GRADUATION BOOK "EXPLORATORIUM IN SIWA Oasis" by Mostafa Abdelaziz wahid

Authors Group :10

ABDELRAHMAN MOHARAM ENAS AHMED MOHAMMED KAMAL MOHAMED OSAMA MOSTAFA ABDELAZIZ MOSTAFA SOLIMAN NOURHAN ABDELHAMID OMNIA ALI RANA ABDELRAOUF YOSSEF AHMED

A b s t r ac t In this research paper analyses and discusses how we reached to our project selection in Siwa Oasis through studies of main problems in Siwa; and by highlight the most effective problem according to our site investigations and in Siwa, thus our project ‘Exploratorium’’ has been selected. First of all, this paper will introduce a general background of Siwa Oasis, and it’s history; how Siwa started to exist from edges till today, based on previous researches and site investigations. Moreover, studies of urban analysis and how it changes and expands in Siwa through time according to people’s priorities and needs. In addition, after we finished Siwa’s history, a background, and urban analysis, we started to make a list of problems that Siwa has faced them recently. Apart from that, the selected problem that we decide to choose is an appearance of losing the continuity of Siwa’s heritage due to various issues. And here our project ‘‘Exploratorium’’ formation; as we find this project an easy, more simple and creative way to advocates and encourages people to revival and persevere the continuity of Siwa’s heritage. As well as, this project will serve the community in both terms, short-term and long-term. Besides, demonstration of design issues that should be taken into consideration; also, there are real existing examples and case studies that will be clarifying more how our project is almost close to these cases. Furthermore, after the phase of project selection, this paper will illustrate how we decide for the site selection, according to site criteria and evaluation that based on site investigation and research. Finally, representing concepts ideas of the project by each member of the researcher’s team.

Content : 01 - Introduction 1.1. Over view 1.2. Methodology

08 09

02 - Historical Background 2.1. History 2.2. Siwa’s vital events time-line 2.3. History of Roads 2.4. Urban Growth Diagram 2.5. Urban Fabric 2.6. Urban Changes During Time

11 12-13 14 15 16 17-18

03 - Urabn Analysis 3.1. Landuse Map 3.2. Buildings Heights 3.3. Buildings Construction Map. 3.4. Buildings Conditions 3.5. Solid and Void 3.6. Urban Fabric 3.7. Road Hierarchy 3.8. Landmarks 3.9. City Image 3.9.1 Skyline 3.9.2 Elevation 3.9.3 Modren and Heritage (Form and Materials) 3.9.4 Rhythm 3.9.5 Shading Elements 3.9.6 Heritage Structure System 3.9.7 Mobility 3.10. Social analysis 3.11. Economic analysis 3. 12. Climate analysis 3.13. SWOT analysis for Siwa

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 - 39 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 - 38 39

04 - Project Selection 4.1 Site Investigation 4.2 List of problems 4.3 Problem statement 4.4 Project selection

41 - 44 45 - 47 48 - 50 51 - 53

05 - Site Selection 5.1. Selection Criteria 5.2. Site 1 5.2.1. Site Location 5.2.2. Landuse Map 5.2.3. Building Height Map 5.2.4. Building Condition Map 5.2.5. Accessibility & Roads Hierarchy 5.2.6. Solid & Void 5.2.7. Environmental Simulation 5.2.8. SWOT Analysis 5.2.9. Conclution

55 - 56

5.3. Site 2 5.3.1. Site Location 5.3.2. Landuse Map 5.3.3. Building Height Map 5.3.4. Building Condition Map 5.3.5. Accessibility & Roads Hierarchy 5.3.6. Solid & Void 5.3.7. Environmental Simulation 5.3.8. SWOT Analysis 5.3.9. Conclution 5.4. Site 3 5.4.1. Site Location 5.4.2. Landuse Map 5.4.3. Building Height Map 5.4.4. Building Condition Map 5.4.5. Accessibility & Roads Hierarchy 5.4.6. Solid & Void 5.4.7. Environmental Simulation

65 - 72

57 - 64 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 64 64

66 67 68 69 70 71 72 72 72 73 - 80 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

06 - Design Issues 6.1. Interaction 6.2. Circuation 6.3. Flexability 6.4. Comfort 6.5. Mood 6.6. Image 6.7. Security 6.8. Safety

83 - 84 85 - 87 88 - 90 91 - 93 94 - 98 99 - 102 103 - 104 105 - 107

07 - Case Studies 7.1. Wadi El hitan Project 7.2. The Pharaonic Village 7.3. Children’s interactive museum 7.4. Museum of louver 7.5. Exploratorium 7.6. Kistefos Museum 7.7. Tirpitz Museum 7.8. Perot Museum of Nature and science 7.9. Guggenheim helsinki 7.4. Science Museum

