TOXIC BEAUTY

GEOAESTHETICS & INFRASTRUCTURE

TOXIC BEAUTY

JIAOYUE ZHAO

A D V I S O R : F L O R E N C I A P I TA

2020 THESIS PREP

2°

3°

SCARRED LAND

STATEMENT

6

CHAPTER 1

THE LAN

MAN-MADE NATURE

CHAPTER 2

MATERIAL LAND CHAPTER 3

RESHAPE AND 3D COLLAGE OF DIFFERENT ZON OWENS RIVER AND METAL PAT

BATTLE WITH LADWP

C

HISTORY RESEARCH CHAPTER 5

HISTORY OF OWENS GEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMA

ELECTROLYSIS OF METAL

C

CHA Lorem ipsum 4°

ANTROPOCENE

ND

8 EXPEIRMENTAL COMPOSITIONS OF ERODED LANDSCAPE IN OWENS LAKE AND ARTIFICIAL PATINA PROCESS

42

NE OF THE TINA MAP

GEOLOGICAL CHANGES

THE MAPPINMG

CHAPTER 4

56 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF LOS ANGELES

64 S LAKE ATION

CASE STUDY

APTER 6

ANODE MATERIAL ACCRETION

74 MATERIAL EXPEIRMENT STUDENT THESIS ARTWOR 5°

STATEMENT

6°

“Anthropocene, the new epoch that the human power has become so large and active that it rivals some of the great forces of Nature in its impact on the functioning of the Earth system.” -Will Steffen

T

he dynamic geological alternation unintentionally created by the Anthropocene has developed a toxic beauty, which has continuously

imposed rhythms and effects on the living environment. It starts to raise human awareness of accidental nature, to discover an epochal beauty from geological decay. It presents an unseen state, an in-between position that allows a compatible, complementary co-existence of humans and nature.

O

wens Lake in California, 250 miles north of LA, is a perfect example of toxic beauty because it shows how two contrasting human forces:

destroy and mitigation co-exist in one place. Owens river today holds extraordinary beauty by the red salt river, shallow green pond, and dust. Yet, it is under environmental recovery where mitigation, irrigation, managed vegetation, and tillage zones are under construction. The confronted compromise and collaboration between nature and artificial nature would lead to a hybrid new reality.

S

imilarly, using the Spiral Jetty created by Robert Smithson, as an example, the site was chosen for its unusual ecological and geological

characteristics in the Great Salt Lake. The artwork in a continually changing state whose form always stays active and reflects the state of entropy. The artwork treats architecture as a ruin in reverse, an entropic experiment, where the natural ground acts as a toxic material agent to communicate with human intervention.

T

he project will combine images of toxic landscapes with samples of chemical decay. It is a synthesis of toxic nature with entropy and

how to construct geologic infrastructure through the beauty of toxicity.

The materials use the images of the site as the growing palette to form a new “Material Nature.” By mixing the eroded landscape with industrial materials, the project tries to create a geo-aesthetic infrastructure for living beings and nature.

