Sustainable stadium by Architect Mohammed Abuhmaid

Sustainable Stadium Mohammed Khalid Omar R. Khalid Department of Architecture Engineering University of Sharjah Senior 1 Report . fall 2012

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â&#x20AC;&#x153; hen there are no more fences and when most of the stadiums provide protection from the scorching sun or the pelting rain, when spectators can sit in peace instead of standing for hours, that is when we can expect to witness the desirable elements of a sports event, namely, a relaxed atmosphere, electrifying and exciting, but never hectic and aggressive.â&#x20AC;?

Acknowledgments We would like to express our gratitude to “Allah” for providing us the blessing to complete this work. We would also like to ask him that this project would be another tool to help us in completion of the project. We give our very special thanks to our Senior I supervisor, Mr. Graham McKay, who inspired us through all the stages of this report and gave us the chance to fully and freely represent our ideas and thoughts. We think he was able to get the most out of us, we wouldn’t be able to make something as good as this report without his help. He had the remarkable ability to lead our thoughts and to find an appropriate way to communicate them to the outside world. Thank you Dr. Graham!. A grateful thank you goes to our parents who were the reason behind our success, and gave us all the support we needed in every step from the beginning of our studies till this day. We would like to thank the people behind the scenes Eng. Noura (training supervisor) which was so friendly to share her experience with us, and had a lot of ideas and gave us the inspiration to reach to the project title. Our thanks to our colleague Reem Hantoush, for helping us in finding the resources and books that would help us in our report. She was very supportive and helpful during the process. In addition, a thank you goes to Dr. Abdul Ghaffar and Dr. Hussien who gave us ideas about the possible structures for the stadiums, and Dr. Mariam who was excited about our project and helped us in expressing different ways of sustainability.

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Contents Quote................................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgments............................................................................................................ vii Contents............................................................................................................................ viii Abstract............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 2 SECTION 1: SITE Selection............................................................................................. 5 Pre-construction decision.................................................................................... 6 SITE Location............................................................................................... 8 Site access....................................................................................................12 Environmental compatibility of stadium site.................................................. 14 Community relations..................................................................................... 15 Playing field orientation................................................................................. 16 SECTION 2: Fundamental Requirements...................................................................... 23 Players’ Side.......................................................................................................... 24 Playing Field Dimensions............................................................................. 24 Substitutes’ benches.................................................................................... 26 Dressing Rooms........................................................................................... 28 Toilet and sanitary facilities........................................................................... 30 Coaches’ offices........................................................................................... 30 Referees’ area.............................................................................................. 31 Warm-up areas............................................................................................. 32 Match delegates’ area.................................................................................. 32 Dressing rooms for ball boys and ball girls................................................... 32 Doping control area...................................................................................... 33 First Aid Room.............................................................................................. 34 The press box............................................................................................... 36 Television commentary positions.................................................................. 38 Stadium media center................................................................................... 40 Television infrastructure................................................................................ 42 Publics’ Side.......................................................................................................... 44 Seating accommodation............................................................................... 44 Seat identification......................................................................................... 46 Sanitary facilities........................................................................................... 50 Spectators with disabilities............................................................................ 52 VIP areas and VVIP areas............................................................................ 54 Public refreshment facilities.......................................................................... 58 Parking................................................................................................................... 60 Car and coach parking facilities.................................................................... 60 Parking for spectators................................................................................... 62 Hospitality parking......................................................................................... 62 Parking for teams, match officials and stadium staff..................................... 62 Access and parking for the media................................................................. 64 The emergency services and disabled spectators........................................ 64 Helipad.......................................................................................................... 64

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SECTION 3: The Stadium................................................................................................ 67 Configuration......................................................................................................... 68 Access from team areas to playing field....................................................... 68 Public access and egress............................................................................. 70 Ticketing and electronic access control........................................................ 72 Exclusion of spectators from playing area.................................................... 74 Screens and fences...................................................................................... 76 Stadium Structure................................................................................................. 78 Designing the stadium bowl.......................................................................... 78 The bowl structure........................................................................................ 80 The roof and facade...................................................................................... 81 Lighting and power supply............................................................................ 82 Case Studies.......................................................................................................... 90 Biomimicry of a Birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nest ........................................................................... 90 The Olympic Stadium................................................................................... 92 Allianz Arena bowl and roof structure........................................................... 94 Preliminary conclusion......................................................................................... 98 SECTION 4: Sustainability............................................................................................... 101 Green Goalâ&#x201E;˘................................................................................................ 102 Sustainable Stadium Concepts..................................................................... 104 Passive and active sustainability measures.................................................. 106 Key concepts for sustainable buildings......................................................... 106 Cooling and heating in public areas.............................................................. 112 SECTION 5: Brief.............................................................................................................. 115 FIFA Space Requirements..................................................................................... 116 LEED....................................................................................................................... 150 LEED certification.......................................................................................... 150 LEED Analysis............................................................................................... 152 LEED-EB Feasibility Study............................................................................ 157 Conclusion............................................................................................................. 165 References.............................................................................................................. 166

abstract The aim of the report is to present ideas upon sustainable solutions through a football stadium can be set in practice. Stadiums represent more than just a simple building. Its are a driver of the economy and of the society, and can also contribute to the local environment. The report focuses upon how the stadium can be built in order to reach to sufficient convenient for all the players, spectators and all people who work within the stadium, in all the aspects and points, starting with temperature, sight, facilities, safety and comfort convenient. The first part of the report talks about the best capacity for the stadium and how the site we have proposed is the best site to construct a stadium in Dubai, and how it fits well within the surroundings. While the second part talks about the fundamental requirements of the stadium, which helps in knowing all the dimensions provided for every section in the stadium. Adding on the third part talks about the configuration of the stadium and how all the requirements goes together in one system to provide convenience to all the users of the stadium, continuing with the third part we added stadium structure section which explains the structure of the stadium and we provided case studies that shows different stadium structures and explains the structure system of the stadium. Since sustainability is our main concern in this report, we believe that its the best solution to reach to the best stadium so we provided different solutions for natural ventilation concepts in stadiums to be able to provide the best temperature to the spectators while they are in the stadium, and finally to reach to the best sustainable project we took the LEED requirements in consideration.

Introduction Why did you choose to do this project? The competition between the world cities at its most nowadays and since UAE and specifically Dubai is considered as one of the world cities and Dubai is getting ahead of the whole world in different type of majors and have reached to sufficient level in all terms of modern cities where it got all what a city need like infrastructure, all different type of transportations, eye attracting landmarks, luxurious urban spaces, hosting different types of events that catch the attention of tourism and reaching to the highest quality of living. After looking at all the success that Dubai had made we were shocked to find that there is no stadium that express Dubai itself and go along with the competition, so we think that Dubai needs a stadium that can compete with all the stadiums around the world and to magnetize another type of events to Dubai like world cup.

What is wrong with existing stadiums (in the UAE)? Looking at the stadiums in Dubai and checking the capability of hosting large sports event like the world cup we noticed that none of the stadiums in Dubai were built on the FIFA requirements and none of them can be used to host such high spectacular and huge spectator events, where the biggest stadium in Dubai doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t even reach to the minimum no. of capacity required to host world sport events.

How do you think you will solve or improve these problems? Adding on since the stadiums are semi opened structures so the high temperature and the weather issue in the UAE might act as dough in front of hosting such events or might face problems in convenience to the spectators. Throughout the research we will find out the suitable and the perfect stadium for Dubai.

SECTION 1 SITE Selection • Pre-construction decision • Site location • Site Access • Stadium Orientation 5

Pre-construction decision

Capacity What should the capacity be? Should the stadium be built to accommodate only the domestic needs of the club(s) who will use it? Or should it attempt to attract matches at a higher level? It is not unusual for clubs to find that the provision of a bright, new, clean and comfortable stadium brings with it a dramatic increase in attendance levels. In such circumstances, a club which normally attracts an attendance of around 20,000 and is thinking of building a new stadium with a capacity of 30,000 might find it preferable to think in terms of nearer 40,000. The capacity of each stadium will depend on whatever is required locally but if developers hope that the stadium will be used occasionally for major international football events, minimum capacities of 30,000 will need to be provided. To stage major international matches like FIFA Confederations Cup finals, for example, 50,000 and upwards could be required, with the final of the FIFA World Cup™ needing in excess of 60,000 seats. Obviously, those places that can sustain a stadium with a capacity of 80,000 or more find themselves in an advantageous position when it comes to the allocation of big football events. However, even the biggest stadium is of little use for major international matches if the city concerned does not have a hotel infrastructure and international airport facilities – bearing in mind that the bulk of the audience may be traveling from abroad – as well as the organizational ability and experience to stage such an event. There are, of course, no known formulas for determining a stadium’s optimum capacity. It is very much a choice for those in charge of its development.

Stadium Location

A stadium should be situated in a location which is sufficiently large to provide spacious and safe external public circulation/activity areas and marshaling space for service vehicles and functions. While it is normal for the arrival of spectators at the stadium to be spread over a sufficiently lengthy period to prevent undue congestion near the turnstiles, the majority of spectators will seek to leave the stadium at the same time, resulting in significant space requirements. As a site becomes more suburban and isolated from public transport, it will have to become larger to accommodate the required additional parking. In this situation, convenient and multiple access to major roads and motorways is essential. In an ideal world, the ultimate location would probably be a large city-center site with good access to public transport, major roads and motorways and parking that can be used by others when games are not being played. This reduces the possibility that large parking areas will be used for as little as 100 to 200 hours per year. A stadium with ambitions to host international events is more attractive to event holders if it is within comfortable reach of hotels and active commercial environments and at least one international airport. “This is also true in the construction and renovation of football stadiums, some of which have become modern day urban landmarks. Stadiums do not offer unrestricted space, though. These buildings, where every week, month and year thousands of people congregate, must fulfill particularly stringent criteria in terms of comfort, safety and security.” Joseph S. Blatter ( FIFA President ). To achieve the idea of having a stadium that becomes an urban landmark in Dubai we need a site that got the capability to have a landmark on. Choosing the best site for this project is one of the most important features that would lead our project to succeed. The site features are:-

• • • • • • •

In the middle of Dubai so it would be reachable to all different spectators. Close to different types of assembly points of the population and public spaces. In a high density areas. Close to public transportation stations. Got the potential of sustainability. Big enough to build a stadium and its facilities on it. An accesses to the site that is capable to accommodate the huge number of people that’s going to arrive to the site. • Near hotels and hospital. • Building a stadium on it would act as an advantage to the neighbors around it.

SITE Location. Dubai, Business Bay.

This strategic artificial site with spacious size of 150,000 m2 which is located next to the (center of the world) Burj Khalifa and Downtown Dubai one of the most luxurious kilo meter in the world. The site location shows how important the site is and how carefully it should be treated. Since its shape implements that the project thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s going to be constructed on it isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t going to be a simple or normal project, which gives the impression of producing a landmark that ADDS the attention and increase the attraction to the master plan.

Site History Arguably the most talked about project in Dubai, the Signature Towers were suppose to be constructed in the site before the crisis but the project didn’t get structurally approved and it’s on hold till an unknown date. The Signature Towers were suppose to comprise 3 high-rise towers of 79-storey office (357.5m), 65-storey hotel (291.6m), 52-storey residential (230.1m) and also the new Dubai Financial Market – a 4-storey Stock Exchange building. The unique geometry of the towers will distinguish the project as one of the boldest and most innovative breakthrough in the integration of architecture and engineering in the entire region. The Signature Towers renders that impressed the whole world when they were released are not expected to turn to real, since the project was on going in 2007 and the water channels that surrounds the project were done and the site was ready to start the construction phase for the 3 towers, but after the crisis the water channels got covered up back again which shows that the project got canceled and will never rise or postponed for a long time. As the history of the site showed how it was treated and what type of project was suppose to be constructed on. This shows that the site is done for a landmark to be constructed on it so it would add beauty to the business bay district.

Future Of The Site

Dubai municipality is planning to continue the project they have started by connecting the business bay with the creek from a side and with the Gulf from its other side by a water path way that goes under Shiekh Zayed Road and across Al Safa Park and under Al Wasl and Al Jumairah Roads, which will give the ability to the water to move freely in the business bay and that would add to the site another advantage that itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s going to have a water access which gives wider capabilities to the project. As shown in the Signature Towers project that it was planned to construct a bridge that joins the site with the business bay road which creates another main access to the site which gives the flexibility to the site that should be taken in consideration. The future of the site shows the importance of the site and the amount of flexibility the site features.

Site access

Access to the stadium site needs careful study as the existing infrastructure may be inadequate. Rail, underground, tram, airport and road (from local roads to motorways) networks will all need to be able to cope with increased demand on event days. It is essential to have a comprehensive picture of the road and rail links in the surrounding area in order to evaluate accessibility both for the general public and for emergency services vehicles. The stadium site itself should incorporate carefully designed and simple vehicle access routes that connect with the main road network. In terms of pedestrian access, safe and ample space (pavements, plazas, parks, etc.) should be available within the area surrounding the stadium in order to accommodate the large numbers of people who will be congregating on match days. Pedestrian routes should provide easy access to all private and public transport facilities, including car parks, railway and underground stations, tram and bus stops, taxi ranks, etc

Public access Spectators need to be able to get to and from the stadium easily, so a clear strategy for both public and private transport access should be devised, preferably before the site is purchased. A new stadium will need to be well connected to public transport services, such as rail, underground, bus and tram links. It must have good access to the main roads and motorways, including straightforward routes to the nearest airport and railway stations. The configuration of the access and egress scheme will depend on the location of the stadium and the surrounding transport systems. Stadiums in urban settings will obviously have much better access to public transport links. Semi-urban sites will have fewer public transport options, and out-of-town/ greenfield sites fewer still, increasing the need for new or improved road and motorway links.

