Grammar points part 2 nuevo

Preliminary English Test Grammar Points Revision Part 2

PRELIMINARY ENGLISH TEST Grammar Part 2

Phrasal Verbs

Pick up

Who's going to pick you up at the airport?

Set up

Louis is a successful businessman. He set up his own business last year.

Join in

I watched the gym class first and joined in the following week.

Take off

The plane took off one hour late.

Take up

Sarah is planning to take up golf when she retires.

Get up

Every morning I get up at 6.00 to be early for school.

Get into

Harry was very excited when he got into the school football team.

Give up

I hated hockey so I decided to give it up.

Carry on

The footballer hopes to be able to carry on playing for several more years.

Look forward to

I'm looking forward to going on holiday.

Think about

I was thinking about joining a gym but now I think it is too expensive.

Future

will

prediction

Tomorrow will be very cold.

Going to

Intention - evidence

She is going to study Medicine.

Watch out ! You're going to fall !

Present Continuous Future plans

I can't see you tomorrow. I'm meeting John.

Present Simple

The train leaves at 2 pm from platform A2

Timetables

INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH TENSE CHANGE LIST

DIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH

SIMPLE PRESENT changes to SIMPLE PAST "I work at Toyota."

"I don't work at Honda."

"I am a manager."

"I'm not a salesman."

He said he worked at Toyota.

He said he didn't work at Honda.

He said he was a manager.

He said he wasn't a salesman.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE changes to PAST PROGRESSIVE "I'm cleaning my house today."

"I'm not going to work today."

"Mary is dancing in the show."

"She isn't singing in the show."

He said he was cleaning his house today.

He said he wasn't going to work today.

Lee said that Mary was dancing in the show.

He said she wasn't singing in the show.

PRESENT PERFECT changes to PAST PERFECT "I've already seen that movie."

"I haven't heard that song before."

"Gary has called three times."

"He hasn't left any messages though."

She said she had already seen that movie.

She said she hadn't heard that song before.

Jack said Gary had called three times.

He said Gary hadn't left any messages though.

SIMPLE PAST changes to PAST PERFECT "I saw my friend."

"I didn't see Monika."

"I was late."

"I wasn't on time."

She said she had seen his friend.

She said she hadn't seen Monika.

He said he had been late.

He said he hadn't been on time.

-MODALSPRESENT MODALS change to PAST MODALS



"I will wash the dishes."

"I won't go."

She said she would wash the dishes.

He said he wouldn't go.

"I can dance."

"I can't swim."

He said he could dance.

He said he couldn't swim.

"There may be a problem."

"There may not be any milk left."

(No contraction)

She said there might be a problem.

She said there might not be any milk left.

(No contraction)

Sometimes we need to change the pronoun.

DIRECT SPEECH: Jim: "I don't like living here." (Jim is referring to himself) REPORTED SPEECH: Jim said (that) he didn't like living there. (the pronoun he refers to Jim) * We may also need to change other words about place and time.

DIRECT SPEECH: "I like this car."

REPORTED SPEECH: He said (that) he liked that car.

DIRECT SPEECH: "I went to Tokyo last week."

REPORTED SPEECH: She said (that) she'd been to Tokyo the week before.

Changes in time and place words now

then, at that time

today

that day

tomorrow

the following day, the next day, a day later

yesterday

the previous day, the day before

next month

the following month, the next month, a month later

next year

the following year, the next, year, a year later

last month

the month before, the previous month, the preceding month

last year

the year before, the previous year, the preceding year

in two days weeks)

two days from then, two weeks from then

five days ago

five days before, five days earlier

five weeks ago

five weeks before, five weeks earlier

here

there

Used to + infinitive

Used to + infinitive

They used to love French lessons at school.

Didn't use to + infinitive

They didn't use to study a lot at the weekend.

Did ... use to + infinitive

Did they use to play football in the playground at school?

There used to + infinitive There used to be a nice cinema here. Now, there's a big supermarket.