7°

T H E

8°

L

L A N D

9°

10°

11°

12°

13°

14°

15°

16°

17°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

25°

26°

27°

28°

29°

30°

31°

32°

33°

34°

35°

36°

37°

38°

39°

40°

41°

M A T E R I A

42°

A L

L A N D

43°

TOXIC BEAUTY -2D TEXTURE MAPPING

TOXIC WATER ERODED EXISITING SITE

44°

MATERIAL NATURE -3D GEOLOGICAL ALTERATION

EXPEIRMENTAL TEXTURE FOR GEOAESTHETIC

45°

MATERIAL NATURE -3D GEOLOGICAL ALTERATION

TOXIC WATER ERODED EXISITING SITE

46°

MATERIAL NATURE -3D GEOLOGICAL ALTERATION

EXPEIRMENTAL TEXTURE FOR GEOAESTHETIC

47°

TOXIC BEAUTY -2D TEXTURE MAPPING

TOXIC WATER ERODED EXISITING SITE

48°

MATERIAL NATURE -3D GEOLOGICAL ALTERATION

EXPEIRMENTAL TEXTURE FOR GEOAESTHETIC

49°

MATERIAL NATURE -3D GEOLOGICAL ALTERATION

EXPEIRMENTAL TEXTURE FOR GEOAESTHETIC

50°

MATERIAL NATURE -3D GEOLOGICAL ALTERATION

EXPEIRMENTAL TEXTURE FOR GEOAESTHETIC

51°

TOXIC BEAUTY -2D TEXTURE MAPPING

TOXIC WATER ERODED EXISITING SITE

52°

MATERIAL NATURE -3D GEOLOGICAL ALTERATION

EXPEIRMENTAL TEXTURE FOR GEOAESTHETIC

53°

MATERIAL NATURE -3D GEOLOGICAL ALTERATION

EXPEIRMENTAL TEXTURE FOR GEOAESTHETIC

54°

MATERIAL NATURE -3D GEOLOGICAL ALTERATION

EXPEIRMENTAL TEXTURE FOR GEOAESTHETIC

55°

T H E

56°

M A

A P P I N G

57°

W

ATER SOURCES

California relies on three main, interconnected water sources: mountain snowpack, reservoirs, and aquifers: The Sierra Nevada snowpack, which melts in the spring and summer, provides runoff to rivers and reservoirs. In normal years, melted snowpack typically supplies about 30 percent of the state’s water supply.

The state’s reservoirs store water from precipitation events and receive the runoff from melting snowpack. Less precipitation and snowpack results in decreased reservoir storage.

When the supply of surface water is unable to meet demand, groundwater is pumped from aquifers, accounting for nearly 60 percent of the state’s water supply in a dry year. California has built a water delivery infrastructure that is likely the most extensive anywhere on earth, capable of moving a drop of water that originates near the northern border all the way down south to the Mexican border. Through the development of this infrastructure, man has rearranged California’s natural assets to meet societal needs, making the state unrecognizable from its presettlement history in the process (Water and Power Associates N.D.).

-

SAN LUIS RESERVOIR

LAKE OROVILLE

SACR

R RIVE O T AMEN

SAN FRAN

58°

SILVERWOOD LAKE

DAN DIEGO

LOS ANGELES

CT U D UE Q A ES L E NG A S LO

NCISCO

Information from: Department of Water Resources

59°

L

A Aqueduct

The Los Angeles Aqueduct is one of three water systems delivering imported water to Southern California. The Los Angeles Aqueduct system delivers its liquid load entirely by gravity. Fourteen hydropower plants along the aqueduct’s path take advantage of the elevation drops, generating 400 million kWh for the city in 2008. The system includes five storage reservoirs, 142 tunnels totaling 52 miles in length, 12 miles of inverted steel siphons, 24 miles of unlined conduit, 37 miles of open, cement-lined conduit, and 97 miles of covered conduit. First one was built by Mulholland which supplied from the Owens river, and the second one was now mainly supplied by the Haiwee Resevoir (Water and Power Associates N.D.).

SECOND LOS ANGELES AQUEDUCT

OWEN

MONO LAKE

CAL

60°

COLORADO RIVER AQUEDUCT

LOS ANGELES AQUEDUCT

NS LAKE

LOS ANGELES

LIFORNIA AQUEDUCT

Information from: Department of Water Resources

61°

L

A water supply

Except for the Aqueduct, reservoir and water wellfield is also another source to the city of LA, the map shows the numerous small water projects running in parallel with the Aqueduct project, which at the same time cut out the adjacent water supply to the river, making the Owens lake became drought even faster (Water and Power Associates N.D.).

AQUE LAWS WELLFIELD

TINEMAHA RE

BISHOP CONE WELLFIELD

MONO LAKE

LONG VALLEY

62°

LORP PUMPBACK STATION

EDUCT INTAKE OWENS LAKE

ESERVIOR

LONG VALLEY RESERVIOR TABOOSE-ABERDEEN WELLFIELD

LONG VALLEY RESERVIOR

Y RESERVIOR

Information from: Department of Water Resources

63°

H I S T O R Y

64°

R

R E S E A R C H

65°

OWENS LAKES

STOLEN THE WATER The Owens Valley region of California sits at the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada Range. The mountain create an extremely effective rain shadow, and the water that collects in the mountains eventually flows downward into the valleys on either side. Historically in the Owens Valley, this water would find its way into the Owens River, and then flow south to end its journey at Owens Lake (Los Angeles Depends on Imported Water N.D.).