109 - 114 115 - 117 118 - 120 121 - 125 126 - 136 137 - 142 143 - 148 149 - 153 154 - 162 163 - 167

08 - Sustainability 8.1. Social Sustainability 8.2. Economic Sustainability 8.3. Environmental Sustainability 8.4. Green building

169 - 172 173 - 175 176 - 180 181 - 198

09 - Design Requirments 9.1. Program 9.2. Standards & Design Guidelines

200 - 202 203 - 216

10 - Individual Work

218 - 314

11 - Bibliography

316 - 338

INTRODUC TION Chapter i

1.0. Introduction 1.1. Over view Siwa is considered the most distinctive oasis in the Egyptian western desert as it is considered one of the world’s last remaining ancient historical ruins, landscape and peerless cultural traditions. It is surrounded by desert landscape, limestone and several natural resources. Also lakes and natural hot springs are one of siwa’s landmarks however some of these lakes dry up completely during summer time, these lakes are supplied with fresh water from underground springs which believed to have been underground for 30,000 to 50,000 years. All these features make Siwa the most mysterious of all the Egyptian oases. For centuries ago it was not known to the outside world until temple of Amun was build during the 6th or 7th century that made Siwa to become a remarkable destination. When people visit Siwa for the first time they feel surprised as they find it a wide city full of services like a hospital, schools, tourist police and cafes also, many touristic resorts so it is not a small area of mirage surrounded by sand dunes as people may think before visiting. Siwa was inaccessible by car until asphalt road was constructed to join it to Marsa Matruh during 1980s. These years of isolation pushed the siwians to develop their cultural traditions, language, building techniques and even to develop the system of the agricultural production that depends mainly on the underground sources of water for irrigation, however this oasis is naturally remarkable for the beauty of its agriculture and its harmony with the natural environment. The rapid development specially in the approach of building techniques was greatly observed, where modern architecture started to replace the original vernacular styles, besides the urban expansion around the existing remaining historical ruins of the oasis. These significant expansions that happened during the last years caused the urban areas to lose their functional values so as a result of lack of protection or conservation for its historic areas they start to vanish quickly. these are all to coup and serve the touristic development as tourism is considered the most effective source of income for people living there. So the establishment of tourism in siwa and developing it are followed by several results like the rise in uncontrolled economic also urban development that tends to change the original urban scene of the oasis.

Siwa is considered the farthest oasis toward the west of the western desert in Egypt as it is shown in (Fig.1.1.1) (Thinglink.com, 2017) . •Location: it is located about 760 km away and it takes around 10 to 12 hours. It is 300 km away from the Mediterranean coast (south west of Marsa Matrouh) and only 50 km away from Libyan borders. it is about 25 meters below the sea level and it belongs to Governor of Matruh. •Area: 80 kilometers square length and 20 kilometers wide. •Population: is around statistics of 2010).

35,000

(according

(Fig. 1.1.1), Egypt Regional map, (Thinglink.com, 2017).

INTRODUCTION 1.2. Methodology Background Information

Site Investigation

Introduction

Historical Background

siwa starting Point

Urban Analysis

Site Analysis

Urban growth during time

List of problems

Slected Problem

Project proposal

Selected Site

Proposed sites

Site Analysis

Selecting location

Design Issues

Case studies

Standard and program

Concepts

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND C h a p t e r ii T hi s c h a p t e r i l lu s t r at e t h e hi s to ry o f S i wa s ta r t i n g f r o m t h e e a r ly d e c a d e s t i l l n o wa days s h o w i n g a l l t h e i m p o r ta n t e v e n t s a n d co n f l i c t s o v e r t i m e a n d h o w t hi s e v e n t s a f f e c t e d t h e s o c i a l l i f e i n there.

B e s i d e s , t h e u r b a n c h a n g e s t h at S i wa h a s w i t n e s s e d a s a r e s u lt o f t h e va r i o u s hi s to r i c e v e n t s , t h e s e c h a n g e s c r e at e d S i wa .

2.0. Historical Backgroung 2.1. History

(Fig. 2.1.1), Siwa oasis over view from shali (downtown), (Authors, 2017).

Siwa Oasis was like many other oases having different names throughout ages. Firstly it was called (Benta) which was found in one of the texts in Edfu temple. Then it was called (Oasis of Amun) till the Ptolemaic Age who called it (Santare) then it was called (Jupiter) according to the name of one of the Romans goddess, the Arabs called (the furthest Oasis), (Dunn, 2011). Most of the Evidence of the ancient Egyptian history starts with the 26th dynasty which was part of the Egyptian Empire as there are almost no monuments discovered before this period. Then the cemetery of Gebel el-Mawta (Fig.1.2) was established, which was in use during the Roman period, (Dunn, 2011).

