Ecological Urbanism: A Vision for Chester City, Pennsylvania by Monica Gagliardi

ECOLOGICAL URBANISM A Story of Landscape Transforming Society Monica Gagliardi Spring 2015

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E

TABLE OF CONTENTS introduction

.......... 01

concept

.......... 02

inventory and analysis: macro, meso, micro

.......... 08

inventory and analysis: site scale

.......... 34

precedents

.......... 44

alternative concepts

.......... 49

master plan

.......... 53

details

.......... 75

phasing

.......... 83

appendix a

.......... 88

appendix b

.......... 90

credits and references

.......... 96

addendum: monitoring

.......... 99

monitoring photo log

.......... 100

monitoring report

.......... 123

[INTRODUCTION] Global climate is changing and the magnitude of this change depends primarily on the planning and lifestyle choices humans make today regarding shared resources, energy and economy. The United Nations projects that nearly 80 percent of the world’s 10 billion people will live in cities by 2050, (United Nations, 2011). Urban areas represent the most fragile of human systems, yet are also the places of greatest opportunity for innovation and resolution. The nation’s economy and security depend on the resilience of urban systems; thus, it is imperative that climate change adaptation be incorporated into planning efforts (Botkin & Keller, 2000). To successfully plan for global climate change, humans must be proactive, strategic and innovative in addressing complex social, economic and environmental forces. The most appropriate framework for tackling these tough problems is an integrative urban systems approach to design and planning, including understanding of a city’s temporal physical environment, social history, politics, economics, and ecologic state. By analyzing these typologies, each unique landscape is able to reveal its true potential. Understanding a given place on this continuum enables designers to make nimble, flexible and thoughtful decisions that bring out the best in a site and the surrounding community. Such analysis also helps to identify opportunities for developing and incentivizing closed loop systems that maximize human and natural capital, which is paramount for thriving cities of the future. Ecological restoration is an important lens from which to approach ecological urbanism and climate change resilience. Ecology is the study of organisms relating to one another and their physical surroundings –– this includes humans. Restoration is the act of brining something back to its original condition. In this project, “something” is defined as living and built relationships and the “original condition” is simply a state of positive health. The dynamic forces of nature and ever chaining relational conditions are not capable of going back to an original physical state; such a goal would be futile. However, natural systems can be healed by identifying existing toxic relationships and carrying out an action plan with adaptive management strategies. Employing the philosophies and methodologies of ecological restoration and conservation in the design of urban environments is imperative to ensure prosperity for future generations. Ecological restoration is a paradigm that offers an effective holistic approach to restoring ecosystem health, and thus human health. Some of the strategies illustrated in this project include: an eco-industrial park based on zero waste, plant communities and ecotones appropriate to the site’s physiography, ecology based stormwater management through bioswales, wetland filtration, natural shorelines, etc., and built features employing principles of regenerative design for improved physical, economic and community health. On a small scale, this project aims to provide post-industrial Chester City with opportunities to redefine their potential as a thriving community and regional amenity. On a large scale, it promotes Chester as the model for successfully restoring the relationship between human demands and natural systems to something stronger, deeper and more resilient than anytime since the industrial revolution. Chester: Forging the Future is about harnessing the power of the collective toward a harmonious and just future for all.

CONCEPT

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 2

GOAL Post-industrial urban landscape is the stage. Climate change is the theme. Chester City is the model.

This project aims to develop an eco-industrial public park based on urban systems, zero-waste and climate change resilience. The design uses an integrative strategy to restore health to native ecology, celebrate sense of place, boost commerce and provide access to environmental recreation and discovery.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 3

CONCEPT [scale of influence]

macro: global

This project looks at the City of Chester from many angles and scales and it examines how the macro global scale influences the meso national scale to the micro city scale and vice versa.

meso: national

micro: chester

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 4

CONCEPT [regenerative design] thinking beyond sustainable

embracing a closed loop system

Planet thriving natural environment

equitable: environmental justice

equitable: natural capital

Sustainability People nurturing community

Prosperity equitable: social justice

viable economy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design

Sustainable development uses resources to improve societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s well being in a way that does not undermine the support systems needed for future growth. The proposed plan for Chesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterfront goes beyond this concept by effectively using resources to improve societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wellbeing in a way that builds the capacity of the support systems needed for future growth. This design is a system based on co-evolution, where humans intentionally participate as part of nature. Processes are restored, renewed and revitalized through their own sources of energy and materials to integrate with the needs of society while preserving the integrity of nature.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 5

CONCEPT [relationships defined] global climate change

moon and tides

vir

onmen

industry

s an um

water

vegetation

wildlife

the future...

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 6

CONCEPT [framework]

WHAT

ou v nty go e t and sta

er es ts

l, c loca

nn t er in s s, d s esigners, busine

a pl

gl oba ge l climate chan

chester community

er nm ent

environment

nv i st iro nmental ju

HOW

WHO

design

policy planning

CHESTER A clear and strategic framework is necessary to successfully achieve a multifaceted, fresh and comprehensive plan for Chesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterfront park. Establishing big picture themes drives the project trajectory while identifying vested interests and their roles makes the project achievable.

FORGING the F U T U R E 7

INVENTORY + ANALYSIS [macro -

meso

micro]

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 8

CONTEXT [geographic] regional context: philadelphia

national context: mid atlantic, u.s.

local context: delaware county 33’ Eelev

lake erie

fairmount park

PENNSYLVANIA

new york city

(110 mi)

springton reservoir

philadelphia

ridley creek state park

(18 mi)

chester

PENNSYLVANIA schuylkill river

philadelphia

(18 mi)

philadelphia

chester

john heinz wildlife preserve

brandywine creek state park

baltimore

(83 mi)

washington, d.c.

wilmington

(126 mi)

nj pinelands

chester

(16 mi)

ridley creek

delaware bay

chester creek

commodore barry bridge

delaware river

NEW JERSEY

atlantic ocean

phila. airport

delaware river

NEW JERSEY N

chesapeake bay

The Mid-Atlantic region is home to one of the world’s most affluent populations, boasting important concentrations of finance, media, education, medicine and technology. High-density urban sprawl has had a negative effect on surface waters in addition to palustrine and terrestrial habitats.

The City of Chester is part of a fragmented ecosystem. It is near three major woodland parks in the Philadelphia region: Fairmount Park (north), Ridley Creek State Park (west) and Brandywine Creek State Park (south). Chester could become a significant wildlife anchor, enhancing environmental health for the entire region, which could open doors to funding in addition to recreation and tourism.

Chester is sandwiched between two tributaries, Ridley Creek to the north and Chester Creek to the south, endowing Chester with potential for wildlife refuge, connectivity and flood absorption. Chester is 6 miles south of the John Heinz Wildlife Preserve--a critical wetland that provides refuge for migrating birds and important threatened native plant species––and 3 miles from Swarthmore College, endowed with 200+ acres of arboretum. Proximity presents Chester with a great opportunity to connect ecologically through patch corridors and politically through partnerships.

CHESTER source: google earth

FORGING the F U T U R E 9

CONTEXT [political boundaries] DVRPC Region

NEW YORK

NEW JERSEY

ASTON Brookhaven

NETHER PROVIDENCE

Ri y dle

RADNOR

Parkside

UPPER CHICHESTER

322

EN C E VI D

T ON EM

£ ¤

HAVERFORD

Chester

CHESTER

G ED

NEWTOWN

E 24TH ST

PR O

Atlantic Ocean

ridley creek

Cre

§ ¨ ¦ 476

E AV

E 20TH ST

RIDLEY

320

WALNU T ST

Creek ST

POTTER

ST UPLAND

MADISO N

ey dl Ri

E 5TH ST

Conrail Cheste r Seco ndary

£ ¤commodore barry bridge 322

Delaware

E AV

E 9TH ST

Chester TC

ñ line conrail City Hall

ON RT MO

Cr eek

ST AT ES TH E OF

AV EN UE

septa public transit

£ ¤

AVE

§ ¨ ¦ 95

PPL Park

The Wharf at Rivertown DELCORA Western Regional Treatment Plant

291 MORTON AVE

source: delaware valley planning comission 2010

W FRONT ST

DELAWARE

Barry

Delaware County (DelCo) is the most densely populated Philadelphia suburb with a population of 558,979; it is also the smallest county in the state of Pennsylvania with 191 square miles. Ridley Creek State Park represents 2,600 acres of terrestrial woodlands and John Heinz Wildlife Preserve provides 350 acres of critical fresh water tidal marsh. The first major settlement in Pennsylvania, Chester is largely responsible for the growth, culture and demographics of Delaware County.

1 Miles

W 2N D ST

SEAPORT

SEPTA Wilmington/Newark Line

W 2ND ST

Bridge

9TH ST

E AV

352

D OR

Gloucester

S 21

csx rail line Ch es t

NC CO

291

Commodore

er riv

PA NJ

CHESTER CITY Chester City TILGHMAN ST

TINICUM

FLOWER ST

e ar w la de

area of interest

W 4TH ST

AVE

New Castle

R WE ER Trainer LO EST ICH CH Marcus Hook

chester Chester city

UPPER CHICHESTER

£ ¤

JEFFREY

BETHEL

Highland Avenue

HIGHLAND

Trainer

Ridley Park

Eddystone

£ ¤ W 7TH ST

Upland CHESTER

Folcroft Prospect Park Norwood

john heinz wildlife preserve

AVE

Brookhaven Parkside

DARBY

CENTRAL

ENC

ASTON

RIDLEY

Glenolden

ST W 9TH

ENGLE

ID ROV

CONCORD CHADDS FORD

Rutledge

DARBY

LAMOKIN ST

Swarthmore

Darby

Collingdale Colwyn Sharon Hill

CSX Ph iladelphi a Subd ivision

AVE

P HER NET

Rose Valley

Morton

Yeadon

Clifton Heights Aldan

Media

Chester Heights

§ ¨ ¦ ND HIGHLA

SPRINGFIELD

MIDDLETOWN

East Lansdowne Lansdowne

UPPER PROVIDENCE

THORNBURY

Philadelphia

UPPER DARBY

EDGMONT

Upland

chester creek

KERLIN

MARPLE

AVE

Millbourne

ridley creek state park

KERLIN

RE AWA DEL

MARYLAND

320

252

Montgomery

MELRO SE

PENNSYLVANIA

Study Area chester city

Municipalities withincounty Delaware County, PA delaware

4TH

Eddystone

Harrah's Philadelphia

delaware river

1,000 Feet

2,000

River

As an urban core, Chester has potential to serve as an example for regenerative living. The post-industrial waterfront, in particular, is an incredible resource for social and ecologic integration. This zone is valuable for ecological revitalization, recreation, education and climate change resilience. Chester is a vital asset to the county and must be woven back into the fabric of neighboring communities’ ecologic, social, economic and political systems –– this will make a transformative impact on the county’s future wellbeing.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 10

CONTEXT [location map + circulation]

rail

T ON EM

E 24TH ST

E AV

476 § i476 ¨ ¦

Upland

chester creek

320 AVE

WALNU T ST

KERLIN

ST ST AT ES

Chester Seconda ry

TH E

City Hall

291

Cr eek E

4TH

septa bus stop broad st, 69th st, newtown square, cheyney u.

PPL Park

AVE

£ ¤ commodore barry bridge

E AV

ST KERLIN

Conrail

AVE

§ ¨ ¦ ON RT MO

ey dl Ri

322

MORTON AVE

TILGHMAN ST

HIGHLAND

W FRONT ST

DELAWARE

Chester TC

E 5TH ST

conrail line

W 2N D ST

£ ¤ 13

septa rail stop phila.-wilm. E 9TH ST

SEPTA Wilmington/Newark Line

W 2ND ST

SEAPORT

i95

E AV

CHESTER CITY Chester City

AVE

FLOWER ST

area of interest

Commodore Bridge

The Wharf at Rivertown

Barry

DELCORA Western Regional Treatment Plant

JEFFREY

291

W 4TH ST

Highland Avenue

CENTRAL

322

ENGLE

Trainer

9TH ST

RIDLEY

320

Creek

D OR

Ch es t

NC CO

AVE

£ ¤ W 7TH ST

291

E 20TH ST

352 352

csx rail line

AV EN UE

LAMOKIN ST

N HIGHLA

CSX P hiladelp hia Sub division

ST W 9TH

MELRO SE

§ ¨ ¦i95

£ ¤ 13

S 21

291

Delaware

River

Eddystone

Harrah's Philadelphia

delaware river

water

322

ridley creek

G ED

£ ¤

water

Cre

rail

y dle

UPPER CHICHESTER

Parkside

320 320

NETHER PROVIDENCE

main roads

252 252

EN C E

municipal boundary

Chester City is comprised of 6.0 square miles, including 4.8 sq mi of land and 1.2 sq mi of water (19.47%). I322 is an important corridor that cuts through the city andASTON connects the circulation across the river to New Jersey; it also connects the city to the Brookhaven surrounding suburbs. The ramps connecting I322 to I95 and Chester are the focal point of the proposed site. The SEPTA transit center is an important anchor and hub of activity. Chester was designed for industry –– movement of goods, movement of people and movement of ideas. Its accessibility is an asset to be optimized, the implications are endless: commerce, tourism, urban agriculture, water recreation, linking CHESTER habitats, green industry, education, etc.

VI D

PR O

POTTER

UPLAND

MADISO N

transport boundary layers main roads

Study Area

1,000

2,000

Feet

source: delaware valley planning comission 2010

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 11

CONTEXT [site] The site selected has a great deal of potential for regenerative design. It includes 194-acres of post-industrial brownfield along the Delaware River. Part of the Union Square Neighborhood, the site has already been identified as a key area for redevelopment. Recent investment in the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s riverfront includes PPL Park--the Philadelphia Union professional soccer stadium, The Wharf at Rivertownâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the rehabilitated Delaware County Power Plant, now mixed-use office and retail space--and a 1.5 mile greenway that connects to the East Cost Greenway. PA Route 291 (locally called 2nd Street) marks the western boundary of the site, which is also the historic boundary between residential and industrial zoning. NOTE: The original site excluded the area west of PPL Park because this area is slated for development. After presenting three alternative concepts, it was decided the west end should be explored for educational purposes as this zone is an important link between natural and social processes proposed for the regenerative design of the site.

EVONIK CHEMICAL

UTILITY STATION ary und o b site nal i g i IONS or S TAT

UTIL

site surroundings chester, pa

project area: 194-acres

IT Y

-on add

PPL PARK

THE GREENWAY

ary und o b site

urban industrial

THE WHARF commodore barry bridge

COVANTA INCINERATOR 1. 5

m ile s

DELCORA WATER TREATMENT in-fill wetlands

l de

r wa

v ri

bridgeport, nj

The site has exceptional wildlife potential as it marks a water-land transition zone and is situated atop ecologically significant mud flats. Reclamation of this area can provide an example for eco-urban-industrial renewal and climate change resilience. Additionally, this proposed site will tie-in nicely with the existing revitalization projects and will provide a model for a zero-waste eco-industrial public park. Turning the existing waste management industry into a resource recovery model will put Chester on the national stage as a leader in whole systems design. The plan for Chester: Forging the Future will focus on reactivation in addition to ecological reclamation in order to maximize energy efficiency between nature and society. source: bing maps

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 12

DEMOGRAPHICS Per Capita Income

Gender

52.8%

Median Home value Chester

47.2%

$72,438 2012 $14,927

Median Age

2000 $13,052

Racial Diversity

Pennsylvania

$163,800

Most Common Industries 2008-2012

12% Health care and social assistance 11%

Manufacturing

Median Household Income

10% Retail trade 10% Construction 09% Hispanic 15% Whie 73% African American

9% Accommodation and food services 8% Other services, except public administration (8%) 8% Administrative and support and waste management services (8%)

source: citydata.com

Chester

$26,184 Pennsylvania

$51,230

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 13

HISTORY [social] pre

1838

1861

Technology needs of World Wars I and II fueled exponential growth for the city with mass manufacturing of ship, rifles and armor for troops.

1951

Civil rights leader, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. studied at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, a testiment to its role in erudition and culture.

Orignal seat of government and justice for Delaware county. Political power shifted to Media, reshaping the trajectory of the city’s future.

1880

64 miles north of the Mason-Dixon line with easy access to the Delaware River, Chester was a vital ship producer for the Union Army.

Pennsylvania Rail Road connected Chester to Philadelphia, Wilmington, and the world, boosting its power as a thriving manufacturing town.

1789

The site of William Penn’s first landing and original location for his vision of a ‘City on a Hill,’ Penn moved up river due to political pressure.

Settled by the Swedes and cultivated for wheat rye and tobacco. Chester is the oldest town in the state of Pennsylvania.

Home to the Lenni-Lenapi, the Delaware River sustained people for generations. Reconnection to the river is a top priority for Chester.

1939

1681

1644

1600S

1910 The Department of Labor implemented plans for the area’s first housing development, establishing division in class and landscape.

First signs of urban sprawl. Chester was a hub for ship, fabric, and chemical manufacturing in addition to oil refinery. People flocked to Chester.

1960

Post-war economic restructuring resulted in the exit of many manufacturing companies and jobs. Gaps were filled with waste management.

2010

PPL Park, Philadelphia’s major league soccer stadium, anchors Chester’s waterfront. Reinvestment and greening reactivate the city.

CHESTER sources: see references

FORGING the F U T U R E 14

CURRENT [environmental state] The rate of deforestation in the tropics continues at about an acre a second. About a third of U.S. plant and animal species are threatened with extinction. Almost half of the coral species are gone or are seriously threatened. Half the planetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wetlands are gone. Half the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tropical and temperate forests are gone. The United States is losing 6,000 acres of open space every day. An estimated 90 percent of the large predator fish are gone, and 75 percent of marine fisheries are now overfished or fished to capacity.

CHESTER source: e360.yale.edu/feature/off_the_pedestal_creating_a_new_vision_of_economic_growth/2409/

FORGING the F U T U R E 15

FUTURE [action] Richard Falk reminds us, only an unremitting struggle will drive the changes that can sustain people and nature. If there is a model within American memory for what must be done, it is the civil rights revolution of the 1960s. â&#x20AC;Ś It had a dream. And it had Martin Luther King Jr. It is amazing what can be accomplished if citizens are ready to march, in the footsteps of Dr. King. It is again time to g iv e th e w or l d a sense of hope. -James Gustave Speth

CHESTER source: e360.yale.edu/feature/off_the_pedestal_creating_a_new_vision_of_economic_growth/2409/

FORGING the F U T U R E 16

HISTORY [physical]

physiographic province

soil profile

fall line

chester APPALACHIAN PLATEAUS VALLEY AND RIDGE

a p , r e t es h c site

NEW ENGLAND BLUE RIDGE PIEDMONT COASTAL PLAIN OPEN WATER

geologic structure

j n , rt o ep g d bri

FamA

FALLSINGTON SANDY LOAM, 0-2%

GnB2

GLENVILLE SILT LOAM, 3-8%

HbmB HAMMONTON LOAMY SAND, 0-5% Ma

MADE LAND, GRAVEL

MakAt MANAHAWKIN MUCK, 0-2%

MamuAv MANNINGTON-NANTICOKE UDORTHENTS COMPLEX, 0-1% Mc

MADE LAND, SILT AND CLAY

MADE LAND, SANITARY LAND FILL

Mixed

MULTIPLE SILT LOAM VARIETIES, 3-25%

UddB

UDORTHENTS, DREDGED, 0-8%

chester

UddcB UDORTHENTS, DREDGED COARSE, 0-8% UddfB UDORTHENTS, DREDGED FINE, 0-8% We

WEHADKEE SILT LOAM

H2O

OPEN WATER

UPPER CRETACEOUS MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC CAMBRIAN LATE PROTEROVZOICV OPEN WATER

Chester sits on the fall line of the Upper Piedmont Plateau and the Coastal Plain along the Delaware River. Low areas on the coastal plain are usually saturated or flooded during the growing season. Elevations are less than 60 feet, with local relief of 35 feet. Prior to settlement, brackish and freshwater intertidal marshes, floodplain forest, Atlantic coastal forest and coastal grasslands would have been common. The Piedmont is an ecologically rich province with mostly deciduous hardwood woodlands and rare serpentine grasslands. The proposed plan will restore the wetlands and will provide interspersion with other native ecotones. This will help ground the site in sense of place and will also provide rich habitat for wildlife and climate change resilience for the community. The area around Chester has some of the earliest known rock formations known to geologists: crystalline, trap-rock, serpentine and others. The bedrock was originally laid down as sediments 438–1,600 million years ago during the Cambrian and Precambrian ages. It is composed of deep alluvial sediments, sand, silt and gravel, which allow for quick drainage and makes good agricultural land. The proposed plan reintegrates agriculture into the Chester landscape, but through modern vertical pink-houses. Additionally, local rock will be used for site materials and landscape features to celebrate the local vernacular and to reduce importing materials from afar. The soils in Delaware County are high in mineral content; however, the dominant soil type found in Chester is ‘made land,’ which includes gravel, silt and clay. The site is part of an industrial zone along the waterfront, which has been classified as a brownfield. Phytoremediation is the proposed cleanup method; it will require the use of native pioneering plants, such as poplar, bayberry, goldenrod, switchgrass, etc., along with the fungus mycelium. Alluvial materials deposited by the river since the last ice age once covered the area’s tidal marshes. By restoring the wetlands and building out the shoreline through natural shoreline and living breakwaters (a long-term regional strategy), the site will once again be a home for coastal plant and animal communities. The restored wetlands will function as a filter to enhance ecological and human health.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 17

HISTORY [hydrologic]

area of detail: delco sub watersheds Chester sits at the confluence of Ridley Creek and Chester Creek and is part of the Delaware River Watershed. The Delaware River is one of North America’s great rivers without a dam on the main channel, allowing for the continued passage of fish and a free-flowing river ecosystem. However, it has been identified as a river with great environmental concern. The watershed comprises less than one-half of one percent of the land area of the continental US, yet supports nearly 1,000 community water systems. Pollutants from big cities and suburbs flow into the Delaware River and head downstream, impacting environmentally vulnerable areas like Chester.

regional: delaware river watershed bb co

r sc

rid

ne wi dy an eek cr

r te es k ee cr

delaware river watershed (start: catskill mountains)

chester

la w riv ar er e

area of detail: local tributaries

13,500 square miles

area of detail

chester

183’ Eelev.

cru

ri k

cre

delaware bay ch

33’ Eelev.