After ranchers and small farms had entered the picture after the Paiute, Owens Lake was around 110 square miles in size, which was one of the largest natural lakes in California, and covered a piece of landscape that, if located in Los Angeles, would stretch from Santa Monica to Glendale, and north into the city of San Fernando. But this immense lake of salty water would soon begin a drastic change, and the fundamental nature of the landscape completely changed by the end of the 1920’s.

In 1913, the City of Los Angeles completed the Los Angeles Aqueduct, a channel that would take the water of the Eastern Sierra and Owens Valley and divert it over 200 miles to the south to slake the thirst of the budding metropolis that was Los Angeles. With this diversion in place, the majority of the natural flow of water into Owens Lake was halted, and the lake shrunk to just forty square miles and only a few feet deep.

As the lake disappeared, the salinity levels rose, creating a hyper-saline brine pool. Very small ponds of collected water that sit along the western edge of the historical lake shore are the very last existing remainders of the lake. These pools are still extremely saline, which supports the growth of a bacteria that colors the water a deep red; much of the water that is left today resembles the color of blood. With the water gone, the exposed bed of Owens Lake was at the mercy of Owens Valley winds, which can become impressively forceful due to the topography of the long, narrow valley. Wind has always been present in the Owens Valley because of this geographical fact; the accounts of early explorers make understandable note of the weather from time to time. With Owens Lake gone, the dust storms grew more and more severe throughout the 20th century. As Los Angeles continued to collect Owens Valley water by way of the LA Aqueduct (and later a second pipe used to collect more water further north, as well as a growing number of groundwater wells), the dried expanse of land at the southern end of the valley became a growing health concern for all of the communities near it (Mott 2017).

Owens Lake was the single largest source of particulate air pollution in the entire country by 2000s. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (who controls the LA Aqueduct) was required to begin work that would mitigate this pollution. Though the details of these original agreements, as well as ongoing ones related to further court orders and requirements, are very complicated, the overall goal is straight-forward: The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, having originally diverted all of the water out of Owens Lake, is required to bring the pollution levels caused by its actions within the acceptable limits set by the state of California.

Once this goal has been met, LADWP will have met its set of requirements according to the agreement.

66°

-THE HISTORY

OWENS LAKES -GEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION

LA RIVER

OWENS LAKE 1900S

Early 1900s, the images shows mud and erosion on the

Fertile and adequate water in owens lake comes from

banks near Griffith Park. The water need in LA began to

two major valleys of the extreme southwestern Great

extremely grow due to the growth of population around

Basin: the Long Valley and Owens Valley. For thousands

1900s. The river was no longer enough to supply and

of years the Owens River valley was inhabited by the

alternative resources should be founded as soon as

seminomadic Owens Valley Northern Paiute and the

possible (Water and Power Associates N.D.).

Shoshone tribes of Native Americans (Norlan 2019).

DUGING TO LA RIVER The ditch (full of water) has been dug at left. A stand of trees is beside the relatively still water. The river itself cannot supply the water need of Los Angeles around 1900s due to the population booming. William Mulholland found

DEAD RIVER 1924 Owens Lake becomes a dry lake bed as a result of Los Angeles’s diversion of the Owens River. Since then, the arguement of the water right led to serious fight between Owens Valley and the LADWP (Mott 2017).

the Owens Lake would be a great source for the Aqueduct project (Los Angeles Depends on Imported Water N.D.).

DUST LAKE

THE FIRST LA AQUEDUCT In March of 1905, William Mulholland recommended to

As the time passed by, the vivid river turned to be a dust

the Board of Water Commissioners to use the Owens

river. The toxic dust polluted the air and caused serious

Valley as the main source of water supply to LA. The

harm to the local people (Owens Lake Trails Brochure

project started the following year. The image shows

2016).

the construction of pipeline work (Water and Power Associates N.D.).

67°

OWENS LAKES -BEFORE 2000

GEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION [1986 - 2020]

1984

1986

Sever drought happened in the central lake area, shown in the

Complete dry-out happened in the central of the lake, appearing to

image of the centre red zone. Color shows the level of drought

become white. The fringe area started to turn to dark red, showing

and percentage of bateria invade. The darker the color is, the

the dead of the river almost (Water & Power Associates N.D.).

more sever the drought is (Water & Power Associates N.D.).