Siwa had a great fame in the ancient world which was the main reason that made Alexander the great wants to come from Alexandria to visit a special temple of Amun. When he reached the temple the priests welcomed him at the main entrance and they performed some rituals to welcome Alexander then the older priest took him to the house of God, Holy of Holies where he was declared as the son of Amun and from that time his name was linked with Siwa, (Dunn, 2011)..

(Fig. 2.1.2), Mountain of the dead, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 2.1.3), Temple of amoun, (Egypt Tours, 2017). Siwian people continued to reject outsiders even after being a Muslim city by the 12th century. This situation continued for long time that’s why Europeans who wanted to enter siwa started to find different and secret ways to disguise as Arabs just to be allowed to enter but when Arabs discover their tricks they are exposed to violence. The siwans even rejected to be subdued by Mohamed Ali in the 19th century but he forced them to pay annual fine but they also neglected paying and that was the reason that made Mohamed ail managed to subdue it. So during this period siwa became an important stop on route from Libya, (Dunn, 2011). During the World War I Bedouin from Libya occupied Siwa but later they was ejected by British after gun battle. In the World War II Australians, British and Netherlanders occupied Siwa until the Italians bombed the oasis successively, (Dunn, 2011).

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2.1. Siwa’s Vital Events Time-line In Ancient Egyptian eradefending the valley from the invasion of the desert nomads. To support the valley with agriculture values, on the other hand not obtainable in the Nile valley, (Mohamed Badry,2017).

At 5th dynasty ( during thesahure’s region) Tehenu emigration to northern Africa.he moved to Nile delta seeking for fertile soils. Siwa was seen as a terrible place due to it was a shelter for criminals, (Mohamed Badry,2017).

Egyptian style

Greek style(Doric column)

During the old kingdom, at the end of pre-dynastic period. Tehenu stabilized in the West of Nile delta, (Mohamed Badry,2017) .

Under Amasis (26th Dynasty), the huge temple of Ammon was constructed in Aghourmi. The temple have the characteristic of ram. The temple crystallized Egyptian and Greek architecture features. It display an Egyptian structure. The wall constructed in Greek style, (Mohamed Badry,2017).

Plam trunk as transversal joint

Between the 3rd and 6th C, the oracle temple of siwa transfers being orthodox by Christians, (Mohamed Badry,2017).

In 331 B.C ,Siwa became famous after Alexander visits the oracle temple of Amun in siwa, His visit brings a fame to Siwa.

In 19th cent. (Mohamed Ali pasha ) It was an curial period in country development and prosperity. In 1841 , a centre composed of a mosque ,a school and residential quarters for travellers established by al- sayyd mohamed al-sanusi the founder of the sanussis faith, (Mohamed Badry,2017).

In 1945, siwans demand for a planned road to Marsa-Matrouh, (Mohamed Badry,2017). Marsa -Matrouh.

In 1915(By the 1st World War) , sanussis took siwa as defending point cooperating with Turks against the Italo-English soldiers. In 1928, during king Fu’ad visit , he start first stone of hospital and also new government palace. Moreover, he supported siwa with development steps; for instance, completion of the mosque, built around the spring tall walls,and also advocate with best agricultural techniques. In addition, built a new press for olive and factory for the package of dates for business and growth of economic, (Mohamed Badry,2017).

Siwa

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In 1960 The changing in business market within oasis. Due to the arrival of low-priced labor from upper egypt to work in agriculture fields in oasis, (Elsayed,2016).

In 1950 New building materials and techniques appeared in construction field for first time, (Elsayed,2016).

In 1980 Siwan boys were called by the Egyptian armed forces for military service. so that effected the buildings style in the oasis, (Elsayed,2016).

From 1977, after a long aurgement and tension between Egypt and Libya, the boundary is closed and the oasis is militarized and conslidated until the reopening in 1988, (Elsayed,2016).

In 2000 Most of historic houses left without care and replaced by modern ones until now, (Elsayed,2016).

Conclusion: In conclusion, Siwa has great historical events that had a colossal impact on it, and each event had its special effect on Siwa’s architecture features in which: 1) Siwa has witnessed various styles of architecture from Egyptian, Greek, Christian, and Islamic architecture as it was shown in the diagram above. 2) People moved from upper Egypt bringing their knowledge, ideas and different styles to siwa. 3) People have desire to move on toward modernism and change their lifestyle to be more functional.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2.3. History of Roads

Legend

North African belt Oasis rood The Mediterranean sea (Fig. 2.3.1)This map shows the main road that connect all oasis to each other ( khargah, dakhilah, farafra, baharaiya ).It also shows its connection with Cairo and Matrouh, based on map by Petruccioli and Montalbano, 2011, (Authors,2017).