High proportions of impervious surface in cities drive groundwater losses of up to 59 billion gallons a year and cause heavy metals, petrochemicals, garbage litter and other harmful substances to be collected by stormwater and delivered into waterways like the Delaware. In headwater areas, public groundwater withdrawals for drinking water deplete streams which are left to be replenished by wastewater treatment plant discharge, this results in stream flows that are up to 65% treated sewage. Proposed water pollution controls include setbacks from river shorelines to accommodate a 300-ft to 600ft wide vegetated riparian buffer to reduce erosion, sedimentation and pollution, and to increase specialist and larger animal wildlife habitat. Bioswales, rain gardens, pervious surface and natural wetlands will also be installed to help absorb and filter water. These strategies are critical to improving water quality and alleviating stress on the hydrologic cycle.

atlantic ocean

3’ Eelev.

chester N

chesapeake bay

source: arcgis online

e ar w a l

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 18

CURRENT storms

Urban areas are expected to be among the hardest hit by the effects of climate change. Chester is predicted to be severely flooded in the condition of category 4 storms. Heavier and more frequent storms are predicted to leave coastal cities in several feet of water on a regular basis. Annual damages are expected to increase by 30% before the end of the century. Present-day storm surges already flood lowlying areas, damage property, disrupt transportation systems, change habitat, and threaten human health and safety. Sea level rise will magnify the devastating impacts of storms surges. Additionally, droughts in upstream regions will reduce fresh water input into tidal rivers and bays, which will raise salinity in estuaries and enable salt water to mix farther upstream, thus changing sensitive habitats. The proposed plan recommends adapting by adopting a multi-use land-planning model, which allows natural flooding to happen, as is done in Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Back Bay. Reestablishing freshwater tidal marshes along the shoreline will be instrumental in revitalizing the environment and designing resiliency. Incorporating coastal meadow, coastal forest and floodplain forest will provide the qualities of a sponge for the City of Chester. Additional tactics to employ include: living shorelines, living piers, living bulkheads, living breakwaters for wave attenuation, and shoels â&#x20AC;&#x201C; these natural structures will help the city rebound from severe flooding.

[hydrologic]

+ floods

WETLANDS

500-YEAR FLOOD SITE

100-YEAR FLOOD

CATEGORY 4 STORM

WETLANDS CATEGORY 2 STORM

N source: delaware valley planning comission 2010

NOTE: Hurricane Surge Inundation areas for category 1 through 4 hurricanes arriving at high mean water. The hurricane sure elevation data used to define these areas was calculated by the National Hurricane Center using the Sea Lake and Overland Surge from Hurricanes (SLOSH) Model. The SLOSH model hurricane inundation areas depict the inundation that can be expected to result for a worst-case combination of hurricane landfall location, forward speed and direction for each hurricane category. Additionally, FEMA is currently working on new flood maps for the City of Chester but these maps will not be available until the summer of 2015. Site design is based on current information, but should be revised and adapted to reflect changes in the new maps.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 19

FUTURE [PRECIPITATION] CHESTER

CHESTER

SITE CHESTER

CHESTER

PRECIPITATION + STORMS Changes in seasonal surface soil moisture per year over the period 1988 to 2010 based on multi-satellite datasets. Soil moisture in the upper Midwest, Northwest, and most of the Northeast is increasing in most seasons. Chester has experienced an increase in overall precipitation (about 5 % - 20%) during the 20th century. Global Climate Models (GCMs) consistently report that annual precipitation in Southeastern Pennsylvania is expected to increase by 10%-15% by late century if nothing is done to curb greenhouse gas emissions (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2007). As with the rest of the Northeast, Chester is projected to be impacted by as much as 25% increase in extreme precipitation, which will likely fall in quick bursts or single intense events. These downpours will lead to localized and regional flooding (New Your City Panel on Climate Change, 2009). GCMs predict that hurricanes and norâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;easters will become more intense, particularly at the latitudes occupied by Chester City, but the natural pattern for hurricanes and norâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;easters will continue to be characterized by large amounts of variability. source: nca2014.globalchange.gov

+ NOAA

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 20

Stressed Infrastructure: Infrastructure will be increasingly compromised by climate-related hazards, including sea level rise, coastal flooding, and intense precipitation events. source: nca2014.globalchange.gov

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 21

climate]

tide datums: marcus hook, pa

0.25ft

tides

mean lower-low tide

- salinity - water quality

It is estimated that tidal flows can push water 10 miles up or down the estuary depending upon the lunar cycle. The extremely low slope of the waters surface within the tidal portion of the Delaware River moves water downstream at a rate of approximately 11,700 cubic feet per second (Wikipedia, 2015). Tides vary throughout the day and month at the site. According to NOAA, the site’s average tidal range is approximately 6 feet, based on data collected from the Marcus Hook station, (less than a mile from the site). The salinity levels fluctuate in a fairly predictable manner according to the flow of freshwater arriving from the north and the elevation of the sea to the south. Salinity of the Delaware River varies at high-water slack tide from 30 parts per thousand at the mouth of the bay, to about 0.02 ppt at river mile 78 near the Pennsylvania-Delaware border (Tyrawski, 1979). While the site is considered freshwater intertidal, plant selection will include species that can tolerate wide variation in salinity levels, which will increase over time as a result of droughts from connecting freshwater systems and sea level rise .

HOT SUMMERS 78°F TO 95°F (+/-)

COLD WINTERS 10⁰F TO 35⁰F (+/-)

DECEMBER - MARCH 24% CHANCE PER DAY

mean tide

SWEATY SUMMERS: 39% TO 95% (VERY HUMID)

3.38ft

mean higher-high tide

PARTLY CLOUDY 53% TO 75% (+/-) YEAR ROUND

6.29ft

0 MPH TO 17 MPH CALM TO MODERATE BREEZES

current climate

light rain, moderate rain 30% (+/-), thunderstorms

[hydrologic +

SHORTEST DAY: DECEMBER 21 9:20 HOURS SUN LONGEST DAY: JUNE 20 15:02 HOURS SUN

CURRENT

The current climate of Chester is defined by hot-humid summers and cold-snowy winters. Climate change is impacting both ends of the climate spectrum in the Mid Atlantic region; it will cause heavier and more frequent storms, more snowmelt and sea level rise. The site is largely impervious surface, which is not equipped to withstand these environmental changes. The proposed design is proactive and flexible to provide resilience for a range of changes over time, transforming much of the 194-acre site into vegetated sponge-like conditions to absorb floods and snowmelt.

Pollution in the Delaware River has steadily improved over the second half of the 20th century and on to today. Some local residents actively fish the Delaware as a mainstay of their diets, though the EPA advises against eating fish from this portion of the Delaware. Water quality issues such as high nutrient levels causing low dissolved oxygen levels are still a major concern in this area (Bryant, 1988). The Delaware River is the primary source for heavy metals found within the shipping channel (Daiber 1976). Oil pollution is another problem resulting from industrial and shipping activity. The industry surrounding Chester includes one of the largest petrochemical centers on the East Coast (Bryant, 1988). In 2004, the tanker Athos I dumped approximately 265,000 gallons of heavy Venezuelan crude oil into the Delaware River along 115 miles of river between Palmyra, New Jersey and Smyrna, Delaware (Ocean.UDEL, 2004). Three other major oil spills have occurred since 1975. (Ocean.UDEL, 2004). Pollution and river degradation from these large spills are compounded by the more frequent smaller discharges from industrial and municipal wastewater treatment facilities that are common along the lower reaches of the Delaware River. Installing marsh habitat along the river’s edge will aid in filtering pollutants from the Delaware, thus improving environmental and human health.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 22

FUTURE [hydrologic]

SEA LEVEL RISE Sea-level rise will result in inundation, coastal erosion and wetland loss in addition to an increase in salinity in the Delaware River around Chester City. Most significantly, sea level rise will exacerbate the impact of coastal storms and storm surge related flooding. Sea Level is rising worldwide and the rate of rise has been accelerating, increasing from 1. 5 mm per year in the middle art of the 20th century to 3.1 mm per year in recent decades. Since 1900, global sea level has risen about 8 inches. According to Titus et al (2003), two major factors contribute to global sea-several rise: increased melting of land-based ice and warming ocean temperatures cause water expansion. Both lead to an increase in overall volume. In the mid-Atlantic region, land subsidence is an added pressure. Subsidence has contributed to approximately 6 additional inches of relative sea-level rise around Chester City since 1900 (NOAA). The proposed design plans for 4.9 feet sea level rise, the upper projected scenario provided Chester by NOAA.

CHESTER source: nca2014.globalchange.gov

FORGING the F U T U R E 23

Climate Risks to People: Heat waves, coastal flooding, and river flooding will pose a growing challenge to the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environmental, social, and economic systems. This will increase the vulnerability of the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents, especially its most disadvantaged populations. source: nca2014.globalchange.gov

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 24

HISTORY [land type] slope

landcover

+ forest types

aquifers

con ne ct john heinz wildlife preserve

cally i g olo

ridley creek state park

+ soil albedo

co nne ct

s nd la s d nd oo w etla w

nj wetlands

ec olo gi all

floodplain

Open Water Intense Development Quarry

Oak-Pine Forest Piedmont Floodplain

Atlantic Coastal Forest Cultivated Cropland

Freshwater tidal wetland Forested wetlands

Chester is characterized as high intensity development, but is endowed with 6 public parks that occupy roughly 113 acres. Additionally, Chester has numerous vacant lands, which present excellent opportunities for ecological reclamation. It would be advantageous to restore and connect the edge habitats with native plants to create a healthy dense patch corridor that connects to other regional ecological assets. This will encourage wildlife movement, migration and reproduction; it will also help attract specialist species for stronger biodiversity. The proposed site plan focuses on weaving together open space among developed lands and restoring them to reflect the native plant communities that would have been prevalent in Chester prior to European settlement: brackish and freshwater intertidal marshes, Piedmont floodplain forest, Atlantic coastal forest and coastal grasslands. This will provide much needed urban ecology for both people and wildlife. Using native vegetation will ground the site’s sense of place, boost biodiversity and improve ecological services for the community and beyond. Preservation and restoration of native species increases quality of flood protection, quality of land value, quality of life, and quality of economy; in fact, such strategies correlate with poverty reduction –– a key concern for urban environments when climate change impacts resource availability and food access.

source: arcgis online

Flat Sloped

Yellow-poplar/White Oak Mixed Upland Hardwoods

Black Ash/Sycamore/Red Maple Open Water

It is key that much of Chester sits in a floodplain, intentionally chosen for flatness, ease of development, and river transport; however, this feature also means Chester is vulnerable to flooding from storm surges and sea level rise. Steeper slopes in Chester tend to be on higher elevation ridges or side slopes adjacent to drainage ways. Elevation is predominantly in the 0 to 240 foot range, where Mixed Upland Hardwoods can be found in the upper elevations and Yellow-poplar/ White Oak Black Ash/Sycamore/Red Maple are found toward the lower elevations; though, exotic invasive edge habitat dominates much of the fragmented industrial landscape around Chester. The industrial corridor along Chester’s riverfront has severely degraded the health of the river and stormwater runoff from neighboring towns exacerbates the city’s problems with pollution, erosion and flooding. There are scant wetlands to support native floodplain flora and fauna, to filter toxins and to protect the city from flooding. The waterfront is an asset for Chester, ecological restoration and natural buffering will keep this important zone viable, both ecologically and economically, for generations to come.

Piedmont crystalline-rock aquifer Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer

Albedo: .369 Albedo: .342

Albedo: .268 Albedo: .15

The Piedmont crystalline-rock and Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifers are major sources of drinking water in the United States, serving 11 states from New Jersey to Alabama. These important water supplies are highly stressed due to overuse, lack of recharge and contamination. The proposed plan for Chester recommends rain harvesting for brownwater reuse and green infrastructure to assist in cleaning and recharging the aquifers. Albedo is a reflection coefficient that affects climate and drives weather. The albedo of the Earth is 0.39 and this affects the equilibrium temperature of the Earth (Nave, 2015). Urban environments have high albedo as a result of asphalt and built structures, which in turn increases heat island effect. The plan for Chester recommends heat absorbing green infrastructure such as green roofs, tree lined streets, heavily vegetated parks, etc., to provide microclimates of relief from extreme heat and to assist lowering the Earth’s rising temperature.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 25

HISTORY [industry] emissions

Like the Lenni-Lenape, Chesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connection to the Delaware River sustained the residents for generations. As is common with industrialized towns throughout the United States and abroad, the postindustrial era resulted in enormous economic downturns, which stressed infrastructure and environmental health. During the 1990s, Chesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterfront became home to many waste facilities and other heavy industrial and petrochemical industries.

Excessive carbon dioxide from industrialization is largely responsible for global climate change, which is severely altering the hydrologic cycle. Warming could exceed 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century, exacerbating the frequency and gravity of torrential rains in addition to sea level rise, which is expected to increase six-feet along the East Coast by the end of the century (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2008). Resiliency strategies will need to focus on buffering the 500-year floodplain by expanding and developing healthy native wetlands and floodplain forest. The proposed plan recommends resiliency tactics such as: attenuating through textured living buffers, bioswales, rain gardens and street tree trenches. The built environment will include anchoring, porous concrete, green roofs, stormwater planter boxes, rain barrels, etc.

Prevailing winds blow north-west to east-south

area of interest

In 1998 the citizens of Chester won the first-ever environmental justice lawsuit in the Pennsylvania supreme court. In the time since, Chester has been transitioning away from heavy industry along the waterfront. The existing large warehouses, manufacturing facilities and utilities present physical and visual barriers to the waterfront, but the vacant parcels provide enormous opportunity for regenerative design to environmentally, economically and socially benefit the community. http://www.ejnet.org/chester/map.html

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 26

FUTURE [EXTREME HEAT] urban heat island

RISING TEMPERATURES + WATER SUPPLIES Urban heating is attributable to large excess in heat from surfaces consisting of buildings, asphalt, bare-soil and short grasses. In summer, the symptoms of diurnal heating begin to appear by mid-morning and can be about 10째C warmer than nearby woodlands. Over the course of the next several decades (2015-2039) annual average temperatures across Pennsylvania are projected to increase by an additional 2.5F. By mid-century, (2040-2069), average temperatures are expected to rise 8F-11F (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2008). The City of Chester currently experiences approximately 20 days of extreme heat annually. By 2025, Chester is expected to experience an average of 30 days of extreme heat. By mid-century, Chester will likely experience 50 days over 90F, more than doubling the highest heat days currently experienced (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2008). Extreme heat events put stress on human health, wildlife and vegetation and the hydrologic cycle. It also puts more pressure on the electrical grid increasing chances of blackouts and multi-system failures. Extreme heat creates a positive feedback loop, which intensifies the problem of high energy needs, emissions, rising temperatures and aquifer depletion, which reduces the ability of ecosystems to supply sufficient water in parts of the county. Compared to 10% of counties today, by 2050, 32% of counties will be at high or extreme risk of water shortages.

source: nca2014.globalchange.gov

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 27

FUTURE [land change] 3

Land land Use use Residential: Single-Family Detached

Community Services

Residential: Multi-Family

Military

Residential: Row Home

Recreation

Residential: Mobile Home

Agriculture

Manufacturing: Light Industrial

Agriculture: Agricultural Bog

Manufacturing: Heavy Industrial

Mining

Transportation And Parking

Wooded

Utility

Vacant

Commercial

Water

percent of land use types 2010

320

252

ASTON Brookhaven Ri

NETHER PROVIDENCE

y dle

Cre

Parkside

Infrastructure 7%

Source: DVRPC, 2010

Vacant 6%

Commercial 9%

RD ED GE MO

£ ¤

E 24TH ST

322

§ ¨ ¦ 476

CHESTER

UPPER CHICHESTER

Upland 21

§ ¨ ¦

AV E

ST ST

M EL R O

TILG HMAN ST

K E R LI N

ey dl Ri 291

4T H

Eddystone

HIG HLAND

W F R O NT ST

S E A P O RT

D ELAWAR E

Conrail

AV E

Chester Second ary

PPL Park

AV E

£ ¤ 322

Bridge

Commodore

The Wharf at Rivertown

27% Open space

Cr eek

Chester T C

E 5TH ST

City Hall

E 9T H ST

MO RT O N AV E

W 2N D ST

9% Institutional

£ ¤

P O TT E R

ES AT ST E TH

AV E

FLO W E R ST

JE F F R E Y

W 2ND ST

§ ¨ ¦ 95

Chester City

29% Residential

W AL NU T

Creek

9TH ST

SEPTA Wilmington/Newark Line

Highland Avenue

W 4TH ST

C E N TRAL

E N G LE

Trainer

Barry

DELCORA Western Regional Treatment Plant

RIDLEY

320

UP LA ND

W 7TH ST

291

352

KE RLIN

Ch es t

AV E

£ ¤

ST W 9T H

E 20TH ST

MA DI S O

LAMO KIN ST

HI G HL AN

CSX P hiladelp hia Subd ivision

£ ¤

13% Industrial

Harrah's Philadelphia

1,000

source: chester city, 2010 2,000

Feet

Delaware

River

source: delaware valley planning commission 2010

The City of Chester developed a master plan entitled ‘Vision 2020.’ The plan is based on Frederick Law Olmsted’s City Beautiful Movement and it targets the waterfront for continued transformation and mixed-use development, making it a destination for work, commerce, living and entertainment. Chester’s waterfront has significant potential for boosting the local and regional economy, ecological services and community enjoyment.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 28

Zero Waste: The way Americans produce, consume and dispose of products and food accounts for 42% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. The EPA estimates that 75% of the American waste stream is recyclable, but we only recycle about 30% of it. Zero Waste systems encourage resource efficiency and materials management for a second life, rather than managing waste; they reduce greehouse gases (GHGs) by: reducing energy consumption associated with extracting, processing and transporting virgin raw materials; utilizing recycled content products, which releases less GHGs than mining or harvesting virgin materials; reducing and eventually eliminating the need for landfills, which decreases the amount of methane released into the atmosphere; and reducing transportation impacts by establishing local end-markets for the consumption of captured recyclables and compostable materials collected in the community (Austin Resource Recovery, 2011). Zero Waste is a model that will reduce our ecological footprint. Striving for no waste burned or buried, Zero Waste focuses on reducing trash at the source and reusing, recycling and composting resources to avoid landfills and incinerators. Maximizing the value of goods and services will also have a restorative effect on employment and the economy.

source: austintexas.gov/department/austin-resource-recovery

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 29

CURRENT [architecture]

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 30

CURRENT

[architecture]

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 31

NEIGHBORS [businesses - institutions - amenities] chester park

PUBLIC FACTORY

washington park

shop rite

INSTITUTIONAL COMMERCE RECREATIONAL

rural cemetery

widner university

crozer chester hospital

correctional facility chester high school

crozer park

public transit

down town/city hall

harrahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s casino

kimberly clark factory frederick douglass christain school chester island veterans park

EVONIK CHEMICAL community hospital

mlk park

site

PPL PARK

THE WHARF COVANTA INCINERATOR DELCORA WASTE TREATMENT

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 32

FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES

[potential

partnerships]

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 33

INVENTORY + ANALYSIS [site

scale]

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 34

ENVIRONMENT

[vegetation +

wildlife]

significant native species northern leopard frog (lithobates pipiens) short eared owl (asio flammeus) peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus) rail king carol (rallus elegans) great egret (ardea alba) osprey (pandion haliaetus)

amaranthus cannabinus

(salt-marsh water-hemp) heteranthera (water hyacinth) zizania aquatica (indian rice) nuphar polysepala (water-lily) pontederia cordata (pickerelweed)

the usual suspects...

lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) celastrus orbiculatus (oriental bittersweet) phragmites (common reed) reed canary grass

(Phalaris arundinacea)

onicera japonica (japanese honeysuckle) artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) norway rat (rattus norvegicus

)

canadian goose (branta canadensis) cat (felis catus) eastern grau squirrel (sciurus carolinensis)

(Sturnus vulgaris) zebramussel (Dreissena polymorpha) european starling

CHESTER source: personal inventory and www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/cnai_download.aspx.

FORGING the F U T U R E 35

ENVIRONMENT

[access] e-w and n-s connections

bus and rail routes

2 /I32

st.

st. rt apo

dr.

hla

hig

SEPTA BUS STOP SEPTA BUS RUOTE SEPTRA REGIONAL RAIL CONRAIL CARGO LINE SITE BOUNDARY

. ave

w la

r ve N

t as

1000 ft.

The site is highly accessible via a nearby SEPTA Regional Rail stop and frequent bus stops. The cargo line fragments the center of the site, but it is easily crossed at strategic points and it provides great economic opportunity for shipping of goods from the proposed eco-industrial park.

t. is s

w flo

/I29 t. s 2nd w

rr no

st. eng

rd w3

NORTH-SOUTH EAST-WEST RIVER CONNECTION SITE BOUNDARY

t as

a el

y wa

een

e ar

e iv

r N

1000 ft.

There are 15 direct east-west connects to the site, one of which is a major highway (I322) connecting Chester to New Jersey. The Riverfront is directly accessible at three main points along these axes. Second Street is the major north-south connection, which is also part of the East Coast Greenway, an important and progressive public amenity that meanders down from 2nd St. along the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterfront, connecting residents and visitors to the river.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 36

ENVIRONMENT

[land

use

land use

PARKING LOT BUILDING UTILITY SITE BOUNDARY

hydrology]

hydrology

l de VEGETATED

r wa

v ri

er de

1000 ft.

There are small patches of dense vegetation on the site, most of which is exotic invasive; however, there are a few nice native trees and grasses along the rail line. A more thorough vegetation inventory will need to be conducted during the flower and fruit seasons. Most of the site is occupied by at grade parking and utility stations. The site has three architectural points of interest: 1) the sweeping highway ramps 2) the soccer stadium 3) the rehabilitated historic PECO building, now called ‘The Warf.’ There are two abandoned buildings on the site with architectural interest, but are in need of major renovation. Much of the rest of the site is used for temporary industrial storage.

WATER FLOW DIRECTION TOPOGRAPHY SITE BOUNDARY

r wa

v ri

er N

1000 ft.

