Portfolio Of Collected Works by Mohammed Ali Khesroh by Mohammed Khesroh

Portfolio of Collected Works By Mohammed Ali

Khesroh

C.V. Contact Information Mohammed Ali Khesroh

Merits and Experiences Peer Mentor for Introduction to Drawing, 2011

mk3819@columbia.edu +1-(515) 441-2848 Emgergency: +965 99300097 181 Claremont Avenue, Apt 42a, New York, Ny, 10027

Knowledge

Community Outreach Design/Build - Ghost Lands Studio, 2012 Writer for Architectural Journal DATUM, January 2014-October 2015 Health Care Design Studio, 24 Hour Surgical Center, Sponsored by HDR, Inc. (2014)

- Rhino 5.0 | Grasshopper for rhino - Autodesk Revit 2016 | Vasari Beta 3 - Autodesk 3ds Max rendering through V-ray - Unity 3d | C# Scripting

Islamic Architecture Single Session Lecturer and Byzantine Architecture Research Paper, spring 2013 & spring 2014. Part of Deanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s List 2010-2014 (Year of Graduation)

- Sketch up | Shader Light Rendering - VREP | Lua Scripting (Intermediate) - Adobe Creative Suite | Microsoft Office - Hand Drafting

Education `

OPENGAP, A House For... 2014 Design Competition, Participant Representative of Iowa State University in Healthcare Facilities Symposium Design Charrette, 2014

- Bachelors of Architecture. 2009-2015. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

RED/BLUE Gallery Installation, 2014

- Summer Participant. 2013. Beuth Hochschule, Berlin, Germany

Multiple Art Gallery, annuals and competition entries 2011-present

- Summer Participant. 2013. Universitaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Degli Studi Di Firenze Facolta Di Architettura. Florence, Italy. - Summer Participant. 2011. kuwait University, Khaldiya, State of Kuwait. - Current: Masters of Advanced Architectural Design 2015-2016, Columbia University. New York, New York.

Biomimetics Research Studio & D3 Natural Systems 2014 Design Competition, Partici pant

CSI: Construction, Specification Institute & Iowa State University: Depart of Architec ture Annual Competition, Dec. 2014, 1st Prize Winner. IDEC 2015: Interior Design Education Video Competition, Mar. 2015, 1st Prize Winner. Free Lance Designer Jan. 2015- Current. Currently doing client work in Architectural Design & Illustration and Graphic Design. Residential Home Architect In Charge, January 2015 - Current ( Project Under Con struction). Output Shop, Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, June 2015 Dec. 2015. Graphic Designer in Charge for Grand Beauty, A cosmetics Distribution Company in Kuwait. December 2014 - Current.

In the name of Knowledge and The Grand Search of Answers. & To My Parents

Contained W o r k s E d u ca tio n a l W o rks 01 Health Care Addition 02 Terminal-77 03 Terra-Forma 04 Les Tubes 05 Hybrid-Residential 06 Terra Firma 07 Information Modelling 08 Parametric Flow 09 Ultra Real 10 Dream State

Pro fe s s io n a l W o r k s 11 Residential 12 Final Frontier

INTRODUCTION A Ret rospe c t i v e

The premise of portfolio is to establish a ground in which my recent journey from a small in the middle-east led me all the way to the land of opportunity in a small town in Ames, Iowa. During my years at the undergraduate level, I have experienced a glaring sensation to question the very notion of the basis of the design method and its inquiries into the creation and manifestation of Architecture. What does it mean to build? To hold and control space? In what relationship can we develop, nurture and provide for the human experience and the human spirit? Through questioning, I attained the grand opportunity to experience design in a multitude of setting and through many contenints, cities and schools, From New York City to Florence to Berlin and Kuwait.

By pure method of exploration, I have come to understand that are certain periods that have defined our approaches to architecture, its style and its kind. Though location is slowly losing its edge in the wake of Global Architectural design, architecture remains still in area where its kind is undefined nor is it clear. We exist in a transitionary state in which architecture is trying to find it self, through algorithims, parametrics, exploration of technology and software that is finally available as design tools to us. This collection of works is an exploration of the current kind of architecture and a questioning to what is coming next.

