (system stays inflated)

06. D

2

2

2

2

valve open (exhaust)

30 %

40 %

valve closed

light admittance

50 % 60 %

Im age S ou rce : [ 5 ]

ETFE

1 2

1

3

4 1

1 2 3 4

06. E

typical pneumatic supply tube skylight support structure lighting fixture concrete curb penetration

Im age S ou rce : [2]

COST t h e p ro j e c t i t s e l f i s a re n ovat i o n p ro j e c t, t h e re fo re b u g d e t i s t h e m o s t i m p o rt a nt t h i n g.

A S S E M B LY E A S I N E S S t h e i n s t a l l at i o n o f t h e c u s h i o n c a n b e co m p l e te d q u i c k l y o n s i te a f te r t h e p re f a b r i c ate d s te e l f ra m e s a re c ra n e d i nto p l a ce.

WEIGHT

kg

t h e d e s i g n te a m c h o o s e s E T F E i n s te a d o f o t h e r e n c l o s u re m ate r i a l s i n c l u d i n g g l a s s, p o l yc a r b o n ate, a n d f a b r i c, b e c a u s e m o s t o f t h e t i m e i t s t i l l re q u i re s s u p p o r t i n g s t ru c t u re t h at c a n l e a d to a d d i t i o n a l l o a d s.

LIGHT TR ANSMIT TANCE d i f fe re nt p r i nte d l aye r s e n a b l e d i f fe re nt p e rce nt a g e o f t h e l i g ht t ra n s m i t t a n ce t h at i s n e e d e d i n s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g, w h i c h i s co nt ro l l e d by d ay l i g ht s e n s o r a n d a t i m e r t h at t u n e d to t h e c a l e n d e r.

06. F

SOURCES

[ 1] D esign B oom, ( 2014). [i m age ] Avai l abl e at: http://w w w.de s i gn boom . com/weblog/images /i m age s _ 2/e ri c a/893/ar t01.j pg [Acce s s e d 7 J u n .

2 01 4] . [ 2] Lec uyer, A. W. 2 008. E T FE . B as e l : B i rkh au s e r. [ 3] D esign B oom, ( 2014). [i m age ] Avai l abl e at: http://w w w.de s i gn boom . com/weblog/images /i m age s _ 2/e ri c a/893/ar t04.j pg [Acce s s e d 7 J u n .

2 01 4] . [ 4] Vec tor- foiltec.co m , (2014). Ve c tor Foi l te c | Pas ade n a Ar t Ce nte r. [online] Available at: http://w w w.ve c tor-foi l te c.com /e n /proj e c ts /page s /u s c a lifornia - pasadena-ar t- ce nte r.htm l [Acce s s e d 7 J u n . 2014]. [ 5] Inhabitat, ( 20 14). [i m age ] Avai l abl e at: http://as s e ts.i n h abi tat. c o m / w p - c o n t e n t / b l o g s . d i r / 1 / f i l e s / 2 0 1 1 / 0 8 / AC C D - S o u t h - C a m p u s - D a l y G enik- 15 .jpg [Acces s e d 7 J u n . 2014].

06. G

PC

kg

Im age S ou rce : [1]

P O LY C A R B O N AT E PA N E L S

07. A

P R OTO S H O P L AM BO R GH I N I P R O S PA Z I O S C A R L , S A N T A G AT A B O L O G N E S E , I T A LY, 2 0 1 2

PC

The Protoshop Lam borgh i n i bu i l di n g by Pros paz i o S c arl arc h i te c ts h o s t s the design of protot y pe s an d pre -s e ri e s c ars of th e f i rm an d i s l oc ate d i n S ant Agata B ol ogn e s e i n Ital y. Th e m ai n con ce pt of th e bu i l di n g was to design a tran s l u ce nt e nve l ope i n orde r to ac h i e ve an ade qu ate n atu ra l lighting of th e i nte ri or an d on th e s am e ti m e ac h i e ve an e f f i c i e nt th e rma l per formance of th e bu i l di n g. For th at re as on a tri pl e l aye r of pol yc arbo n ate was u sed for th e ou te r s ki n . Th e ou te r l aye r of pol yc arbon ate i s coated with a n IR fi l te r i n orde r to re s tri c t th e pas s age of i n f rare d i rradi ati on a nd prevent a gre e n h ou s e e f fe c t i n th e i nte ri or of th e bu i l di n g.

S ource [ 1]

O U T E R AT M O S P H E R E

07. B

A close look at the outer envel ope of th e bu i l di n g s h ow s th at th e f ac ade l ooks opaqu e durin g the day when the building i s n ot l i ghte d u p (l e f t pi c tu re ) an d l i ke a gl ow i n g bu l b du r i ng n ight when the lights of the bu i l di n g are tu rn e d on .