Main access

Environmental compatibility of stadium site

Environmental compatibility is a prime consideration when selecting a site for a stadium. It is a changing, complex and politically charged subject that must be analyzed carefully. For example, most of us would be very upset if we were suddenly confronted with the prospect of having our homes overshadowed by the walls of a large new football stadium. Proximity to existing residential areas is the most sensitive issue in the development of a new stadium and if possible this should be avoided. Typical environmental issues and concerns about the development of a new stadium Include the following:

• • • • • • •

Increased vehicular traffic; Large numbers of noisy and often aggressive fans/pedestrians; Noise from events; Bright building and event lighting; Overshadowing of adjacent properties; Lack of activity around the stadium at non-event times; Inappropriate scale of the project in relation to its surroundings.

With good analysis, design and operational controls, most of the above problems can be mitigated to satisfy neighbors. Examples include: game-time traffic and crowd management plans, restricted-access zones, noise and lighting control baffles, and introducing uses into the project that generate activity at non-event times. Extensive landscaping, with the planting of bushes, trees and flower beds in and around the project, can produce a huge visual benefit to those who use the stadium and to the local community. The greening of a stadium site enhances the perception and the reality that the facility respects the environment and its neighbors. The impact of nearby rivers and lakes on the stadium site’s water table and, therefore, the playing field drainage capability, should also be considered. Since all what surrounds the site are high rise mixed used towers, constructing a stadium and its landscape would break the rigidity of the towers and would add to the district an aesthetic view that goes along with the aesthetic shape of the site, and by that the stadium site would not lack of activity at the non-event times which increase availability of the people in the site that would create a better business.

Community relations

In choosing the location and design of a stadium, it is vital that early contact and consultation is established with local community representatives, environmental groups and local and national football authorities. With proper communication, the prospect of a new stadium becoming part of the environment should be a positive experience. The local benefits of a new stadium are considerable. They include:

• Convenient access to quality sport and entertainment events; • Jobs in the construction of the facility and its operation; • New visitors who will enhance the financial viability of the local economy, including visitors to • • • •

shops, restaurants and hotels; Often the stadium includes facilities such as a gymnasium, fitness rooms, a swimming pool, a crèche, function suites, meeting rooms, shops and other cultural and social centers that are used primarily by locals; If the field has artificial turf, it can be made available for local recreational programs; The promotion of stadium events generates significant increased exposure and profile for the community; Stadiums deliver increased community pride because of the special nature of their structure and their events.

All of the above should enhance the quality of life of those living in the area, ensure that the stadium is integrated into the day-to-day life of its community and provide additional financial stability for the facility. Because of the special nature of stadiums, their development often fosters negative rumors and fear-mongering in the media. It is essential, therefore, that direct communication with the local community and with the media is maintained throughout the development period and during the operational life of the stadium.

Playing field orientation

Will the site we chose fit the stadium with 80,000 capacity? Will it suit the best orientation the FIFA suggested? Great care must be taken regarding the angle of the playing field in relation to the sun and the prevailing weather conditions. Match participants, spectators and media representatives must be protected as much as possible from the glare of the sun. However, the effect of a stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roof on the playing field must also be considered. When there is a natural grass pitch, it is critical that there is enough light and air movement to sustain the healthy growth of grass. All sides of the playing field must receive a reasonable amount of direct sunlight. A north-south field orientation is often considered ideal but more sophisticated analysis has led stadium designers to choose an angle equal to the average direction of the sun at half time in an afternoon game. Applying the north-south field orientation on our site by using some famous stadiums in the world with their different capacities will give us the answer.

Emirates Stadium

Ashburton Grove, known for sponsorship reasons as the Emirates Stadium or simply The Emirates, is an association football stadium located in Islington, North London, England. It is the current home of Arsenal Football Club. At a capacity of 60,361, the Emirates is the third-largest football stadium in England after Wembley and Old Trafford and fourth-largest in the United Kingdom. The Emirates Stadium is located in the Islington area, slightly north of the center of London and just over 2 miles north from Kings Cross St Pancras railway station. The stadium is best reached by metro. The nearest tube station is Arsenal, on the Piccadilly line. Alternatives are stations Finsbury Park (Victoria and Piccadilly line) and Highbury & Islington (Victoria line and North London Line). From both stations it is a 10-minute walk to the stadium. Holloway Road and Drayton Park stations will be closed pre-match and are exit-only after the match.

Allianz Arena

The Allianz Arena is a football stadium in the north of Munich, Bavaria, Germany. The two professional Munich football clubs FC Bayern Munich and TSV 1860 München have played their home games at the Allianz Arena since the start of the 2005–06 season. The stadium is located at the northern edge of Munich’s borough of Schwabing-Freimann on the Fröttmaning Heath. It is the first stadium in the world that has a full changing color outside. Effective with the city’s approval of modifications that was granted 16 January 2006, the legal capacity of the stadium increased from 66,000 to 69,901 spectators (including standing room). The lower tier can seat up to 20,000, the middle tier up to 24,000, and the upper tier up to 22,000. 10,400 of the seats in the lower tier corners can be converted to standing room to allow an additional 3,120 spectators. The total capacity includes 2,000 business seats, 400 seats for the press, 106 luxury boxes with seating for up to 174, and 165 berths for wheelchairs and the like.

Bernabeu

The Estadio Santiago Bernabéu is an all-seater football stadium in Madrid, Spain. It was inaugurated on 14 December 1947 and is owned by Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. It has a current capacity of 85,454 spectators. El Bernabéu, renamed in honor of their former chairman Santiago Bernabéu Yeste, is one of the world's most famous and prestigious football venues. It has hosted the European Cup final on four occasions: in 1957, 1969, 1980, and the UEFA Champions League Final in 2010.The Finals for the 1964 European Nations' Cup and the 1982 World Cup have also been held at the Bernabéu. Estadio Santiago Bernabéu is located in central Madrid on the Paseo de la Castellana, one of Madrid’s principal avenues. The stadium lies about 4 kilometers north of the Plaza de Cibeles, where the Paseo de la Castellana originates. It is a similar distance from Puerta del Sol, one of Madrid’s main squares. The stadium is best reached by metro line 10. Stop Santiago Bernabéu lies right next to the stadium. In the center, line 10 can be caught at Plaza de España or Tribunales, but can otherwise be reached with a transfer

Nou Camp

Camp Nou (Catalan pronunciation: [kamˈnɔw], New Field) is a football stadium in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain which has been the home of Futbol Club Barcelona since 1957. The Camp Nou seats 99,786, reduced to 96,336 in matches organized by UEFA, making it the largest stadium in Europe and the 11th largest in the world in terms of capacity. It has hosted numerous international matches at a senior level, including two UEFA Champions League finals and the football competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Camp Nou is located in the east of Barcelona, at about 5 kilometers from Barcelona’s historic city center. The stadium is part of a sports complex that also includes Barcelona’s Mini Estadi. The stadium is easy to reach by metro. Various stations lie close to the stadium and from all of them it takes an approximate 10-minute walk to reach the stadium.

SECTION 2 Fu n d a m e n ta l Requirements • Players’ Side • Spectator’s Side • Parking

Playersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Side

Playing Field Dimensions Playing field length: 105m, width: 68m For all matches at the top professional level and where major international and domestic games are played, the playing field should have dimensions of 105m x 68m. These dimensions are obligatory for the FIFA World Cupâ&#x201E;˘ and the final competitions in the confederationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; championships. The playing field should have the precise markings illustrated. Other matches can be played on a playing field with different dimensions and the Laws of the Game stipulate the maximum and minimum dimensions. However it is strongly recommended that new stadiums have a 105m x 68m playing field.

Auxiliary area Additional flat areas are required beside the playing field, ideally behind each goal line, where players can warm up. This area should also allow for the circulation of assistant referees, ball boys and girls, medical staff, security staff and the media. It is recommended that this be a minimum of 8.5m on the sides and 10m on the ends. This results in an overall playing field and auxiliary area dimension of: Length: 125m, width: 85m.

Grass area In this area, a minimum of 5m on the sides or touch lines and 5m behind the goal lines, reducing at an angle to 3m near the corner flags, must be of the same surface material as the playing field. The remainder of the auxiliary area can be either of the same surface material as the playing field or it can be a concrete-type surface material which facilitates the movement of service and security vehicles and ambulances. Any part of this additional auxiliary area that will be used as a warm-up area should have the same surface as the playing field. However, with grass fields, artificial turf of the highest quality could be used.

Substitutes’ benches

There should be two substitutes’ benches. They should be situated either side of the halfway line, parallel to the touch line, outside and at a distance of five meters from the playing field. The nearest point of each bench to the halfway line should be at least five meters from the point where the halfway line meets the touch line. The benches should be equidistant from the touch line and the halfway line. Each bench should be capable of accommodating up to 22 people for international games and the FIFA World Cup™. Seats should have backrests. Benches should be placed at ground level but they should not obstruct the view of spectators. They must be protected by a transparent Plexiglas™-type shell against bad weather or objects thrown by spectators.

Dressing Rooms

There should be a private, protected area which can be accessed by team buses, cars and ambulances, from which the match participants can enter or leave the stadium safely, away from the public, the media and any unauthorized people. The route between this private entrance and the dressing rooms should be designed to allow for activities such as the uninhibited transportation of an injured person on a stretcher and the delivery of kit hampers. The route between the various dressing rooms, the emergency vehicle location and the playing area should be accessible without the obstruction of stairs, changes in level, or sudden bends or turns that would make the route difficult to navigate with a stretcher carrying an injured player. It is essential that the two principal dressing rooms in a stadium are of equal size, style and comfort. Frequently, the home team dressing room is far superior to that which is provided for the visiting team. This may be acceptable at domestic football level, but it reduces the possibility of the stadium being used as a neutral venue for a competition in which the organizers must provide both teams with equal facilities. For multi-purpose stadiums it is essential to have four changing rooms of equal size and comfort. Even in stadiums which are not multi-purpose, it is advisable to have four dressing rooms of equal size and comfort, in order to accommodate events like double-header football tournaments.

Player areas Position: the main stand. They should provide direct, protected access to the playing area and be inaccessible to the public and the media. Number: at least two separate team areas, but preferably four. Minimum size: 150m2. Team areas should: be well ventilated with fresh air and be air conditioned and centrally heated, have easily cleanable floors and walls of hygienic material, have non-slip floors and be brightly lit. Dressing rooms should have: bench seating for at least 25 people clothes-hanging facilities or lockers for at least 25 people, a refrigerator, a tactical demonstration board, a telephone (external/internal), 1 desk, 5 chairs and 3 massage tables. The massage or treatment area should be separated from, and immediately adjacent to, the dressing space.

Toilet and sanitary facilities

Should be immediately adjacent to, and with direct private access from, the dressing room. Each room should have a minimum of: 10 showers, 5 washbasins with mirrors, 1 foot basin, 1 sink for cleaning boots, 3 urinals, 3 WCs (seats), 2 electric shaving points and 2 hair dryers.

Coaches’ offices Position: They should be adjacent to the teams’ dressing rooms. Number: Two Minimum size: 24m2. Coaches’ offices should: be well ventilated with fresh air, be air conditioned and centrally heated, have easily cleanable walls of hygienic material, have non-slip floors and be brightly lit. Coaches’ offices should have: 1 shower, 3 lockers, 1 desk, 5 chairs, a white board and a telephone.

Referees’ area

Position: the main stand. It should provide direct, protected access to the playing area and be inaccessible to the public and the media. It should be separate from, but close to, the teams’ dressing rooms. Minimum size: 24m2. Referees’ areas should: be well ventilated with fresh air, be air conditioned and centrally heated, have easily cleanable floors and walls of hygienic material, have non-slip floors and be brightly lit. Referees’ areas should have: clothes-hanging facilities or lockers for 4 people, 4 chairs or bench seating for 4 people, a table with 2 chairs, a massage table, a refrigerator, a tactical demonstration board, a telephone (external/internal) and a television set. Toilet and sanitary facilities should be immediately adjacent to, and with direct private access from, the dressing room. They should have a minimum of: 2 showers,1 washbasin with mirror, 1 urinal, 1 WC (seat), 1 electric shaving point, 1 hair dryer and 1 sink for cleaning boots. It is not unusual for matches to be controlled by female referees and/or assistant referees, or for the refereeing team to be comprised of both sexes. A modern stadium should provide equal, separate areas for both sexes. Therefore, one area for five referees and one area for two referees should be provided, both with the requisite washing facilities.

Warm-up areas Outdoor These areas should have a grass surface (artificial turf is acceptable) and be surrounded by plain walls with no protrusions. Outdoor areas should be sufficiently lit to enable their use at night.

Indoor Position: close to the dressing rooms. Minimum size: 100m2 (each). Each team should have an indoor warmup area. It should be surrounded by plain walls with no protrusions. The wall surface should have shock absorbent material to prevent collision injuries and a loose net below the ceiling. Areas should be ventilated with fresh air, be air conditioned and should be brightly illuminated with lights which are protected against damage by footballs.

Match delegates’ area Position: near the teams’ and referees’ dressing rooms, preferably with direct connecting access to the latter. Minimum size: 16m2. The area should have: a desk or table, 3 chairs, a clothes locker, a telephone (external/internal), a fax, a photocopier and a television set. Toilet and sanitary facilities should include 1 WC and 1 washbasin with mirror.