HEALTH CARE ADDITION

A s p onsored studio by H D R , Inc. T e a m : Ashley S eefled & Ebulimiti Aikebai. D e v e lopment: Eight W eeks

For several years the engineering and Architecture firm, HDR, Inc. through Omaha, Nebraska office, sponsored several multi-disciplinary studio under the leader ship of Cameron Campbell and Jihyun Song. The studio imposed was to study the act of adding a new structured addition to the old existing campus why adhering to a newly proposed medical care act imposed by the Obama Healthcare act of 2014. The call for proposal asks to assess an existing infrastructure that was at a point disserving to the needs of the medical and patient society on local grounds. The added landmark was to be the beacon that represented the moving of times towards a fast and more economical healthcare care society. The studio was also to analyze and research Health Care reform after the Obama Care Act went into effect and the emergence of 23-hour surgical centers.

Through many iterations, the landscape was manipulated and refilled in order to create a sunken garden condition that existed as a hidden zen garden for patients, doctors and visitors alike.. While that opportunity provided external approaches, it gave a grander hint on how we should approach the interior spaces. as we experimented, we reached a grand where the hightech parametric designed louvers were constrasted by warm low tech panelization and flooring in order bring a sense of calm and serenity to the space, making it a place of healing rather than a hospital.

Shell Space.

Waiting Area.

Cafe and Waiting Space.

Extrusion

Seperate

entry

Entry

language

Language

Block

Define O.R.

remove extra volume

Remove Extra Volume

healing garden

Helaing Garden

Reconnect

connect to old

Connect to Aid

The entry zones leading to the hospital had several issues with parking, far away ambulances entry, no clear sign of entry towards the medical campus and such. Thus, we did some landscape design to allow proper visibility of the medical campus entry zone. The parking depicted in the image above is to show that instead of providing parking for the entire campus, we concentrated on providing parking for those who are in need for it the most. The approach was to blur the line between the hardscape and the softscape to allow for a more relaxing arrival and serene departure.

The spaces organized inside play to the benifit of circulation and privace above all. Hospitals of old, has this problem with congested corridors, lack of proper office and lounge spaces and improper patient distribution. Therefor, we provided a linear line of circulation for the patient and looping one for the doctors. The linear line means that the patients arrive from a point of entry, go through the process of healing and would depart through a different point away from the eyes of visitors or patients waiting their turn.

SCALE | FEET 0

COMPLETED FEILD MEMBRANE. FLINTLASTIC MODIFIED BITUMEN CAP SHEET, 8” - 12” VERTICAL SURFACE. BATT INSULATION. TYVEK® SD2 - AIR LEAKAGE BARRIER / VAPOUR CONTROL LAYER. BEAM AND GIRDER SYSTEM.

SPRINKLER SYSTEM.

WOOD CLADDING SYSTEM.

CLADDING TIE SYSTEM.

W 14 STEEL COLUMN. UP

3/4 “ WOOD FLOORING. LOWER WINDOW SILL. I-BEAM CONNECTION TO VERTICAL MULLIONS. HORIZONTAL SHEAR HOLDING.

DROP DOWN CEILING. SOLAR SHADING VERTICAL ALUMINUM PANELS.

60MM HORIZONTAL MULLION.

DAYLIGHT ENTRY, DOUBLE PLANE AIR INSULATED GLASS STRUCTURAL GLASS.

METAL DECKING AND CONCRETE FILL SLAB. GIRDER CASING. 24” RECTANGLE DUCT SYSTEM. BATT INSULATION. WOOD CLADDING SYSTEM.

DRAINAGE HOLE.

RETAINING WALL.

OPEN TO BELOW

Through research and multiple settings with structural and civil engineers, we eventually created a structure that allows for a grided orgnaization of columns, while providing and vast open space for the lobby and cafe sections, while bringing adequete light into the premise to challenge the old notion of Health care Construction and interior approaches.

[T-77] TERMINAL - 77

C o m p e rhensive S tudio T e a m : K evin S tromert, Yan Chen, N ick D ean C ro s s D e v e lopment: T en W eeks

Located near a crowded Highway 77, south of Dallas, Texas, we were challenged to design a fueling station that would serve as a part of the larger whole within the culture of velocity and cars. Through research of vehicular culture we deduce a set of drivers that serve as the project parameters. Which allowed us to make a fueling station that serves the nation of truckers that carry the domestic supply of goods around the nation keeping businesses alive, while challenging the programmatic organization of the architecture allowing the birth of a new two levelled fuel station.