Modals Modal

Usage Ability Permission Possibility

Form Can + infinitive Can’t + infinitive



Deduction in the negative

Can’t + infinitive

Could

 

Ability in the past Possibility in the past

Could + infinitive Couldn’t + infinitive

Should/Ought to

  

Advice Recommendation Criticism

Should + infinitive Shouldn’t + infinitive

Must

  

Personal/ Internal Obligation Deduction

Must + infinitive

Mustn’t



Prohibition

Mustn’t + infinitive

Have to



External Obligation

Have to + infinitive

Don’t have to

 

Lack of obligation Lack of necessity

Don’t have to + infinitive

May/Might



Possibility

May/Might + infinitive

Will



Prediction

Will + infinitive

Shall I …?



Offering

Shall I + infinitive

Needn’t



Absence of necessity

Needn’t + infinitive

Can

  

Can’t

Passive Voice

Active Voice

Passive Voice

They make Fords in Cologne.

Fords are made in Cologne.

Susan is cooking dinner.

Dinner is being cooked by Susan

James Joyce wrote "Dubliners".

"Dubliners" was written by James Joyce.

Tense Present Simple Present Continuous Past Simple

They were painting the house when I The house was being painted arrived. when I arrived.

Past Continuous

They have produced over 20 models in the past two years.

Present Perfect

Over 20 models have been produced in the past two years.

They are going to build a new factory A new factory is going to be built in Portland. in Portland.

I will finish it tomorrow.

It will be finished tomorrow.

Future Intention with Going to Future Simple

Infinitives and gerunds

need hope want plan 'd like expect manage enjoy give up carry on look forward to love like dislike go involve suggest keen on good at fond of

To infinitive

ing

Rob is planning to join a gym.

I'd like to improve my tennis, so I'm taking lessons.

I enjoy playing all kinds of ball games.

Jose gave up playing football and built a new career as a manager.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Short adjectives are compared with -er, -est.

adjective

comparative

superlative

strong

Stronger than

The strongest

small

Smaller than

The smallest

late

Later than

The latest

nice

Nicer than

The nicest

big

Bigger than

The biggest

thin

Thinner than

The thinnest

fat

Fatter than

The fattest

London is bigger than Vienna.

Adjectives ending with y, er, ow, are compared with -er, -est.

adjective

comparative

superlative

easy

easier

easiest

happy

happier

happiest

clever

cleverer

cleverest

narrow

narrower

narrowest

Which is the easiest exercise?

Long adjectives are compared with more, the most – less, the least.

adjective

comparative

superlative

careful

More/less careful

The most/the least careful

expensive

More/less expensive

The most/the least expensive

difficult

More/less difficult

The most/the least difficult

tired

More/less tired

The most/the least tired

Which dress is more expensive?

Which dress is the most expensive?

Irregular forms adjective

comparative

superlative

good

Better than

The best

bad

Worse than

The worst

far

Farther then

The farthest

much

More than

The most

many

More than

The most

little

Less than

The least

(not) as ... as Ann is as tall as Mary.

I think tomorrow will be as hot as today.

This test was not as difficult as the last one.

Adjectives ending in -ed or -ing - shocked / shocking - worried / worrying - surprised / surprising - embarrassed / embarrassing - annoyed / annoying - interested / interesting - excited / exciting - thrilled / thrilling - amused / amusing Common Error Don't forget: I like watching movies on rainy days.

So do I

I don't like chocolate.

I went shopping yesterday So did my mum.

I didn't find what I wanted to buy.

Neither did I.

Neither do I

Writing Useful Phrases for Informal Letters - (PET Writing Part 3).

Starting your letter (Paragraph 1) Thanks for your letter.

Lovely to hear from you.

How are you?

How are things?

Hope you're well.

Commenting on something (Paragraph 1) I'm sorry to hear/learn ...

I'm so pleased to hear ...

It's great to hear ...

What wonderful news about ...

Moving the topic on (Paragraph 2) Anyway, the reason I'm writing ...

I thought I'd write to tell/ask you Anyway, I was wondering ...

Ending your letter (Paragraph 3) Well, that's all for now Write back soon Looking forward to hearing from you again All the best Best wishes See you soon Take care Yours Love Lots of love