The topography of the site is highly irregular. The points along 2nd street are typically the highest elevations (26’-30’), with a few other high points throughout the site where utility stations are located. Water on the site flows from these highpoints down to the river causing erosion along the banks.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 37

PUBLIC INPUT [s.w.o.t. analysis]

Rich History • historic homes • historic churches and religious institutions Sense of Community • vibrant community with long-term residents • family-oriented • talented youth active in the community and sports • active grass roots organizations

OPPORTUNITIES

New Residential Development • redevelop vacant lots/buildings with high quality residences More Businesses • food stores • restaurants • entertainment • mixed-use on West 2nd and West 3rd Streets Education • integrate the school district with the Design Plan New Community Facilities • skate park • murals • entertainment • empower grass roots community; create gardens

HELPFUL

Recreation Amenities Needed • activities for children and elderly • community gardens • skate park • recreation facilities • bowling alley Community Amenities Needed • grocery store • mom & pop stores • restaurants • cafes • good schools • satellite university campus • TV station

Crime and Safety Needed • eliminate drug activity • rehabilitated buildings and lots • encourage home ownership • utilize open space for recreation Traffic Calming Needed • prevent speeding and racing • add bump outs and speed humps • add traffic lights

THREATS

Property Upkeep • tax delinquent properties have abandoned appearance • speculators have little incentive to maintain properties Streetscapes • inadequate maintenance of sidewalks • ineffective or absent lighting • lack of trees and landscaping • lack of trash receptacles • lack of bike lanes • lack of civic amenities (parks, playgrounds) • need to be more pedestrian friendly

Perception of Crime • abandoned buildings and alleys are perceived as unsafe • lack of police presence Litter • vacant lots are dumping ground • unclean streets Shops • absence of convenient grocery shops, grocery, bank, and other community services • neighborhood residents go outside the area for goods and services

HARMFUL

INTERNAL

Great Location and Access • central location • proximity to Delaware and Philadelphia • convenient access to regional transportation network

S W

WEAKNESSES

In 2011, the City of Chester conducted an extensive study on the Union Square Neighborhood, currently the 24 blocks of residential homes across 2nd Street, which is directly parallel to the proposed site. The study resulted in a recommendation to expand the neighborhood into the industrialized zone -which includes the proposed site -- to encourage more mixeduse development and to better connect the people to their river. The city’s proposed urban designplanning document outlines a strategy and recommendations for future development in this area. The plan guided the tactical design concepts for this project, particularly with regard to community needs, in order to maintain continuity within the design of this important district. source: union square urban design plan, 2011

EXTERNAL

STRENGTHS

Street Amenities Needed • improve sidewalks • add street trees • add trash receptacles • improve connectivity to the adjacent neighborhoods

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 38

PUBLIC INPUT [planning workshop] 1. redevelopment

2. traffic -Focus on vacant lots -Commercial + mixed use -Mom & pops, cafes, take out restaurants -Light industrial -Public parks/open space/ recreation -Green buffer along rail line

4. streetscapes

3. parking -Reduce traffic speeds -Install stop signs (esp. at W.2nd and Engle, Ward, Jeffrey -Install bike lanes -Traffic calming devices -Bulb outs and crosswalks -Install roundabouts -Planted medinans -Street trees

5. buildings -Enhance pedestrian friendly features like pavers or stamping -Improve sidewalks (12’ + brick) -Install trash recepticals (bus stops and street corners) -Install bike lane on W. 2nd St. - Install signange and lighting (especially at bus shelters) -Greening along I322 highway -Improve pedestrian connections to the waterfront

-Restrict PPL Parking to east of 2nd St. (keep visitor parking out of residential area) -Visitor parking needs to be regulated and managed -Utilize alley and space between blocks to meet resident’s parking needs -Address parking for religious spaces and other event venues

6. open space -Avoid demolition -Rehabilitate historic homes -Keep new buildings consistant with existing architecture -Use human scale:1-5 story -More residential and mixed use development

-Add pocket parks, children’s parks, corner parks, etc. -Recreation facility on south side of W. 2nd St. with safe pedestrian crossing -Preference for active over passive spaces

CHESTER source: union square urban design plan, 2011

FORGING the F U T U R E 39

EXISTING CONDITIONS

[site

character: river]

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 40

EXISTING CONDITIONS

[site

character: highway]

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 41

EXISTING CONDITIONS

[site

character: edges]

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 42

OPPORTUNITIES + CONSTRAINTS natural shorelines + peaceful sound of tide

private investments + architectural preservaton

beautiful views

traffic sound

accessability

+ co2 pollution

expansive wetlands for excursions and ecological connection

recreation on the river

sea level rise + storm inundation

OPPORTUNITY CONSTRAINT

incinerator pollution

infrastructure as a point of interest

stadium investment draws crowds and money

tidal wetland habitat, filter + absorption

lots of open space

invested neighbors

lots of utilities

rail road

+ interesting architecture

subsidence

east coast greenway public investment

bulkheads

invasive vegetation

chemical + sound pollution

lucrative environmental chemical company

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 43

PRECEDENTS

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 44

PRECEDENTS [social + economic] + market

sustainable south bronx

austin resource recovery

shanga recycle studio

Founded in 2003, the Bronx Environmental Stewardship Training (BEST) Academy is Sustainable South Bronx’s (SSBx) flagship program. BEST Academy prepares low-income New York City residents for jobs in the growing green collar sector. The program addresses both environmental and economic needs in the community by preparing New Yorkers for full-time employment, while simultaneously teaching skills related to protecting the environment, restoring urban green spaces and bringing NYC’s buildings to a higher greener standard.

The City of Austin is committed to a Zero Waste goal to reduce the amount of trash sent to landfills by 90 percent by the year 2040. Zero Waste is a philosophy that goes beyond recycling, it focuses first on reducing trash and reusing products and then recycling and composting the rest. The Zero Waste model recognizes that one person’s trash is another person’s treasure, and everything is a resource for something or someone else.

“Be Kind and Recycle” Shanga Shangaa Ltd. aims to provide safe, supportive employment opportunities for disabled Tanzanians while bringing unique, quality products handmade from recycled materials to market. Shanga Shangaa Ltd. is committed to protecting the environment and empowering the livelihoods of disenfranchised people in Tanzania by adhering to environmentally sustainable business practices and providing long-term opportunities to its employees. The recycled art from Shanga has become a major tourist attraction.

CHESTER For more, see Appendix A.

FORGING the F U T U R E 45

PRECEDENTS [environmental] reference site: delhaas woods, bristol pa I276 I276 vernal ponds sweetgum-willow oak coastal plain palustrine forest

sweetgum-willow oak coastal plain palustrine forest

coastal plain wet + dry grasslands

delaware river bridge

dela ware river

non-glacial bog

Delhaas Woods is a 239-acre forested preserve in Bristol Township, 41 miles north of Chester. It has been identified by the Nature Conservancy as the best remaining portion of coastal plain woodlands in the state of Pennsylvania. Delhaas Woods contains excellent examples of sweetgumâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; oak coastal plain forest and red mapleâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;magnolia palustrine coastal plain forest. Both of these indigenous plant communities represent the vegetation William Penn would have seen when he first landed in Chester, but today, both are classified S1 -- critically imperiled in Pennsylvania. The forests and wetlands of Delhaas Woods support a total of 39 species of plants that are tracked by the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program. Many rare plants grow in the wet to dry meadow created by suppression of woody growth in the PECO powerline right-of-way that bisects Delhaas Woods. The total species count for the preserve includes 366 species of vascular plants, of which 80% are native. Vegetation analysis was done using the point-quarter transect method for tree canopy analysis, the area-plot method was used for shrub and herbaceous layer analysis. The resulting data were used to describe and delineate the community assemblages present in Delhaas Woods, two of which are state-ranked rare community types (Bucks NAI Update, 2011). Detailed vegetation inventory in Appendix B.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 46

PRECEDENTS [delhaas woods]

sweetgum-willow oak coastal plain palustrine forest

vernal pond

coastal plain wet meadow

coastal plain sphagnous bog

coastal plain mesic meadow

red mapleâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;magnolia coastal plain palustrine forest

Illustrative sample sketched from site visit experience. Not to scale.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 47

PRECEDENTS [design] jens jensen

anne whiston spirn

michael van valkenburgh

Jens Jensen believed that connecting with nature was a vital part of being human and just because one lived in a city didn’t mean one should not have the opportunity to connect with the natural world. This philosophy served as inspiration for the plan for Chester and influenced design decisions like the bioswale amphitheater -- a nod to Jensen’s iconic counsel ring.

“Human survival depends upon adapting ourselves and our landscapes -- cities, buildings, roadways, rivers, fields, forests -– in new, life-sustaining ways, shaping places that are functional, sustainable, meaningful, and artful, places that help us feel and understand the relationship of the natural and the built.” - Anne Whiston Spirn. Since 1987, Spirn’s West Philadelphia Landscape Project (WPLP) has worked with youth and adults in inner city neighborhoods of the Mill Creek watershed. Through partnerships among advocates, they build real projects addressing issues of poverty, race, deteriorated neighborhoods, polluted water and troubled schools. Commitment to community engagement through environmental education and stewardship is equally important for the long-term success of the proposed plan for Chester’s eco-industrial waterfront park. Spirn’s work provides a model to follow.

Michael Van Valkenburgh has reinvigorated the idea that parks are the commons -- democratic, inclusive open spaces that anchor neighborhoods and serve as focal points in the daily rhythms of the lives of their users. Like Van Valkenburgh, the plan for Chester is imbued with this democratic ethos while promoting engaging programmatic experiences, social and ecological diversity and a sense of justice for all.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 48

ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 49

THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE [tourism]

existing csx rail

historic garden model (usable) education + welcome center pocket park

kidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playground

independent shops + restaurants

native american history park skate park proposed greenway loop

hotel chester cultural + industrial museum

parking garage excursion dock

parking

existing greenway

native eco-park

N 0

600 ft.

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 50

THE RESILIENT LANDSCAPE [health]

existing csx rail formal native eco-park plaza mixed-use climate change education + research center public picnic plaza

public picnic plaza landscape training native plant shop + greenhouse parking

upland (berm) proposed greenway loop

community garden

restored wetland

formal native eco-park

parking existing greenway

exercise stops woodland park N 0

600 ft.

CHESTER

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community

FORGING the F U T U R E 51

THE ZERO WASTE LANDSCAPE [green industry]

existing csx rail playful eco-park permaculture resource center

kidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s eco-park play area

supermarket farmers market beer garden recycle art market reused market

upland (berm) wetland proposed greenway loop parking

parking pink house vertical farm community compost sorting facility recycling facility

existing greenway

renewable energy manufacturing

N 0

600 ft.

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 52

MASTER PLAN

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 53

MASTER PLAN [executive summary] Endowed with 194 acres, this site will more than double Chester’s public parks portfolio and will serve as an important amenity for the community and beyond. By ecologically restoring relationships between micro-level plant-earth communities and macro-level human-environment communities, this design improves ecologic health and human health, thus maximizing natural capital and human potential. The design positions Chester to connect outward to neighboring communities by providing engaging features and economic assets. It also connects Chester ecologically to nearby NJ wetlands, John Heinz Wildlife Refuge and Ridley Creek State Park. The existing site provides 21-acres of “green” space, much of which is exotic invasive vegetation in need of removal. The restored site provides the community with 144-acres of healthy, well functioning, site-appropriate native plant communities (coastal plain forest, coastal meadow, tidal marsh and mixed hardwood mesic forest). This will bolster ecologic services for the community by nearly 7 times the existing conditions. A project like this may be challenging to start, but once installed, the return on investment will include increased economic opportunities and government cost savings. According to the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (2011), protected open space in Southeastern PA realizes annual cost savings of $61 million from nature’s ability to naturally filter out pollutants and replenish water supply. The total annual benefit generated by natural flood mitigation services is more than $37 million. Trees on protected open space are estimated to provide $17 million in annual air pollution removal and carbon sequestration services. Additionally, park space adds $16.3 billion to the value of Southeastern Pennsylvania’s housing stock and generates $240 million annually in property tax revenues to support county and municipal governments and local school districts. Celebrating the history of Chester City, the design uses vernacular materials and highlights key ecologic features of the site while incorporating programming that will activate the site throughout the year, for all ages and abilities, and throughout all parts of the day. Programming elements include: an eco-industrial park (4-6 stories high to maintain human scale), community center and civic space, skate park, water play plaza, eco-playground, dog park, fitness trail, wetland trail, terraced tidal experience, and a bio-swale amphitheater –- a nod to Jens Jensen’s counsel ring. The plan includes a hierarchy of trails ranging from 5 Ft. to 14 Ft in width, designed for ADA accessibility. The trail form is naturalistic. It is modeled in the spirit of the tides, flowing the user through the space with stops at each programmatic node within each district. Circular elements represent the tide’s connection to the moon. There are moments of mystery created in densely vegetated areas, juxtaposed with moments of legibility, created by lower vegetation and skyline views in the meadows. There is great complexity in the texture, type and richness of the vegetation experienced throughout the site, but also coherence in composition. Framed views of the bridge, the wharf and natural features (e.g. vernal ponds, etc.) make the space memorable. Additionally, the trail consciously mirrors the enormous highway arches on the northern boundary of the site, which are an imbedded iconic landmark. The highway structure provides a unique and playful user experience, which is second only to the stunning Commodore Barry Bridge. The design aims to unite and harmonize the built and natural environment along Chester’s waterfront while capitalizing on existing assets. The plan embraces water and the dynamics of nature. Through citizen science stations, an environmental research center and interpretive signs at strategic locations, the design also encourages user ownership and a deeper connection to Chester as the stage for a shared temporal journey. Some of the design challenges include: working around existing utilities, a rail line that cuts though the site, degraded bulkheads and the need to accommodate stadium parking. Solutions include: • Installing green walls around utilities to better integrate them into the character of a park • Circulation that utilizes existing rail crossings • Ecological restoration of the shoreline through living structures • Underground flood-ready parking along the built corridor, in addition to two small lots (near the nursery and the dog park) and 1 above grade parking garage. The parking garage, (adjacent to the soccer stadium), can hold 3,600 cars to accommodate fans and tailgaters. The proposed eco-industrial park is a place for the community to work, shop, eat, drink and play. It will also be a destination for residents of nearby towns and tourists alike. The proposed design forges relationships between waste management, business and recreation, providing a model for the future. This approach brings waste management into the forefront of culture and provides the user a conscious yet subtle experience in a regenerative designed system. The result: happy, healthy, thriving, and actively engaged communities -- both human and environmental.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 54

MASTER PLAN 27

24 23 20 26

19 18

22 21

25 28

17 16

12 10

15 31

P 8

1 2

7 6 5 4 3

N 0

Eco-Explore West

Eco-Industraial Park

Eco-Community

Eco-Play

Eco-Explore East

1. bioswale amphitheater 2. beer garden 3. terracing to the tides 4. environmental research center 5. vernal ponds 6. atlantic coastal forest 7. upland forest

8. renewable energy manufacturing 9. re cla mat i o n s o r t in g + ma r ke t 10. recycle art market 11. recycling center 12. market /cafe 13. hotel 14. urban tree farm 15. community compost 16. native plant nursery + vertical pink farm 17. permaculture job + resource center

18. community gardens 19. community center 20. coastal grasslands 21. floodplain forest

22. water park plaza 23. skate park 24. learning landscape 25. pop-up space 26. existing highway ramps 27. dog park

28. greenwall 29. freshwater tidal marsh trail 30. greenway with fit stops 31. beach

600 ft.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 55

MASTER PLAN

[conceptuals]

synthesize themes

unite districts ple o e p

rk pa er v i r

al tri s u ind eco

civ o c

k r a -p o

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 56

MASTER PLAN

parti: existing

parti: main idea

OPEN = PROPOSED CLOSED = EXISTING

+ proposed

OPEN = PROPOSED CLOSED = EXISTING

of ts n i po

ess po

i po

figure ground existing

[conceptuals]

e er

of ts

gesture

s ces

PROPOSED

of ts

r te

figure ground proposed

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 57

MASTER PLAN

[form] +

built form programming

pedestrian circulation

vehicular circulation

sycamore-box elder floodplain forest

proposed

exis

ting

oak hickory forest

red maple magnolia forest

sweetgum willow oak forest

coastal meadow

tidal high marsh

CHESTER riverbank tidal marsh pond + vernal pools

FORGING the F U T U R E 58

MASTER PLAN

[grading

section]

a 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 05 00

SECTION LINE

11+00

12+00

13+00

14+00

15+00

16+00

17+00

18+00

19+00

20+00

21+00

22+00

23+00

24+00

25+00

26+00

27+00

28+00

29+00

30+00

40+00

41+00

42+00

43+00

44+00

45+00

COASTAL MEADOW

10+00

LEGEND a'

9+00

TIDAL HIGH MARSH

8+00

RIVERBANK TIDAL MARSH

7+00

SWEETGUM WILLOW OAK COASTAL FOREST

5+00

COASTAL MEADOW

4+00

SWEETGUM WILLOW OAK COASTAL FOREST

3+00

COASTAL MEADOW

2+00

RED MAPLE MAGNOLIA COASTAL FOREST

1+00

OAK HICKORY UPLAND FOREST

0+00

RED MAPLE MAGNOLIA COASTAL FOREST

-10

COASTAL MEADOW TIDAL HIGH MARSH

-05

UPLAND FOREST COASTAL FOREST COASTAL MEADOW HIGH MARSH RIVERBANK MARSH MEAN HIGHER-HIGH TIDE MEAN TIDE MEAN LOWER-LOW TIDE

Horizontal Scale : 1" = 60' Vertical Scale: 1” = 15’

(31+) (12-31) (7.8-12) (6.29-7.8) (0-6.29) (6.29) (3.38) (.25)

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 59

MASTER PLAN

[industrial

park sample sections]

closed loop system parking garage designed for flooding

Graphic credit: WaterWorld

Graphic credit: Andropogon

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 60

MASTER PLAN [experience vignettes] dog park

playful water plaza

learning landscape

fit trail

wetland boardwalk

terracing to the tides

civic space

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 61

MASTER PLAN [illustrative] autumn

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 62

MASTER PLAN [illustrative] winter

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 63

MASTER PLAN [illustrative] spring

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 64

MASTER PLAN [illustrative] summer

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 65

MASTER PLAN [site materials] corten steel

cast iron

polished concrete

pa bluestone

river rock

recycled glass

natural wood

brick

Chosen for subtly, the materials seamlessly forge a connection between the city, the park and the river. Materials were selected based on site vernacular and are to be sourced locally through reclamation, recycling or local businesses.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 66

MASTER PLAN [planting plan] oak-hickory hardwood forest TOTAL AREA (ft2): Canopy Trees Area 333,948

Totals Understory Trees/Shrubs & Vines Area 332,698

Totals Forbs/Herbs Area 331,937

333,948 Species Code

(7.6ac) Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

CO BA BL CC CG CO FG LT QA QP QR QV

Celtis occidentalis Betula alleghaniensis Betula lenta Carya cordiformis Carya glabra Carya ovata Fagus grandifolia Liriodendron tulipifera Quercus alba Quercus prinus Quercus rubra Quercus velutina

hackberry yellow birch sweet birch bitternut hickory pignut hickory shagbark hickory American beech tuliptree white oak chestnut oak northern red oak black oak

10 10 10 9 9 10 12 10 10 12 10 10

100 100 100 81 81 100 144 100 100 144 100 100 1250

3339 3339 3339 4123 4123 3339 2319 3339 3339 2319 3339 3339 39600

3% 2% 2% 10% 10% 5% 6% 6% 10% 7% 10% 9% 80%

100 67 67 412 412 167 139 200 334 162 334 301 2696

# 1 con # 1 con # 1 con T T # 2 con # 2 con # 1 con T # 1 con T # 2 con

Species Code

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Al Cc Ccan Cf Hv Ha LB Ov Pq Rc Va Vd

Amelanchier laevis Carpinus caroliniana Cercis canadensis Cornus florida Hamamelis virginiana Hydrangea arborescens Lindera benzoin Ostrya virginiana Parthenocissus quinquefolia Rosa carolina Viburnum acerifolium Viburnum dentatum

smooth serviceberry ironwood redbud flowering dogwood witchhazel wild hydrangea spicebush hop-hornbeam Virginia creeper Carolina rose mapleleaf viburnum southern arrowwood

6 8 8 8 8 6 5 10 12 8 6 8

36 64 64 64 64 36 25 100 144 64 36 64 761

9242 5198 5198 5198 5198 9242 13308 3327 2310 5198 9242 5198 68619

6% 8% 8% 6% 6% 5% 5% 4% 3% 4% 8% 7% 70%

554 416 416 312 312 462 665 133 69 208 739 364 4651

# 1 con T

Species Code

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

aa aq an at as cr dm ha hd lb lm ml oco pp pv pb pa ps pa pv sc sc te tp vp

Ageratina altissima Anemone quinquefolia Aralia nudicaulis Arisaema triphyllum Aristolochia serpentaria Campanula rotundifolia Dryopteris marginalis Helianthus annuus Helianthus decapetalus Linnaea borealis Linum medium Moehringia lateriflora Oxalis corniculata Podophyllum peltatum Polygala verticillata Polygonatum biflorum Polystichum acrostichoides Potentilla simplex Prenanthes altissima Pycnanthemum verticillatum Sanguinaria canadensis Sanicula canadensis Trillium erectum Triodanis perfoliata Viola pedata

white snakeroot wood anemone wild sarsaparilla jack-in-the-pulpit Virginia snakeroot bluebell bellflower common wood fern common sunflower thinleaf sunflower twinflower stiff yellow flax bluntleaf sandwort creeping woodsorrel mayapple whorled milkwort smooth Solomon's seal Christmas fern common cinquefoil tall rattlesnakeroot whorled mountainmint bloodroot Canadian blacksnakeroot red trillium clasping Venus' looking-glass birdfoot violet

4 2 5 2 5 5 5 12 8 2 4 4 2 4 2 5 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 1

16 4 25 4 25 25 25 144 64 4 16 16 4 16 4 25 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 16 1 459

20746 82984 13277 82984 13277 13277 13277 2305 5187 82984 20746 20746 82984 20746 82984 13277 82984 82984 82984 82984 331937 82984 82984 20746 331937 1754310

4% 4% 2% 1% 6% 2% 1% 6% 6% 1% 2% 1% 3% 3% 1% 6% 1% 3% 2% 3% 1% 1% 4% 2% 2% 68%

830 3319 266 830 797 266 133 138 311 830 415 207 2490 622 830 797 830 2490 1660 2490 3319 830 3319 415 6639 35071

2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug Qt 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