Through research and multiple allowances of reading through travels journals, the understand of how speed is percieved by the human eye became an area of interest. The building was thus manipulated, stretched and deformed, much like a piece of clay in order to challenge the decorated shed uproach and arrive at a design that is low profile yet announces it self by sheer scale and elongation at to travel with the future occupant on the highway prior to their arrival.

The diagrams show, delibrate manipulation of the existing lot so that it manifests into a intentionally extration path driven approach dictated by two major worst case scenarios, one for a pedestrian vehicle and another for a commercial Semi-truck. The two cases allow us to understand how carve the site as to adhere to a vehicles turn radius and how should the architecture respond to that carving. Per say design from the machines prior to the humans.

With the fast pace/slow pace approach of the project, The spaces created for the projects give a sensation change in space by decree of rotation, location, and relative velocity of occupant goung through the space. By having two main types of vehicle we played with the notion of creating a multi-level fuel station. The first level goes to the regular pedestrian driven vehicles, while the lower haven is provided to the truckers. The underground area contains, areas to fix, wash and refuel the vehicle, with showers, gardens and a meditation zone.

Ground Floor Plan

Underground Floor Plan

14.5’ x 7’ long span box truss with 8” members and occupiable center 5’ deep steel truss bolted connection to box truss -shape steel bracket for bolt and weld connection between steel structure and precast concrete panel 4” precast hollow core concrete slab panel with #3 re-bar

6” deep top and #5 re-bar 18” o.c. 2” structural glass 1” rubber gasket 18” deep steel truss with bolt connection 6’ deep poured concrete girder

3’ wide poured concrete column unit with #7 bar 1’ o.c. 8” poured concrete floor slab with #5 bar 18” o.c. 1” expanstion joint between floor and column 8” crushed gravel subgrade 18” poured concrete pile cap with #7 reinforcing bar 12”x12” precast concrete pile with #3 bar

East Section

TERRA FORMA R e s e a rch S tudio I n d i v i d ual W ork D e v e lopment: Eight W eeks

In this Project, we were asked to imagine a remote desert research station that sits in the Arid climatic Condition of the Desert, Through personal research and focus, I decided to place the project in the North Western desert of my country Kuwait. Eighty percent of natural wildlife was eradicated due to over glazing, unsupervised human activity and the 1990 gulf war that yielded the burning of 737 oil wells, polluting air, land and water. The aim of the project was to design an architecture that had the ability to terraform landscape in order to restore and revitalize a lost eco-system in the desert while lessening dust storms and allowing researchers to occupy the architecture before its consumption by the desert as part of its healing process.

PROGRAM WIND SCULPTING S O LAR RESP. W A T E R S Y S. NUMBER ONE W A T E R S Y S. NUMBER T WO

WIND HARVEST

W I N D T U N N E L ANALYS I S .

DESERT SNAIL

SAGUARO CACTUS

WAT E R R E S E R V O I R

PERSIAN WIND CAT C H E R

Wind Sculpting

Body Shape Reflector

Cell Water Retention System

W a t e r R e s e r v o i r C o l l e c t i o n S y e t em

Wind Reception Barrier

The Creation of the new shell, will serve as the threshold in which one crosses between the harsh environement to one the offers protection, serenity and calmness, it will also provide nature with the opportunity to terraform and revitalize. Having an extreme solution to a problem that built up in 50 years and then suddenly accelarated by the effect of war, needs to be a counter force of equal measure, one where it forces terrformation.

Water Collecting

Wind Harvesting

Solar Shading

Seal: during hotter climate WWThe cells are made of material that are able to expand when the weather is warm, which will be able to seal water that was collected during rainfall. and allows the sand dunes to form while the water is sealed for later use.

Release: during cooler climate During cooler season when the dunes have formed, the cells then open to release the water into the sand and onto the seed blanket allowing plants to start to grow on and within the dune, to prevent the sand from participating in a sand storm.

Secondary Water Collection system The secondary water collection system that runs in between all the cells would, over a long period, continuously absorb and store water much like the saguaro cactus in a reservoir underground to keep water from evaporating due to high heat on the desert surface.