Dressing rooms for ball boys and ball girls Minimum size: 40m2 (for each sex). Each room should have: 2 WCs, 2 washbasins and 2 showers.

Doping control area Every stadium must provide a room for doping control purposes, comprising a waiting room, a working room and a washing facility, all adjoining. Position: near the teamsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and refereesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; dressing rooms and inaccessible to the public and the media. Minimum size: 36m2 (including toilet, working room and waiting room). The dope-testing area should: be well ventilated with fresh air and be air conditioned and centrally heated, have easily cleanable floors and walls of hygienic material, have non-slip floors and be brightly lit. The working room should have: a desk, 4 chairs, a washbasin and mirror, a telephone (external/ internal) and a cabinet with a lock for sample bottles.

Toilet area Position: immediately next to, with direct private access to, the working room, capable of accommodating two people. Toilet and sanitary facilities should include 1 WC, 1 washbasin and mirror and 1 shower.

Waiting room Position: immediately adjacent to the working room. The waiting room should have: sufficient seating for eight people, a refrigerator and a television set.

First Aid Room

This room should be used by players, match officials, the media, VIPs and security personnel. For the FIFA World Cup™, a dedicated first aid room is required for VIPs. Position: in the dressing room area and as close to the teams’ dressing rooms and the playing field as possible, with easy access to the outside entrance directly to emergency vehicles. The doors and corridors leading to this room should be wide enough to allow access for stretchers and wheelchairs. Minimum size: 50m2. The room should have: an examination table, 2 portable stretchers (in addition to those at the pitch-side), a washbasin (hot water), a low foot basin (hot water), a glass cabinet for medicines, a lockable non-glass cabinet, a treatment table and a telephone (external/internal). The room should have walls or partitions which enable it to be divided into two when necessary. In addition, the room needs to be equipped with:

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

Defibrillator with rhythm and patient data recording; Cardiac monitor; External cardiac pacing; Infusion mounting and system with all equipment for injections and infusions set, including venous indwelling annular; Infusion system which is designed to allow administration of fluid warmed to 37°C +/– 2°C; Pressure infusion device, volumetric infusing device; Central vein catheters; Pericardia puncture set; Drug administration equipment; Intubation equipment; Automatic ventilator, stationary oxygen min. 2,000 liters or portable oxygen min. 400 liters, stationary non-manual suction device with minimum negative pressure of 500mm of mercury with a minimum capacity of 1 liter, nanometer, PEEP-valve; Thorax drainage kit; Immobilization equipment like vacuum mattress, spinal board, cervical collar-set.

First aid rooms for the public Every stadium should be equipped with a first aid room, or rooms, to care for spectators. Ideally, there should be two first aid rooms, one on either side of the stadium, but the number, size and location of these rooms should be agreed in consultation with the local health authorities. There should be space for the secure deposit of defibrillator in easily accessible locations, evenly distributed around the stadium. Scenarios for dealing with a mass catastrophe are a joint venture of the local authorities and the stadium management. First aid rooms should:

• • • • • • • • • • •

Be located in a position which allows easy access from both inside and outside the Stadium for spectators and emergency vehicles; Have doors and passageways leading to them which are wide enough to allow access For a stretcher or a wheelchair; Have bright lighting, good ventilation, heating, air conditioning, electric sockets, Hot and cold water, drinking water and toilet facilities for both sexes; Have walls and floors (non-slip) constructed of smooth and easily cleanable material; Have a glass cabinet for medicines; Have storage space for stretchers, blankets, pillows and first aid materials; Have a telephone allowing internal and external communication; Be clearly signposted inside and outside the stadium.

The press box

The press box must be in a central position in the main grandstand where the playersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; dressing rooms and the media facilities are situated. It should be centrally located on the halfway line, in a position that provides an unobstructed view of the field of play, without the possibility of interference from spectators. Ideally, the press box should not extend beyond the 16m line towards the goals. All working places in the press box should be covered. Media representatives should be allocated places with an excellent view of the entire playing area. There should be easy access to and from other media areas such as the media center, the mixed zone and the press conference room. The permanent press seats should be equipped with desks large enough to accommodate a laptop computer and a notebook. In those stadiums which will host major football matches and other major events, the press box should be designed in such a way that its capacity can be significantly increased on such occasions. If the demand is great, normal spectator seats will have to be changed into seats for the press and television reporters. A line of desktops may have to be built over a row of seats; thus every second row is used for seating. Seating for the media should be located near the main media working area. Matches generating great media interest require multiple telephone installations and outlets as well as high-speed Internet connectivity. It is not essential for all additional seats to be provided with desks. As a guideline, at least half of the positions should be provided with desks. Television monitors are an essential means of assistance and some should be installed. One monitor per eight seats is a minimum. One monitor per four seats is adequate. Sufficient power connections should be provided for this and other purposes. The possibility of installing the latest digital technology lines (such as a high-quality three-in-one line for fax, phone and computer) should be included in the construction plans for new stadiums. Designers should continue to update themselves on wireless communications prior to hard-wiring a stadium.

Television commentary positions

At least five television commentary positions and five radio commentary positions should be provided on a permanent basis. The commentary positions should be in a central position in the main grandstand on the same side as the main camera positions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; under cover rather than indoors. They should include a flat surface for writing and should be well lit. A television monitor for each position should be built into the desk in a slanting position so as not to obscure the view of the pitch for the commentary team. Commentary positions should be separated from spectators by Plexiglasâ&#x201E;˘ or other suitable means for the purpose of acoustic separation. A telephone plug must be installed in each commentary position. Two power plugs should be provided at each position. Requirements will increase dramatically for major matches. For example, at a major international club competition final, provision should be made for the installation of 50â&#x20AC;&#x201C;90 commentary positions. In order to create one commentary position, as many as six seats may need to be sacrificed, depending on the design. Each position will be occupied by a minimum of three people. The media working room and press conference room should be within easy access. Allowance should be made for the fact that media facilities vary greatly according to the type of event. A few dozen desks for a national championship match will suffice, depending on the club and the media coverage available in the region, but the working space requirements will multiply in the case of international matches. The working area for the media representatives should be under cover and located on the main stand.

Stadium media center

The capacity of the stadium media center should be based on the capacity of the media tribune. For example, for a match with 600 tribune press places, there should be space for around 200 in the stadium media center. Of the 600, around 150 would typically stay and work in the tribune, around 150 would go to the mixed zone and around 100 would leave to go home or to their own editing office. This would leave 200 to work in the stadium media center. For a stadium with a media tribune of 200, around 80 places would be needed in the stadium media center. Toilet facilities should be provided for both gender. The working room should be divided into two areas: an area where buffet-style catering can be provided, and a working area with desks, power and phone/modem facilities. It might also be advisable to provide an organizational office (for travel, transport, banking, etc.) at major events. The following spaces should be accommodated in the stadium media center:

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Welcome desk; Rate card desk; Press conference area; Camera repair service; Copy and fax service; Cafeteria; Pigeon holes; Host city information desk; Press working areas; Photographers’ working areas; Lockers; Two ticket desks (one for photographers, one for print journalists).

There should be sufficient space for ticket distribution, with adequate queuing space. Queues should not obstruct the entrance. As a source of standard information, touch-screen PCs should become customary features in the future.

Television infrastructure

The following requirements reflect current standards in stadiums for the FIFA World Cup™. However, exact capacities and quantities will be determined in each case by the organizing authorities, the media services and the broadcasting organizations. In television in particular, flexibility is required in order to accommodate newly developing technologies to maximize coverage. Lighting requirements change according to technical developments, such as the introduction of high-definition television (HDTV). For a new stadium, it is advisable to consult a leading television company or the appropriate continental television consortium. Depending on the importance of the game, many installations (such as seats for radio and television commentators) may be temporary. They will be erected for a short time and then be dismantled. It is essential to provide easy access to and from these areas and an adequate electricity supply.

Multilateral coverage All camera positions are subject to a joint agreement between the organizers and broadcasters. Attention must be paid to avoiding cameras being impeded by the public. Main cameras in the central stand must be situated at the halfway line, at the point of intersection between the line and the nearest touch line. The exact position of the multilateral cameras will be determined by the host broadcaster on inspection of the stadium. These cameras must face away from the sun, giving an unhindered view of the whole playing surface. The commentators’ positions have to be situated on the same side of the ground. A space of approximately 2m x 3m should be allowed for each camera. One goal camera should be situated behind each goal, on the longitudinal axis of the pitch, at a height which permits the penalty mark to be seen above the crossbar of the goal. The angle of the line of sight to the horizontal should be between 12° and 15° and a space of 2m x 3m is required for each camera. Depending on the importance of the match, between three and six portable atmosphere cameras may be used, allowing movement along the touch line and in the area behind the goals. This needs approval from the football governing body concerned. Given the developments in the television coverage of football, additional cameras and camera positions may include reverse-angle cameras level with the edge of the penalty areas, six-meter cameras and rail cameras.

Public’s Side

Seating accommodation All spectators should be seated. Seats must be individual, affixed to the structure and comfortably shaped, with backrests of a minimum height of 30cm to provide support. To ensure a minimum level of comfort, “tractor-style” seats, with only a tiny flange purporting to represent a backrest, are not acceptable. The provision of backrests also helps to prevent the highly dangerous forward surge of spectators which frequently took place on the old standing terraces whenever a goal was scored and which still happens today in some stadiums where the seats have no backrests. Standing viewing areas and benches of any kind are not acceptable under any circumstances for the FIFA World Cup™. Seats should be unbreakable, fireproof and capable of withstanding the rigors of the prevailing climate without undue deterioration or loss of color. Seats for VIPs should be wider and more comfortable and should be located at the center of the field and separated from the rest of the seating areas. Great care should be taken when choosing the type of seats to be installed. Building and safety standards vary from country to country, so it is inappropriate to prescribe absolute dimensions for the width of seats, the space between them, the space between the seat rows or the maximum number of seats between aisles. However, the safety and comfort of spectators must be paramount and the configuration and style of seating areas is fundamental to both issues. There should be sufficient leg-room between the rows of seats to ensure that spectators’ knees do not touch the seat or spectator in the row in front and to make it relatively easy for spectators to move in and out of the rows even when they are full. This is an important safety factor which has not always been taken into consideration. In many stadiums, it is almost impossible to move along the row when it is occupied. This is not acceptable. Seats that tip up automatically when the occupant stands up are helpful in this respect, although they may be more susceptible to breakage if abused. To achieve reasonable leg-room, a minimum distance of 85cm from backrest to backrest is recommended. The width of the seat is critical for spectator comfort. It may be financially beneficial to maximize the number of spectators in a seating area but this may compromise safety and is grossly irresponsible. It may also reduce long-term attendance. An absolute minimum width should be 45cm while a recommended minimum is 47cm. In many countries, spectators dress in bulky clothing and this should be accounted for. There should be a clear view of the playing field from all seats. In calculating the sight-lines it should be appreciated that advertising boards of 90 - 100cm in height may be erected around the field at a distance of four to five meters from the touch lines and five meters behind the center of the goal lines, reducing at an angle, to three meters near the corner flags. Simplified minimum criteria should be that all spectators in the stadium can see over the head of a spectator seated two rows in front in a direct line.

Seat identification Row identification should be clearly exhibited in the passageways or aisles in an easy-to-find location on the outside of the end seat. When arriving at an unfamiliar stadium with a ticket for, say, Sector B, Row 22, Seat 9, the spectator should find the route to the seat clearly marked and easily identifiable. All seats should be numbered in a way that makes them clearly, easily and immediately identifiable. Spectators should not have to stoop to look at obscure, faded and minuscule seat number plates while others wait behind them, impatient and frustrated. It is important that the whole entry process is not stressful or unnecessarily slow.

X=distance visitor to pitch margin

Seating row depth and width Optimal row depth and width are determined by three key factors: comfort, safety and stadium capacity. Striking a balance between capacity and comfort, which can be a difficult challenge, will determine the eventual size of the stadium. In the past, the primary objective tended to be to cram in as many seats as possible. Increasingly, however, modern stadium design places the emphasis on comfort. In a venue containing tens of thousands of seats, a difference of a few centimeters in the dimensions of each seat can mean major differences in the configuration of the bowl and, consequently, the size and cost of the stadium. Equally, those same few centimeters can mean substantial improvements to the quality of the seat design in terms of both comfort and safety. The greater the space between the rows, the easier it will be to carry out a swift evacuation in the event of an emergency. Detailed guidelines for achieving the best seat configuration, both in terms of width and depth, are available elsewhere.