Species Code

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

ERNMX-140

Woodland Openings, Partially Shaded lb/ac& Shrubby

333,948

100%

6678960

Totals Seed Mix Area 333,948

Qt T # 1 con T Qt Qt Qt T

This broadly defined community type includes much of Pennsylvaniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hardwood-dominated forests occurring on fairly mesic sites, and is variable in composition. source: pennsylvania natural heritage program, 2015

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 67

MASTER PLAN [planting plan] sycamore-river birch-box-elder floodplain forest TOTAL AREA (ft2): Canopy Trees Area 1,245,816

1,245,816 Species Code

(28.6 ac) Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Acer negundo Acer rubrum Acer saccharinum Betula nigra Juniperus virginiana Platanus occidentalis Salix nigra Ulmus rubra

boxelder red maple silver maple river birch eastern red cedar sycamore black willow red/slippery elm

12 10 12 10 12 10 10 10

144 100 144 100 144 100 100 100 932

8652 12458 8652 12458 8652 12458 12458 12458 88245

8% 2% 4% 8% 1% 8% 3% 3% 37%

692 249 346 997 87 997 374 374 4115

# 1 con T # 2 con # 2 con # 2 con # 2 con # 2 con # 2 con

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Alnus incana Clethra alnifolia Cornus amomum Cornus racemosa Lindera benzoin Physocarpus opulifolius Salix sericea Vitis riparia

gray alder coastal sweetpepperbush silky dogwood swamp dogwood northern spicebush ninebark silky willow frost grape

8 8 6 6 8 8 8 5

64 64 36 36 64 64 64 25 417

19451 19451 34580 34580 19451 19451 19451 49795 216212

2% 4% 4% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 21%

389 778 1383 692 389 389 389 1494 581151

# 1 con # 1 con LS # 1 con # 1 con # 1 con LS 1.5-2 cal # 1 con

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

pv ad at er ep je lc

Polygonum virginianum Arisaema dracontium Arisaema triphyllum Elymus riparius Eupatorium perfoliatum Juncus effusus Lobelia cardinalis

jumpseed green-dragon Jack in-the-pulpit riverbank wild-rye common boneset common rush cardinalflower

6 6 4 4 10 4 4

36 36 16 16 100 16 16

34569 34569 77779 77779 12445 77779 77779

3% 1% 1% 1% 1% 3% 1%

1037 346 778 778 124 2333 778

2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

ls ms or pc pd ss sn vp vn vv

Lobelia siphilitica Matteuccia struthiopteris Osmunda regalis Panicum clandestinum Penstemon digitalis Solidago speciosa Symphyotrichum novae-angliae Thelypteris palustris Vernonia noveboracensis Veronicastrum virginicum

great blue lobelia ostrich fern royal fern deer-tongue grass talus slope penstemon showy goldenrod New England aster marsh fern New York ironweed culver's root

6 8 8 4 6 4 8 2 10 10

36 64 64 16 36 16 64 4 100 100 736

34569 19445 19445 77779 34569 77779 19445 311117 12445 12445 1011734

3% 3% 2% 3% 5% 3% 2% 1% 4% 3% 40%

1037 583 389 2333 1728 2333 389 3111 498 373 18950

2" plug Qt Qt 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

ERNMX-154

Floodplain Mix

lb/ac

1,430,074

100%

28601480

AN AR AS BN JV PO SN UR Totals Species Code Understory Trees/Shrubs Area 1,244,884

Totals

Ai Cal Cam Cr Lb Po Ss Vr

Species Code Forbs/Herbs Area 1,244,467

Totals

Species Code Seed Mix Area 1,245,816

This community is primarily associated with intermediate and smaller tributaries of the Susquehanna and Delaware River basins. It occurs on low to intermediate elevation islands and terraces. The substrate is saturated or inundated annually from less than a week to as long as three months each year (typically more than 7 weeks each year). The substrate is usually coarse sand and gravel, often with inclusions of cobble-lined scour channels. Clearly dominated by sycamore in the forest canopy, with significant cover of one or more other hardwood species, usually river birch. source: pennsylvania natural heritage program, 2015

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 68

MASTER PLAN [planting plan] coastal plain palustrine forest: sweetgum TOTAL AREA (ft2): Canopy Trees Area 914,760

Totals Understory Trees/Shrubs & Vines Area 914,028

Totals Forbs/Herbs Area 913,287

Totals Seed Mix Area 914,760

914,760 Species Code

FG LS NS QA QF *QP Species Code

Ar Bn Cal Dv Kl *Lr Lb Rv Sg Vc Vd Vr Species Code

cb cs dp dd jd jm lo mc oc or Species Code

â&#x20AC;&#x201C; willow oak

(21 ac) Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Fagus grandifolia Liquidambar styraciflua Nyssa sylvatica Quercus alba Quercus falcata Quercus phellos

American beech sweetgum blackgum white oak southern red oak willow oak

10 10 12 12 10 12

100 100 144 144 100 144 732

9148 9148 6353 6353 9148 6353 46500

4% 2% 1% 3% 4% 7% 21%

366 183 64 191 366 445 1614

T # 1 con # 1 con # 1 con T # 2 con

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Acer rubrum Betula nigra Clethra alnifolia Diospyros virginiana Kalmia latifolia Leucothoe racemosa Lindera benzoin Rhododendron viscosum Smilax glauca Vaccinium corymbosum Viburnum dentatum Viburnum recognitum

red maple river birch sweet pepperbush persimmon mountain laurel Swamp dog-hobble spicebush swamp azalea cat greenbrier highbush blueberry southern arrowwood northern arrowwood

8 5 6 6 12 8 8 8 12 6 8

64 25 36 36 144 64 64 64 144 36 64 741

14282 36561 25390 25390 6347 14282 14282 14282 6347 25390 14282 196833

10% 6% 8% 7% 3% 8% 5% 8% 3% 12% 7% 77%

1428 2194 2031 1777 190 1143 714 1143 190 3047 1000 14857

T T # 1 con # 1 con Qt Qt T Qt Qt Qt T

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Carex brunnescens Carex scoparia Dennstaedtia punctilobula Diphasiastrum digitatum Juncus dichotomus Juncus marginatus Lycopodium obscurum Maianthemum canadense Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda regalis

sedge (spp.) broom sedge hay-scented fern running-pine Forked rush grass-leaved rush flat-branched groundpine Canada mayflower cinnamon fern royal fern

4 4 2 5 5 5 5 5 12 8

16 16 4 25 25 25 25 25 144 64 369

57080 57080 228322 36531 36531 36531 36531 36531 6342 14270 545752

4% 4% 4% 2% 6% 6% 2% 1% 6% 6% 41%

2283 2283 9133 731 2192 2192 731 365 381 856 21146

2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

ERNMX-140

Woodland Openings, Partially Shaded &lb/ac Shrubby

914,760

100%

18295200

This forest type is limited to the 5â&#x20AC;&#x201D;6 mile wide strip of Atlantic Coastal Plain that extends along the Delaware Estuary in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Urbanization of the coastal plain has left little of the original natural vegetation. This forest type occupies slight depressions in an otherwise nearly level landscape characterized by extensive seasonal flooding, interspersed with patches of higher, better drained forest with a similar species composition. Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) is a prominent component of the canopy. Herbaceous and shrub growth are thin in areas of deepest water and dense in the higher elevations. source: pennsylvania natural heritage program, 2015

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 69

MASTER PLAN [planting plan] coastal plain palustrine forest: red maple TOTAL AREA (ft2): Canopy Trees Area 182,288

Totals Understory Trees/Shrubs & Vines Area 181,312

Totals Forbs/ Herbs Area 181,312

Totals

1,306,800 Species Code

Ar LS *MV NS QB Species Code

Cal Il Iv *Lr Rv Vc *Vn Species Code

cb cs la oc or s tv vp Species Code

(30 ac) Scientific Name

Common Name

Acer rubrum Liquidambar styraciflua Magnolia virginiana Nyssa sylvatica Quercus bicolor

red maple sweetgum weet-bay magnolia blackgum swamp white oak

Scientific Name

- magnolia

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

12 10 10 10 12 12

144 100 100 100 144 144 732

9075 13068 13068 13068 9075 9075 66429

5% 4% 2% 3% 1% 3% 18%

454 523 261 392 91 272 1993

# 2 con T # 1 con # 2 con # 1 con # 1 con

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Clethra alnifolia Ilex laevigata Ilex verticillata Leucothoe racemosa Rhododendron viscosum Vaccinium corymbosum Viburnum nudum

sweet pepperbush smooth winterberry winterberry Swamp dog-hobble swamp azalea highbush blueberry possum-haw

6 8 12 8 8 6 8

36 64 144 64 64 36 64 472

36300 20419 9075 20419 20419 36300 20419 163350

8% 7% 3% 8% 8% 12% 5% 51%

2904 1429 272 1634 1634 4356 1021 13250

# 1 con T Qt Qt Qt Qt Qt

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Carex brunnescens Carex scoparia Listera australis Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda regalis Sphagnum spp. Triadenum virginicum Viola primulifolia

sedge (spp.) broom sedge Southern twayblade cinnamon fern royal fern Sphagnum spp. marsh St. Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s-wort primrose violet

6 6 8 8 6 2 12 8

36 36 64 64 36 4 144 64 448

36300 36300 20419 20419 36300 326700 9075 20419 505931

8% 8% 8% 7% 12% 1% 3% 8% 55%

2904 2904 1634 1429 4356 3267 272 1634 18400

# 1 con # 1 con Qt T Qt

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

ERNMX-140

Woodland Openings, Partially Shaded & Shrubby

lb/ac

1,306,800

100%

26136000

This forest type is found in nutrient poor, acidic swamps on the Coastal Plain and some areas in the Piedmont. It is groundwater fed with moderately-deep to deep muck over mineral soils with standing water. Alteration to the hydrological regime and development are the major threats to this community. A natural buffer around the wetland will be maintained in order to minimize nutrient runoff, pollution, and sedimentation The presence of Magnolia virginiana (sweetbay magnolia), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), and other coastal plain species distinguish this plant community.

Qt Qt

source: pennsylvania natural heritage program, 2015

Seed Mix Area 1,306,800 20

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 70

MASTER PLAN [planting plan] mixed forb TOTAL AREA (ft2): Understory Trees/Shrubs Area 1,430,074

Totals Forbs/Herbs Area 1,429,757

– graminoid coastal meadow

1,430,074 Species Code

Co Cam Cr Cs Sl St Vr Species Code

*ag av ai cca *cb cs *cl da *eo em ep *er *ed gc *ga

Totals Seed Mix Area 1,430,074

hm hc hm iv je lo lc ls mr oci or *pl *ps *pp *rm rf rl sa scy *sa sp ss *sn s.spp tp tpp tv vh vn *vb *wa Species Code

(33 ac) Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Cephalanthus occidentalis Cornus amomum Cornus racemosa Cornus sericea Spiraea latifolia Spiraea tomentosa Viburnum recognitum

buttonbush silky dogwood swamp dogwood red-osier dogwood meadow-sweet steeple-bush arrowwood

7 7 7 7 6 6 7

49 49 49 49 36 36 49 317

29185 29185 29185 29185 39724 39724 29185 225374

9% 9% 5% 5% 2% 2% 4% 36%

2627 2627 1459 1459 794 794 1167 10928

QT LS # 1 con LS QT QT # 1 con

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Andropogon glomeratus Andropogon virginicus Asclepias incarnata Calamagrostis canadensis Carex bullata Carex stricta Chasmanthium laxum Dulichium arundinaceum Eleocharis olivacea Eupatorium maculatum Eupatorium perfoliatum Eupatorium rotundifolium Eutrochium dubium Glyceria canadensis Gratiola aurea Hibiscus moscheutos Hypericum canadense Hypericum mutilum Iris versicolor Juncus effusus Leersia oryzoides Lobelia cardinalis Lobelia siphilitica Mimulus ringens Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda regalis Panicum longifolium Panicum spretum Potamogeton pulcher Rhexia mariana Rudbeckia fulgida Rudbeckia laciniata Schoenoplectus atrovirens Schoenoplectus cyperinus Sisyrinchium atlanticum Solidago patula Solidago speciosa Symphyotrichum novi-belgii Symphyotrichum spp. Thelypteris palustris Torreyochloa pallida var. pallida Triadenum virginicum Verbena hastata Vernonia noveboracensis Viola brittoniana Woodwardia areolata

bushy broomsedge Broom-sedge swamp milkweed

3 3 5

9 9 25

158862 158862 57190

2% 2% 2%

3177 3177 1144

2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

bluejoint Bull’s sedge tussock sedge slender sea-oats

3 3 3 4

9 9 9 16

1% 3% 3% 2%

three-way sedge capitate spike-rush spottedjoe-pye-weed

3 3 7

9 9 49

158862 158862 158862 89360 158862 158862 29179

1589 4766 4766 1787 1589 1589 875

2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

boneset round-leaved eupatorium coastal plain joe-pye-weed

3 6 6

9 36 36

1% 2% 1%

rattlesnake grass golden pert

5 4

25 16

rose-mallow Canadian St.-John's-wort dwarf St.-John's-wort harlequin blueflag soft rush rice cut-grass cardinalflower great blue lobelia Allegheny monkeyflower cinnamon fern royal fern long-leaved panic grass Easton’s witchgrass spotted pondweed Maryland meadow-beauty orange coneflower cutleaf coneflower black bulrush woolgrass eastern blue-eyed-grass roundleaf goldenrod showy goldenrod long-leaved aster aster marsh fern pale meadow grass marsh St.John's— wort swamp verbena New York ironweed coast violet netted chain fern

6 2 2 5 5 5 3 3 2 3 3 4 5 3 5 3 6 6 5 3 3 5 6 5 3 3 2 3 6 3 4

36 4 4 25 25 25 9 9 4 9 9 16 25 9 25 9 36 36 25 9 9 25 36 25 9 9 4 9 36 9 16 811

158862 39715 39715 57190 89360 39715 357439 357439 57190 57190 57190 158862 158862 357439 158862 158862 89360 57190 158862 57190 158862 39715 39715 57190 158862 158862 57190 39715 57190 158862 158862 357439 158862 39715 158862 89360 5843524

2% 1% 1% 2% 4% 5% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 3% 3% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 80%

1589 794 397 572 894 794 3574 3574 1144 2288 2860 3177 3177 7149 1589 1589 894 572 1589 572 3177 794 1191 1716 1589 3177 1144 397 572 1589 3177 3574 3177 794 1589 894 91796

2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

ERNMX 122 ERNMX-131

FACW Meadow Mix OBL Wetland Mix

lb/ac lb/ac

1,430,074 1,430,074

1 1

100% 100%

28601480 28601480

20 20

1% 1% 3%

1% 1%

This is an open commonly occurring plant community dominated by herbaceous vegetation. Plants are typically saturated or inundated early in the growing season, but may be dry by mid- to late-summer. The substrate is typically mineral soil with or without a layer of muck at the surface. Although flooded or saturated soils may help to keep these systems open, most are also grazed or mowed. The plant composition of this association is diverse, though some sites may be dominated by one or two species such as Solidago spp., Carex spp. and Juncus spp. source: pennsylvania natural heritage program, 2015

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 71

EA (ft2):

MASTER PLAN [planting plan] vernal pool 17,336 Species Code

AR Co Cam Iv Lb Ll NS QP Sc Ss Vc Species Code

cs da ga hc hm je lo ose oci or sr sa scy tp wv Species Code

(.2 ac) Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Acer rubrum Cephalanthus occidentalis Cornus amomum Ilex verticillata Lindera benzoin Lyonia ligustrina Nyssa sylvatica Quercus palustris Salix candida Salix sericea Vaccinium corymbosum

red maple buttonbush silky dogwood winterberry northern spicebush maleberry blackgum pin oak sageleaf willow silky willow highbush blueberry

10 7 6 7 6 6 10 12 6 6 10

100 49 36 49 36 36 100 144 36 36 100 722

173 354 482 354 482 482 173 120 482 482 173 3756

1% 8% 8% 6% 2% 6% 4% 6% 6% 8% 8% 63%

2 28 39 21 10 29 7 7 29 39 14 224

# 1 con LS LS # 1 con # 1 con # 1 con 2 2 LS LS # 1 con

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Carex stricta Dulichium arundinaceum Glyceria acutiflora Hypericum canadense Hypericum mutilum Juncus effusus Leersia oryzoides Onoclea sensibilis Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda regalis Sagittaria rigida Schoenoplectus ancistrochaetus Schoenoplectus cyperinus Thelypteris palustris Woodwardia virginica

tussock sedge three-way sedge mannagrass Canadian St.-John's-wort dwarf St.-John's-wort soft rush rice cut-grass sensitive fern cinnamon fern royal fern arrowhead northeastern bulrush woolgrass marsh fern Virginia chain fern

3 7 4 2 2 5 5 5 4 5 2 6 5 4 5

9 49 16 4 4 25 25 25 16 25 4 36 25 16 25 295

339 339 1038 4154 4154 665 665 665 1038 665 4154 462 665 1038 665 20364

4% 10% 8% 2% 1% 7% 6% 2% 4% 1% 1% 10% 4% 4% 6% 70%

20 34 83 83 42 47 40 13 42 7 42 46 27 42 40 585

2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

Custom

FACW Custom Vernal Mix

lb/ac

17,336

100%

346720

This community type is characterized by seasonally fluctuating water levels and may dry out completely in the summer. The substrate is mineral soil with or without a layer of muck. The species composition is variable between sites, as well as annually and seasonally. Species composition is extremely variable, some typical representatives include carex spp., juncus spp., and variious grasses. These ponds lack mature fish populations and therefore can provide critical breeding habitat for several species of amphibians. They are also an important habitat resource for many species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates. This species list will also be applied to the bioswale designs because of its ability to withstand extreme wet and dry conditions while providing habitat and aesthetic appeal. source: pennsylvania natural heritage program, 2015

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 72

MASTER PLAN [planting plan] intertidal high marsh TOTAL AREA (ft2): Forbs/Herbs Area 196,020

Totals Seed Mix Area 196,020

196,020 Species Code

ac ac bb bl hm lo lp ms os pv pa pp pc sl za Species Code

(4.5 ac) Scientific Name

Common Name

Acorus calamus Amaranthus cannabinus Bidens bidentoides Bidens laevis Hibiscus moscheutos Leersia oryzoides Ludwigia palustris Mikania scandens Onoclea sensibilis Peltandra virginica Persicaria arifolia Persicaria punctata Pontederia cordata Sagittaria latifolia Zizania aquatica

sweet-flag salt-marsh water-hemp swamp beggar’s-ticks showy bur-marigold rose-mallow rice cutgrass marsh-purslane climbing hempweed sensitive fern arrow-arum halberd-leaf tearthumb water-pepper pickerel-weed wapato wild-rice

Scientific Name

Common Name

Custom

OBL Custom High Tide Marsh Mix

Spacing (ft, oc)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

3 3 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 3 3 2 3 2 3

9 9 9 9 9 16 9 25 9 9 9 4 9 4 9 148

21780 21780 21780 21780 21780 12251 21780 7841 21780 21780 21780 49005 21780 49005 21780 357682

3% 6% 4% 3% 6% 6% 3% 2% 4% 6% 3% 3% 5% 6% 8% 68%

653 1307 871 653 1307 735 653 157 871 1307 653 1470 1089 2940 1742 16410

2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

Spacing (ft)

square ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size #

lb/ac

196,020

100%

3920400

This marsh community occurs on low-lying, nearly level land adjacent to the upper edge of sloping riverbanks. These areas are not flooded at every high tide but rather at times of the highest tides (new moon, full moon, or storms) and often includes small tidal channels in which the water level varies with the tide. Unlike riverbank tidal marsh, high marsh is not distinctly zoned, except occasionally along the engraved channels –– a distinguishing characteristic of this plant community. The vegetation is typically dense and is dominated by a large variety of robust herbaceous wetland species such as wild-rice (Zizania aquatica), salt-marsh water-hemp (Amaranthus cannabinus), and swamp beggar-ticks (Bidens bidentoides). This community is considered critically imperiled and once reestablished, it will increase Chester’s ecological significance in the region and will provide important specialized habitat and service. source: pennsylvania natural heritage program, 2015

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 73

MASTER PLAN

[planting

plan]

freshwater tidal marsh TOTAL AREA (ft2):

110,206 (2.5 ac) Code Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft, oc)

sq ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size

Forbs/Herbs Area 110,206 UPPER

MIDDLE

LOW

Totals Seed Mix Area 110,206

ac bb bl pv pp pc za

Amaranthus cannabinus Bidens bidentoides Bidens laevis Peltandra virginica Persicaria punctata Pontederia cordata Zizania aquatica

salt-marsh water-hemp swamp beggar’s-ticks showy bur-marigold arrow-arum water-pepper pickerel-weed wild-rice

3 3 3 3 6 3 3

9 9 9 9 36 9 9

12245 12245 12245 12245 3061 12245 12245

6% 4% 4% 6% 3% 5% 6%

735 490 490 735 92 612 735

2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

hm na sc sr ssu sp ssm

Heteranthera multiflora Nuphar advena Sagittaria calycina Sagittaria rigida Sagittaria subulata Schoenoplectus pungens Schoenoplectus smithii

mud-plantain spatterdock long-lobed arrowhead arrowhead subulate arrowhead threesquare Smith’s bulrush

6 3 3 3 3 4 3

36 9 9 9 9 16 9

3061 12245 12245 12245 12245 6888 12245

3% 6% 3% 5% 4% 4% 3%

92 735 367 612 490 276 367

2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

en ssu va zp

Elodea nuttallii Sagittaria subulata Vallisneria americana Zanichellia palustris

waterweed Subulate arrowhead tape-grass horned pondweed

3 4 3 3

9 16 9 9 230

12245 6888 12245 12245 191330

3% 4% 3% 2% 74%

367 276 367 245 8082

2" plug 2" plug 2" plug 2" plug

Scientific Name

Common Name

Spacing (ft)

sq ft

Area at 100%

Percent

Quantity

Size

Custom

OBL Custom Riverbank Tidal Marsh Mix

lb/ac

110,206

100%

2204120

Code

This marsh community occurs on gradually sloping riverbanks in the zone between low tide and mean high tide. It is typically distinctly zoned parallel to the shoreline. The uppermost zone, where the water at high tide is less than 0.5 meter deep, provides habitat for emergent species such as wild-rice (Zizania aquatica), salt-marsh water-hemp (Amaranthus cannabinus). The middle zone is dominated by threesquare (Schoenoplectus pungens) and transitions to spatterdock (Nuphar advena). The lowest vegetated zone on the intertidal riverbank occurs below the band of spatterdock. It is under as much as two meters of water at high tide and is typically sparsely vegetated. At low tide exposed vegetation is often coated with a film of dried mud not visible in the winter, even at low tide. This community is considered critically imperiled and once reestablished, it will increase Chester’s ecological significance in the region and will provide important specialized habitat and service. source: pennsylvania natural heritage program, 2015

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 74

DETAIL

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 75

DETAIL PLAN [feature design] bioswale amphitheatre

1â&#x20AC;? = 20 scale

60 ft.

designed at

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 76

DETAIL PLAN [restoration earthwork]

AREA OF DETAIL

bioswale Bioswales are an important stormwater management feature of the Chester eco-industrial park. A closed loop model, bioswales reduce surface runoff and stabilize stream flow volumes by restoring ground water discharges. They improve water quality by infiltrating the first flush of storm water runoff and reduce sediment and nutrient loads in the watershed. Additionally, bioswales increase habitat for wildlife and provide an aesthetically pleasing transition between the build and natural environment.