1990

68°

1991

The invade of halobacteria and drought situation become

An accidental rupture of a pipe supplying Los Angeles’s

alleviate. However, the area of halobacteria spread out through

hydroelectric plant causes water to begin flowing in the

the deep water area (Water & Power Associates N.D.).

Owens Gorge.(Water & Power Associates N.D.)

OWENS LAKES -AFTER 2000

2000

2006

Other bacteria started to erode the center area, the landscape

Inyo County worked with LADWP to develop and conduct a joint

composed of light coral red and dark prasinous color. Mitigation

study to explore the feasibility of utilizing groundwater beneath

action still slowly constructed (Owens Valley Water History 2009).

Owens Lake to assist in the dust mitigation measures (Owens Valley Water History 2009).

2020

2011 Recovery movement deployed through the east side of

Preservation started to develop towards the central area,

the river. Exprimental mitigation, managed landscape ,

shallow pond and experimental mitigation irigated the

shallow flood pond and gravel mitigation areas properly

central body. The multi-diversity of spieces was coming

arranged. (California Sun 2018)

back gradually.

69°

OWENS LAKES -IRIGATION ZONING

ZONING FOR RECOVERY

MANAGED VEGETATION DUST MITIGATION ZONE

Shallow flood irrigation zones at Owens Lake recirculate water through a series of

Owens Dry Lake as a means of dust control. It takes about 5 years for the grass to

very shallow ponds to keep the lake playa moist and prevent blowing dust. LADWP has

establish itself, and an extensive network of buried irrigation hoses are needed to

installed 39.5 square miles of shallow flood irrigation at Owens Lake to date.

water the grass. (@Jennifer Little 2017)

(@Jennifer Little 2017)

SALT FORMATION IN DRY SHALLOW FLOOD IRRIGATION ZONE

EXPERIMENTAL HYBRID TILLAGE MITIGATION ZONEZONEZONE

The LADWP implements a summer dry down for their irrigation at Owens

“Hybrid tillage” mitigation fills the tillage furrows with water to make this mitigation

Lake between July 1 and September 30. The worst winds and dust storms

technique more effective. The new tillage processes should save Los Angeles 3 billion

occur during the rest of the year—especially between March and May—

gallons of water at Owens Lake in 2015, or about 1% of the water they used in 2014. This

which is considered the primary dust control season. During the summer

would supply only 150,000 of their 4 million plus residents. (@Jennifer Little 2017)

dry down, shallow flood ponds are allowed to evaporate, leaving behind bizarre, man-made salt formations. (@Jennifer Little 2017)

70°

LADWP SHALLOW FLOOD IRRIGATION ZONE

The LADWP has planted native salt grass in many areas along the historic shores of

OWENS LAKES -MITIGATION METHODS

HEAVY BRINE LAKE

IRRIGATION POND CONVERTED TO GRAVEL MITIGATION

The LADWP has planted native salt grass in many areas along the historic shores of

In 2014, LA placed a cap of 68,000 acre feet of water—about 22 billion gallons—for dust

Owens Dry Lake as a means of dust control. It takes about 5 years for the grass to

mitigation at Owens Lake. To meet this reduction, areas that were previously shallow

establish itself, and an extensive network of buried irrigation hoses are needed to

flooded are being covered with gravel instead. (@Jennifer Little 2017)

water the grass. (@Jennifer Little 2017)

SALT FORMATION IN DRY SHALLOW FLOOD IRRIGATION ZONE

BRINE FORMATION

The LADWP implements a summer dry down for their irrigation at Owens

Brine is hypersalinated water. When this brine water at Owens Lake evaporates, a salt

Lake between July 1 and September 30. The worst winds and dust storms

crust forms and covers the remaining few inches of water like ice on a pond. Because

occur during the rest of the year—especially between March and May—

these floating salt crusts prevent further evaporation of the water, the LADWP is

which is considered the primary dust control season. During the summer

experimenting with using brine as a less water intensive dust mitigation strategy.

dry down, shallow flood ponds are allowed to evaporate, leaving behind

Naturally occurring halobacteria attracted to the high concentration of minerals in the

bizarre, man-made salt formations. (@Jennifer Little 2017)

brine stain the water vividly red and orange. (@Jennifer Little 2017)