Good pitch visibility A critical requirement of any stadium design is to ensure that all the seats provide an excellent view of the entire pitch. Therefore, great care must be taken to optimize the sight-lines from every seat. • Viewing distance A good view clearly depends on how far the seat is from the action. A tight bowl configuration will aim to bring even the most distant seats as close as possible to the pitch, increasing viewing quality and helping to create a “cauldron” effect. The aim should always be to keep the seats within the maximum distances set out by UEFA and FIFA regulations. • Sight-line quality: the C-value The C-value is a variable that defines the quality of the spectator’s line of vision over the head of the person in front, commonly known as “the sight-line”. The standard formula for calculating the sight-line is as follows:

C = the C-value D = the horizontal distance from each individual position to the point of focus ( the edge of the pitch ) N= the riser height of each individual row of seats R = the vertical height between the persons eye level and the point of focus ( pitch level ) T = the depth of each individual row of seats

Allianz Arena Sight-line Diagram 49

Sanitary facilities

Sufficient toilet facilities for both sexes and for disabled people must be provided inside the security perimeter of the stadium. These amenities should include adequate toilets with clean water and a plentiful supply of towels and/or hand dryers. The fact that women usually require more time in these facilities should be accounted for by providing additional fixtures. The growing number of women attending football games and other stadium events should be noted. Developers of stadiums may consider installing additional womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s toilets that can be converted to temporary use by men, with appropriate changes in sign age, when a larger male audience is anticipated. The recommended minimum number of toilets and sinks is 20 and seven respectively for every 1,000 women and 15 toilets and/or urinals (approximately one-third should be toilets and two-thirds urinals) and five sinks for every 1,000 men. The ratio should be increased in the VIP and VVIP areas. Local authority regulations apply if they require more fixtures. To avoid overcrowding between spectators entering and leaving toilets there should be a one-way access system, or at least doors which are sufficiently wide to permit the division of the passageway into in and out channels. Private toilet facilities consisting of a single toilet and sink should be considered throughout the facility in a ratio of 1 per 5,000 spectators, for use by those requiring greater assistance, including disabled people and young children. Stadiums must be developed as quality community facilities with appropriate customer services, including washrooms. It has been demonstrated that spectators respect well maintained and clean facilities. Unclean facilities often foster anti-social behavior. Minimum requirement for sanitary facilities is based on ratio of 80:20 men to women for football

Spectators with disabilities

Proper provision should be made at all stadiums to accommodate spectators with disabilities in safety and comfort. This should include the provision of good, unobstructed viewing facilities and ramps for wheelchairs, toilet facilities and support services. The quality of seating positions and ticket options should be varied to allow disabled people the same opportunities as non-disabled spectators. It should be possible for wheelchair-users to gain entry to the stadium at all the entrances â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including the VIP, VVIP, media, broadcasting and player facilities â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and to their viewing positions, without undue inconvenience either to themselves or to other spectators. Disabled spectators should have their own dedicated entrance gate from which they may have direct wheelchair access to their viewing area. Disabled spectators should not be accommodated in any position within the stadium where their inability to move quickly would present a hazard to themselves or to other spectators in the event of an emergency. Disabled people should be protected from the elements. The traditional custom of providing space in the open, close to the pitch, is not acceptable. The viewing platform for spectators who use wheelchairs should not be in a position where the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; view of the playing field could be obstructed by other spectators jumping to their feet or by flags or banners hanging in front of them. Similarly, the position of disabled spectators should not hinder the view of spectators seated behind them. On these platforms there should be a seat at the side of each wheelchair position for a helper and electrical power available for assistance equipment. Toilets for disabled people should be close by and easily accessible, as should refreshment facilities. A specialist accessibility consultant should be consulted to determine the designs of the stadium to ensure that they comply with internationally accepted standards.

VIP areas and VVIP areas

VIP area Position: In the center of the grandstand in which the players’ dressing rooms are situated, in an elevated position above the playing area, partitioned off from the public seating areas. The VIP tribune should always be located in the main stand and be accessible to the dressing rooms, media facilities and administrative offices. Access: The VIP area should have its own private entrance from outside, separate from the public entrance points, leading directly to the reception area and from there directly to the viewing area. There should be an escalator between floors which should be connected to both normal and emergency power. There should be alternative controlled access across accredited zones. People who need to go to the dressing room area (e.g. delegates, observers, etc.) must have direct and secured access from the VIP box to the dressing rooms. Seats: Seats should be individually numbered and of good quality. They should be well upholstered, with armrests, be covered by a roof and should provide a perfect, unrestricted view of the playing area. Adequate legroom between the rows is essential to enable the occupants to enter or leave without disturbing other seated guests. Capacity: The requirements will differ from competition to competition but a modern stadium should provide VIP area seating for at least 300 people, with the possibility of increasing this number considerably for major events. Reception area: The reception area should be capable of providing standing refreshments for all occupants of the VIP seating area and be situated immediately behind it. It should have:

• • • • •

Direct private access from the VIP area; Sufficient toilet facilities (male and female); Television viewing points; Telephones (external/internal); Lounge facilities, depending upon space available.

VVIP area Position : Next to the VIP area. Access: The VVIP access route should be designated high security and protected from any public interference. Security vehicles should accompany the vehicles of the VIPs and should be driven under the main stand, directly to the vertical circulation drop-off area. Seats: Seats should be numbered and separated from the VIP seats by means of a movable barrier. The seating area should be constantly staffed by security personnel. Capacity: The total number of seats should be determined by the stadium’s owner. If provided, it should include a reception area and lounge area. Reception area: A dining room large enough for 25 diners should be provided. TV sets should be provided Lounge area: A private lounge of approximately 20m2 should be provided for use by the FIFA President to have private meetings at major international matches and the FIFA World Cup™. Toilets: For the VVIP area, toilets should be separate from those of the VIP area.

FIFA VIP lounge The FIFA VIP lounge should ideally be at the back of the VIP tribune. The number of seats required will depend on the scale of the event, which will be calculated by the organizers and event management. With an event like the FIFA World Cup™, there are different seating demands depending on the stage of the competition for which the venue is to be used. The flexibility of operable walls for partitioning is desirable.

Public refreshment facilities

Selling points for food and beverages should be attractive and easily accessible. They must be evenly spread around the stadium so that provision is made for all sectors, bearing in mind that spectator movement from one sector to another may be difficult or impossible. A minimum of five permanent points of sale should be provided per 1,000 spectators, with approximately 1m-1.5m of counter space for the sale. Temporary points of sale should also be anticipated to deal with additional demand. It is important to design the work/staging area in a way that allows many employees to work there at once. An ideal ratio of beverage product to stadium capacity is 150 per cent. An ideal storage ratio is 50 per cent of storage at the stand and 50 per cent on site or in cool houses close by. Selling points for food and drink, souvenirs and match pro-grammes should be situated in positions where queuing customers will present the minimum possible obstruction to the flow of other spectators. Stadiums frequently do not allow enough space between the concession stand and the wall of the stadium, limiting corridor space. This causes the problem of bottlenecks, especially at half-time where customers queue up to buy food and drink and there are people trying to move around the stadium. Seating in the public concourses, or a combination of seating and standing table facilities, is desirable, bearing in mind that spectators may wish to purchase food and drink before and after the match. Such cafe, bar and restaurant facilities can face outwards to the surrounding streets or overlook the pitch and seating bowl, providing another type of seating product from which to watch events.

Public telephones Despite the increasing popularity of mobile phones and the reduction in the use of public telephones, an adequate number of public telephones should be provided in and around the stadium.

Public areas The stadium should be divided into at least four separate sectors, each with its own access points, refreshment and toilet facilities and other essential services, such as first aid areas, security stations and areas for stewards and marshals. Each of these sectors may, in turn, be divided into smaller areas. It should be possible to prevent spectators from moving from one sector, or sub-sector, to another, unless it is required for the stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s evacuation process. The nature of the barriers which may be used to sub-divide sectors is for each stadium management to determine. Barriers should be easily dis-mountable by security personnel and have a collapsing load which is in accordance with local authority regulations. It must be possible to see through the barriers.

Parking

Car and coach parking facilities Defining the correct car parking requirements is an essential aspect of any stadium design. This may either increase the size of the site required, or reveal the need for underground car parking. There needs to be enough parking space for both cars and coaches, either within the stadium complex itself or in the immediate vicinity. A parking strategy needs to be developed and coordinated with the local police in order to determine what will be feasible and minimize disruption to the local community.

Separate restricted-access parking areas inside the stadium complex need to be available for use by the following user groups: VIPs, local officials, players, media, catering services, emergency services (ambulances, fire and police vehicles) and stadium staff. In addition, all of these groups should have specific or shared vehicle drop-off points with direct access to the stadium. For each group, it is also essential that adequate disabled car parking spaces and drop-off points are included, and that these are located close to the stadium accesses and circulation cores.

Increasingly, stadium designs include parking for the general public, but this is likely to be easier to accommodate in an out-of-town location than an urban one. However, when planning parking inside or underneath the stadium complex it is possible that only a few of these spaces will be available for public use. Factors such as the local security policy for screening cars, the number of entrances and the number and range of other user groups for which car parking is available can all limit public availability. Therefore, an adequate number of alternative parking areas adjacent to the stadium complex must be made available to compensate for the reduced public car parking capacity within the stadium. While spectators should be encouraged, as far as possible, to make use of public transport, it remains standard practice for away supporters to arrive in large convoys of coaches, so adequate parking inside, or close to, the stadium needs to be made available for these.

Other access requirements The list shows clearly that coordinating vehicle access to the venue is a complex operation. Different vehicle users will be categorized based on their security clearance rating, hence a comprehensive access strategy will be needed in order to coordinate and regulate how and when each vehicle category is allowed to enter the stadium. The area surrounding the stadium needs to be planned coherently, with adequate road links to ensure fluid and unobstructed vehicle access at all times, especially on event days. The stadium design should incorporate dedicated access and entry points for the various services, trades and professions who are part of match-day operations. For example, TV and media crews should not be expected to use the same access and entrance points as the catering vehicles, while police vehicles and ambulances will need to be assured of clear and easy access and exit routes at all times.

Parking for spectators

All parking places should be on-site, affording spectators direct entrance to the stadium. The car parks around the stadium must be brightly lit and clearly signposted, with numbered or lettered sectors. They must be guarded against illegal intrusion. For a stadium with a capacity of 80,000, parking places should be provided for 13,333 cars. Separate parking places for buses should be provided. For a 80,000-seater stadium, parking should be provided for approximately 650 buses. It is essential to ensure that car park access and egress is rapid and smooth flowing and that direct routes to the nearest motorways are provided. The location of the car parks and bus parks should make it possible for the supporters of both teams to have separate parking facilities. Where sufficient on-site public parking is not possible, parking should be provided no further than 1,500 meters from the stadium. It is essential to discuss the public parking strategy with the competent local authorities, bearing in mind the public transport systems and the possible provision of multistory car parks in the immediate vicinity of the stadium.

Hospitality parking Hospitality parking is a particularly important component of the marketing pro-gramme. Sufficient parking near to the stadium to accommodate the number of VIP ticket-holders who have been allocated tickets is of the utmost importance. Near the VIP entrance, and separate from the public car parks, there should be sufficient parking space for the buses and cars used by VIPs. Preferably, these vehicles should be parked inside the stadium.

Parking for teams, match officials and stadium staff Parking space for at least two buses and eight cars should be available. This should be inside the stadium, immediately outside the dressing rooms and isolated from the public. The players and match officials should be able to disembark from their transport and make direct entry to their dressing rooms without coming into contact with the public. Sufficient parking space should be provided for all vehicles used by staff engaged in providing services, such as security and safety personnel, doormen, stewards and caterers.

Access and parking for the media

There should be a specific media entrance at the stadium perimeter with a reception desk or room where late accreditation/media information packs can be collected. This should have an area of not more than 30m2. Special consideration should be given to photographers who arrive with heavy camera equipment. Parking spaces should be reserved for them as close to the access point as possible and/ or a drop-off point should be designated where they can unload equipment from vehicles. There should be easy circulation between the various media working areas, such as the media working room, the press box, the press conference room, TV and radio commentary positions, the mixed zone and the field of play. Consideration must be given to the choice of surface material so that media equipment can be transported easily between the various media areas. Car parking, separate from the public parking area, should be provided as near as possible to the media working area for all media representatives. In consultation with qualified TV personnel, an area should be designated for outside broadcast (OB) vans. This should offer ample parking space for the trucks used by TV companies to undertake their outside broadcasts. For a major final, this could require between 3,000m2 and 5,000m2 of space. It should be adjacent to the stadium to avoid cabling problems. The OB van area should be secure or easily secured and should be equipped with a power supply with back-up. An area should be reserved for satellite up link vehicles (transportable earth stations). This should be in the open, adjacent to the OB van area and have an unobstructed view of the southern horizon in the northern hemisphere and of the northern horizon in the southern hemisphere. This area should be supplied with electrical power from the same source as the OB van area.

The emergency services and disabled spectators Parking facilities immediately adjacent to, or inside, the stadium must be provided for police vehicles, fire engines, ambulances and other vehicles of the emergency services and for the vehicles of disabled spectators. These parking places must be situated in such a fashion that they provide a direct, unrestricted route to and from the stadium which is separate from the public-access routes.

Helipad There should be a sufficiently large clear area near the stadium which could serve as a helicopter landing pad.

SECTION 3 The Stadium • Configuration • Stadium Structure • Case Studies • Preliminary conclusion 67

Configuration

Access from team areas to playing field Each of the teams’ dressing rooms and the referees’ dressing room should have its own corridor or tunnel for access to the playing field. These tunnels may join up near the exit to the playing area. If only one tunnel is available, it should be wide enough to enable it to be divided by a barrier screen to ensure the separation of the teams (and the referees) when entering or leaving the field. The team areas should be located on either side of the players’ tunnel. The tunnel should be a minimum of 4m wide and a minimum of 2.4m high. For the purposes of the FIFA World Cup™, 6m width is preferred; the minimum height is the same. The point where the players and the referees enter the playing area must be protected by means of a fireproof telescopic tunnel. This should be at the halfway line and on the same side as the VIP box, press stand and administrative offices. The telescopic tunnel should extend into the playing area far enough to prevent the risk of injury to the match participants caused by objects thrown by spectators. Such telescopic tunnels should be capable of being extended or closed quickly so that they may be used during the match when a player is entering or leaving the field, without causing a lengthy viewing obstruction. Alternatively, the entry to the playing area may be by means of an underground tunnel, the mouth of which is situated a safe distance from spectators. The surfaces of the corridors and the stairs must be made of, or covered by, a non-slip material. There should be no possibility of public interference in these corridors or security tunnels. Close to the point where the dressing room corridor or tunnel opens into the playing area, there should be a small toilet area consisting of a WC and washbasin with mirror for those who use the playing area.