Image S ource: [ 1 ]

T E C H N I C A L F E AT U R E S

PC

Th e rm al tran s m i ttan ce 0.62 W/m 2 K Acou s ti c i n s u l ati on : 29 dB L i n e ar th e rm al expan s i on : 0,065m m /m ° C

INSIDE

Triple layer polyc arbonate a ssembled with a connec tor OUTSIDE

07. C

O uter layer with IR filter i n or der to restric t the pa ssage of infrared irra diation and pre vent a greenhou se effec t

S ou rce : ow n di agram

PC 600 mm 20 mm 8 mm

90 mm

20 mm

PRODUC TION STANDARDS PC 20 mm with IR f i l te r+ 21m m s pace + PC 8m m + 21m m s pace + PC 20 mm Pan e l l e n gth : n o l i m i t

3 D deta il: Connec tion of the th re e di f fe re nt pol yc arbon ate l aye rs w i th a dou bl e con n e c to r Im age S ou rce : [ 1 ]

07. D

A S S E M B LY E A S I N E S S The simple profiles of th e produ c t th at i s be i n g u s e d w i th th e m odu l ar con n e ctions ma ke the a ssembly proce du re re al l y qu i c k an d s i m pl e.

LIGHT TR ANSMIT TANCE The envelope of the bui l di n g h as a l i ght tran s m i ttan c y i n w h i c h th e bu i l di n g glows at night a nd is bei n g l i ghte d by day l i ght du ri n g th e day, bu t on th e s am e time there is no visibilit y i n or f rom th e bu i l di n g w h i c h provi de s a l e ve l provi c y to the people that inhabi t th e i nte ri or.

S O U N D I N S U L AT I O N The envelope of the buil di n g provi de s a good s ou n d i n s u l ati on of 29 db.

T H E R M A L I N S U L AT I O N The bu ilding per forms a n exce l l e nt th e rm al i n s u l ati on w i th a U -val u e of 0. 62 W /m 2 K . The outer laye r w i th IR f i l te r i n orde r to re s tri c t th e pas s age of infra red irra diation and pre ve nt a gre e n h ou s e e f fe c t.

07. E

SOURCES

[ 1 ] http: //img.e di l por tal e.com /c atal ogs /prodotti -88652- c ate acd27055 a e14 35 8a 4e7fd55f 0333fdc.pdf. (2014). 1s t e d.

07. F

ETFE

UV

Im age S ou rce : [1]

ETFE

08. A

WAT E R C U BE PTW ARCHITECTS, BEIJING, CHINA, 2008

ETFE

Th e B e i j i n g N at i o n a l Aq u at i c s Ce nte r, w h i c h i s a l s o kn ow n a s t h e Wate r Cu b e, i s l o c ate d a l o n g s i d e B e i j i n g N at i o n a l St a d i u m i n t h e O l y m p i c G re e n , B e i j i n g. Th e Wate r Cu b e d e s i g n wa s t h e w i n n e r o f a n a rc h i te c t u ra l co m p e t i t i o n fo r t h e a q u at i c ce nte r p ro j e c t, w h i c h wa s co m p l e te d i n 2 0 0 8 . E T F E m ate r i a l i s u s e d a s t h e m a i n e nve l o p e fo r t h e b u i l d i n g, a n d Wate r Cu b e h a s t h e l a rg e s t E T F E s t ru c t u re i n t h e wo r l d, w h i c h re q u i re s 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 m 2 o f E T F E . Tu b u l a r s t ru c t u re t h at i s u s e d, i s i n s p i re d by t h e g e o m e t r y o f t h e co nt i n u o u s a r ray o f b u b b l e s.

S ou rce: [ 2]

O U T E R AT S M O S P H E R E

08. B

O u tside view of the envelope: Th e d i m e n s i o n o f e a c h c u s h i o n ra n g e s f ro m 1 x 2 m to 8 x 1 1 m w i t h a l u m i n i ze d f r i t p at te r n , w h e re i s m o re d e n s e i n t h e a re a t h at d i re c t s u n i s u n d e s i ra b l e s u c h a s o n t h e ro o f a re a t h at o n l y 5 % o f v i s i b l e l i g ht i s a l l owe d.

Image S ource: [ 3 ]

ROOF translucent with most dense aluminized frit pattern

ETFE

1st layer 2nd layer 3rd layer 4th layer

31 m

177 m

177 m

WALL translucent with less dense aluminized frit pattern

1st layer 2nd layer

3rd layer

S ou rce : ow n di agram

08. C

B u i l d i n g’s s u r f a ce o f t h e Wate r Cu b e i s co m p o s e d o u t o f 4 0 0 0 E T F E b u b b l e s w h e re 3 5 0 0 o f t h e c u s h i o n i s u n i q u e s i n ce e a c h c u s h i o n i s d e s i g n e d to h a n d l e p a r t i c u l a r s t re s s e s a n d co n d i t i o n at i t s s p e c i f i c l o c at i o n i n t h e s u r f a ce.

S p a ce f ra m e m o d u l e a re m a d e to fo r m 3 . 6 m t h i c k wa l l s a n d 7 . 2 m t h i c k ro o f, t h at a re b o t h c l a d w i t h E T F E o n t h e i n n e r s i d e a n d o u te r s i d e w i t h t h re e l aye r s o f E T F E fo i l o n t h e wa l l s, a n d fo u r l aye r s o f E T F E o n t h e ro o f.