71°

HIGHWAY 395

T2-5

OLANCHA

T8W

T4-5 T4-4

T14-4

T10-2

T15-1

T9

ROUTE 190

T10-1

T15-5

INYO MOUNTAINS

72°

T35-1 T35-2

T29-4

ROUTE 136

T36-3

T2-ADDITIONAL

T35S

T27N

T25-3

T30-1

T28N

T28

T25

T23-5

T24

T18N

T21

KEELER

Information from: “Owens Lake Trails Brochure.” Sigman, Robert

73°

C A S E

74°

S T U D Y

75°

BIOROCK RESEARCH _BARTLETT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE RICHARD JAMES BREEN

MATERIAL RESEARCH -METAL ELECTROLYSIS

ELECTROLYSIS GROWTH Electrolysis is a technique that uses a direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous chemical reaction. Electrolysis is commercially important as a stage in the separation of elements from naturally occurring sources such as ores using an electrolytic cell.

The voltage that is needed for electrolysis to occur is called the decomposition potential.

1.5 VOLTS

Based on the coral regeneration system in Panama, there are floating installations harnessing the tidal power from the constant movement of passing vessels into the canal. Instead of the shipping industry damaging coral and marine left, they are empowered to help sustain and develop the coral structure. Richard was trying to experiment with electrolysis. This process is the way to represent water displacement, control and water saving basins of the Panama Canal Locks. “ Through an almost scientific experiment level of accuracy, the amount of water within the central chamber can be controlled and changed. The number of flakes demonstrates the ability of the locks to save far more water then the proposed 60%. The system is then developed into a project 3 VOLTS

as dual use infrastructure- whereby the water is no longer used simply for transit and trade, but can be activated.The experiment demonstrates an additional prototype that is able to clean oxidised iron objects through the use of electrolysis. This process’s ability to function however is still dependent on the water levels. The electrolysis experiment and the submerged object revealed an intriguing and ethereal underwater and industrial environment, of exposed material and changing states.”

The experiment focuses on the form of biorock, a self-growth system. For the first part of the process is to try to form a structure around the mesh. He mixed materials such as oyster shell, portland cement and salt crystals and steel to produce texture and material of it. Especially for the 6 VOLTS

salts which can react with the metal meshes, would create variation in texture and composition, which could potentially as he mentioned “to form a larger architecture structure.”

The experiment started with testing metal meshing in a series of water containers for seperate test results. These containers were tested with different voltages and times in order to explore what voltage produces the most successful, plentiful and stable mineral accretion in a few days or weeks.

The images show in the left is the tested result of copper reacted with the meshes , which produced similar materiality with my project.

12 VOLTS

76°

MATERIAL RESEARCH -METAL ACCRETION

ANODE MATERIAL ACCRETION ”In cathodic protection, a metal anode that is more reactive to the corrosive environment of the system to be protected is electrically linked to the protected system, and particularly corrodes or dissolves, which protects the metal of the system, and partially corrodes or dissolves, which protects the metal of the system it is connected. As an example, an iron or steel ship’s hull may +12 HOURS

be protected by a zinc sacrificial anode, which will dissolve into the seawater and prevent the hull from being corroded. Sacrificial anodes are particularly needed for systems where a static charge is generated by the action of flowing liquids, such as pipelines and watercrafts, Sacrificial anodes are also generally used in tank-type water heaters (Richard 2016).”

For the second part of the experiment, Richard used the same parameters but opposite process to get accretion from the metal materials. Metal, Aluminium and copper were used as anode to test out.

+36 HOURS

The process of galvanic anode is particularly used in the shipping industry, which is used to protect buried or submerged metal structures from corrosion.

“They are made from a metal alloy with a more “active” anode voltage then the metal of the structure. The difference in potential between the two metals means that the galvanic anode corrodes, so that the anode material is consumed in preference to the structure. The loss( or the sacrifice) of the anode material gives rise to the alternative name of the anode. It is a chemical reaction occuring by the electrochemical mechanism (Richard 2016).” +72 HOURS

The clumps of mineral accretion under voltage variation would form solid and white aggregation like the “biorock” structure around the aluminum meshes. And the only byproduct of this process is hydrogen, which would also be used as the clean fuel of the future. It would be able to generate from the water and return to it when it is oxidised (Richard 2016).