Public access and egress

A modern stadium should be surrounded by an outer perimeter fence situated some distance from the stadium. At this outer fence the first security checks and, where necessary, body searches will be made. The second checks will be made at the stadium turnstiles. There should be sufficient space between the outer perimeter fence and the stadium turnstiles to permit the free movement of spectators. The space dimensions are determined by the local authority. It must be borne in mind that while the entry process may be spread over an hour or more, everyone will want to leave more or less at the same time. The circulation space available immediately outside the exit gates must be sufficient to guarantee that spectators are not at risk of being crushed in the event of a stampede and are able to leave the event in comfort. At every event, it must be possible to completely evacuate the stadium within a maximum time agreed with the local safety authorities. Preventive measures must be taken to avoid crushing at the public entrances. This may be accomplished by a system of barriers designed to funnel spectators individually toward the entry points. Public amenities such as toilets and refreshment bars, inside and outside the stadium, should not be situated close to the turnstiles or to the entrance and exit routes. Clear and unmistakable signs must point spectators to their sector, row and seat. During the entry mode, all major points of access should be used for entry and a couple of small designated points should be clearly marked for exiting. The opposite is required in the exit mode and a combination of the two modes is required during the match itself.

Ticketing and electronic access control

The primary purpose of ticketing and access control systems is the safety and security of spectators. The ticketing plan also has to be designed to eliminate the possibility of fraud and corruption and to reduce attempts at forgery. It must be commercially viable and serve as a means of driving revenue. It must be supported by a ticketing management plan which includes the following:

• • • • • • •

Support validation; Reliability; Personalization; Segregation; A failsafe system; Capability of multi-stage emergency management plan with a fall-back solution; Compatibility and integration with the access control system (turnstiles).

For the FIFA World Cup™, an event-wide, integrated system should be procured, as opposed to an individual stadium solution. The ticketing service provider should be centrally procured early in the event planning and should be part of the development of the ticketing plan. The successful ticket service provider should have previous ticketing experience, should have participated in similar successful events or projects, must have full access to the necessary technologies and must have the financial solidity to undertake the project. There are numerous systems available. FIFA encourages an open network IP system, examples of which are:

• A smart-label ticket with radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, with a single simple storage chip (the system used for the 2006 FIFA World Cup™ finals in Germany);

• A wireless hand held reader with bar code technology; • A manual printed system, over-the-counter sale of tickets, sequentially numbered, dated with seat assignment and with tear-off stub.

Spectator access to the stadium It is of great importance to carefully select the best method of entry to the stadium, and the procedure by which spectator access will be controlled. Turnstiles are the most common entry control system, and there are a variety of different types available. A well designed turnstile system will help to ensure ordered and controlled access and protect the safety of spectators. Turnstiles also enable a detailed head count to be completed, which means total attendance can be quickly calculated. In addition, they provide a check against the use of counterfeit tickets, given the tighter control at the point of access. All modern turnstile systems should have provisions for disabled access in place, unless alternative dedicated entry points are available. Circulation design should focus on individual controlled access and rapid independent circulation from the exterior access points to the final internal destination of each category of stadium user before, during and after the match. This enables the stadium operators to provide adequate and efficient control measures throughout the duration of the event.

Concourses The concourses are the passages inside the stadium through which spectators get from the main entrance to their seats. The concourse areas must be wide enough to allow a smooth flow of people before, during and after the match and also, of course, allow for the safe evacuation of the stadium in the event of an emergency. Even at times where crowd flow is at its peak (i.e. before and after the match and during the halftime interval), spectators should be able to circulate freely within the concourse areas, so that they can access the general exits, staircases, concessions and welfare facilities with minimum fuss.

Circulation within the stadium bowl Spectators need to be able to move up or down the stadium bowl in order to get to and from their seats. Smaller, single tiered stadiums may only require a system of gangways inside the bowl to facilitate this. However, stadiums with more than one tier will need a well-dimensioned â&#x20AC;&#x153;vertical Circulationâ&#x20AC;? scheme, which makes use of staircases, ramps, lifts and even escalators. The staircases should be distributed in equal proportion around the stadium in order to adequately serve every section of the bowl, allowing easy access to the upper tiers and dormitories. They should be correctly dimensioned to fully and safely handle the volume and flow of spectators allocated to a given section of the stadium. The dimensioning of the treads and the handrails should fully comply with all national and international safety regulations.

Exclusion of spectators from playing area

Ideally, the playing area of a stadium should be free of any barriers between spectators and the playing field. FIFA has decreed that its final competitions will only be played in fence-free stadiums. However, it is essential that players are protected against intrusion by spectators. This could be accomplished in a number of ways, including one or more of the following: Security personnel The presence of police and/or security personnel in or near the playing area is the ideal situation. Adapted seating A seating configuration could be employed that situates front-row spectators at a height above the arena, rendering intrusion into the playing field improbable, if not impossible. There are the obvious dangers with this method as far as the possibilities of utilizing the playing area as an emergency evacuation area. Moats Moats of a sufficient width and depth could be used to protect the playing field. Moats have the advantage of protecting the playing area without creating the negative visual impact of fences, but there is a danger that people may fall into them. To protect against this, it is essential to erect barriers of a sufficient height on both the spectatorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; side and the pitch side. As these barriers could present a danger to players unless they are a safe distance from the playing field boundary lines, it means that moats are only worth considering in large, spacious arenas. In a typical football stadium with a relatively tight playing area configuration, they do not represent a realistic proposition as they increase the distance between the playing field and the spectators. Moats should not contain water. They should have climbing obstructions or be constructed in such a way as to prevent the unlawful intrusion of spectators into the playing area. When moats are being constructed, it should be kept in mind that at some time in the future they might be covered over if an improvement in spectator behavior should merit it. Mobile bridges that can be put across the moat instantly in the event of an emergency evacuation must be available in those stadiums where the playing area forms part of the emergency evacuation process.

Screens and fences

Insurmountable transparent screens or insurmountable fences could be used which could be mounted permanently or affixed in such a way that they may be removed whenever they are not necessary for a particular match. While the removal of all perimeter fences and screens from football stadiums is desirable, it is acknowledged that there are places where local authorities insist upon the provision of such barriers. If fences or screens are used, they must be constructed with sufficient emergency escape gates to enable spectators to reach the playing area in the event of an emergency evacuation of the seating areas. The number, size and configuration of these gates must be approved and certified by the competent safety authorities. Spectator gates must open outwards away from the spectators, be clearly marked, be unlocked at all times and each one must be permanently attended on the inside by its own dedicated steward during the whole period that there are spectators within the stadium. It must be repeated that FIFA is opposed to insurmountable fences and screens and rejects their deployment as a playing field protection strategy. Those who insist upon their use must be quite clear that in doing so they take upon themselves the responsibility of ensuring that they do not, under any circumstances, represent a danger to those using the stadium concerned. Whatever form of protection against intrusion is used, it must be approved by the competent local authorities and must not represent a danger to spectators in the event of panic or an emergency evacuation.

Stadium Structure

Designing the stadium bowl The stadium bowl is the most important element of any football venue. The characteristics of the bowl will go a long way to determining the quality of the spectator experience in terms of comfort, view, atmosphere and “connection” to the action on the pitch.

The bowl design requirements A good bowl design should satisfy three principle requirements:

Safety It is the responsibility of the stadium operator to make the safety of all those visiting the venue paramount. When it comes to contingency planning, there is no room for complacency. Access and exit to and from the seats, both in normal and emergency situations, needs to be carefully planned in consultation with the relevant specialist consultants and the local authorities. It is generally required that all seating complies with current safety regulations before stadium operating licenses will be granted. Structural safety The entire stadium structure must comply with national and local standards and building codes. This is particularly important with respect to the public seating and circulation areas. Building safety standards and requirements vary from country to country, but it is essential that, in each specific case, the most stringent safety standards are applied to the design of the stadium. Architectural design safety Safety should be the primary consideration for every detail of the architectural design. For example, slippery surfaces should be avoided for floors, there should be adequate lighting, clear sign age, wide concourses and easy access and exit points, and non-flammable materials should be used throughout.

Visibility All spectators should have an unobstructed and complete view of the field of play. Sight line quality, commonly referred to as the “C-value”, is described in more detail in section 2 (publics’ side).

Comfort Long gone are the days when the objective was to pack in as many people as possible into a stadium, most of them in standing areas. In recent decades, there has been a shift towards all-seater venues. This has been driven primarily by the introduction of stricter safety regulations, but also by a greater recognition of the fact that spectators should be able to enjoy watching football in comfort.

Good pitch visibility A critical requirement of any stadium design is to ensure that all the seats provide an excellent view of the entire pitch. Therefore, great care must be taken to optimize the sight lines from every seat. • Viewing distance A good view clearly depends on how far the seat is from the action. A tight bowl configuration will aim to bring even the most distant seats as close as possible to the pitch, increasing viewing quality and helping to create a “cauldron” effect. The aim should always be to keep the seats within the maximum distances set out by UEFA and FIFA regulations. • Sight line quality: the C-value The C-value is a variable that defines the quality of the spectator’s line of vision over the head of the person in front, commonly known as “the sight line”. The standard formula for calculating the sight line is as follows:

The bowl structure

Stadiums need to be developed using the best resources and materials available in any given country, as well as in accordance with the international and local technical and legal regulations in force at the time. In some countries, steel is the preferred option for the main structural beams of the bowl, while in others stringent fire regulations or cost/availability preclude its use. In some countries, steel is the preferred option for the main structural beams of the bowl, while in others stringent fire regulations or cost/availability preclude its use. Given that stadiums are formed of large spaces with substantial structural spans, concrete tends to be the simplest and most cost effective structural material. In those countries where concrete is locally produced and steel has to be imported, it is certainly the most cost effective option. If concrete is to be used, a decision must then be taken on whether to opt for in situ concrete or whether a prefabricated concrete structure will be more cost effective use of prefabricated beams and stepped seating for the stadium bowl offer the advantage that fabrication will be completed prior to delivery on it, which can substantially reduce the overall time frame of the construction process. The most appropriate structural system will not only depend on the country in question and the regulations in force with regard to structural solutions; it could also be influenced by the preferences of the main contractor, whose decision is likely to be affected by factors such as time and availability. The use of prefabricated beams and stepped seating for the stadium bowl offer the advantage that fabrication will be completed prior to delivery on site, which can substantially reduce the overall time frame of the construction process However, it may still be better to use steel or in situ concrete, as there may not be enough beam elements in the structure to justify prefabrication. This tends to be the case for smaller stadiums.

The roof and facade

Stadium envelope strategy Covered seating is not mandatory, so each stadium developer needs to weigh the various benefits â&#x20AC;&#x201C; notably added comfort and protection against the elements â&#x20AC;&#x201C; against the considerable additional costs involved. A good roof design needs to take into account factors such as shading of the pitch and adequate exposure to sunlight. Lack of light will mean less than optimal conditions for the turf, reducing the lifespan of the pitch and possibly necessitating expensive artificial lighting systems to supplement natural light sources. It is also important that the roof and facade allow for adequate natural ventilation of the pitch. If this is impeded by the design, artificial ventilation systems may be required, and these are also expensive. The effect of contrasting sun and shaded areas on the pitch can affect the players, which, in turn, is likely to have a negative impact on the quality of the game; it could also prevent good TV coverage. These risks should be studied in advance and pre-empted in the design of the stadium envelope.

Options for covering the bowl Covering a stadium inevitably requires complex structural solutions because of the need to eliminate all visual impediments from the seating. Very large structural spans will be necessary, and these are both costly and technically very difficult to engineer. The architects and engineers will have to determine the best structural design for the stadium roof. There are many options available. Their decision will depend on whether the stadium is to be fully or partially covered, on the specifics of the architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design concept and, of course, on the available budget. If the stadium is only to be partially covered, priority is generally given to the main stand, which is normally located to the west of the pitch, and then to the opposite (east) stand.

Lighting and power supply

Power supply The delaying or cancellation of an event due to the loss of electrical mains is unacceptable. A careful evaluation of the available utility service is crucial, but redundant services are necessary as are back-up and ride-through power sources. Redundant mains from the utility should be fully sized to carry the facility during event conditions. Delineation and separation of the essential event loads from the life safety system loads is necessary as the ride-through capacity is primarily needed for continuation of the event, not for exiting the facility in emergency conditions. Additional planning is necessary for space allocation of the equipment for intake and back-up sources. Maintaining separation and providing multiple points of distribution with some overlap and redundancy is recommended. Facility requirements

Overview The primary goal of the event lighting system is to illuminate the event to digital video quality for the media without creating nuisance glare for the players/officials and adding spill light/glare to the spectators and surrounding environment. Permanent lighting, temporary lighting and a combination of both systems should be considered.

• Environmental

Special care should be taken to limit the spill light and glare off the field, both inside and outside the stadium.

• Players and officials

The players and officials must be able to perform to their fullest ability within an illuminated environment that enhances play.