Plant Seed Blanket For Revitalization The mesh- like blanket, would serve as the main element in which plants grow from. It aims to reduce the needed time for seeds to planted or to be transported naturally through air.The blanket carries native endanged plant seed, such as, Arfaj. The hope is that this method of growing protected plants on buildings would be the precursor to revitaliztion of a fragile and damaged ecosystem.

Winter Installation

Rain Collection

Skin Water Retention

Dust Storm Season

Sand Dune Formation & Warer Release in Winter

Desert Terraforming & Revitalization

ger

Heat box for Solar Chimn Solar Panels Algae Biophotoreceptor

Algae Biophotoreceptor Solar Panels

LES TUBES S y s t e m s Modeling I n d i v i d ual P roject D e v e l o pment:S ix W eeks

The project was to create Hybridized living creature that served as either completely newly constructed projects or to be parasites that leeched off an existing structure. This project explores the leeching scenario and its encompossing opportunity to use Bio material in order to generate and harvest energy, while providing the building with adequate Insulation and Weather Barrier as to properly hit two birds with one stone, the newly added envelope is to serve a preservation blanket to the brick facades of Baruch Housing.

Energy Generation Pla Apartments

Heat box for Solar Chimne Solar Panels Algae Biophotoreceptor

Algae Biophotoreceptor Solar Panels

Energy Generation Platf Apartments

The Location of the building was chosen to be the center, as it is, among the rest of the clusters is exposed to a high amount of solar daylight as the other other buildings dont shade it much. The orientation is proper to New York's Weather Conditions.

The floors from the ground to the second, are designed to add new program to the housing project, to provide opportunities of investment and allowance of occupant count increase along side businusses.

ALGAE+ SO

Water + Algae Se ed CO2 Inta ke Water fo r Energy Solar Exchan ge

The process of delivering the building occurs as an environmental processy that engages wind and solar movement in order to create an environmentally conscious building that would allow for the only minor application to be sculpted and updated to maximum efficiency and generate solutions that would allow opportunities to generate electricity, a higher grade of insulation and a new prompted allowance of public grounds in which we can have elevated gardens, shops and even offices.

LAR RO

g in ol Co g/ k in an at d T He ybri H

A Pu ir m p e ga Al ed Se

2 Co

er at W nk Ta

Pu r

e ga c t Al tra x ed E ct lle ass Co iom B

r/ or ile rat Bo ene G

W at er

ifi

ca tio

r ge

ch Ex at He

The detailing is aimed to create a light weight add-on for affordable housing units that could be plugged in as need be and allows for the process and execution of energy generation and insulation for the building.

Heated Floors/ water tubes In/Out flow tubes DryWall

Air Insulation Algae Panels Insulation Solar Panels

Weathering Membrane Seed Provider Tie Heated Floors/ water tubes

Heat box for Solar Chimney Solar Panels Algae Biophotoreceptor

Algae Biophotoreceptor Solar Panels

Water Tank

Heating Cooling Hybrid Tank

CO2 Pump

Energy Converter

Algae Seed

CO2

Boiler / Generator

Water Purification

Biomass

Algae Extractor

Heat Exchanger

Energy Generation Platform Apartments social areas/ col-de-sacs Elevated Urban Platforms rentable zone for commercial usage

HYBRID RESIDENTIAL

A S q u atting Movement Into T he S capes of Rio De J a n i e r o. T e a m : M ohammad S addegh D adash D e v e l o pment: T en W eeks

The project is an exploration of the squatter movement in Rio-De Janiero. We conducted a substantial amount of resrach at the beginning few weeks to understand the nature in which people that lived in favela situation have struggled, allowed to for new social movements and their eventual return to the city center to re-occupy abandoned buiildings and establish them selves as member of the active society and the new social fabric.

While conducting research on favelas, we started to understand that during their chaotic construction and their flower like blooming when there is no farming or seeds, This chaos between the structures, allowed for the realization that there exists a hidden netwrok of connections leading from gound of public or living to one another. This network like condition became a prime interest to us and is the subject of our exploration.

VERT

PUBL

PRIV

VERTICAL EXPANSIONS

PUBLIC GROUNDS

PRIVATE GROUNDS

To understand the favelas, we created a diagram that illustrates that unlike the city's approach to ground, the favelas push private spaces to the back of the corridor as their was a job offer. The second diagram that illustrates the city condition of understanding the city's configuration and disconnect from the ground.