+72 HOURS +72 HOURS DRYING

77°

CASE STUDY -STUDENT THESIS

“COLORFIELD CONSTRCUTING PIGMENTS ON A POST-INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE” KIN KWONG BARTLETT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE I UNIT 16

“The project investigate material transformation on site. Constructing Pigments on a postIndustrial landscape. It treis to raise awareness of the scarred landscape created by the human world. This project proposese an architecture formed from chemical dwcay. Sited in the northern Swedish city of Kiruna, buildings purify waste from the adjacent mine, turning it into differentcoloured pigments using a process of patination. Over time, the architecture slowly marks the ground with the pigments, tranforming the deformed mining town with the colored created, and gradually replacing the vernacular Falu red as the mian color used to paint the houses in Sweden (Bartlett Design Anthology I Unit 16, 2017).”

78°

CASE STUDY -ARTWORK

SPIRAL JETTY REPHOTOGRAPHYED BY DAVID MAISEL

“The monumental earthwork Spiral Jetty (1970) was created by artist Robert Smithson and is located off Rozel Point in the north arm of Great Salt Lake. Made of black basalt rocks and earth gathered from the site, Spiral Jetty is a 15-foot-wide coil that stretches more than 1,500 feet into the lake. it has come to epitomize Land art. Its exceptional art historical importance and its unique beauty have drawn visitors and media attention from throughout Utah and around the world. This year marks the fiftieth anniversary of Spiral Jetty (Julian, 2013).“

79°

JIAOYUE ZHAO

REFERENCE Breen, Richard. “The Biorock Book - MArch Architecture - Unit 16 - Bartlett School of Architecture.” Issuu. [Accessed March 22, 2020.] https://issuu.com/richardbreen/docs/binder1.

California, State of. “The California Water System.” Department of Water Resources. [Accessed March 22, 2020.] https://water.ca.gov/Water-Basics/The-California-Water-System.

Little, Jennifer. “Jennifer Little - 100 Years of Dust: Owens Lake and the Los Angeles Aqueduct.” LensCulture. [Accessed March 22, 2020.] https://www.lensculture.com/projects/115631-100-years-of-dust-owens-lake.

“Los Angeles Aqueduct ~ MAVEN’S NOTEBOOK: Water News.” MAVEN’S NOTEBOOK | Water news. [Accessed March 22, 2020.] https://mavensnotebook.com/the-notebook-file-cabinet/californias-water-systems/los-angeles-aqueduct/.

“Los Angeles Depends on Imported Water.” Sierra Club Angeles Chapter. [Accessed March 22, 2020.] https://angeles.sierraclub.org/los_angeles_depends_on_imported_water.

Nolan, Ruth. “Paiute Traditions Inform Water Management Practices in Once-Lush Owens Valley.” KCET, December 2, 2019. https://www.kcet.org/shows/tending-nature/paiute-traditions-inform-water-management-practices-in-once-lushowens-valley.

“Owens Valley Water History (Chronology).” Inyo County Water Department. [Accessed March 22, 2020.] https://www.inyowater.org/documents/reports/owens-valley-water-history-chronology/.

Robinson, Alexander. “Owens Lake Perception Compendium.” Issuu. [Accessed March 22, 2020.] https://issuu.com/alexander.robinson/docs/perception_book.

Sigman, Robert. “Owens Lake Trails Brochure.” Issuu. [Accessed March 22, 2020.] https://issuu.com/rsigmanva/docs/owens_lake_trails_brochure/14.

“The Surprise Reincarnation of Owens Lake.” California Sun, December 6, 2018. https://www.californiasun.co/stories/the-strange-rebirth-of-owens-lake/.

“Kim Stringfellow.” Kim Stringfellow (blog), n.d. https://www.kimstringfellow.com/portfolio_page/there-it-is-take-it/#!

“Water and Power Associates Informing the Public about Critical Water and Energy Issues Facing Los Angeles and California.” Water and Power Associates. [Accessed March 22, 2020.] https://waterandpower.org/museum/Water_in_Early_Los_Angeles.html.

80°

THESIS PREP RESEARCH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The magazine is a product by the assistance of following wonderful people.

I would like to show my sincere gratitude to them.

Florencia Pita Marcelyn Gow Kavior Moon John Copper Yash Mehta Amparito Martinez Deepak Agrawal Zepeng Gao

81°

ISBN: 022-82-8485-6358-1575-00-85