3:1 max

side slopes

6”-12” depth

beehive rim

sidewalk

berm

native plants 3” mulch drain overflow pipe 18” min. sump depth cobble stone

nts

vernal pond Vernal ponds provide vital habitat for many amphibians and other obligate species. The shallow temporary nature of vernal ponds do not support fish and other aquatic predators, thus they provide safe habitat and an ideal nursery for many organisms that have evolved to use seasonal pools for breeding and early life cycle development. Landscape fragmentation and climate change have impacted the availability of these sensitive wetlands; it is important to include vernal ponds as a design feature in restoration projects.

pvc pipe + cap opening, unglued native plants organic layer

8”, 8 gauge staple 1/4” bentonite felt 30 mm vinyl liner existing soil cobble stones nts

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 77

DETAIL PLAN [restoration earthwork] constructed wetland

AREA OF DETAIL

+ soil amendment plugs

sand

tide

excovate to finished elevation (5.5-5’). replace 6” wth mixed amended soil and sand. plant plugs. substrate

nts

Wetlands mark the land transition between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They provide many eco-services, are the habitats of unique and migratory wildlife, control water cycling and the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and carbon, and can filter and decompose pollutants. Conversion of wetlands for commercial development, drainage schemes, extraction of minerals and peat, overfishing, tourism, siltation, pesticide discharges, toxic pollutants from industrial waste, and the construction of dams and dikes are major threats to wetlands everywhere. Chester was once well endowed with wetland habitat and service. Restoring portions of Chester’s wetlands along the waterfront will reestablish flood protection, pollutant filtration, specialist wildlife habitat and in important sense of place for Chester. The wetlands will be restored where the existing grade allows for a natural construction. Soil for the site will be constructed out of a mixture of sewage sludge, (reused from the Delcora waste treatment facility one block away); river dredge repurposed from the recent deepening of the Delaware River; and wood chips, which will give a useful purpose to the invasive woody species removed from the site. Marsh restoration will incorporate 6” of amended soil. Typical non-marsh soil layer will vary from 14 inches to 24 inches to accommodate various plant communities based on their topological preferences. The soil composition will be comprised of 75% river dredge, 20% sewage sludge, and 5% wood chips. This will provide enough organic material to ensure adequate nutrient availability for the newly installed native plant communities.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 78

DETAIL PLAN [restoration earthwork] vegetated shoreline above tidal zone

tidal wetland high tide

tidal wetland mid to high tide

tidal wetland low to mid tide

intertidal wetland shallow water habitat

AREA OF DETAIL

Living shorelines are an ecology-based method to address the increased loss of tidal marshes. Using bioengineering techniques, they function by trapping sediment and absorbing wave energy to reduce erosion and increase a natural vegetated edge along the shoreline. Living shorelines will be used in place of the deteriorating bulkheads on the mudflats, but only in sections of low energy and where scour is not a risk. To employ this method successfully throughout the site, a strategic, large scale Delaware River shoreline restoration will need to take place, which is beyond the scope of this project.

break bulkhead down to grade

plugs

mudflat

coir liner

staked muscle aquatic reef plants biolog

substrate

nts

MEAN HIGHERHIGH TIDE (6.29)

MEAN TIDE (3.38)

MEAN LOWERLOW TIDE (.25)

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 79

DETAIL PLAN [restoration: invasive plant id + removal] invasive plant identification CANOPY

UNDERSTORY

HERBS

Norway maple (Acer platanoides)

Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus)

Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica)

Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria)

Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima)

Autumn-olive (Elaeagnus umbellate)

Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)

Princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa )

Winged euonymus (Euonymus alatus)

Multiflora-rose (Rosa multiflora)

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)

European privet (Ligustrum vulgare)

Wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius)

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)

Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)

Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)

Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Phalaris arundinacea (Reed canary grass) Common reed (Phragmites australis)

eradication methods eco-goats

manual cut

+ paint

Light footed, goats can access difficult areas as they graze, going through very dense material at about a quarter acre per day per 30 goats. Plus, goats fertilize as they graze without leaving seed!

Manually cut woody plant, within one minute, paint the meristem with glyphosate (1â&#x20AC;? around circumference) to allow translocation throughout the plant.

+ chip

weed wrench

remove

A hand-tool that acts as a giant lever, providing the ecological restorer with a tremendous amount of mechanical advantage.

Hand removing and spreading chipped woody species after cutting allows nonseeded plant material to rebuild the organic layer which helps restore soil.

black plastic

hand pull

Thick 20 mil vinyl sheeting can be laid down in over-lapping sheets to completely smother herbaceous invasive plants. Use caution: all plant growth will be suppressed.

Hand pulling is sometimes the only or best method, particularly for young woody species or shallow rooted herbaceous plants. Do not pull when seeds are present. Plants must be collected, removed and destroyed.

NOTE: Deer do not present a problem for the site at the present time; however, herbivory must be monitored and a deer management plan implemented (i.e. bow hunting or deer fence installed) should native vegetation become threatened.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 80

understory

canopy

DETAIL PLAN [restoration: invasive plant removal schedule] Norway maple (Acer platanoides)

METHODS GOATS

Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima)

CUT WRENTCH/DIG/MOW

Princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa )

HAND PULL

Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus)

CUT AND PAINT/SPRAY

BLACK PLASTIC

CHIPPING

Autumn-olive (Elaeagnus umbellate)

Phasing: starting from the northern tip and exterior boundaries, work inward and downward; use re-vegetation patch phases (next page) as a guide.

Winged euonymus (Euonymus alatus) European privet (Ligustrum vulgare)

1. During appropriate time of year, manually cut all vegetation needed for repurposed landscape features. 2. Employ eco-goat management system in two week intervals to effectively exhaust plants. 3. Once goat management is complete, cut/ and paint existing persistent woody vegetation during designated times of year for each plant. *Caution: do not use Glyphosate around goats or vernal pools. Overall use should be limited by absolute necessity. 4. Use weed wrench to remove woody root balls and base. 5. During appropriate time of year, employ herbaceous vegetation removal strategies, i.e. goats, black plastic and manual hand pull 6. Chip all cut woody vegetation and distribute throughout site to assist with soil restoration. *Caution: do not allow invasive seed contamination. 7. Continue vigilant maintenance, volunteer days and use of scouts for hand pulling recommended.

Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) Multiflora-rose (Rosa multiflora) Wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius)

herbs

Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria)

The eradication strategies and schedule presented examined plant phenology to determine the most efficient and effective methods for successful restoration.

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)

Note: Goats can become ill and die from eating the following on site plants: euonymus bush berries, red maple saplings, wild cherry berries/ leaves. Goat use and placement will need to be coordinated around the phonologic conditions of these plants.

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum)

CHESTER

Phalaris arundinacea (Reed canary grass) Common reed (Phragmites australis) january

february

march

april

may

june

july

august

spetember

october

november

december

FORGING the F U T U R E 81

DETAIL PLAN [structures] boardwalk

interpretive signs + citizen science stations

+ path

typical boardwalk curb scale 3 / 4 ” = 1 ’ - 0 ”

ty pica l boa rd wa lk ra iling sca le 3/ 4” = 1’ -0” 2

m a i n e n t ra n c e s i gn s ca l e 1 /2 ” = 1 ’-0 ”

e d u cat i on a l d i s cove ry sig n s s ca l e 3 /4 ” = 1 ’-0 ”

ty pical boardwalk scal e 3/ 4” = 1’- 0”

typical post scale 3 ” = 1 ’ - 0 ”

ty pica l upla nd grav el path nts

e co- i n d i cator s i gn s ca l e 1 ” = 1 ’-0 ”

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 82

PHASING

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 83

PHASE I [pre-restoration + construction] summary activities duration: 2 years

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Begin stakeholder collaboration process (political, community and business leaders) Establish monitoring goals Secure funding. Seek partnerships with organizations listed in opportunities section and apply for grants from William Penn Foundation, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, DCNR, PADEP, FEMA, EPA and HUD Appoint (confirm) project manager Appoint restoration team Appoint restoration team Identify/confirm permit specifications, deed restrictions, other legal constraints Obtain permits and permissions Establish liaison with interested public agencies Establish liaison with other interested stakeholders (public/community) Publicize project Detail /document existing project site conditions Establish pre-project baseline measurements (e.g., species counts and diversity; water quality; groundwater elevation, gross metabolism of soil organisms) Label and archive pre-project photos Inventory all vegetation Tag all native vegetation for active protection and preservation Place contract grow orders with local providers for native stock not commercially available Identify and tag exotic invasive vegetation Remove exotic invasive vegetation

Of these activities, identification and removal of exotic invasive vegetation is expected to require multiple growing seasons spanning two years. The Site should be inspected twice monthly through this time to locate exotic invasive vegetation. All exotic invasive species must be removed according to best practices, using appropriately licensed professionals as required by law.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 84

PHASE II [restoration + construction] summary activities duration: 1 year

• • • • • • • • •

Mark work boundaries with temporary fencing Install erosion control measures Strip sod and bituminous macadams Excavate and re-grade site Begin phytoremediation where needed Amend and distribute topsoil Install paths and other infrastructure Install planting plan Install wildlife structures, interpretive signage and citizen science activities

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 85

PHASE III [post-restoration + construction] summary activities duration:

ongoing

• • • • • • • •

Promote site as regional amenity Monitor wildlife and vegetation Measure and evaluate progress toward goals Use adaptive management strategies to keep site on target to meet goals Manage citizen science data Continue maintenance plan and develop a ‘Friends of the Park’ group Maintain pop-up calendar and advertise four seasons of entertainment to keep site active Apply for grants for continued research and maintenance

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 86

THE END

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 87

APPENDIX A

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 88

GREEN ECONOMY [zero waste jobs] solar pv jobs

energy efficiency retrofit jobs

wind energy jobs

Renewable energy technologies were a $40 billion global industry in 2005. The industry is projected to quadruple in size over the next ten years.6 Jobs in Solar PV. • Manufacturing parts for solar PV systems • Assembling solar panels • Installing solar panel systems on rooftops • Maintaining and repairing solar PV systems

Energy Efficiency Retrofit Jobs • Auditing energy use in existing buildings • Manufacturing materials and devices • Installing efficient lighting and heating systems • Installing insulation, windows, and appliances

Enacting policies to boost demand for wind power, the State of Pennsylvania convinced the Spanish wind company Gamesa to open a manufacturing facility in a part of the state that has been hit hard by the decline of the steel industry. The facility will create over 500 good paying jobs: manufacturing parts for wind turbines and towers, constructing wind farms, operating and maintaining wind turbines

solar water heater jobs

jobs in resource recovery

jobs in ecological restoration

Solar Water Heater Jobs • Manufacturing parts • Assembling finished heating systems • Installing the heaters • Providing regular maintenance • Marketing and selling systems to consumers Geothermal Heat Pump Jobs • Manufacturing equipment and parts • Installing the heat pump system Geothermal heat pump installation is labor intensive and creates local jobs at a range of skill levels.

Reuse businesses create jobs. For every 10,000 tons of reusable items processed, 75-250 jobs are created. Through resource recycling economic development, the City has the ability to attract new businesses, including reuse and recycling nonprofit organizations and private sector entrepreneurs, re-processors, secondary manufacturers and other businesses that have the ability to use recovered materials in their manufacturing processes.

Design, growing, instillation, construction, manufacturing, maintenance...

The clean-energy, “green economy” has exploded into a billion-dollar sector—with more growth predicted (Apollo Alliance, 2008). The national effort to curb global warming and oil dependence can simultaneously create good jobs, safer streets and healthier communities. In 2007, the Apollo Alliance published, ‘Community Jobs in the Green Economy.’ It is an inspiring and strategic roadmap for community organizers, economic development practitioners, labor representatives, and city managers who wish to learn about and create high-quality, green jobs in their communities. Developing a jobs program is beyond the scope of this project, but it is a vital piece of the regenerative design model for Chester and needs to be addressed. Community Jobs in the Green Economy is an excellent resource and is recommended as a starting point for Chester. It makes a strong case for green job development. Further reach on this topic includes the Tellus Institute and Sound Resource Management’s, “More Jobs, Less Pollution: Growing the Recycling Economy in the US,” and Austin, TX’s Resource Recovery Master Plan (see references). More rigorous analysis and planned is needed to determine the best opportunities to leverage the green economy for Chester’s future. This would be a great project for a business, economics or environmental policy student to spearhead.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 89

APPENDIX B

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 90

DELHAAS WOODS [vegetation inventory] prepared for the bucks county commissioners by ann f. rhoads and timothy a. block, 2011 FIGURE 1. Plant Community Assemblages of Delhaas Woods, Bucks County, PA (Aerial photograph from Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access 2005)

APPENDIX A Vascular Flora List for Delhaas Woods, Bristol Township, PA Scientific name

Equisetum arvense L.

PNHP status*

Wetlands**

Native***

FAC

FACU-

PT/PT

FACW+

FACU

Cut-leaved grape-fern Rattlesnake fern

N N

FAC FACU

N N

Cinnamon fern Royal fern

N N

FACW OBL

N N

Lady fern Hay-scented fern Spinulose wood fern Evergreen wood-fern Sensitive fern Northern bracken fern New York fern Marsh fern Netted chain fern

N N N N N N N N N/PT

FAC N FAC+ FACU FACW FACU FAC FACW+ FACW+

N N N N N N N N N

FACU

Broad-leaved waterplantain Wapato

N N

OBL OBL

N N

Jack-in-the-pulpit Skunk cabbage

N N

FACWOBL

N N

Bellwort

FACU-

Asiatic dayflower

FAC-

Sandrush Sedge Sedge Bog sedge

N Watch N N

FACU FAC FACW FACW+

N N N N

Common name Equisetaceae

Ferns and Fern Allies Field horsetail

Lycopodiaceae Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A.Braun) Holub Lycopodiella appressa (Chapm.) Cranfill Lycopodium dendroideum Michx. Lycopodium obscurum L. Ophioglossaceae Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomea L. Osmunda regalis L. Polypodiaceae Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex Mert. var. angustum (Willd.) G.Lawson Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T.Moore Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P.Fuchs Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) A.Gray Onoclea sensibilis L. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. Thelypteris palustris Schott Woodwardia areolata (L.) T.Moore Pinaceae

Pinus strobus L.

Alismataceae Alisma subcordatumRaf. Sagittaria latifoliaWilld.

Araceae Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ssp. triphyllum Symplocarpus foetidus(L.) Salisb. ex W.P.C.Barton Colchicaceae Uvularia sessilifoliaL. Commelinaceae Commelina communis L. Cyperaceae Bulbostylis capillaris(L.) C.B.Clarke Carex absconditaMack. Carex albolutescensSchwein. Carex atlantica Bailey ssp. atlantica

320

Appendix E: Delhaas Woods Vegetation Study

Deep-rooted runningpine Appressed bog clubmoss Round-branch groundpine Flat-branched groundpine

Gymnosperms Eastern white pine Monocotyledons

Appendix E: Delhaas Woods Vegetation Study

CHESTER 321

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DELHAAS WOODS [native vegetation inventory] Scientific name Carex brunnescens(Pers.) Poir. Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita Carex debilis Michx. var. rudgei Bailey Carex emmonsii Dewey Carex folliculata L. Carex intumescens Rudge Carex laxiflora Lam. Carex longii Mack. Carex lupulina Willd. Carex lurida Wahlenb. Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. Carex stipata Willd. Carex stricta Lam. Carex styloflexa Buckley Carex swanii (Fernald) Mack. Carex tribuloides Wahl. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. ex Willd. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Cyperus echinatus (L.) A.Wood Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Cyperus microiria Steud. Cyperus strigosus L. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. var. obtusa Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schult. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roem. & Schult. Rhynchospora capitellata (Michx.) Vahl Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea villosa L. Hydrocharitaceae Egeria densa Planch. Iridaceae Sisyrinchium angustifolium P.Mill. Sisyrinchium atlanticum E.P.Bicknell Juncaceae Juncus acuminatus Michx. Juncus canadensis J.Gay ex Laharpe Juncus dichotomus Elliott Juncus effusus L. Juncus marginatus Rostk. Juncus tenuis Willd. Liliaceae Lilium superbum L. Medeola virginiana L. Orchidaceae Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Poir. Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. Poaceae Agrostis gigantea Roth Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuck. Andropogon glomeratus (Walter) Britton, Stearns & Poggenb. Andropogon virginicus L. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Aristida oligantha Michx.

Common name Sedge Short hair sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Long's sedge Sedge Sedge Broom sedge Sedge Tussock sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Umbrella sedge Redroot flatsedge Umbrella sedge False nutsedge Needle spike-rush Wright's spike-rush Capitate spike-rush Spike-rush Slender fimbry Beak-rush Wool-grass

PNHP status* N N N N N N N TU/PT N N N N N Watch N N N N Watch N N N N N PR/Watch N N N N

Wetlands** FACW OBL FAC N OBL FACW+ FACU OBL OBL OBL FACW N OBL FACWFACU FACW+ OBL OBL FACU FACW+ N FACW OBL OBL OBL FACW+ FACW+ OBL FACW+

Native*** N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N I N N N N N N N N

Wild yam

FAC+

Brazilian waterweed

OBL

Blue-eyed-grass Eastern blue-eyed-grass

N PE/PE

FACWFACW

N N

Sharp-fruited rush Canada rush Forked rush Soft rush Grass-leaved rush Path rush

N N PE/PE N N N

OBL OBL FACWOBL FACW FAC-

N N N N N N

Turk's-cap lily Indian cucumber-root

N N

FACW+ N

N N

Autumn coralroot Nodding ladies'-tresses

N N

N FACW

N N

Redtop Autumn bent

N N

FACWFACU

I N

Broom-sedge Broom-sedge Sweet vernalgrass Prairie threeawn

TU/PR N N N

FACW+ FACU FACU N

N N I N

Scientific name Bromus inermis Leyss. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) W.Bartram Cinna arundinacea L. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould and C.A.Clark Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould Dichanthelium microcarpon (Muhl. Ex Elliott) Mohlenbr. Dichanthelium scoparium (Lam.) Gould Dichanthelium spretum (Schult.) Freckmann Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweigg.) Schreb. ex Muhl. Echinochloa muricata (P.Beauv.) Fernald Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Glyceria septentrionalis A.Hitchc. Glyceria striata (Lam.) A.Hitchc. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Leersia virginica Willd. Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A.Camus. Miscanthus sinensis Andersson Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F.Gmel. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Panicum longifolium Torr. Panicum verrucosum Muhl. Panicum virgatum L. Paspalum laeve Michx. Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. muhlenbergii (Nash) D.J.Banks Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. ssp. australis Poa compressa L. Poa trivialis L. Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var. scoparium Setaria faberi Herrm. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Schult. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Torreyochloa pallida (Torr.) Church var. pallida Tridens flavus (L.) A.Hitchc. Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton pulcher Tuck. Ruscaceae Maianthemum canadense Desf. Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link. Smilacaceae Smilax glauca Walter Smilax rotundifolia L. Sparganiaceae Sparganium americanum Nutt. Typhaceae Typha latifolia L.