• Spectators

The spectators must be able to view the event, scoreboard, video and all activities on the field in comfort, free from glare and excessive spill light.

• The media

The media video and broadcasts produced during an event shall be of digital quality, with balanced illumination and free from hard-line shadows and glare.

Power option 1 Two utility services are designed and installed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; both fully sized â&#x20AC;&#x201C; only one is used at a time. The loss of in-use mains would result in a time delay in closing the alternate source.

Power option 2 Two utility services are designed and installed and both are used â&#x20AC;&#x201C; loss of either one gives only partial outage until tie is closed

Competition categories Five classes of lighting systems have been developed (I to V). There are two categories that need televised-quality lighting and three classes for non-televised events. (See page 88)

Mounting height of light fittings The mounting height of the light fittings is critical to the success of the sports lighting system. The mounting height geometry for sideline head frames and poles is 25 degrees above the horizon, starting from the middle of the pitch and looking back towards the stadium seating bowl. The head frame and light structure may exceed this 25- degree minimum guideline but it may not exceed 45 degrees.

Camera views to be considered There are many possible camera positions which can be used to create the televised experience. The camera positions illustrated are some of those which are popular. A lighting specification should take account of the actual camera positions to be used in order to ensure that each camera receives sufficient light, from which good-quality video can be created. Where required, the additional advice of an appropriate television broadcaster or a regional television consortium can be sought. The principal goal of the lighting system is to ensure symmetrical lighting for both touch line and goal line conditions. Both fixed and field cameras can be added without affecting the digital video quality.

Player and broadcast view angles Providing a glare-free environment for the players, officials and media is the most important design requirement. The following two areas are defined as “no floodlight zones” for all five categories of competition:

• Corner goal-line area:

In order to maintain good visual conditions for the goalkeeper and attacking players in the corners, lighting equipment shall not be placed within an area of 15 degrees on either side of the goal line.

• Behind the goal line:

In order to maintain good visual conditions for the attacking players in front of the goal and the goalkeeper, as well as for video media at the opposite end of the pitch, lighting equipment shall not be placed within 20 degrees behind the goal line and 45 degrees above the horizon from the goal line.

Shadow control (multi-zone aiming) Limiting hard-line shadowing on the pitch is becoming one of the biggest problems facing high-definition, digital video quality media. Multi-zone aiming is the repetitive aiming from different head frame locations at similar locations on the pitch. This repetitive aiming from separate locations limits hard-line shadows created by the players. Divide the pitch into three zones, with Zone 1 representing both end zones and Zone 2 representing the middle of the pitch. The aiming for each zone shall have a minimum of four overlapping lighting arrays per side for international events and three overlapping lighting arrays per side for national televised events. Modeling is achieved when an event player is surrounded by illumination from different locations, creating a balanced illuminated environment. A shadow-free environment is achieved when hardline shadows on the pitch do not exist.

Installation planning (non-televised) For international and national televised events, the lighting head frames are positioned on the stadium for digital video quality lighting. Multi-zone aiming is not required for a non-televised pitch. For national, league and training non-televised events, the following standard lighting design guidelines apply.

Case Studies

Biomimicry of a Bird’s Nest Structural Modeling The building’s distinctive facade was conceived in order to disguise the large parallel steel girders required to support the retractable roof that was specified in the original design program. (Lubow, 2006) The geometry of the seemingly random elements was defined using the geometrical constraints dictated by the usage and capacity of the structure and formalized using modeling software designed by Arupsport. (“Beijing,” 2006) In defining the geometry of the structure, lines representing members were extended outward roam the projected plan of the athletic field, along the roof and wall surfaces to the ground in one continuous gesture. The angles of these lines were planned so that they intersect at ground level in 24 points spaced at regular intervals around the elliptical building footprint. This allows the vertical components of the structural members to be prefabricated in truss-columns of a roughly pyramidal shape. Conversely, the diagonal lines created by the staircases placed around the perimeter are traced continuously from the ground, along the roof, and down the other side. The remaining infill members balance the aesthetic of the facade. (Stacey, 2004)

Use of Steel As the continuity of the members from the ground across the roof surface was essential to the aesthetic desired by the architects, steel HSS sections were chosen to allow each ‘stick’ to twist over the curved intersection of the wall and roof to “maintain its outer edge parallel to the facade.” (“National”, 2004) Hollow structural sections (HSS) are strong in torsion, a property essential to members that are subjected to the eccentric loading experienced at the rounded intersection of the roof and wall. Using computer software, Arup designed the structure to be assembled in prefabricated segments of multiple intertwined HSS components, which were connected on site using welded joints. Onsite welding always poses a challenge, as gaining full strength in the joint requires rigorous attention to on-site conditions. The welders faced two main challenges. “One is the rigorous temperature requirement: it should be 19 plus or minus 4 degrees Celsius. The other is that the welding joints amount to as many as 128 with a combined seam length of some 600 meters. (“Steel”, 2006) However, the welded joints provide a smooth appearance, creating the illusion of continuity between all the prefabricated segments.

The Olympic Stadium

The Olympic Stadium is surrounded on three sides by waterways and is in the southern end of the Olympic Park. It will be visible from all approaches and spectators will gain access to the Olympic Stadium through ticket barriers on bridges that connect the island to the rest of the Park.

Bowl A sunken bowl built into the ground will contain the field of play and lower permanent seating. It has been designed to bring the spectators as close as possible to the action.

Roof The cable supported roof will stretch 28 meters the whole way around the Olympic Stadium and provide cover for two thirds of spectators. The roof structure is completely independent of the rest of the Olympic Stadium. It also provides support for essential floodlighting and sound systems, as well as creating the necessary wind conditions on the field of play. The roof will also provide structural support for theatrical and production equipment required for staging the Opening and Closing Ceremonies.

Wrap A colorful fabric curtain will act as a ‘wrap’ enclosing the perimeter of the Olympic Stadium’s structure. The ‘wrap’ is formed by large fabric panels that will provide protection and shelter for spectators, as well as potentially creating a canvas that can be used to show inspiring images.

Podium and pods Catering and retail outlets will be grouped together around the perimeter of the Olympic Stadium rather than underneath the seating structure like most stadiums. The entrance level podium will stretch 360 degrees around the Olympic Stadium and will be where spectators arrive and circulate. The bulk of the amenities including food and drink outlets will take the form of ‘pods’ grouped together into clusters or food courts. The self-contained, structures help add life and color to the podium level, providing places for spectators to enjoy the event atmosphere against the background of the rivers and Park.

Allianz Arena bowl and roof structure

Overall structural concept The structural system for the bowl is based on multi-story reinforced concrete sway frames with some stability provided by the eight stair and lift cores. The frames are approximately 8m apart and placed concentrically on 96 grid lines around the pitch. Some variants and auxiliary grid lines were required in the corners. The cantilever roof comprises steel trusses spanning up to 60m to cover the entire seating area. This solution was preferred by the contractor, as it fitted the construction sequence much better ArupSport previously showed that overall material savings were possible with alternative solutions such as a suspended spoke wheel roof, but the cantilever was favored mainly on grounds of pro-gramme and sequence.

The bowl structure The structural elements of the stadium bowl comprise suspended floor slabs, wide and shallow floor beams, precast terraces, deep raking beams to support the tiers, columns, and large pad foundations in a variety of sizes and depths. The bowl is divided into eight independent structures: four corner and four middle sections. Not only the scale of the building but also its concentric geometry contributes to the generation of such enormous forces from shrinkage and temperature effects that the frame would not have coped as a single structure, as is usually the case with large rectilinear buildings. The millimeter-scale sensitivity of the bowl section, in terms of the sight line design, was also guided through construction optimization by ArupSport. Generally, suspended floor systems resting on down stand beams were used for the structural slabs, as it was necessary to create the much-needed frame action. However, the contractor asked for flat slab solutions where possible to reduce construction time, and these were widely used in the lowest levels E0 and E1. Elsewhere the contractor also requested pre-cast slabs with concrete topping to reduce form work costs.

Preliminary conclusions After looking through a lot of case studies we recognized that every successful stadium had considered sustainability in its programme that gave the stadium better results in every section. Some of these stadiums:

Olympic stadium London Olympic stadium in London took in consideration the waste materials and ways of minimizing it. The ODA seeks to deliver sustainable developments through the advancement of the following objectives. Carbon: To minimize the carbon emissions associated with the Olympic Park and venues. Water: To optimize the opportunities for efficient water use, reuse and recycling. Waste: To optimize the reduction of waste through design, and to maximize the reuse and recycling of material arising during demolition, remediation and construction. Materials: To identify, source, and use environmentally and socially responsible materials. Biodiversity and ecology: To protect and enhance the biodiversity and ecology of the Lower Lea Valley, and other venue locations. Land, water, noise, air: To optimize positive and minimize adverse impacts on land, water, noise, and air quality. Supporting communities: To create new, safe mixed-use public space, housing and facilities appropriate to the demographics and character of the Lower Lea Valley, adaptable to future climates. Transport and mobility: To prioritize walking, cycling and the use of public transport to and within the Olympic Park and venues. Access: To create a highly-accessible Olympic Park and venues by meeting the principles of inclusive design. Employment and business: To create new employment and business opportunities locally, regionally and nationally. Health and well-being: To provide for healthy lifestyle opportunities during the construction of, and in the design of the Olympic Park and venues. Inclusion: To involve, communicate, and consult effectively with stakeholders and the diverse communities surrounding the Olympic Park and venues.

Allianz Arena Allianz Arena have chosen to design green roof for its parking to reduce the heat island effect. As urban areas develop, changes occur in their landscape. Buildings, roads, and other infrastructure replace open land and vegetation. Surfaces that were once permeable and moist become impermeable and dry. These changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings, forming an “island” of higher temperatures in the landscape. Heat islands occur on the surface and in the atmosphere. On a hot, sunny summer day, the sun can heat dry, exposed urban surfaces, such as roofs and pavement, to temperatures 50–90°F (27–50°C) hotter than the air,while shaded or moist surfaces—often in more rural surroundings— remain close to air temperatures. Surface urban heat islands are typically present day and night, but tend to be strongest during the day when the sun is shining. Elevated temperature from urban heat islands, particularly during the summer, can affect a community’s environment and quality of life. While some heat island impacts seem positive, such as lengthening the plant-growing season, most impacts are negative and include: Increased energy consumption: Higher temperatures in summer increase energy demand for cooling and add pressure to the electricity grid during peak periods of demand. One study estimates that the heat island effect is responsible for 5–10% of peak electricity demand for cooling buildings in cities. Elevated emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases: Increasing energy demand generally results in greater emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. Higher air temperatures also promote the formation of ground-level ozone. Compromised human health and comfort: Warmer days and nights, along with higher air pollution levels, can contribute to general discomfort, respiratory difficulties, heat cramps and exhaustion, non-fatal heat stroke, and heat-related mortality. Impaired water quality: Hot pavement and rooftop surfaces transfer their excess heat to stormwater, which then drains into storm sewers and raises water temperatures as it is released into streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. Rapid temperature changes can be stressful to aquatic ecosystems. Communities can take a number of steps to reduce the heat island effect, using four main strategies:

• • • •

Increasing tree and vegetative cover; Creating green roofs (also called “rooftop gardens” or “eco-roofs”); Installing cool—mainly reflective—roofs; and Using cool pavements.

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SECTION 4 Sustainability • Green Goal • Sustainable Stadium Concepts

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Green Goal™

FIFA has embarked upon an initiative to address environmental sustainability through the Green Goal™ pro-gramme – an initiative which FIFA fully expects its partners to embrace. The principal goals of the pro-gramme are: the reduction in the consumption of potable water, the avoidance and/or reduction of waste, the creation of a more efficient energy system and an increase in the use of public transport to FIFA events. These goals should contribute to the establishment of a neutral climate as far as greenhouse gas emissions are concerned. The pro-gramme, which began during the preparations for the 2006 FIFA World Cup™ in Germany, is one that will form part of FIFA’s legacy of the 2006 FIFA World Cup™ and should be extended to other FIFA events, especially future FIFA World Cups™.

Water A more responsible use of potable water for purposes of irrigation should be examined. Green Goal™ suggests the storage of rainwater to support the water cycle. Further potential savings could be made through the installation of water-saving technology in sanitary fittings during the construction phase.

Waste A major cost of stadium management is the removal of waste. To limit the amount of waste generated, Green Goal™ proposes the re-use of beverage containers, recycling through the separation of waste collection and the introduction of packaging-free food and merchandising products.

Energy Energy-saving activities should be exploited in the design and construction of stadiums. Potential energy-saving areas include: the use of photo-voltaic energy sources, the insulation and protection of glass on the outside of the building in order to reduce the use of air conditioning, and the use of centrally controlled building control systems to better manage energy during periods of peak demand.

Transport An important area of stadium and event management is the transport of spectators to the facility. Green Goal™ encourages the avoidance of unnecessary transport and the use of public transport systems such as buses and trains, which should be designed to optimize engine and fuel systems.

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Sustainable Stadium Concepts

Sustainability in stadium design • Green architecture The term “green architecture” is used to describe environmentally conscious and sustainable design and construction principles and techniques. The architecture of a green stadium should embrace environmentally acceptable design options and solutions before and during construction and throughout the venue’s usable life. Both FIFA and UEFA support the need for sustainable design in football stadiums. FIFA’s Green Goal initiative sets out a comprehensive set of objectives for sustainability in modern stadiums. The key objectives of any green programme are to achieve a reduction in the consumption of water, a more efficient use of energy – both in terms of production and use – good waste management, and also a reduction of the carbon footprint relating to transport of materials during the stadium construction process and travel to and from the stadium. Many might argue that the cost of designing and building an environmentally friendly building outweighs the benefits. However, all stadium developers should be encouraged to take a positive and responsible stance by incorporating as many sustainable principles into the whole project process as possible. Contrary to common perception, such initiatives are not always more costly; many simply require a more careful and conscientious design and thought process. Those initiatives that are more expensive can always be considered for implementation at a later stage, as and when finances permit.