While studying the city, we came to that opportunity lied in taking the exiting fabric and nullying it to understand the collective zones in which activities are concentrated and per what they are. this would inform us of which buildings are squattable and which ones aren't. These would late inform the design approach of our project also.

By choosing three blocks of operation in the heart of Rio De Janiero's City Center, we are introducing a new type of structure that extends from Monoel Congo, the main building of the Squatting movement and extending from there, The new social ground would extend and support it self on three legs (buildings) that through research we have concluded to be either empty or of attraction to GMO's and Labor Union's. in that regard we allowing the people who have no places to live, an opportuntity to not only be part of the society they are in but also create a top down uproach of negotiation between the squatters and the work force who come to the buildings only during the daytime. Providing proper infraastructure would allow the opportunity of transormability. expansion and mixed used approaches.

As mentioned before, as we Nolli the city we tend to find many collective, work zones and living quarters in harmony. from distribution. As seen on the top diagram and the translation of the collective zones in our project allows for spacial distribution to run a certian protocol of design and which allows for rather quite a series of possibilites.

L A

ENTRANCE

1 1

2 2

3 3 BRIDGE ACCESS

CORE

3.1

LOBBY

4 4

SAFE

5 5

5.1

BANK

6 6

ENTRANCE

J.1

TERRA-FIRMA A L a n d cape Architecture Endeavor T e a m : J on B asset, D e v e l o pment: Four W eeks

Through the merging of the soul and the landscape, the research of atmospheric interpretation came to manifest in the study of making. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The work will teach youâ&#x20AC;? was the motto of the studio, which inherently led to the creation of over 80 drawings both 2d and 3d over the course of 5 weeks. The drawings explored possibilities of allowing the land to dictate and shape atmospheric architectural delineation and the process of arriving at the final solution to design in its complete abstracted technicality.

During our site visit, we have encoutered many surial moment in which the site advocated its spirit. The order in which the farm was taken over by nature provided us the opportunity to seek certain patterns of movements through the site. From the small Bee to the large Deer, each had their own rhythm and cycle through out the site. That provided that we approach our design through that lense, thus we created a set of meandering paths leading to the archittecture as a transition point back to nature. The ground it self becomes the healer of the occupants who heal other, namely doctors.

1. Integeration

2. projection

3. connection

4. Healing

INFORMATION MODELING A D a t a Analysis P roject T e a m : Zhehui Z hang, S hendao Li, Xiao G u D e v e l o pment: Eight W eeks

During the age of data driven analysis, the very way architectural design is conducted is changing, Algorithms, mathmatical conduction and the evolutionary design stand point, have forever changed what we call the iterative process. More efficient, precise and driven by logic, this approach allowed for the chance to evaluate existing building to find out if the designs made by other architects and designs, were in fact the very best possible. Thus, bringing us to this project which in a group of Four: Myself, Xiao Gu, Zhehui Zhang and Shendao Li, have conducted analysis on SOMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Time Warner building at Columbus Circle here in New York City.

Site

Environmental Data

Site

Un-obstructed View

Gross Floor Area

Shadow Casting

Daylight

Compactness

Efficiency

Client Objectives

City Objectives

The results we found suggests that the one tower scenarios are substantially at a higher efficiency rate due to the higher gross floor area ration and higher percentage of natural daylight making it to central park. we suspect however that the reason for this result is that the analysis put a rough estimation on elevator cores and fire escapes. The cores for the single tower in reality have to be much larger and substantial compared to two smaller cores in the two tower scenario. This offset, creates a discrepency in the analysis, which causes such a huge difference in between the one and two tower scenario.

PARAMETRIC FLOWS A S t u d y Into W ork Flows B etween R hino & Re v it. I n d i v i d ual P roject D e v e l o pment: Eight W eeks

` The project places it self into the context of the Affordable houses of Baruch, Located near Franklin bridge at lower South east side of Manhattan. A shady gray area where both affordability and crime and deterioration exists. The Proposal is aid the sustainability movement and support these relics to become viable and sustainble. This Project will explore taking the buildings down and creating a new â&#x20AC;&#x153;Animalâ&#x20AC;? that sits within the site, one that looks into the parametric ways of the future and into the what can an algorithm generates to term it self with the environment.