PNHP status* N N N N N N N N PE/PE PX/PE

Wetlands** N OBL FACW FACU FAC FAC+ FAC FACU FACW N

Native*** I N N I N N N N N N

Smooth crabgrass Barnyard-grass Purple lovegrass Floating mannagrass Fowl mannagrass Rice cutgrass Cutgrass Stiltgrass Eulalia Dropseed Smooth panic grass Long-leaved panic grass Panic grass Switchgrass Field beadgrass

N N N N N N N N N N N

UPL FACW+ UPL OBL OBL OBL FACW FAC FACU FAC FACW-

I N N N N N N I I N N

TU/PE N N N

OBL FACW FAC FAC+

N N N N

Slender beadgrass Common reed Canada bluegrass Rough bluegrass Fescue Little bluestem Giant foxtail Yellow foxtail Indian-grass Pale meadowgrass Purpletop

TU/N N N N N N N N N N N

FACU+ FACW FACU FACW FACUFACU UPL FAC UPL OBL FACU

N I I I I N I I N N N

Heartleaf pondweed

PE/PE

OBL

Canada mayflower False solomon's-seal

N N

FACN

N N

Catbrier Catbrier

N N

FACU FAC

N N

Bur-reed

OBL

Common cat-tail

OBL

Common name Smooth brome Reedgrass Wood reedgrass Bermudagrass Panic grass Deer-tongue grass Panic grass Panic grass Velvety panic grass Panic grass

CHESTER Appendix E: Delhaas Woods Vegetation Study

322

Appendix E: Delhaas Woods Vegetation Study

323

FORGING the F U T U R E 92

DELHAAS WOODS [native vegetation inventory] Dicotyledons Scientific name

Adoxaceae Sambucus canadensis L. Viburnum dentatum L. Viburnum nudum L. Altingiaceae Liquidambar styraciflua L. Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album L. Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Anacardiaceae Rhus copallina L. Rhus typhina L. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze Apiaceae Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC Daucus carota L. Sanicula canadensis L. Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum L. Asclepias incarnata L. ssp. pulchra(Ehrh. ex Willd.) Woods. Asclepias syriaca L. Aquifoliaceae Ilex opaca Aiton Ilex verticillata (L.) A.Gray Araliaceae Aralia nudicaulis L. Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L. Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M.King & H.Robinson Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Ambrosia trifida L. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. Artemisia vulgaris L. Bidens frondosa L. Bidens polylepis S.F.Blake Centaurea stoebe L. (S.G.Gmel. ex Gugler) Hayek. Cichorium intybus L. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Erigeron philadelphicus L. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Eupatorium pilosum Walter Eupatorium rotundifolium L. var. ovatum (Bigelow) Torr. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Eutrochium dubium (Willd. ex Poir.) E.E.Lamont

324

Common name

PNHP status*

Wetlands**

Native***

American elder Southern arrow-wood Possum-haw

N N PE/PE

FACW FAC OBL

N N N

Sweetgum

FAC

Lamb's quarters

FACU+

Mexican-tea

FACU

Shining sumac Staghorn sumac Poison-ivy Poison sumac

N N N N

N N FAC OBL

N N N N

Honewort Queen Anne's-lace Canadian sanicle

N N N

FAC N UPL

N I N

Indian-hemp

FACU

Swamp milkweed Common milkweed

N N

OBL FACU-

N N

American holly Winterberry

PT/PT N

FACU FACW+

N N

Wild sarsaparilla

FACU

Common yarrow

FACU

White-snakeroot Common ragweed Giant ragweed

N N N

N FACU FAC

N N N

Pearly everlasting Common mugwort Beggar-ticks Tickseed-sunflower

N N N N

N N FACW FACW

N I N I

Bushy knapweed Blue chicory Bull-thistle Horseweed Fireweed Daisy fleabane Daisy fleabane Hyssop-leaved eupatorium Boneset Ragged eupatorium

N N N N N N N N N Watch

N N FACUUPL FACU FACU FACU N FACW+ FACW

I I I N N N N N N N

Round-leaved eupatorium Late eupatorium Grass-leaved goldenrod

TU/TU N N

FACFACFAC

N I N

Joe-pye-weed

FACW

Appendix E: Delhaas Woods Vegetation Study

Scientific name Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. Hypochoeris radicata L. Krigia biflora (Walter) S.F.Blake Lactuca canadensis L. Lactuca serriola L. Solidago canadensis var. canadensis L. Solidago juncea Aiton Solidago nemoralis Aiton Solidago rugosa P.Mill. Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Wiegand) Nesom Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) Nesom Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) Nesom var. pilosum Symphyotrichum racemosum (Elliott) Nesom Tragopogon dubius Scop. Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis Meerb. Berberidaceae Berberis thunbergii DC Podophyllum peltatum L. Betulaceae Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. Betula lenta L. Betula nigra L. Betula populifolia Marshall Bignoniaceae Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau Catalpa bignonioides Walter Boraginaceae Hackelia virginiana( L.) I.M.Johnst. Brassicaceae Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Campanulaceae Lobelia cardinalis L. Lobelia inflata L. Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica Thunb. Lonicera sempervirens L. Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum Baumg. (Link) Jalas Cerastium pumilum Curtis Celastraceae Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold Euonymus americanus L. Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. Clethraceae Clethra alnifolia L. Convolvulaceae Cuscuta campestris Yunck. Cuscuta compacta Juss. ex Choisy Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schultz Cuscuta pentagona Engelm.

Common name King-devil Cat's-ear Dwarf dandelion Wild lettuce Prickly lettuce Canada goldenrod Early goldenrod Gray goldenrod Wrinkle-leaf goldenrod

PNHP status* N N N N N N N N N

Wetlands** N N FACW FACUFACFACU N N FAC

Native*** I I N N I N N N N

Panicled aster New York aster

N PT/PT

N FACW+

N N

Heath aster Small white aster Yellow goatsbreard New York ironweed

N N N N

UPL FAC N FACW+

N N I N

Jewelweed

FACW

Japanese barberry Mayapple

N N

I N

Smooth alder Black birch River birch Gray birch

N N N N

OBL FACU FACW FAC

N N N N

Trumpet-vine Catalpa

N N

FAC UPL

N I

Beggar's-lice

FACU

Garlic-mustard Pennsylvania bittercress

N N

FACUOBL

I N

Cardinal-flower Indian-tobacco

N N

FACW+ FACU

N N

Japanese honeysuckle Trumpet honeysuckle

N N

FACFACU

I N

Common mouse-ear chickweed Small mouse-ear chickweed

N N

FACUN

I I

Oriental bittersweet Winged euonymous Hearts-a-bursting Wintercreeper

N N Watch N

UPL N FAC N

I I N I

Sweet pepperbush

FAC+

Dodder Dodder Common dodder Field dodder

N/PT N/PT N N/PT

N N N N

Appendix E: Delhaas Woods Vegetation Study

CHESTER 325

FORGING the F U T U R E 93

DELHAAS WOODS [native vegetation inventory] Scientific name

Cornaceae Cornus amomum P.Mill. Cornus florida L. Dipsacaceae Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Ericaceae Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & A.Gray Leucothoe racemosa (L.) A.Gray Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC Pyrola americana Sweet Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. Vaccinium corymbosum L. Vaccinium pallidum Aiton Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia maculata L. Fabaceae Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Apios americana Medik. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) Vent. Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench Coronilla varia L. Desmodium perplexum Schub. Melilotus alba Medik. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britton Trifolium hybridum L. Fagaceae Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Quercus alba L. Quercus bicolor Willd. Quercus coccinea Muenchh. Quercus michauxii Nutt. Quercus palustris Muenchh. Quercus phellos L. Quercus rubra L. Gentianaceae Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. Bartonia virginica (L.) Britton, Stearns & Poggenb. Gentiana saponaria L. Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh Haloragaceae Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong Proserpinaca palustris L. var. crebra Fernald & Grisc. Hypericaceae Hypericum canadense L. Hypericum dissimulatum E.P.Bicknell Hypericum boreale Hook. Hypericum mutilum L. Hypericum perforatum L.

Common name

PNHP status*

Wetlands**

Native***

Silky dogwood, kinnikinik Flowering dogwood

N N

FACW FACU-

N N

Teasel

Autumn-olive

Dangleberry Fetter-bush Maleberry Wild lily-of-the-valley

N TU/PT N N

FAC FACW FACW FAC

N N N N

Pinxter-flower Swamp azalea Highbush blueberry Lowbush blueberry

N N N N

FAC FACW+ FACWN

N N N N

Spotted spurge

FACU-

Mimosa Ground-nut Wild indigo Wild sensitive-plant Crown-vetch Tick-trefoil White sweet-clover Yellow sweet-clover Black locust

N N N N N N N N N

N FACW N FACUN N FACU FACUFACU-

I N N N I N I I N

Wild bean Alsike clover

N/PE N

FACU FACU-

N I

American beech White oak Swamp white oak Scarlet oak Swamp chestnut oak Pin oak Willow oak Northern red oak

N N N N N N PE/PE N

FACU FACU FACW+ N FACW FACW FAC+ FACU-

N N N N N N N N

Screwstem

N/PR

OBL

Bartonia Soapwort gentian Common marsh-pink

N TU/PE N

FACW FACW FAC+

N N N

Water-milfoil

OBL

Common mermaid-weed

OBL

Canadian St.John's-wort St.John's-wort Pale St. John's-wort Dwarf St. John's-wort St. John's-wort

N Watch N N N

FACW FACW OBL FACW N

N N N N I

Scientific name Hypericum punctatum Lam. Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. Juglandaceae Carya ovata (P.Mill.) K.Koch Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. Juglans nigra L. Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea L. Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Lycopus virginicus L. Scutellaria integrifolia L. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Trichostema dichotomum L. Lauraceae Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees Linaceae Linum striatum Walter Lythraceae Decodon verticillatus (L.) Elliott Lythrum salicaria L. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipifera L. Magnolia tripetala L. Magnolia virginiana L. Melastomaceae Rhexia mariana L. Rhexia virginica L. Moraceae Morus alba L. Myrsinaceae Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Lysimachia terrestris (L.) Britton, Stearns & Poggenb. Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica Marshall Oleaceae Chionanthus virginicus L. Fraxinus americana L. Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. Onagraceae Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill Epilobium coloratum Biehler Ludwigia alternifolia L. Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott Orobanchaceae Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta L. Paulowniaceae Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Phrymaceae Mimulus ringens L. Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L.

Common name Spotted St. John's-wort Marsh St. John's-wort

PNHP status* N N

Wetlands** FACOBL

Native*** N N

Shagbark hickory Mockernut hickory Black walnut

N N N

FACU FACU FACU

N N N

Gill-over-the-ground Bugleweed Bugleweed Hyssop skullcup Mad-dog skullcap Blue-curls

N N N N N N

FACU OBL OBL FACW FACW+ N

I N N N N N

Spicebush Sassafras

N N

FACWFACU-

N N

Ridged yellow flax

FACW

Water-willow Purple loosestrife Tooth cup

N N PR/PR

OBL FACW+ OBL

N I N

Tuliptree Umbrella-tree Sweet-bay magnolia

N PT/PR PT/PT

FACU FACU FACW+

N N N

Maryland meadow-beauty Meadow-beauty

PE/PE N

OBL OBL

N N

White mulberry

UPL

Whorled loosestrife

FACU-

Swamp-candles

OBL

Sourgum

FAC

Fringe-tree White ash Obtuse-leaved privet

N/PT N N

FAC+ FACU N

N N I

Enchanter's-nightshade Purple-leaved willow-herb False loosestrife Marsh-purslane

N N N N

FACU FACW+ FACW+ OBL

N N N N

False-foxglove

FACW-

Common yellow woodsorrel

UPL

Empress-tree

Allegheny monkey-flower

OBL

Pokeweed

FACU+

Appendix E: Delhaas Woods Vegetation Study

326

Appendix E: Delhaas Woods Vegetation Study

CHESTER 327

FORGING the F U T U R E 94

DELHAAS WOODS [native vegetation inventory] Scientific name Plantaginaceae Gratiola aurea Muhl. ex Pursh Linaria canadensis Dum.Cours. Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims Plantago lanceolata L. Plantago major L. Platanaceae Platanus occidentalis L. Polygalaceae Polygala nuttallii Torr. & A.Gray Polygala sanguinea L. Polygonaceae Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A.Love Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene Persicaria arifolia (L.) Haraldson Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitagawa Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M.Gomez Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H.Gross Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. Rumex acetosella L. Rumex crispus L. Rumex obtusifolius L. Ranunculaceae Anemone quinquefolia L. Ranunculus abortivus L. Ranunculus acris L. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Rhamnaceae Rhamnus frangula L. Rosaceae Amelanchier arborea (Michx.f.) Fernald Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik Amelanchier laevis Wiegand Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke Geum canadense Jacq. Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) Robertson & Phipps Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) Robertson & Phipps Potentilla simplex Michx. Prunus serotina Ehrh. Prunus subhirtella Miq. Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murray Rosa palustris Marshall Rubus flagellaris Willd. Rubus hispidus L. Rubus occidentalis L. Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. Spiraea alba DuRoi Spiraea tomentosa L. Rubiaceae Cephalanthus occidentalis L.

328

Common name

PNHP status*

Wetlands**

Native***

Goldenpert Old-field toadflax Tall white beard-tongue English plantain Broad-leaved plantain

TU/PE N N N N

OBL N FAC UPL FACU

N N N I I

Sycamore

FACW-

Nuttall's milkwort Field milkwort

N/PE N

FAC FACU

N N

Black bindweed Japanese knotweed Halberd-leaf tearthumb Mild water-pepper Low smartweed Smartweed Mile-a-minute weed Dotted smartweed Tearthumb Jumpseed Sheep sorrel Curly dock Bitter dock

N N N N N N N N N N N N N

FACU FACUOBL OBL FACUFACW FAC OBL OBL FAC UPL FACU FACU-

I I N N I N I N N N I I I

Wood anemone Small-flowered crowfoot Common meadow buttercup Bulbous buttercup Hooked crowfoot

N N N N N

FACU FACWFAC+ UPL FAC+

N N I I N

Alder buckthorn

Shadbush Serviceberry Smooth serviceberry Indian strawberry White avens Siberian crabapple

N N/PE N N N N

FACFAC N FACUFACU N

N N N I N I

Black chokeberry

FAC

Red chokeberry Old-field cinquefoil Wild black cherry Higan cherry Multiflora rose Swamp rose Prickly dewberry Swamp dewberry Black-cap Blackberry Meadow-sweet Hardhack

N N N N N N N N N N N N

FACW FACUFACU N FACU OBL FACU FACW N N FACW+ FACW-

N N N I I N N N N N N N

Buttonbush

OBL

Appendix E: Delhaas Woods Vegetation Study

Scientific name Galium aparine L. Galium mollugo L. Galium obtusum Bigelow Mitchella repens L. Oldenlandia uniflora L. Salicaceae Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. Populus grandidentata Michx. Populus tremuloides Michx. Salix discolor Michx. Salix eriocephala Michx. Salix nigra Marshall Salix sericea Marshall Sapindaceae Acer negundo L. Acer platanoides L. Acer rubrum L. Acer saccharinum L. Scrophulariaceae Verbascum blattaria L. Verbascum thapsus L. Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima (P.Mill.) Swingle Solanaceae Solanum carolinense L. Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. Pilea pumila (L.) A.Gray Verbenaceae Verbena hastata L. Violaceae Viola brittoniana Pollard Viola cucullata Aiton Viola lanceolata L. Viola primulifolia L. Vitaceae Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Vitis aestivalis Michx. Vitis labrusca L.

Common name Bedstraw White bedstraw Cleavers Partridge-berry Clustered mille graines

PNHP status* N N N N N

Wetlands** FACU N FACW+ FACU FACW

Native*** N I N N N

Eastern cottonwood Bigtooth aspen Quaking aspen Pussy willow Diamond willow Black willow Silky willow

N N N N N N N

FACUFACUN FACW FACW+ FACW+ OBL

N N N N N N N

Box-elder Norway maple Red maple Silver maple

N N N N

FAC+ UPL FAC FACW

N I N N

Moth mullein Common mullein

N N

UPL N

I I

Tree-of-heaven

FACU-

Horse-nettle

UPL

False nettle Clearweed

N N

FACW+ FACW

N N

Blue vervain

FACW+

Coast violet Blue marsh violet Lance-leaved violet Primrose violet

PE/PE N N N

FAC FACW+ OBL FAC+

N N N N

Porcelain-berry Virginia-creeper Summer grape Fox grape

N N N N

N FACU FACU FACU

I N N N

* Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program status: PE=Pennsylvania endangered, PT=Pennsylvania threratened, PR=Pennsylvania rare, TU=tentatively undetermined, PX= extirpated in Pennsylvania, N/PT=no official status but proposed for listing as PT by the Vascular Plants Technical Committee of the Pennsylvania Biological Survey. ** US Fish and Wildlife Service wetland codes: OBL=probability of occurring in wetlands 99%, FACW=probability of ioccurring in wetlands 67-99%, FAC=probability of occurring in wetlands 34-66%, FACU=probability of occurring in wetlands 1-33%, UPL=probability of occurring in wetlands 1%. ***N=native to Pennsylvania, I=introduced

CHESTER Appendix E: Delhaas Woods Vegetation Study

329

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CREDITS

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REFERENCES AUTHORSHIP AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Monica Gagliardi, MLArch Spring 2015: Author, technical research, field research, design Mary E. Myers, PhD, FCELA and FASLA: Course instructor and design advisor Joe Berg, PWS, CSE, Senior Ecologist, Biohabitats: Course instructor and restoration advisor Patti Burns, Environmental Scientist, WET Inc.: Course instructor and monitoring advisor

SPECIAL THANKS TO Jack Cunicelli Bill Payne Paul Fritz Greg Horangic Roger Latham W. J. Smith Rob Kuper David Hewitt Mary Ellen Gagliardi Theresa Gagliardi Bill Young Kate Long Cory Spiroff Carol Maxwell Trish Kemper Brent Whiting All of my exceptionally talented, collaborative and influential classmates over my 6 year journey as an MLArch student in the School of Environmental Design at Temple University.

REFERENECS Austin Resource Recovery Master Plan, 2011. City of Austin, Texas. Retrieved on July 1, 2014 from http://austintexas.gov/department/austin-resource-recovery-master-plan-documents Bachrach, J. S., 2001. Jens Jensen: Friend of the Native Landscape. Chicago Wilderness Online Magazine. Retrieved on March 6, 2015 from http://www.chicagowilderness.org/CW_Archives/issues/spring2001/jensjensen.html Botkin & Keller, 2000. Environmental Science, Ch 26, Urban Environments, pp. 550-571. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York: NY. Bryant, Tracey L. 1988. The Delaware Estuary: Rediscovering a Forgotten Resource. University of Delaware Sea Grant College Program, Newark, Delaware. City Data, 2014. Chester, Pennsylvania. Retrieved on January 10, 2015 from: http://www.city-data.com/city/Chester-Pennsylvania.html Community Jobs in the Green Economy, 2007. Urban Habitat. Retrieved on March 10, 2015 from http://www.urbanhabitat.org/files/Community-Jobs-in-the-Green-Economy-web.pdf Daiber, F. C. et al. 1976. An Atlas of Delawareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wetlands and Estuarine Resources College of Marine Studies University of Delaware Newark Delaware. Delaware Valley Rgional Planning COmmission, 2011. Return on Environment: The economic value of protected open space in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Retrieved on January 20, 2015 from: http://www.dvrpc.org/openspace/value/ Ehrenfeld, J. G., 2001. Evaluating wetlands within an urban context. Urban Ecosystems, 4, 69-85. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. Energy Justice Network. Delco Alliance for Environmental Justice. Retrieved on June 1, 2014 from: http://www.ejnet.org/chester/delco-ej.pdf Fike, J. 1999. Terrestrial and palustrine plant communities of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Recreation. Bureau of Forestry. Harrisburg, PA.

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REFERENCES Forman, R., T.T., 1997. Land Mosaics, The ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: UK. Fritz, P. Oak Valley Design. Chester City Contract Landscape Architect. Personal Conversations from July 2014-April2015. Grajales, K. T., 2015. Interview with Michael Van Valkenburgh, FASLA. American Society of Landscape Architects, News. Retrieved on March 20, 2015 from http://www.asla.org/ContentDetail. aspx?id=29648 Latham, R., 2008. Information sources for reconstructing the vegetation of Philadelphia, lower Bucks, and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania, around the time of European settlement. Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program, Middletown, PA. Latham, R., 2015. Personal conversations and emails, March 15-18, 2015. Lynch, K., 1960. The image of the city. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. McHarg, I. L.,1992. Design with Nature. Garden City, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Meffe, C., et al., 1997. Principles of Conservation Biology, 2nd ed. pp. 578-586. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers: Sunderland, Massachusetts. More Jobs, Less Pollution: Growing the recycling economy in the U.S., 2011. Natural Resources Defense Council. Prepared by: Tellus Institute with Sound Resource Management. Retrieved on January 10, 2015 from http://www.nrdc.org/business/guides/recyclingreport.asp Movement Technology Institute. The Case for Environmental Justice in Chester, Pennsylvania. Retrieved on July 6, 2014 from: http://www.movementech.org/gis/pdf/chester.pdf Natural Heritage Inventory of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, 2011. Delaware County Planning Department, Media, PA. Retrieved on July 1, 2014 from http://www.naturalheritage.state. pa.us/CNAI_Download.aspx. Ocean.UDEL.EDU (2004). The Athos I: Oil Spill on the Delaware. Retrieved on March 24, 2015 from http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/oilspill. Payne, W. C. Chester City Planning Department Director. Personal conversation and emails from July 2014 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; April 2015. Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program, Palustrine Communities. Retrieved on March 18, 2015 from: http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/Wetlands.aspx Philadelphia Water Department (2015), Green City, Clean Waters: Combined Sewer Overflow Long Term Control Plan Update, Philadelphia: City of Philadelphia. Retrieved on January 10, 2015 from http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/documents_and_data/cso_long_term_control_plan Resource Recovery Parks, 2011. Rochester Greenovation. Retrieved on January 24, 2015 from http://www.rochestergreen.org/2011/08/resource-recovery-parks/ Rhoads, A. F. and Timothy A. Block. 1999. Natural Areas Inventory of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Bucks County Commissioners, Doylestown, PA. Smith, W. J., 2015. Personal conversation. February 7, 2015. Speth, J. G., 2007. Creating a new vision of economic growth. Retrieved from: http://e360.yale.edu/feature/off_the_pedestal_creating_a_new_vision_of_economic_growth/2409/ Spirn, A. W., 2012. Ecological Urbanism: a framework for the design of resilient cities. Retrieved on November 10, 2014 from http://www.annewhistonspirn.com/pdf/Spirn-EcoUrbanism-2012. pdf Sustainable South Bronx. Retrieved on January 24, 2015 from http://www.ssbx.org Tyrawski, J. M. (1979). Shallows of the Delaware River: Trenton, New Jersey to Reedy Point. Delaware USACE Philadelphia District, Philadelphia PA Union Square Urban Design Plan, 2011. Chester City Planning Department. Retrieved from Chester City Planning Department on February 1, 2015. Retrieved from Chester City Planning Department on February 1, 2015. United Nations Economic & Social Affairs World Urbanization Prospects: the 2011 Revision. Retrieved from: http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_Highlights.pdf U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.globalchange.gov/ Vision 2020: the City of Chester, 2012. A City Beautiful Movement. Chester City Planning Commission. Retrieved from Chester City Planning Department on February 1, 2015.

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ADDENDUM [monitoring]

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MONITORING [photo

log]

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PHOTO LOG INTRODUCTION + SURVEY MAP l e g e n d PARKING 1 2

PHOTO LOCATION

# 3

CAMERA DIRECTION

WALKING PATH

600 ft.

Photographic documentation is an important tool for monitoring ecological restoration projects. Strategic use of a photo log will document changes in the as built plan by recording ecological changes such as: canopy closure, plant survival, site character, phenology, invasive plant progression, disturbance, use, etc. Samples of five photographic monitoring points have been selected for this proposal. Each point was chosen because of a special ecological feature proposed in the master plan (detailed on page 4.) Points along proposed built zones and areas with similar eco-types were excluded from the sample. Parking is recommended along 2nd Ave and Flower Street or at the end of Highland Ave. The walking route can be taken in either direction. Additional site documentation should be conducted along the walking route, particularly if significant change becomes noticeable. Photographs shall be taken at marked locations at the start of the growing season (March) and then monthly until dormancy (November) for the first two years post construction. Photos should also be taken at times of extreme environmental change, e.g. storm, flood, drought, etc. Camera orientation (noted on map) and photographic form (referenced throughout) must remain consistent throughout to produce reliable comparisons. Due to the large size of this site, aerial photography shall be done the first year after the project is completed and then every third year for the next 10 years. This tactic will provide an overall view of new vegetated cover, patterns of development and potential unanticipated changes to the vegetation, landform and build structures. The set of photos in this log serve as preconstruction base line data. A complete and comprehensive photo log will play a vital role in documenting successes and failures of the restoration plan and will inform the adaptive management strategy.