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The design teamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s objective should be to incorporate initiatives and proposals that The implementation of such measures will help reduce running costs and overheads, providing direct and longterm financial benefits to the stadium operator.

Regulating sustainable design There are a number of bodies that issue certifications for buildings designed and constructed in line with strict sustainability guidelines. The most prominent of these bodies are BREEAM (in Europe) and LEED (in the USA). Both of these bodies provide an extensive list of parameters and checklists which need to be followed and implemented, after which the designated certification body assesses the level of compliance and issues the appropriate certification for the building accordingly. Both FIFA and UEFA recommend that all modern stadiums adhere to the standards stipulated by one of these two certification bodies. However, it is ultimately down to the stadium developers themselves to be fully aware and supportive of the need for an environmentally responsible approach, to pro actively include sustainable initiatives within the project brief and to direct the design consultants accordingly

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Passive and active sustainability measures Reduced energy consumption and sustainable design can be achieved through what are known as passive and active measures.

• Passive measures Passive sustainable measures are those that can be achieved entirely by means of good urban planning and architectural design, without recourse to any mechanical or technological solutions or other active measures. Historically, most vernacular (or local) architecture has tackled the problem of extreme weather conditions by using passive techniques such as shading from the sun using screens or narrow streets, cooling and ventilation towers, thick walls and grass roofs.

• Active measures Active measures are those which use technological systems and installations to produce energy in order to heat or cool a building in a more efficient manner. Such systems may have higher upfront capital costs, but these can often be offset in the long term by the savings accrued in running costs.

Key concepts for sustainable buildings From the earliest stage in the stadium project, environmentally friendly and sustainable principles can be integrated into the process. The main areas where sustainable initiatives can be implemented, through both passive and active measures, fall into three broad categories:

• Energy • Water • Materials

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Energy There is a whole range of measures that the stadium developer can take in order to reduce energy consumption, from the selection of the location to the methods and materials used in the design and construction process, and, of course, for the actual day-to day running of the stadium once it is operational.

â&#x20AC;˘ Transport

All initiatives designed to promote and maximize use of public transport will be beneficial, as reducing private vehicle use will significantly reduce the stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overall carbon footprint. Building services systems The energy-efficient design of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems is vital to reduce energy consumption and running costs. It is equally important to establish and implement the optimal management strategies for these systems throughout the life of the building.

Facades Building facades that provide thermal as well as acoustic insulation will enable big savings in heating and cooling costs. Evaporate-transpiration This is the cooling effect created by wind or ventilation through trees and other flora. The landscape design around the stadium can harness the benefits of evapotranspiration, as air mass that circulates through trees located close to the stadium will create a cooling effect during the summer. In winter, these same trees will provide protection against prevailing winds.

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Energy-efficient lighting Use of energy-efficient lighting throughout the general building areas can drastically reduce energy consumption and costs. Low-consumption sodium lamps are the recommended option. Natural light Making use of natural daylight wherever possible within the design will drastically reduce the need for artificial lighting and, therefore, energy consumption. Natural cooling Sun-shade protection can be provided by the roof structure and covering. Using sun protection elements (e.g. louvers, overhangs or false facades that are free of highly heat-absorbent materials) will help prevent surfaces from overheating and will naturally cool external areas that are hidden from the sun, thus omitting the need to install artificial cooling systems that consume large amounts of energy. Natural ventilation Natural ventilation can contribute to temperature control and improve stadium air quality, reducing the risk of heat-related discomfort, which is likely to occur when large crowds congregate, and preventing damp and surface condensation. Designs that include good natural ventilation will also reduce the need for energy-intensive mechanical ventilation and cooling systems. Solar panels Natural heat generation from solar panels can be used to reduce a stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dependence on conventional sources and also reduce overall energy consumption. For example, hot water for sinks and showers can be provided by the collection, storage and use of low temperature solar energy produced by solar panels. Photo-voltaic panels Photo-voltaic panels produce electricity whenever sunlight shines on them. They require little maintenance, create zero pollution and require no mechanical operation. The installation of photo-voltaic panels on stadium roofs has proved to be very effective.

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Wind energy Wind is now a major source of energy in many parts of Europe, and wind turbine technology is advancing rapidly. It may be viable to install a series of small wind turbines in the vicinity of the stadium to produce electricity for internal use, or to feed into the local grid if there is a surplus. Co-generation Co-generation refers to the harnessing of the heat produced during electricity generation. Traditionally, this heat was simply dissipated into the atmosphere. However, co-generation schemes enable it to be used for stadium heating systems and/or the production of hot water.

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Water Stadium developers should encourage and promote the more responsible use of water, through reduced consumption and recycling.

Availability The ready availability of water will vary depending on the country and specific location. Safe drinking water is scarce in many countries. The methods for treating the water available and the way it is then used are crucial factors in any stadium design. Rainwater harvesting The benefits of collecting rainwater include lower fresh water use, reduced energy and chemical consumption and increased water conservation. Rainwater can be channeled from the roof and pitch into temporary storage facilities for treatment and later used for pitch irrigation.

Waterless urinals Waterless urinals that use a â&#x20AC;&#x153;trap insertâ&#x20AC;? filled with a sealant liquid instead of water are another means of reducing water consumption.

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Materials The responsible selection of construction materials can have major environmental benefits. Materials that have been recycled or have environmentally friendly certification should always be given preference where possible. Material sourcing and manufacture It is not only the materials themselves, but the means by which they have been produced and sourced that is important. Construction materials sourced close to the stadium will reduce transport costs and, hence, lower the carbon footprint. Material recycling The choice of materials, their fabrication, construction, maintenance, demolition and disposal has repercussions on both the environment and on the health of users, hence the recycling of materials should be actively encouraged.

Waste management Waste from construction sites is a major environmental issue, as is the day-to-day waste of energy through poor management. Waste-conscious site management and maximum use of recycled materials should be promoted to counter unnecessary waste. It is equally important for stadiums to have a comprehensive waste management and treatment plan. Waste has a big impact on the environment, therefore careful thought should be given to which materials are used and the impact of their disposal should be properly anticipated.

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Cooling and heating in public areas

This is an issue which should be analyzed in the context of a variety of factors, such as the location of the stadium (i.e. whether it is in a hot or cold climate), the available budget, the expected comfort levels and the range of activities to be staged. It is generally recommended that heating or cooling systems should not be included in the concourses and other general public areas, as the cost of installation and day-to-day operation is likely to be prohibitive. Conversely, it is recommended that cooling and heating systems be installed in all internal VIP and VVIP areas, as well as the sky boxes. It may also be advisable to install them in administration areas and certain areas used by the public on a daily basis (e.g. restaurant or leisure facilities), as these may also be may be needed for commercial use, where user comfort is essential. All other enclosed areas, such as dressing rooms, media areas, delegate rooms and kitchens will require heating, but not necessarily cooling. In each case the specific requirements should be assessed in more detail when developing the stadium brief, based on the clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s objectives and expectations.

Cooling and heating the stadium bowl Increased recognition of the need to counteract the effect of extreme hot or cold weather has prompted stadium developers and designers to look at ways of creating more comfortable conditions for spectators in the bowl area itself. There have been a lot of recent advances in this area, however stadium developers should examine the benefits carefully before embracing such systems, especially in the context of any sustainable and responsible design objectives.

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Cooling In extremely hot countries, where, even in the evening, the heat can make for an uncomfortable spectator experience, stadium cooling systems are increasingly common. There are various systems available, and a distinction needs to be made between air cooling and air conditioning systems, but the objectives and end results are similar. In each case, enormous volumes of air need to be treated in order to bring the ambient temperature down to acceptable levels for the spectators and, indeed, the players. Cold air is generally heavier than hot air, so the tendency is for cold air to stay on the ground, providing a positive benefit for the players in particular. However, the cost of achieving this, and the energy consumption involved, do not always tally with responsible “green” or sustainable design criteria. Stadium developers in some countries have now attempted to address this challenge by drafting in consultants to look for ways to produce clean energy specifically for use in stadium cooling systems. The solutions being adopted include solar panels, photo voltaic panels and wind generators. Stadiums using these installations can supply clean energy back into the main grid on a day-today basis, and draw out energy on match days as needed.

Heating Heating stadiums in northern countries can be challenging. In cold climates, stadiums should ideally be covered to leverage the benefits of a heating system, given that hot air rises. Ultimately, the energy requirements, cost and efficiency of the proposed system will be dictated by the amount of protection provided by the stadium roof. In the case of extreme cold, it may be necessary to waive any requirements for matches to be played outdoors and have the stadium fully covered. Clearly, spectators in these extreme environments should be able to watch a match in as much comfort as possible and technological advances are helping to facilitate this. The technology to provide the large volume of heat required to cover the needs of an entire stadium is certainly now available. However, the amount of energy and the cost involved can be huge, and it certainly cannot be regarded as a “green” option. It may be possible to harness more sustainable energy sources for heating, such as wind and geothermal power. In both cases, the technology and available energy sources are still expensive and not entirely efficient, but there may be grants or other subsidies available that would make them viable options.

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FIFA SPACE REQUIREMENTS

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LEED LEED certification All stadiums should incorporate green building principles and techniques into their design. New stadiums are encouraged to achieve at least a minimum LEED certification. Major renovations to existing stadiums are also eligible for LEED certification. LEED is a building certification system that was developed by the U.S. Green Building Council. It involves conducting an independent third-party assessment of the environmental performance of a development. The assessment is conducted according to the parameters set out in LEED, and points are awarded in each category where the development complies with these parameters. LEED certification works as follows: There are 100 possible base points, plus an additional six points for innovation in design. Buildings can qualify for four levels of certification: Certified 40-49 points Silver 50-59 points Gold 60-79 points Platinum 80 points and above The LEED rating system is divided into six broad categories, each of which has a list of credits with points attached to them. The categories are: Sustainable sites This category deals with site selection and how the development integrates with the natural environment, social environment and existing transport networks. Water efficiency This category is aimed at reducing water consumption and using alternative water sources such as rainwater harvesting. Energy and atmosphere This category encourages the use of alternative energy sources and addresses ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Materials and resources This category rewards the use of sustainable building materials with low or zero emissions and locally sourced materials. Indoor environmental quality This category addresses the issue of creating a clean and healthy indoor environment that makes use of natural ventilation and day lighting.

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Innovation in design The category rewards innovative thinking that helps to reduce the impact that a development has on the environment. The cost implications for building a LEED sustainable stadium vary greatly. The higher the rating achieved by the design, the higher the cost of the stadium. The systems engineer must consider energy-efficient air conditioning equipment, LED lighting and system commissioning that may add cost to the project. However, these systems may reduce the energy and maintenance costs over the life of the stadium. In a well-designed stadium, the budget must be considered along with considerations for energy /operational costs for best value to achieve the desired LEED status. For general planning and budgeting, the following should be considered: Certification 0% increase in budget Certification to Silver 0%-2% increase in budget Silver to Gold 2%-5% increase in budget Gold to Platinum 2%-5% increase in budget Green building principles A green building is a building which is energy efficient, resource efficient and environmentally responsible. It is a building which incorporates design, construction and operational practices that significantly reduce or eliminate its negative impact on the environment and its occupants. Building green is an opportunity to use resources efficiently and address climate change while creating healthier and more productive environments for people to live and work in. On a practical level, this encompasses the use of design, materials and technology to reduce energy and resource consumption, and create improved human and natural environments. Specific green building measures include: careful building design to reduce heat loads, maximize natural light and promote the circulation of fresh air; the use of energy-efficient air conditioning and lighting; the use of environmentally friendly, non-toxic materials; the reduction of waste and the use of recycled materials; water-efficient plumbing fittings and rainwater harvesting; the use of renewable energy sources; and sensitivity with regard to the impact of the development on the environment. The benefits of green buildings can be divided into three broad categories, which correspond to the three spheres of sustainable development environmental, economic and social. Environmental benefits include: • Enhancing and protecting ecosystems and biodiversity; • Improving air and water quality; • Reducing solid waste; • Conserving natural resources; • Reducing carbon emissions. Economic benefits include: • Reducing operating costs; • Enhancing asset value and profits; • Improving employee productivity and satisfaction; • Optimizing life-cycle economic performance. Health and community benefits include: • Improving air, thermal and acoustic environments; • Enhancing occupant comfort and health; • Minimizing the strain on local infrastructure; • Contributing to the enhancement of overall quality of life.

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LEED Analysis What category does LEED for stadium best fit? Will there be a new stadium category in the future? LEED EB as a retrofit tool: As of July 2008, there has not been a stadium certified LEED-EB (EB stands for Existing Buildings), although according to a recent survey of major North American professional sports teams, greening stadiums is a priority to 43% of all respondents. Of those who responded a priority, 41% also stated that they would like to achieve these greening measures through the LEED certification process. Many environmentalists studying the built environment state that the most sustainable building practice is to retain most of the embodied energy in an existing structure and then modify certain aspects so the building becomes updated with the latest green building technologies. This methodology gives existing building owners an updated facility that is on par with the new buildings being designed under similar green building guidelines. The most recognized rating system to accomplish a green building retrofit is the LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB) program administered by the USGBC. As of August 1st, 2008, all new projects applying for certification under LEED-EB will be required to meet the new standards outlined in the LEED for Existing Buildings, Operations and Maintenance. This program will supersede the previous standard, LEED-EB 2.0. Significant changes between the prior version and new compliance include more guidelines on energy efficiency, purchasing policies, and an overall increased focus on metrics based reporting and systems measurement. While LEED-EB O&M will not conform perfectly in a stadium setting, there are only a handful of credit points that may be unachievable depending on each siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unique characteristics.