S ou rce: [ 3]

E T F E c u s h i o n o f t h e Wate r Cu b e h a s U - va l u e o f 0 . 3 5 Wm / K , w h i c h i s b e t te r t h a n t wo l aye r s o f t r i p l e g l a z i n g. Th e c u s h i o n i s co m b u s t i b l e i n te r m s o f f i re s a fe t y, b u t i t s h r i n k s w h e n h e ate d s o t h at i t c re ate s ve nt i l at i o n to l e t t h e s m o ke o u t o f t h e b u i l d i n g. Wate r Cu b e a c t s a s a g re e n h o u s e, w h i c h i s a b l e to ke e p 9 0 % o f t h e s o l a r e n e rg y t h at c atc h by t h e E T F E c u s h i o n s a n d i s ke p t i n t h e s t ru c t u ra l zo n e to h e at t h e p o o l s a n d i nte r i o r o f t h e b u i l d i n g.

S ource: [ 2 ]

ETFE

B

A

C

08. D Im age S ou rce : [ 2 ]

1

6

ETFE

2 5

3 4

11

7 8

9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

DETAIL A ETFE roof bubble ETFE clamp waterproof membrane insulation gutter stainless-steel bird wire steel support plate main steel structure clamp air-supply tube

3 2 4

1

1 2 3 4 5

5

DETAIL B steel bracket insulated aluminium flashing PVC under alloy steel gutter section main steel structure

1 3

08. E

2

DETAIL C 1 extrusion, waterproofed between caps 2 main steel structure 3 20 mm drain hole at 1 m centers Im age S ou rce : [2]

T H E R M A L I N S U L AT I O N Wate r Cu b e i s t re ate d a s i n s u l ate d g re e n h o u s e w h i c h c a n g a i n e n e rg y f ro m t h e s u n fo r h e at i n g a n d h a s g o o d i n s u l at i o n p ro p e r t i e s. Th e m ate r i a l h a s U - va l u e o f 0 . 3 5 Wm / K , w h i c h i s b e t te r t h a n t wo l aye r s o f t r i p l e g l a z i n g.

UV RESISTANT

UV

E T F E c u s h i o n t h at a re a p p l i e d i n t h e Wate r Cu b e h a s h i g h re s i s t a nt to d e g ra d a t i o n f ro m u l t rav i o l e t l i g ht.

FIRE RESISTANCE Th e c u s h i o n i s co m b u s t i b l e i n te r m s o f f i re s a fe t y, b u t i t s h r i n k s w h e n h e ate d s o t h at i t c re ate s ve nt i l at i o n to l e t t h e s m o ke o u t o f t h e b u i l d i n g.

MAINTENANCE E T F E m ate r i a l i s s u p p o s e d to b e s e l f- c l e a n i n g w i t h ra i n wate r. Howe ve r d u e to t h e h i g h p o l l u t i o n i n B e i j i n g,

08. F

SOURCES

[ 1] I.dailyma il. co. u k , (2014). [on l i n e ] Avai l abl e at: http://i .dai l y m ai l. c o. u k / i / p i x / 2 0 1 2 / 0 8 / 0 4 / a r t i c l e - 0 - 1 4 6 2 8 7 4 E 0 0 0 0 0 5 D C - 5 0 8 _ 9 6 4 x 4 5 7 . j p g [Accessed 10 J un. 2014]. [ 2] VLec uyer, A. W. 2 008. E T FE . B as e l : B i rkh au s e r. [ 3] Fabric a rchitec ture m ag.com , (2014). [on l i n e ] Avai l abl e at: http://f ab ric a rchitec turemag.com /re pos i tor y /4/3834/f u l l _ 0508_ f 2_ 11.j pg [Accessed 10 J un. 20 14]. [ 4] Continuingeduc ati on .con s tru c ti on .com , (2014). M c G raw-Hi l l Con s tru ction - Continuing Edu c ati on Ce nte r. [on l i n e ] Avai l abl e at: http://conti n u ingeduc ation.const ru c ti on .com /ar ti c l e _ pri nt.ph p? L = 5&C= 418 [Acce s s e d 1 0 J u n. 2 01 4] . [ 5] Lebbeu s Woods, (2011). Re por t From B e i j i n g 3: Wate r Cu be. [on l i n e ] Ava ilable at: htt p://l e bbe u s woods.wordpre s s.com /2011/08/26/re por tfrom- beijing- 3- wate r- c u be / [Acce s s e d 10 J u n . 2014]. [ 6] D esignbuild- net work .com , (2014). Wate r Cu be – Nati on al Aqu ati c s Centre - D esign B u i l d Ne t work . [on l i n e ] Avai l abl e at: http://w w w.de s i gnbu ild- net work .com/proj e c ts /wate rc u be / [Acce s s e d 10 J u n . 2014].

08. G