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PHOTO LOG [station points + descriptions] 1.

standing location

standing location standing location

DATE: March 29, 2015 TIME: 9:30 am COORDINATES: 39°50’09.52”N 75°22’40.17”w DIRECTION: south + northwest DESCRIPTION: Photo location sits atop a large flat parking lot composed of loose macadam. There is some exotic invasive edge vegetation to the northwest. There are expansive views east and west, the Commodore Barry Bridge and I95 highway ramps are visible to the south. Site is proposed to become sycamore-box elder floodplain forest.

DATE: March 29, 2015 TIME: 9:48 am COORDINATES: 39°50’08.41”N 75°22’35.80”w DIRECTION: southeast + southwest DESCRIPTION: Photo location is directly under I95 on ramp where parking lot transitions to berm in front of CSX rail line and utility station. Commodore Barry Bride is within view. This site is proposed to become a coastal meadow plant community.

DATE: April 19, 2015 TIME: 2:16 pm COORDINATES: 39°50’02.95”N 75°22’29.94”w DIRECTION: north + southwest DESCRIPTION: Photo location is on a degraded slope along a natural shoreline littered with natural and manmade debris. Site is accessed by jumping fence in front of lamppost in utility area. Site provides exceptional views. Crescent shape provides a safe and intimate connection with nature. Proposed plan has this area slated for slope and shoreline restoration and pedestrian access.

standing location

DATE: March 29, 2015 TIME: 10:26 am COORDINATES: 39°49’58.81”N 75°22’33.59”w DIRECTION: south + southeast DESCRIPTION: Photo location is at only existing point of human-river access. Shoreline is covered with rocks. 3 Red maples have been planted on the upper grassed area. Japanese knotweed covers the bank. A small parking lot is 50 yards to the north and PPL Park is 100 yards to the northwest. This site has exceptional views of bridges, piers, and the river. It is open and active. Site is proposed to become beach for community enjoyment and attraction.

standing location

DATE: March 29, 2015 TIME: 11:32 am COORDINATES: 39°49’35.26”N 75°23’08.08”w DIRECTION: west + northwest + southeast DESCRIPTION: Photo location is at East Coast Greenway entrance, is next to Covanta incinerator and an enormous parking lot. Grasslands cover the site with a few pioneering shrubs near the river’s edge. Proposed plan calls for restored meadow and tidal marsh.

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PHOTO LOG [photo

location

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PHOTO LOG [photo location 1] PANORAMA MARCH 29, 2015 : 9:30 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 3:44 PM

PURPOSE: Panorama shows site character, vegetation cover, phenology and structural changes. OBSERVATIONS: Parking lot has been repaved and leveled. Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth.

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PHOTO LOG

[photo

location

stereo pair MARCH 29, 2015 : 9:30 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 3:44 PM

PURPOSE: Stereo Pair shows depth and change in specific area of site character OBSERVATIONS: Parking lot has been repaved and leveled. Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth.

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PHOTO LOG canopy

[photo

location water feature

1] detail

MARCH 29, 2015 : 9:30 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 3:44 PM

PURPOSE: Canopy shows overhead cover and character • Water feature shows change in hydrology • Detail shows specific site character OBSERVATIONS: Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth. Wet area is now xeric. Parking lot has been repaved and leveled.

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PHOTO LOG [photo

location

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PHOTO LOG

[photo

location

PANORAMA MARCH 29, 2015 : 9:48 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 4:03 PM

PURPOSE: Panorama shows site character, vegetation cover, phenology and structural changes OBSERVATIONS: Parking lot has been repaved and leveled. Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth.

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PHOTO LOG

[photo

location

stereo pair MARCH 29, 2015 : 9:48 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 4:03 PM

PURPOSE: Stereo Pair shows depth and change in specific area of site character OBSERVATIONS: Vegetation along bermtransitioned from dormancy to lush green growth.

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PHOTO LOG canopy

[photo

location oblique

2] detail

MARCH 29, 2015 : 9:48 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 4:03 PM

PURPOSE: Canopy shows overhead cover and character • Oblique shows general herb/shrub cover and other human-scale features • Detail shows specific site soil and rock character OBSERVATIONS: Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth. Rubble and soil have become dried out and slightly altered.

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PHOTO LOG [photo

location

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PHOTO LOG

[photo

location

PANORAMA APRIL 19, 2015 : 2:16 PM

MAY 25, 2015 : 4:39 PM

PURPOSE: Panorama shows site character, vegetation cover, phenology and shoreline change. OBSERVATIONS: Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth. Upper bank and chemical factory screened by vegetation. High tide in April photo, low tide in May photo.

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PHOTO LOG

[photo

location

stereo pair APRIL 19, 2015 : 2:16 PM

MAY 25, 2015 : 4:39 PM

PURPOSE: Stereo Pair shows depth and change in specific area of site character OBSERVATIONS: Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth. Shrub limb no longer present. High tide in April photo, low tide in May photo.

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PHOTO LOG water feature

[photo

location oblique

3] detail

APRIL 19, 2015 : 2:16 PM

MAY 25, 2015 : 4:39 PM

PURPOSE: Water Feature shows tidal influence • Oblique shows general herb/shrub cover • Detail shows specific ground plain rock/debris character OBSERVATIONS: High tide in April photo, low tide in May photo. Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth. Debris moved about.

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PHOTO LOG [photo

location

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 115

PHOTO LOG

[photo

location

PANORAMA MARCH 29, 2015 : 10:26 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 4:57 PM

PURPOSE: Panorama shows site character, vegetation cover, phenology, shoreline change, structural change and use. OBSERVATIONS: Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth, screens background. People are using the river for recreation fishing.

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PHOTO LOG

[photo

location

stereo pair MARCH 29, 2015 : 10:26 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 4:57 PM

PURPOSE: Stereo Pair shows depth and change in specific area of site character OBSERVATIONS: Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth. People fishing on the pier.

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PHOTO LOG canopy

[photo

location water feature

4] detail

MARCH 29, 2015 : 10:26 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 4:57 PM

PURPOSE: Canopy shows overhead cover and character • Water feature shows change in hydrology and tidal influence • Detail shows specific ground plain character and phenology OBSERVATIONS: Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth. Water appears turbid in May photo -- site was very smelly on this day. Crab grass is a deeper green and in bloom -- cut to same short size.

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PHOTO LOG [photo

location

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 119

PHOTO LOG

[photo

location

PANORAMA MARCH 29, 2015 : 11:32 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 5:25 PM

PURPOSE: Panorama shows site character, vegetation cover, phenology, structural change and use. OBSERVATIONS: Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth. Incinerator is not active in May photo.

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PHOTO LOG

[photo

location

stereo pair MARCH 29, 2015 : 11:32 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 5:25 PM

PURPOSE: Stereo Pair shows depth and change in specific area of site character OBSERVATIONS: Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth. Incinerator is not active in May photo.

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PHOTO LOG canopy

[photo

location oblique

5] detail

MARCH 29, 2015 : 11:32 AM

MAY 25, 2015 : 5:25 PM

PURPOSE: Canopy shows overhead cover and character • Oblique shows general herb and shrub coverage and other human-scale features • Detail shows specific ground plain character and phenology OBSERVATIONS: Vegetation transitioned from dormancy to lush green growth, screens background details. Rubble not visible over emerging vegetation.

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MONITORING [report]

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ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Chester City, Pennsylvania is a postindustrial landscape in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It sits on the fall line of the Upper Piedmont Plateau and the Coastal Plain along the Delaware River.The site is part of a degraded tidal wetland ecosystem. Chester has a rich social and ecologic past. The area’s pristine coastal woodlands, grasslands and wetlands combined with access to the Delaware River and fertile farmland made Chester an attractive and life sustaining home for the Lenni-Lenapi Native Americans, Swedish Settlers, William Penn and eventually a large community of industrious Americans. Access to the Delaware River and other major cities made Chester an ideal location for industry, from grain and fabrics to cars and war weaponry. As with many American industrial boomtowns, economic restructuring of the1960s resulted in steep economic declines, from which Chester is still rebounding.

STAKEHOLDERS Monica Gagliardi is the author of this monitoring report; it is being prepared in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Landscape Architecture Ecological Restoration Capstone Project in the School of Environmental Design at Temple University. The City of Chester is the client for this project. Proposed funding for this project is based on a hybrid model of private and public partnerships, including but not limited to: the City of Chester, Delaware River Keeper Network, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Keep America Beautiful, Delaware River Basin Commission, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, William Penn Foundation, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, DCNR, FEMA, EPA and HUD. Stakeholders include the City of Chester, the Chester community, grant organizations, design team, instillation and monitoring teams, and other partners. Regulators for the projects shall include: PADEP, USACOE and the City of Philadelphia.

Chester’s vacant lands provide enormous ecologic potential. With increased fragmented landscape along the East Coast corridor and the impacts projected to effect humans as a result of global climate change, it is important to restore the City of Chester’s ecological relationship to the Delaware River, to the native flora and fauna, to other major cities and to important preserves such as the John Heinz Wildlife Refuge, Ridley Creek State Park, Brandywine Creek State Park and Fairmount Park. Reconnection to the river is a top priority for the City of Chester. The project site includes 194 acres of Brownfield property at the base of the Commodore Barry Bridge, anchored by PPL Park – the Philadelphia Union’s professional soccer stadium. It is sandwiched between Evonik Chemical Factory and the Covanta Incinerator; it sits directly east of residential housing and west of wetlands in the town of Bridgeport, NJ. The site was chosen for its potential to provide vital ecologic connectivity between habitats and between people. Restoration of this site has the potential to transform the surrounding community by revitalizing severely degraded ecological services, provide economic development based on a green economy, and reactivate community health though ecologic engagement. Ecological restoration for this area is imperative for Chester’s climate change resilience planning.

PURPOSE This report is intended as a companion document to Chester: Forging the Future – the master plan for Chester’s eco-industrial waterfront park. This report is written with the assumption that all proposed designs and restoration techniques outlined in the master plan have been implemented and baseline data is based on the As-Built Plan. The purpose of the restoration monitoring report is to provide a detailed road map with necessary actions required to monitor the success or failure of restoration elements proposed for the site. This report will outline restoration goals, objectives and methods. Adaptive management strategies and techniques will be employed by the supervising restoration professional (SRP). An SRP approved skilled professional will collect quantitative data using the provided data collection sheets and instructions. Qualitative data will be conducted through a combination of citizen science and skilled professional data collection using data collection tools and instructions provided. An SRP approved researcher will interpret all data and provide recommendations for adaptive management. Setting expectations through this report will ensure proper monitoring techniques relevant to the proposed goals. Collecting and analyzing ecologic data will inform future strategies during the adaptive management period. Actions and results will also provide important information to the evolving field of ecological restoration. SITE LOCATION The restoration project is located Chester City, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The site is between Norris Street and Highland Avenue, along the east side of West 2nd St/PA-291. GPS coordinates for the main entrance are 39°50’12.33” N and 75°22’42.99” W. (See Appendix A for Location Map 1 -2 and driving directions.)

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MONITORING SCHEDULE The post-construction monitoring phase shall begin during the first growing season following approval by the SRP of the complete and satisfactory installation of the specified planting materials. Monitoring shall take place once a month for the first three months, twice a year for three years (early spring and early fall), once every other year for 10 years. The schedule may be modified as deemed appropriate by the SRP. The following schedule is suggested:

Year 1 Task Schedule Survival/mortality assessment Mortality count Sept. – Nov. Cover assessment Sampling/photographs Sept. – Nov. Wildlife presence Observations/trapping Sept. – Nov., May - June Soil structure Observations/testing Sept. – March Hydrology Observations/sampling Sept. – Nov., May - June Human Use Observations/sampling Sept. – Nov., May - June Year 2 Survival/mortality assessment Cover assessment Wildlife presence Soil structure Hydrology Human Use

Mortality count Sampling/photographs Observations/trapping Observations/testing Observations/sampling Observations/sampling

September September May - June Nov. - March Sept. – Nov., May - June Sept. – Nov., May - June

Year 3 Survival/mortality assessment Cover assessment Wildlife presence Soil structure Hydrology Human Use

Mortality count Sampling/photographs Observations/trapping Observations/testing Observations/sampling Observations/sampling

September September May - June Nov. - March Sept. – Nov., May - June Sept. – Nov., May - June

Year 5, 7, 9 & Every 5 Years Cover assessment Wildlife presence Soil structure Hydrology Human Use

Sampling/photographs Observations/trapping Observations/testing Observations/sampling Observations/sampling

September May - June Nov. - March Sept. – Nov., May - June Sept. – Nov., May - June

EXISTING CONDITIONS OVERVIEW The site is comprised of 194 acres of postindustrial land along the Delaware River, 18 miles south of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and 16 miles North of Wilmington, Delaware. The area is deemed a brownfield site. It is in close proximity to oil refineries, chemical manufacturers and waste management facilities. There are 4 above ground utility easements on the site occupying 12.7 acres, and a CSX rail line runs through the site. SOCIAL DATA According to 2013 US Census data, Chester has a population of 34,046. The estimated median household in come is $26,184 and the estimated median home value is $72,438. Recent investment includes PPL Park – the Philadelphia Union’s professional soccer stadium – and a renovated historic PECO building now called The Wharf at Rivertown – a mixed-use office and retail project. CLIMATE Situated in the Mid-Atlantic region, Chester currently falls in the designated USDA hardiness zones 5-7, though scientists are beginning to see shifts in hardiness zones as a result of global climate change. The climate of this region shares similar growing periods (May – September) and supports similar plant species and wildlife. Hot-humid summers and cold-snowy winters define the current climate of Chester. Climate scientists project heavier and more frequent storms, more snowmelt and sea level rise for the Mid-Atlantic region. Chester has experienced an increase in overall precipitation (about 5 % - 20%) during the 20th century. Global Climate Models consistently report annual precipitation in Southeastern Pennsylvania is expected to increase by 10%-15% by late century if nothing is done to curb greenhouse gas emissions (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2007). Along with the rest of the Northeast, Chester is projected to be impacted by as much as 25% increase in extreme precipitation, which will likely fall in quick bursts or single intense events. These downpours will lead to localized and regional flooding (New Your City Panel on Climate Change, 2009). Hurricanes and nor’easters will become more intense, particularly at the latitudes occupied by Chester City. Sea-level rise will result in inundation, coastal erosion and wetland loss and an increase in salinity in the Delaware River at Chester City. Most significantly, sea level rise will exacerbate the impact of coastal storms and storm surge related flooding in Chester. TOPOGRAPHY The topography around the site is characteristic of Coastal Plain; it is mostly flat, but because of previous development, there is also great irregularity. Erosion is prevalent around low, soft rock areas. Steeper slopes tend to be on higher elevation ridges or side slopes adjacent to drainage ways. Elevation is predominantly in the 0 to 30 foot range, leaving Chester vulnerable to flooding from storm surges and sea level rise. The points along West 2nd street are typically the highest elevations (26’-30’), with a few other high points throughout the site where utility stations are located. Water on the site flows from these highpoints down to the river.

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HYDROLOGY Chester sits at the confluence of Ridley Creek and Chester Creek and is part of the Delaware River Watershed. The site is located on a degraded freshwater tidal wetland. According to NOAA, the average tidal range between low and high tides at the site is approximately 6 feet, based on data collected from the Marcus Hook station, (less than a mile from the site). The salinity levels vary in a fairly predictable manner according to the flow of freshwater arriving from the north and the elevation of the sea to the south. High proportions of impervious surface in Chester and the surrounding towns affect the site’s hydrology and water quality. According to the Philadelphia Water Department impervious surfaces account for groundwater losses of up to 59 billion gallons a year and cause heavy metals, petrochemicals, garbage litter and other harmful substances to be collected by stormwater and delivered into the waterways (2015). Additionally, public groundwater withdrawals deplete streams, which are left to be replenished by wastewater treatment plant discharge resulting in stream flows that are up to 65% treated sewage. The industrial corridor along Chester’s riverfront has severely degraded the health of the river and stormwater runoff from neighboring towns have exacerbated pollution, erosion and flooding in Chester. There are scant wetlands to support native floodplain flora and fauna, to filter toxins and to protect the city from flooding. SOILS The soils in Delaware County are high in mineral content. The pre-industry soils around Chester included wetland and loamy coast soils. However, the dominant soil type found in Chester today is ‘made land,’ which includes gravel, silt and clay. The site has been classified a brownfield and further testing is needed. VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE The native plant communities that would have been prevalent in Chester prior to European settlement include: brackish and freshwater intertidal marshes, Piedmont floodplain forest, Atlantic coastal forest and coastal grasslands. There are small patches of dense vegetation on the site, most of which is exotic invasive (see map on page 34 of the master plan and page 80 for a detailed list and management methods); however, there are a few quality specimens of natives along the rail line, including Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem), Rhus glabra (smooth sumac) and Platanus occidentalis (sycamore). In spite of the degraded conditions found on the site, a worthy showing wildlife was present during site visits. Wildlife sighting included the expected urban open space dwellers: squirrels, cats, dogs, Canadian geese; but also included some unexpected species: bald eagle, groundhog, bats, and a bass. TECHNICAL APPROACH The goal of the project is to develop an eco-industrial public park based on urban systems, zero-waste and climate change resilience. The design uses an integrative strategy to restore native ecology, celebrate sense of place, boost commerce and provide access to environmental recreation and education. Ecological restoration is imbued in every aspect of the revitalization plan for the site and each ecological priority has a specific goal, which will be monitored based on the schedule provided. The short-term objective of this ecological monitoring report is to observe and record the progress of the installed restoration based on the As-Built Plan. Ecological priorities include: vegetation establishment, increased biodiversity and native wildlife use, effective hydrology, stable and healthy soils, and active human use. Long term objectives include continually analyzing collective data compared to baseline As-Built Plan and initial goals and making modifications that support the overall goal and ecological priorities. The SRP shall revaluate project goals and degrees of success on an as-needed basis. The SRP is responsible for the implementation of adaptive management strategies in response to site needs to ensure desired healthy ecosystem function.

MONITORING METHODS GENERAL OBSERVATION Scientific observation is the central element in the scientific process. Ecological monitoring observation skills require the ability identify knowledge of the outside world through the senses, perceiving information of significance and documenting phenomenon noticed. The observer must be attentive to the environment and possess the ability to discern noteworthy information, to identify intrigue and to see patterns. Deductive reasoning is another skill that enhances the effectiveness of general observation. Observation data provides important broad overview assessment of a site and it is important in identifying the unexpected, or something worth hypothesizing and testing. General observation can be used at any time, anywhere and shall be employed for each of the ecological restoration priorities outlined. MEASURING AND SAMPLING Measurements are used in ecological monitoring in order to collect objective quantitative data required for each area of ecologic research on the project site. Appropriate field instruments are to be used for specific data collection as noted in each of the ecologic priorities listed below. Datum is to be analyzed and interpreted by an SRP approved researcher. Random sampling is an un-biased monitoring method to be used in conjunction with measurement in order to provide an accurate picture of the ecologic priority being monitored. Samples will at times be tested on site with testing kits or though general observation and measurement; at other times, samples will be sent to a lab for deeper analysis. Sampling requirements and expectations are outlined in accordance with the need of each monitoring priority listed below. REFERENCE PLOTS Reference plots are used to gather data and analyze native plant composition and invasive species presence in vegetation monitoring. Random sampling is the standard method used to reduce risk of bias. Tree/ Forest Plots use a 50’ x 100’ area (see plot form in Appendix A). The researcher shall document the locations of species making sure to account for estimated canopy width, diameter of tree at breast height for trees over 4” in diameter, shrub locations, as well as marking the general herbaceous layer coverage. The researcher will then record and list the quantities and presence of all species and include a cross section using a clinometer to estimate tree height. In areas of dense shrub growth and grouping, shrub plots should be established using a 20’ x 40’ dimension, and for the herbaceous layer use a 10’ x 20’ plot where growth is at its most dense. A small 3’ x 3’ frame is recommended for open meadow herbaceous plots. TRANSECTS Transects are used to monitor health of the restoration projects in addition to species regeneration and diversity. Transects are predetermined and permanently marked by measuring 100’ in length with 5 points marked at 0, 25’, 50’, 75’, and 100’. The researcher will move along the path, within a 5ft radius of each point. The researcher is to count species occurrences while also measuring the distance from the transect to each object. This method provides an estimate of the area covered in order to calculate the actual density of objects using raw-count and a probability function. Transect data also indicates when the observer has crossed boundaries from one plant community to another (Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P and Laake, J.L. 1993). Transect locations are noted on the Monitoring Map.

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PHOTOGRAPHIC MONITORING The photographic monitoring method is a qualitative technique that illustrates changes in vegetation over time. It is a useful tool for tracking vegetation structure––plant density, growth rates, plant health, etc. Photographic monitoring locations are predetermined and fixed in order to obtain consistency, which delivers greater accuracy. It is important that each photograph has the following documentation noted: date, time, coordinates and weather conditions. Directions are provided for each photographic monitoring location, including: how best to get there, station point, cardinal direction, type of photos needed, focal point and camera positioning. (A sample photographic monitoring log is available in Master Plan document.) Photographic monitoring methods are described below: PANORAMIC Observer to stand stationary in a marked location; pictures are all to originate from the same viewpoint. Keeping camera level, focus on the horizon and hold the camera level for each photograph taken. Start from left to right and overlap each photo by 1/4th to allow for post- production merging. Be sure to use the same focal length and exposure for all photographs. Another method is to use the ‘Pano’ feature on an iphone—again, standing at a fixed point while holding the camera level through the horizon line. STEREOSCOPIC With your weight on your left foot, and left shoulder lined up with your left foot, compose your shot with the object or scene of interest in the center of your viewfinder. Take note of a detail in the upper or lower corner and take the first picture. Then, shifting your weight to your right and aligning your right shoulder and right foot, compose the object or scene so that it has the same vertical positioning as the first image and take the second photo. OBLIQUE Oblique photos are taken from a high point, which is at an angle that is neither horizontal nor perpendicular to the area being photographed. Aerial photographs of the site can represent an oblique, or they can be used for close up shots aimed at showing a specific detail. Similarly, the axonometric photographic method is an oblique restricted to a 45-degree downward angle. To shoot an oblique photogram, simply stand at a fixed location and shoot downwards at the object of interest making sure it is in the center of your frame. ELEVATION Taking a photograph from an elevation offers a different perspective on the site the subject is observing. This method is best used when views from the ground plane will not produce desirable, or valuable information. This type of photo is executed by simply taking a photograph from a higher elevation, (e.g. hills, truck beds, in a tree, etc.) Elevation photos are to use a wide frame view, they can also be used in conjunction with a panoramic style photograph. CANOPY While a true forest setting is preferable to show canopy closure and density, canopy style photographs provide important documentation of changes in the upward view over time, a view often forgotten but very telling. Stand at least 20 feet away from the bases of the trees/marker that create the desired canopy shot. With a wide-angle lens or with the zoom at its most extreme limit, take a picture of the canopy above. A 90-degree angle looking up is the best way to include the most canopy area in the photograph.

