Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
Sun, earth and radiation
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
The sun and the earth
150.000.000 Km
SUN
EARTH R= 6.400 Km
R= 700.400 Km
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
EARTH
R= 6.400 Km
R= 700.400 Km
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
EARTH
R= 700.400 Km
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
R= 6.400 Km
R= 700.400 Km
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
0,53º (2D)
0,00027 Sr (3D)
22.995 “suns” / hemisphere
The sky can be filled by near 23.000 suns.
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
Solar radiation.
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
The power of sun: 570.000.000 ton de H2 a 560.000.000 ton de He per second = 400.000.000.000.000.000.000 de MW
R= 6.400 Km
1.400 W/m2 of power at 150 milions of Km
R= 700.400 Km
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Absolut radiation of the estratosferic radiation in the earth:
1. 4 0 0 W / m2
of power
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
The movement of earth around the sun.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Inclination of axis of rotation
N
W
E
1 rev. at day
S
Source: M. Morat贸.
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Inclination of axis of rotation Inclination of axis:
1 rev. at day
Constant = 23,45º
N W E
23,45º
Source: M. Morató.
S Ecliptic plane
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
day/night 1 revolution every day
Ecliptic plane
1 revolution every 365’25 days The seasons Image: M. Morató.
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Declination
Summer
Winter
N
+ 23,45º
N Ecliptic plane
S
Source: M. Morató.
S
- 23,45º
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Declination
+ 23,45 º
+ 23,45 º
0º
0º
- 23,45 º
Source: M. Morató.
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
The seasons
summer (north hemispheri)
Source: M. Morat贸.
winter (north hemispheri)
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
The seasons
Position in summer (north hemispheri) at 12:00 at noon Source: M. Morat贸.
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
The seasons
Position in summer (north hemispheri) 12:00 midnight Source: M. Morat贸.
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
The seasons
Position in winter (north hemispheri) in the 12:00 at noon Source: M. Morat贸.
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
The seasons
Position in winter (north hemispheri) at 12:00 midnight Source: M. Morat贸.
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
Which is the movement of the Sun from the Earth ?
Source: M. Morat贸.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
The movement of the Sun from the earth
The Cercasol tool (findsun)
Source: M. Morat贸.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
ex: How to follow the sun in BCN ?
Source: M. Morat贸.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
1.- Put the axis in direction North
Source: M. Morat贸.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
2.- Inclinate the axis = latitude of place = 41潞
Source: M. Morat贸.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
3.- Incline the arrow = declination of the day
N= day of year (N =1 of January) Source: M. Morat贸.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
The 3 special positions of the year declination (+ 23,45º)
Soltice of summer (21 June)
Source: M. Morató.
declination (0º)
Equinox spring and autumn (21 March/ 22 September)
declination (- 23,45º)
Soltice of winter (21 december)
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
4.- Rotate (left rotation): 1 revolution at day.
Source: M. Morat贸.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Polar
springautumn
summer
winter
latitude South 1 turn at day
Source: M. Morat贸.
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
declination (- 23,45º)
12:00 solar (Noon)
Ex: Track on solstice of winter (41 º lat North)
South West
Est
North Source: M. Morató.
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
declination (0º)
12:00 solar (Noon)
Ex: Track on equinocces (41º Lat North)
South West
Est North Source: M. Morató.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
12:00 solar (Noon)
Ex: Track on solstice of summer (41 潞 lat North) South West
Est North Source: M. Morat贸.
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
N
S
N
S
N
S
N
S
Ex: Position of the “Cercasol” at 23 of December in others places on the earth Source: M. Morató.
S
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
The nature of the radiation on earth
Source: M. Morat贸.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Meaning of power and energy radiation Radiation Power units
W / m2
mean
Instantaneous energy
Radiation Energy kWh / m2 captured energy in a interval of time
Power (W/m2) Power at time t2 is
Z (kWh/m2)
X (W/m2)
Energy captured between time t1 and t2 is
Time (s) t1 Source: M. Morat贸.
t2
t2
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy Sun, earth andand environment radiation
The nature of the radiation on earth
1. 4 0 0 W / m2
Image: Google earth.
of power
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Distribution of the solar radiation spectrum:
Intensity
1. 4 0 0 W / m2 UV
visible
of solar power
IR
Short
0,4
wave
0,7 0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
位 (碌m)
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Stratospheric radiation and Radiation at level of the sea in a clear day 1. 4 0 0 W / m2
1.400 W/m2
of power
4%
9 0 0 W / m2
of power
48%
900 W/m2
2%
Image: Google earth.
48%
40%
58%
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Source: www.oksolar.com.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
< 2 kWh/m2
2,5 kWh/m2
4,4 kWh/m2
3,9 kWh/m2
7,2 kWh/m2
4,8 kWh/m2
Average daily radiation on the earth: 170 W/m2/day = 4 kWh/m2/day Source: www.oksolar.com.
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Theoretical distribution of monthly radiation by latitude (kWh/m2/day) 8
+ 90º
4
0
+ 90º
8
+ 60º
4 0
+ 60º
8
+ 30º
4
+ 30º
0
8
+ 0º - 30º - 60º
+ 0º
4 0 8
- 30º
4 0 8
- 90º
- 60º
4 0 8
- 90º
4 0 J
Source: NASA.
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Direct and diffuse radiation
Source: NASA.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
Direct and diffuse radiation Source of direct radiation (sun)
Source of diffuse radiation
Source of reflected radiation Source: Traimar
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Direct rad. + Diffuse rad. + Reflected rad. = Global radiation
Source: Traimar
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Usually reflected radiation is lower than direct and diffuse radiation then …
Global radiation = Direct rad. + Diffuse rad. + Reflected rad.
Source: Traimar
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Diffuse radiation
In the atmosphere appears the diffuse radiation Source: Google.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Direct and diffuse radiation
Diffuse radiation appears by interaction of direct radiation against atmosphere molecules Source: Google
by Mois猫s Morat贸
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Direct and diffuse radiation in a homogeneous clouded sky
100 %
Source: Moisès Morato.
www.cercasol.com
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Direct and diffuse radiation (W/m2) in homogeneous clouded skies 100 %
A
80 %
B
D Source: Moisès Morato.
www.cercasol.com
C 20 %
40 %
E
60 %
Architecture and solar energy
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Energy and environment
Evolution of direct and diffuse radiation (kWh/m2/day) in homogeneous clouded skies 9
Irradiation (kWh/m2/day)
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A (100 %) B (80 %) C (60 %) D (40 %) E (20 %)
Source: M. Morat贸. www.cercasol.com.
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Real graphs of direct and difusse radiation
Source: UAB (Universitat de Física)
A fully clear day (june 2006 BCN)
by Moisès Morató
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Real graphs of direct and difusse radiation
clear day cloudy day Source: UAB (Universitat de Física)
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Diffuse radiation
Intensity of diffuse radiation in sky can be higher o lower than the sky without clouds. Source: M. Morat贸.
by Mois猫s Morat贸
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
Diffuse radiation
Intensity of diffuse radiation in sky can be higher o lower than the sky without clouds. Source: M. Morat贸.