Set of selected created components that were tested, during many phases of the design. the three pointed designs eventually Served best in order to reach the needed final result and resulted in their integration as a vital part of the final building and the others fell into dismay and left out at the end. The Search yielded that The components rather than complex would take life in a much puristic manner, simple, eleagant and elemental.

The triangle is labelled many times through out history as the perfect shape, one that can create all other shapes. Beyond the Davinci-an thought, the components through many iterations migrated from a triangle to a hexagon and a rectangle (multiples of triangles), but eventually returned to this form, as you will see in the next page.

ULTRA REAL A t t a i n i n g A N ew R epresentation T e a m : R ui P eng D e v e l o p ment: S ixteen W eeks

In this experiment, we engaged the opportunity to create hyper realistic archtiectural renderings for made up rural or urban settings of our choosing. My partner and I, agreed early on that we should do ultra realistic rendering of a post-utopian urban setting, one which humanity is scarce and urbanity abandoned and have returned back to its dessimal existence. If one man survived what would be his condition? and how would we he come to peace with his existence? These images are the productions of that endeavorand the result of two highly imaginative minds come together.

In order to create such ultra realistic scenes, my self and may partner Rui Peng, experimented with many possiblities until reaching a solution that offered something rather surreal yet tangible.

DREAM STATE A n E x p l o ration of the U nity 3D Engine T e a m : Y uan Liu, H asan D eniz, R ui P eng D e v e l o p ment: Eight W eeks

This project was done as a challenge to explore thenewly advocate unity 3d engine, in order to create an architectura or spatial design in which people could experience in Virtual Reality, virtually using the engine allowed us to create and generate a vast area of shapes a script that allowed them to behave and function and that will create a set beginning and end for the game.

Principles Environment Rotation

The premise of our game, is to create an endless dream in which you are contained in a box with six different environments. That way the site is diffenrent, the scale and experience of on a different baking what conected The infinite dream state would let you in and never out. , thus turning into a consistant nightmare that Martin Luther King join you in by spirt. Sound Maker

Chasing Balls

RESIDENTIAL C o m m i s s ion T o D esign, D evelop and submit pro p o s a l t o C l i e n t. I n d i v i d u al P roject, P rofessional W ork D e v e l o p ment: January 201 5 - Current

This project was done after a RFP arrived after my graduation from Iowa.. The request was to provide adequate floors plans and an exterior design for a residential house in Kuwait. The house currently is underconstruction and a hard timeto follor

Monumentality was needed after explorations into the Modern and classical styles were made. the final results colors was to call upon a methods that allows the building's own image of beauty doesn't weather with time. Kuwait has a lot of sandstorm that occur with no prior warning out there. Yet, that is one of the main reasons to which these colors in particular were chosen and how the building was designed in the first place for what reason.

The Ground floor is dedicated to Guests and common spaces that residents from the top two floors could occupy. while the house is intended to a single family, the Second floor is designed to be two identical apartments that would be rented out and serves as a money generator for the family.

FINAL FRONTIER Commision I n d i v i d u al P roject D e v e l o p ment: O ne W eek

This project was done as a challenge to explore the a realm of scientifically fictional worlds that could manifested through geometric understanding a hexagonal shape. By its extrusion, bending, twistion and deformation, we arrive at a set of animals and anomalies that creation the inhabitor (the occupant) and the inhabited (the vessel). The processional movement from beginning to end signifies that exploration has a beginning and an end, an endeavor that set a number of questions and begs the approperiation of their eventual deaths. Exploration no matter what it is, is the final frontier.

Taking precedent from the natural world, I was able to construct these worlds out the notion that buildings unit of them are brought from and understood and the very veins that course through our bodies. Perhaps, the biggest exploration would eventually occur in the one place that is truly dictates us, which is within our own vessels. Biology played a big part of this research as it gave way to grant hints and inspiration of entities underneath the microscope., there exists a world far beyond ours. A beautiful yet dangerous one.

After conducting many experiments with biology and how to find an approachable moment in which the spatial stream could be manifested.Stems of bio-nodes become monumental living entities that give humans the opportunity stream along the designated pathways leading to their eventual obsurption into the natural. From Nature to nature.