MONITORING PRIORITIES VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT The purpose of vegetation establishment monitoring is to evaluate the success of the planting stock and to install adaptive management strategies if needed. Plant communities found in the As-Built Plan include: Oak-Hickory forest, Sycamore-Box elder floodplain forest, Red maple-Magnolia forest, Sweetgum-willow oak forest, coastal meadow, tidal high marsh and riverbank tidal marsh. (See pages 65-72 in the master plan for detailed plant lists.) Techniques for monitoring plant establishment success include a visual study of installed plants and more detailed studies of plant species and groups of plant communities using randomly and systematically placed quadrats and other sampling units. Vegetation monitoring shall take place on a bi-weekly to monthly basis during the first full growing season; this will help ensure plants establish, stay healthy and flourish. Detailed assessments should occur twice a year to observe and collect data on overall vegetation health, growth, and self-colonization of unplanted native species. An experienced and certified field biologist or botanist, per the approval of the SRP, must collect quantitative data. Qualitative data (photographs, data sheets, mobile app documentation and observation, etc.) may be collected through citizen science, i.e. interested users, ‘Friends of the Park’, environmental education groups, etc. All data must be interpreted by a qualified researcher as recommended by the SRP (certified citizen scientist may qualify based on the approval of the SRP). Goals • • • • • •

80% Survival of installed plants within 1 full growing season following installation completion Low Marsh Zone 50% cover in year 3 Emergent Zone 80% cover in year 3 High Marsh Zone 80% cover in year 3 Riverbank Zone 90% cover in year 3 Less than 10% invasive species cover by year 3

Methods • General Observation • Reference Plot Sampling • Transects • Photographic documentation

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Materials (equipment list) • Reference Plot Sheets • Field Data Sheets • Digital SLR Camera • Storage Clipboard • Waterproof Paper • Waterproof Black Pen • Calipers • Tape Measures: open reel 300’, telescoping 50’, diameter tree tape 3/8x20’ • Gauges for Tree Height • Binoculars • Gloves • 1 Gallon Zip Lock Bags for Samples • Hand Pruners • Hor-Hori Soil Knife • Knee/hip Waterproof Boots • Plant ID books Data sheets (See Appendix A) Provide vegetation monitoring for each ecotone • Riverbank Tidal Marsh • Tidal High Marsh • Coastal Meadow • Sweetgum-Willow Oak Forest • Red Maple-Magnolia Forest • Sycamore-Box Elder Floodplain Forest • Oak-Hickory Forest • Eco-industrial Park Reporting requirements • Walking survey • Surveys to be made at low tide • Report must include interpretation of performance of various species within each zone outlined along with recommendations for future success. WILDLIFE The purpose of wildlife monitoring is to evaluate the success of the site’s vegetation plan to attract and provide habitat for increased biodiversity and improved native flora and fauna relationships. Additionally, monitoring aids in evaluating animal movement patterns, habitat utilization, population demographics, potential snaring and poaching incidents and breakouts. Through wildlife monitoring, animal management strategies can be applied to keep wildlife populations in harmony with the environment. Deer overpopulation is a key concern for this project. Deer overpopulation is a major problem effecting the regeneration of forest ecosystems throughout the Mid-Atlantic region. There was no evidence of deer on the site prior to design implementation, but the restored ecology may attract and foster greater deer populations, which in turn may threaten the success of the restored site. Wildlife monitoring will indicate weather adaptive measures are needed to attract or deter various wildlife species.

Wildlife monitoring shall take place twice a year (fall and spring, migration and mating) in the first year after project completion. An experienced and certified field biologist or botanist per the approval of the SRP must collect quantitative data. Qualitative data (photographs, data sheets, mobile app documentation and observation, etc.) may be collected through citizen science, i.e. interested users, ‘Friends of the Park’, environmental education groups, etc. All data must be interpreted by a qualified researcher as recommended by the SRP (certified citizen scientist may qualify pending approval of the SRP). Goals for wildlife enrichment Attract and maintain breeding populations of the following species of special concern associated with the native plant communities installed: • Upland Sandpiper ¬–– through large open meadow lands • Marsh Wren –– through healthy freshwater marsh with native bulrushes and sedges • King Rail –– through freshwater marsh with tall grasses and buttonbush • Woodcock –– through scrub-shrub and forested wetland with alder, birch and dogwood • Redbelly Turtle –– through freshwater marsh with good water quality, native aquatic vegetation and logs for sunning • Coastal Plain Leopard Frog –– through vernal ponds, permanent ponds and meadow lands • American Shad –– through good water quality with low metals, low toxicity, low turbidity and tem peratures ranging from 12-21°C Goals for wildlife management Decreasing and deterring breeding populations of the following problem species: • Canada Geese –– through the use of dogs • White Tailed Deer –– through bow hunting • Feral cats –– through trapping and animal rescue organizations • Zebra mussels –– through manual removal Methods • General Observation • Counting/trapping/survey • Photographic documentation Materials (equipment list) • Digital SLR Camera • Hand-held GPS • Storage Clipboard • Waterproof Paper • Waterproof Black Pen • Wildlife ID Books • Binoculars • Voice Recorder • Knee/hip Waterproof Boots Data sheets: (See Appendix A) Provide wildlife monitoring for each ecotone • Riverbank Tidal Marsh • Tidal High Marsh • Coastal Meadow • Sweetgum-Willow Oak Forest • Red Maple-Magnolia Forest • Sycamore-Box Elder Floodplain Forest • Oak-Hickory Forest • Eco-industrial Park

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Reporting requirements • Aquatic wildlife reports are to be supplemented with interviews with fishermen • Fish trapping shall use standard barrel form 1” opening minnow traps and are to be retrieved within 24 hours after installation • Attracting birds and frogs may be done through vocalization recordings • Early morning monitoring site visits are recommended for wildlife monitoring HYDROLOGY Hydrologic monitoring emphasizes water quality (chemistry) and quantity (levels, flows, volumes, duration, and frequency). The purpose for undertaking hydrologic monitoring is to determine wetland identification, boundary determinations, functional assessment, water movement, levels of salinity, levels of pollutants, success of wetland restoration, success of flood absorption and climate change resilience. Monitoring is accomplished by measuring chemistry, depth, and duration, frequency, or seasonality of wetness within the project site. Hydrology is highly variable and dynamic, yet it is a key indicator for project successes and failures. Hydrologic monitoring serves as an important indicator of overall project success and potential failures. It is important to identify failures in early stages so that adaptive management measures can be implemented to a healthy and well functioning hydrologic regime. Hydrologic monitoring shall take place twice a year (fall and spring) during every monitoring period outlined in the monitoring schedule. An experienced and certified field biologist or botanist, per the approval of the SRP, must collect quantitative data. Qualitative data (photographs, data sheets, mobile app documentation and observation, etc.) may be collected through citizen science, i.e. interested users, ‘Friends of the Park’, environmental education groups, etc. All data must be interpreted by a qualified researcher as recommended by the SRP (certified citizen scientist may qualify pending approval of the SRP). Water Samples are to be sent to a certified environmental lab and certified water quality lab; field kits may be used for spot-checking. Goals Develop and maintain a hydrologic regime that supports freshwater tidal wetlands, coastal forest, coastal grasslands and floodplain forest. Grading, vegetation and bioswals are designed to direct water where needed, infiltrate and retain where needed, and filter to improve overall ecologic health through improved water quality, increased biodiversity, erosion control, and resilience to harsh storms. Methods • General Observation • Sampling • Measuring • Photographic documentation Materials (equipment list) • Digital SLR Camera • Hand-held GPS • Storage Clipboard • Waterproof Paper • Waterproof Black Pen • Tape Measures: open reel 300’ • Gauges for Stream Depth and Flow Rates • 1 Gallon Zip Lock Bags for Samples • Knee/hip Waterproof Boots

Data sheets (See Appendix A) Provide hydrologic monitoring for the following zones: • Tidal Marsh • Forested Wetland • Coastal Meadow • Vernal Pools • Eco-industrial Park (built) Reporting requirements • Stream and river flows will be measured by direct observations using hand-deployed velocity measuring devices. • Tides and salinity will be measured at the project site to monitor the major forces acting upon the aquatic plant species for a period of two months following completion of construction. • Collect water samples at Mid-tide and at a mid point in the lunar cycle (midway between neap and springtide • Collect thorough inventory of baseline hydrologic data and in year 3 and year 10; collect labo ratory data for comparison; extensive analytical testing shall include the following: o Water & ambient temperature (at time of grab sample & testing o Conductivity o Dissolved Oxygen o Salinity o PH o Oil & Grease o Specific conductivity o Chloride o Total suspended solids o Ammonia-N o Nitrite-N o Nitrate-N o Todal Kjeldahl Nitrogen o Total phosphorus o Total organic phosphorus o Zinc o Arsenic o Chromium o Fecal coliform • Hydrologic chemical analysis shall be conducted annually (with the exception of years 3 and 10) using hand-held equipment (Horiba) pH, DO, conductivity, turbidity and water depth, salinity

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SOIL HEALTH Soil restoration will improve porosity and nutrient retention in degraded and compacted soils, which limit biodiversity and well functioning hydrology. The intent of soil restoration is to improve soil structure by increasing porosity for root growth and microbial activity, and to provide a source of organic substrate to retain more water and nutrients for plant uptake. Soil restoration provides runoff reduction in the form of increased porosity and water-holding capacity of the soil. Additionally, data support the pollutant-binding properties of compost use in soil restoration, including suspended solids, turbidity, some metals and chemicals. A significant amount of expense can be reduced on construction projects by incorporating low impact and healthy soil practices. Soils are the vital link in the nutrient cycle, which affects vegetation establishment and health, hydrologic conditions and use by humans and wildlife. Monitoring restored soils is necessary to ensure the overall success of the restoration project. If the soil structure collapses, the plant communities and hydrologic regime will begin to fail. Recommended soil construction for the site includes: a mixture of sewage sludge, reused from the Delcora waste treatment facility one block away; river dredge, repurposed from the recent deepening of the Delaware River; and wood chips, which will give a useful purpose to the invasive woody species removed from the site. Note, river dredge to be tested for metals and excess nutrients, if dredge material does not meet soil restoration standards as determined by the SRP, the dredge material will not be used. The thickness of the soil layer will vary from 14 inches to 24 inches to accommodate various plant communities based on their topological preferences. The soil composition will be comprised of 75% river dredge, 20% sewage sludge, and 5% wood chips. The use of pilot studies to amend and test soil structure and purity until sols characteristic of the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain are achieved: highly weathered, low nutrient, slightly acidic and loamy. Soil will not be installed until the desired composition is achieved. Soil monitoring shall take place one a year (fall/winter) throughout the monitoring period outlined in the monitoring schedule. An experienced and certified field biologist or soil scientist, per the approval of the SRP, must collect quantitative data. Qualitative data (photographs, data sheets, mobile app documentation and observation, etc.) may be collected through citizen science, i.e. interested users, ‘Friends of the Park’, environmental education groups, etc. All data must be interpreted by a qualified researcher as recommended by the SRP (certified citizen scientist may qualify pending approval of the SRP). Soil samples are to be sent to a certified environmental lab; field kits may be used for spot-checking. Soil monitoring to include observation and testing for: • Pollutant • Erosion/stability • Moisture holding capacity • Turbidity • Soil biota • Chemistry: potassium, calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium, • pH level • Presence of deep plant root growth and type of plant growth (native vs. invasive) Goals Native (healthy) soils that contain deep plant root growth, high evapotranspiration and surface water infiltration and detention. Soil restoration to provide enough, (and not too much), organic material to ensure adequate nutrient availability for the newly installed native plant communities.

Methods • General Observation • Sampling/testing • Photographic documentation Materials (equipment list) • Digital SLR Camera • Hand-held GPS • Storage Clipboard • Waterproof Paper • Waterproof Black Pen • Munsell Chart Book • Magnified glass • Gloves • 1 Gallon Zip Lock Bags for Samples • Hor-Hori Soil Knife • Knee/hip Waterproof Boots Data Sheets (See Appendix A) Provide soil monitoring for the following zones: • Tidal Marsh • Forested Wetland • Coastal Meadow • Vernal Pools • Eco-industrial Park (built) Reporting requirements • Samples shall be taken from each ecotype o Record ecotype sample o Label date of collection o Indicate testing lab or kit type o Provide written interpretation and recommendation based on results

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HUMAN USE The purpose of human use monitoring is to ensure the park restoration is meeting the needs of the community and to have the ability to respond swiftly with change if the site if failing to engage the public in a meaningful way. The restoration project aims to strengthen the relationship between the community and the Delaware River through environmental recreation and discovery for improved social, economic, mental and physical health. A personal interview with a Chester resident revealed that one of the problems with Chester’s existing 6 public parks is that people don’t feel safe using them. The strategy employed to avoid this issue for the eco-industrial park is activation through job creation, opportunity for commerce and programming relevant to the community and attractive to visitors. Rather than heavy policing or surveillance, this project relies on safespace design, overhead lighting and heavy use, which encourage lots of “eyes on the park”––eyes of those who enjoy the park and are emotionally invested in ensuring its success. Human use monitoring shall take place twice a year (fall and spring) during every monitoring period outlined in the monitoring schedule. An experienced and certified field biologist or botanist, per the approval of the SRP, shall collect quantitative data; however, qualitative data shall be collected throughout the year (photographs, data sheets, mobile app documentation and observation, etc.) through citizen science documentation. All data must be interpreted by a qualified researcher as recommended by the SRP (certified citizen scientist may qualify pending approval of the SRP). Goals Engage the local community and attract visitors for: • Connection with nature (peace and discovery) • Recreation and enhanced health • Social engagement and community building • Generate revenue and provide jobs • Reduce crime, attract visitors and transform public perception of Chester City Methods • General Observation • Sampling through in-person interviews • Photographic documentation Materials (equipment list) • Digital SLR Camera • Hand-held GPS • Storage Clipboard • Waterproof Paper • Waterproof Black Pen • Voice Recorder Data sheets (See Appendix A) Providing human use monitoring for each ecotone • Riverbank Tidal Marsh • Tidal High Marsh • Coastal Meadow • Sweetgum-Willow Oak Forest • Red Maple-Magnolia Forest • Sycamore-Box Elder Floodplain Forest • Oak-Hickory Forest • Eco-industrial Park

Reporting requirements • Human use data collected by SRP approved researcher shall include interviews with local businesses, neighbors and government officials • Human use data collected by SRP approved researcher shall be supplemented with community health data and socioeconomic data to assess for broad correlations between the site restoration, human health and economic prosperity, post baseline assessment ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT Nature is dynamic and complex, there are no formulas ensuring successful ecological restoration; thus, adaptive management is a necessary tool designed for effective responsiveness to unexpected ecological outcomes, which enhances restoration benefits. Adaptive management promotes flexible decision making that can be adjusted in the face of uncertainties as outcomes from management actions and other events become better understood. Measureable, objective and careful monitoring determines the effectiveness of management practices. Through objective evaluation, adaptation strategies are based on monitoring results, this exchange advances scientific understanding and helps adjust policies, operations and restoration techniques as a piece of the iterative learning process. The purpose of adaptive management is to help meet environmental, social, and economic goals; increases scientific knowledge; and assure stakeholder investment. Adaptive management is central to the long-term success of the Chester eco-industrial waterfront restoration project. Approved field scientists and the SRP will determine adaptive management strategies when needed based on results from a large pool of monitoring data. Failing features must be recorded along with recommended interventions. Documentation and dialogue among the SRP, project managers and stakeholders is imperative when changes to the management plan are needed. Triggers for adaptive management include but are not limited to the decline of vegetation survival rates that drop below 80%, outbreaks of invasive species within the restoration boundary, increased populations of deer or Canadian geese, extreme flooding or drought, soil structure failure, lack of human use. Some adaptive management solutions for potential failures on this site include: deer fence, goose fence, reinforced shoreline restoration, additional native planting, more aggressive exotic invasive management, prescribed burns, wave attenuators, ‘Friends of the Park’ volunteer cleanup and maintenance, etc. CONCLUSION The ecological restoration monitoring plan presented provides a clear, multi-layer, multi-partner approach to ensure a successful eco-industrial waterfront park for the City of Chester. Short-term failures are anticipated and inevitable. Continued ecological monitoring according to the monitoring schedule, methods and qualified researched outlined will aid short-term establishment success and will enhance potential for long-term project success by employing the monitoring cycle strategy: data collection, analysis and adaptation. Additionally, this restoration monitoring project will serve as a valuable model, supported by empirical research, to inform future post-industrial urban waterfront restoration projects.

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REFERENCES Albrecht, W.A., University of Missouri, 2015. Loss of Soil Organic Matter and its restoration. Retrieved from: http://www.soilandhealth.org/01aglibrary/010120albrecht.usdayrbk/lsom.html

MONITORING APPENDIX A Figures, Tables, Data Sheets, Checklists

Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P and Laake, J.L., 1993. Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-42660-9 Online Version. City Data, 2014. Chester, Pennsylvania. Retrieved on January 10, 2015 from: http://www.city-data.com/city/ Chester-Pennsylvania.html Daiber, F. C. et al. 1976. An Atlas of Delaware’s Wetlands and Estuarine Resources College of Marine Studies University of Delaware Newark Delaware. Ehrenfeld, J. G., 2001. Evaluating wetlands within an urban context. Urban Ecosystems, 4, 69-85. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. Hagen, Dagmar, and Marianne Evju, 2013. Using Short-Term Monitoring Data to Achieve Goals in a LargeScale Restoration. Ecology and Society 18.3. Horiba Process & Environmental, 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.horiba.com/us/en/process-environmental/products/water-quality-measurement/details/u-50-multiparameter-water-quality-checker-368/ Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2015. Retrieved from: www.deq.state.or.us/wq/stormwater/ nwrinfo.htm Philadelphia Water Department 2015, Green City, Clean Waters: Combined Sewer Overflow Long Term Control Plan Update, Philadelphia: City of Philadelphia. Retrieved on January 10, 2015 from http://www. phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/documents_and_data/cso_long_term_control_plan Union Square Urban Design Plan, 2011. Chester City Planning Department. Retrieved from Chester City Planning Department on February 1, 2015. Retrieved from Chester City Planning Department on February 1, 2015. U.S. Department of the Interior Applications Guide: Adaptive Management, 2015. Retrieved from: http:// www.usgs.gov/sdc/doc/DOI-Adaptive-Management-Applications-Guide-27.pdf U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.globalchange.gov/

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Municipalities within Delaware County, PA location map 1: delaware county context DVRPC Region PENNSYLVANIA

location map

2: chester city project site boundary

NEW YORK

Montgomery

NEW JERSEY

RADNOR

RE AWA DEL

MARYLAND

Atlantic Ocean

NEWTOWN HAVERFORD

Chester

Millbourne

ridley creek state park

MARPLE

East Lansdowne Lansdowne

UPPER PROVIDENCE

Aldan

Media

ID ROV

Rose Valley

Chester Heights

Swarthmore

ENC

CHADDS FORD

ASTON

Brookhaven Parkside

PA DE

New Castle

BETHEL UPPER CHICHESTER

R WE ER Trainer LO EST H C I CH Marcus Hook

DARBY

Folcroft Prospect Park Norwood

john heinz wildlife preserve

TINICUM

Upland CHESTER

Glenolden

Ridley Park

CONCORD

Colwyn Sharon Hill

DARBY

Rutledge

RIDLEY

Darby

Collingdale

Morton

P HER NET

MIDDLETOWN

Yeadon

Clifton Heights

SPRINGFIELD THORNBURY

Philadelphia

UPPER DARBY

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PA NJ

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CHESTER CITY ECO-INDISTRAIL WATERFRONT PARK

1.5 mi

800 ft.

Project location: Chester City, Delaware County, Pennsylvania Norris Street and Highland Avenue, east of West 2nd St/PA-291 39°50’12.33” N and 75°22’42.99” W

Project location: Chester City, Delaware County, Pennsylvania Norris Street and Highland Avenue, east of West 2nd St/PA-291 39°50’12.33” N and 75°22’42.99” W Temple University MLArch Restoration Monitoring Workshop

Original map retrieved from Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission Map modifications made by Monica Gagliardi on July 24, 2014

1.5 mi

Temple University MLArch Restoration Monitoring Workshop Original map retrieved from Temple University GIS database Map modifications made by Monica Gagliardi on February 2,2015

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Chester TC

PPL Park

commodore barry bridge

From Philadelphia, PA and other points north • I-95 South toward Chester/Phial Int’l Airport (17.6 mi) • Merge onto US-322E via Exit 4 toward Comm Barry Br/NJ (1.3 mi) • Exit PA-291 toward Chester/Waterfront (.5 mi) • Turn right onto West 2nd St/PA-291 (.1 mi) • Park along West 2nd St. and Flower St.

AVE

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NC CO

AVE

LAMOKIN ST

ND HIGHLA

CSX Ph iladelphi a Subd ivision

ST W 9TH

MELRO SE

§ ¨ ¦i95

£ ¤ 13

S 21

POTTER

UPPER CHICHESTER

NETHER PROVIDENCE

main roads

320 320

VI D

PR O

UPLAND

MADISO N

3: driving directions

1,000

2,000

Feet

source: delaware valley planning comission 2010

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 134

RESTORATION MONITORING ECOLOGIC MONITORING MAP l e g e n d PARKING

MONITORING POINTS

TRANSECTS

WALKING PATH

600 ft.

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 135

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 136

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 137

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 138

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 139

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 140

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 141

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 142

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 143

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 144

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 145

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 146

CHESTER FORGING the F U T U R E 147