What does the future hold for new LEED Subcategories relating to stadiums? There are currently no short term plans by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) to adopt a LEED for Stadiums specific point criteria. This is due to the overall smaller number of the building stock that can be categorized as a stadium or sports facility. Representatives from the USGBC are constantly prioritizing their new LEED categories based on several factors. At this time, the new category being looked at that most replicates a stadium or sports facility is LEED for Hospitality, which includes hotels, casinos, resort properties, and other buildings that have full time equivalent (FTE) employees who also regularly cater to large numbers of people within the same space. This transient occupancy group has many of the same characteristics as a stadium user, including transportation and consumption patterns. Much like stadium vendors, the hospitality group employees must deal with servicing these consumption needs, as well as other similarities such as frequent mass cleaning and governing the waste stream that is generated in the facility. Because the amount of structures comprising the hospitality community far outweigh the cumulative amount of stadiums in the United States, LEED for Hospitality will most likely be introduced as a new LEED subcategory before stadiums are considered for the same process. Furthermore, new examples of disparity in the ratings systems between hospitality and sports arenas are likely to make existing LEED categories such as LEEDEB and LEED-NC better overall matches to certify stadiums once new categories become a reality.

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What LEED credit intents may have ambiguous relationships to stadiums as a building type? As is the case with most LEED point systems, there may be unattainable points based on unique characteristics of each site and structure. Below is a list of common attributes of stadiums that may shape how an organization considers certain LEED credits: 1. Full time equivalent (FTE) employees vs. fans: The most common measurement of building occupancy in the green building system is FTE employees. This measurement allows for an accurate measurement and reflection of building usage by employees, cumulatively counting all persons based on average time spent during a given time period. Stadiums offer unique situations where millions of fans can outweigh the generally smaller amount of FTEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s for a given stadium. In cases where front office operations are conducted away from the sports facility, the gap between FTE and fan usage increases. This poses a challenge when measuring point categories such as alternative transportation. In the case of the Washington Nationalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; new ballpark, points were awarded based on FTE count only. 2. Lighting: energy reduction and light emission. Many teams are required by league rules or binding agreements with broadcasting agents to keep certain lighting levels during game time. This may inhibit certain projects from achieving points for energy efficiency or light pollution reduction in the case of outdoor stadiums with field lighting. 3. Indoor/outdoor use facilities: arenas and stadiums often have areas that are both indoor and outdoor, making the energy conservation process challenging to measure and achieve. In most cases these areas can be petitioned to be excluded from any calculations that would prevent a project from obtaining a point. Retractable roofs present engineering challenges but also opportunities, as suitable climate conditions can allow fans to enjoy comfortable outside conditions while owners can reduce costs normally needed to artificially control a large indoor climate. 4. Non-traditional building usage: most buildings operate with peak vs. non peak hours. Conventional office buildings that exhibit traditional nine to five, Sunday through Thursday operating hours do not match well when compared to a stadium usage pattern. Because of this non conventional use pattern, the design, implementation, and monitoring of stadium systems can become more complex and time consuming. Things such as varying climate conditions and differing event schedules will constantly challenge facilities managers and systems programmers to ensure energy saving measures are constantly reflecting the unpredictable factors many stadiums face. Payoff time horizons for energy upgrades may vary depending on specific usage characteristics. 5. Vendor participation: Most stadiums outsource various service aspects of the stadium experience. Food and souvenir vendors are the most conspicuous examples, but other tasks such as maintenance and cleaning are often contracted outside of the building ownerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s control.

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What are some areas where LEED is aligned with Stadium Design and Operations more than a conventional building? 1. Use of recycled content: LEED point categories involving recycled content measure performance through either weight or cost of materials. Building a stadium involves a considerable amount of concrete and steel material, with both processes naturally using large quantities of recycled steel. Reinforcing steel for concrete, known as rebar, is commonly made from recycled materials. The price of steel raw material inputs has risen in the last decade, creating natural market forces that have made most steel products by default made of recycled content. A stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s composition made of mostly steel and concrete will by default qualify a LEED project for the recycled materials point system. 2. Locally sourced materials- concrete: Another synergy that stadiums have with the LEED point process is the abundance of concrete and its ability to be locally sourced. Concrete is usually produced locally in major metropolitan areas, within the ranges specified by the: USGBC for LEED certification (500 miles). With concrete being such a large percentage of the over all amount of materials in a stadium, LEED points for the Regional Materials credit is easily attainable when building a new stadium.

Financial Implications of LEED Certification Many building owners unfamiliar with LEED certification have questions as to the cost premium involved with the process. While several surveys on the subject have been completed in the past several years with varying results, there is no specific cost, positive or negative, that can be attributed to a project seeking LEED certification. Too many factors can contribute to the equation to make an absolute statement with regards to LEED and cost implications. The following is a list of factors to consider when weighing the cost benefits for LEED certification. 1. Future permitting regulations: Many local and state regulatory bodies are moving towards more stringent environmental standards when amending their building codes. These codes are usually enacted for larger buildings, and stadiums would universally fall under this category. While regulations will vary depending on where a specific project is located, most development and design professionals agree that environmental guidelines similar to LEED credit intents will eventually become part of a municipalityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building code for all new projects and major renovations. Some areas have already enacted such laws. The financial implications of this scenario would be significant to the owner of a stadium when considering selling a team, as a facility that is not equipped with environmentally friendly attributes could be devalued if new owners are required by law to bring the facility up to code. 2. Time horizon of ownership or building: With any capital improvement project or new building cost, team owners must consider their expected time horizon they intend to use or own the stadium. If a major economic benefit of LEED certified buildings is the long term energy savings, an owner will factor their expected hold of the facility when considering the payoff of these energy savings. A new team owner attempting to relocate a franchise in the short term would be dissuaded to invest up front capital for long term energy savings if their plan was to move their team in the near future. In contrast, team owners who intend to own and operate in a given location for a long term timeframe will be more inclined to take advantage of opportunities to make their building more energy efficient in order to reduce annual operating expenses and save on their bottom line costs.

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3. Replacement costs/Operating costs: Implementing new energy saving features and green friendly practices can be an economic benefit to a stadium owner under certain conditions. The age and condition of existing equipment, replacement costs for installing new equipment, and amount of usage for specific equipment are all factors when considering efficiency upgrades. If a piece of equipment is nearing the end of its useful life, it may be a prime opportunity to replace it with a more energy efficient version. A team should consult its facilities managers to list when pieces of equipment are scheduled to be replaced under the capital budgeting structure. 4. Infrequent energy usage: A unique aspect of some stadium energy plants is that in some cases they do not operate consistently enough as other conventional buildings. For example, a heating system for a baseball stadium in a moderate climate may only be in use for minimal periods during April and May, then September through October. In this case, energy efficient equipment will require a longer time horizon in order to payoff the savings that they provide versus a building that requires more consistent year round usage. In the case of a football stadium, some areas may require climate conditioning during only a handful of days per year, making payoffs of new capital expenditures too lengthy to consider from a financial standpoint. 5. Services provided for free or minimal cost: Sports teams enjoy a unique advantage of being a valuable public entity. Many outside organizations will associate a high value from a relationship or official acknowledgment from a local team or national sports league. A team interested in greening their stadium can solicit planning and technical assistance services from companies or organizations in many cases at no financial cost. Local utilities, contractors, and distributors will proactively offer products or services free of charge. This is a great value for a sports team owner that should be leveraged to receive maximum benefit from the financial payoffs that LEED certification can offer. In some instances, the free equipment or service provided could make the difference between a project being feasible or unfeasible from an economic standpoint. 6. Period of time when LEED is initiated in the development timeline: When a LEED certification plan begins can have significant cost implications for a project. The best way to keep overall costs down when incorporating LEED into your project is to bring design professionals and technical consultants on board early in the process to outline project goals and design specifics. This is especially the case if a team can receive free or discounted services from topic experts to determine costs and feasibility studies before making the larger capital commitments to move forward with a project. The longer that a project becomes planned and implemented before LEED is considered, the less flexibility a team will have when considering adding green features. Sunk costs into a project with planning and construction can cause designers or builders to have a less fungible situation when trying to retrofit LEED points into a design that had not previously considered this intent. Consultants agree that including LEED discussions in even the most preliminary design charrettes can ensure the lowest overall cost of implementation with the highest degree of flexibility for including different types of sustainable features.

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Will LEED certification result in overall increased value for a stadium? If a team makes financially responsible and timely decisions on how they approach implementing LEED into their project, AND the team is planning to make a medium to long term time commitment to staying in the facility (even if ownership changes), LEED certification will ensure a stadium enjoys decreased annual operating costs. There are also other benefits to a LEED building that are less quantifiable, such as increased employee productivity due to less sick days and improved thermal comfort. The US Green Building Council estimates 8-9% decrease in operating costs, 7.5% increase in building value, and 6.6% improvement in ROI based on recent data from LEED certified buildings. More Green, More Wins, More Money?: A legitimate case can be made that improved thermal comfort, air quality, and ventilation techniques required as part of the LEED certification process can make a difference in a team’s number of wins and losses. A quick google search of “flu going through the locker room” will pull up dozens of sports teams who have passed around sickness that becomes detrimental to team play. In a competitive sports environment that fosters parity, sometimes a handful of wins can determine a team’s overall place in the standings or shape their postseason fortune. Commercial buildings all agree to varying extents that LEED certification results in increased productivity. With human capital comprising a large percentage of a company’s overall operating costs, productivity increases can ensure added value to the bottom line of a business. In professional sports, the salary structure of the players is stratospheric compared to the human capital costs of a normal company when comparing overall operating budgets. This will put more money in the pockets of the owner and increase franchise value.

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LEED-EB Feasibility Study The results found that almost all of the 92 possible points were attainable. Each point was charted to understand: number of points available, status of credit (possible, not possible, complete, or partially complete), data required or action items needed for credit, and notes particular to the Red Soxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; specific situation with regards to achieving the credit. Most of the next steps could fit into several general work categories: 1. Narratives, policies, or best practices document creation 2. Audits and measurements 3. Survey information and investigation to assess current conditions Many credits are based on a reduction of current usage statistics, which requires metering to be installed on building wide and system specific levels in order to establish benchmarks. This process is a low cost exercise, and measurements taken within the 24 months prior to applying for LEED EB certification can be included in future LEED point calculations. Specific to stadiums, some requirements of the LEED point system will ultimately fall upon 3rd party vendors and their behavior. Some may already be aware of practices and products that are accepted in LEED categories. Talking to your vendors, suppliers, cleaners, waste haulers, and other 3rd party contracted service providers can offer insight into potential synergies or existing policies already in place that conform to LEED. Categories that require design, engineering, or consulting services will in most cases require engaging persons familiar with both the facility and the discipline which relates to the corresponding LEED credit intent. While most LEED points are attainable, each one carries a unique degree of cost that must be considered when choosing whether or not to pursue. Financial costs, time spent by employees, and costs of hiring outside professionals will all factor into the ultimate decision on which points or level of certification to pursue.

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Conclusion Summary of lessons learned. The green building movement is an evolving and unique process. The LEED certification process is something each stadium owner should consider adopting. Investigating the possibility of LEED will help team employees understand what concepts and practices are effective towards their sustainability goals, regardless of eventual success in implementation. Natural efficiencies exist with concrete and steel production that allows several LEED points to be achievable by default when building a new stadium. As witnessed by case studies and interviews of project team members, overall project costs can be reduced by bringing LEED into the process at the beginning of any new construction or major renovations, when options and flexibility exist in the design process. Teams should leverage the value they provide through partnerships, marketing agreements, and public relations in return for services provided at reduced or no cost. This is a unique advantage that stadiums have compared with the rest of the building stock that can make many programs cost feasible. The above report has outlined a group of technical and management issues on sustainability. There are issues and challenges that are particular to each stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design and surrounding environment, but in general the process of incorporating sustainable design has proven to be an achievable process regardless of geographical location, technical knowledge, or financial resources. Stadium owners worldwide who have chosen to green their facilities through design features or policy measures have succeeded in almost every case that was studied as part of this repor. The unique approach and challenges for organizations going green serve as building blocks and examples for other stadium owners to learn from when planning their own future initiatives. The potential of the stadium environment to serve as a leader, educator, and innovator of the green building movement is enormous.

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References • UEFA GUIDE TO QUALITY STADIUMS, 2011. • Football Stadiums Technical recommendations and requirements, 5th edition 2011. • Football Stadiums Technical recommendations and requirements, 4th edition 2007. • Accessible Stadia, First published 2003. • ACCESS FOR ALL V.01, 2011. • Greening Stadiums: Study of Environmentally Responsible Methods of Building and Retro-fitting Stadiums, 2008 Peter Vanderweil.

• Olympic Structures of China, Dr. N. Subramanian, Computer Design Consultants, Gaithersburg, USA, NBM&CW NOVEMBER 2008.

• Olympic Stadium, Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited (LOCOG) 2007.

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