Siwa oasis is part of desert informal settlements in the Egyptian western desert and the Saharan desert of Africa. It is located within a grid of ancient trade routes pass through the Saharan desert across the continent to the Nile delta and is also a part of a five-oases connection within the Egyptian western desert,

(Elsayed,2016).

This connections passes through a group of main oases which are: Khargah, Dakhlah, Farafra, Siwa in Egypt and Augila and Jaghbub in Libya. The second connection is the Oases route between Solum on the Mediterranean coast North to Sudan South in the Seventh century. The third is siwa route when it was used by Alexander the Great in his famous visit to the Ammon oracle in the Fourth century, (Elsayed,2016). As showen in (Fig. 2.1.4) , the fourth and last route is that of Siwa- Memphis, reach to modern-day Giza and passes through the major oasis of Bahariya and minor oases of Al-Arag, Nuwamisah and others, (Elsayed,2016).

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2.4. Urban Growth Diagram

(Fig. 2.4.1), Changes of urban fabric, (Elsayed,2016), (Authors, 2017). Siwan arrangement on Shali (A), the necropolis of ‘gabal Al-mawta’ (C) and the Aghurmi acropolis (B). Between the Twelfth and the Thirteenth centuries. The new settlement was built by the population on the typology of a Berber Saharan Ksar in Aghurmi acropolis a city with high thick walls and only one entrance. It was built using limestone extracted from the temples and palaces of the acropolis. It remained inhabited till about the early Twentieth century. the reason that it was high ground to have the larger ultimate space for agriculture, (Elsayed,2016). In 1203 A.D, part of the residents moved from Aghurmi and built their new town ‘Shali which known as siwa today, (Elsayed,2016). A

(Fig. 2.4.2), Diagram showing how the buildings extended around Shali , (Elsayed,2016), (Authors,2017). After built of shali in the medieval era as shown in model (A) the number of siwan people are been in a increase, so people tended to extend and build around shali making expansions to meet their needs (B) showing the attachment of the housing toward shali. The big transformation that happened in the urban fabric (C) of the city is the modern expansions of buildings type as there was many need are added and the functions of using the spaces change; like the shape of the commercial spaces that changed from the old (one story :open space ) and modern (multi story : mixed use building), (Elsayed,2016).

Karshif material

Conceret material

(Fig. 2.4.3), Sketch for showing the different structure use for commercial space, (Authors,2017).

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2.5. Urban Fabric

Legend Urban spread around the mountain Historical building ( shale complex) palms area Expansion direction

(Fig. 2.5.1), Change of urban fabric, (Elsayed,2016) (Authors, 2017). This map illustrates the relationship between the urban fabric of the historical site and the other housing fabric showing the change of how the buildings extended toward the desert. The structure of the city urban based on the soical, economical and political factors that shaped the city urban and how is the urban fabric change along years, (Elsayed,2016). Hassanein (1923) said that when he was in his trip to Libyan desert as shown in his book “The lost oasis” that published in 1925, he was offered some photos describing the connection between “Shali” which is the old town and the expansions that happened beyond it as shown an aerial view in (Fig. 2.1.16), (Fig. 2.1.17),

(Fig. 2.5.2), showing the urban expansions beyond the ksar, over 2, (Dun, 1993) (Authors, 2017).

(Elsayed,2016).

(Fig. 2.1.18) showing the different structure typology between the housing unit and the old town “Shali” as it separate unit not attached like ksar “Shali” and it is spreaded toword the desert begain Siwa today,

(Fig. 2.5.3), showing the urban expansions beyond the ksar, (Dun,1933), (Authors, 2017).

(Elsayed,2016).

Legend Shali

Expansion

(Fig. 2.5.4), showing urban composition and the structural typology of the house, (Dun,1933), (Authors, 2017).

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2.6. Urban Changes During Time Legend

Analysis of the urban organism; Pre-Islamic period (1175 B.C.- 391 A.D.). The construction of amount that began in 1165 B.C. to 526 B.C. So the all inhabitants thought that Aghurmi is the first oasis settlement but later on Aghurmi considered as a place of religious and politics and shali was the centre of the settlement, as shown in (Fig. 2.1.5) the places of Shali , Aghurmi and main necropolis ( Jabal Giarabub al Mawta), (Calogero Montalbano, 2011).

Way of Matrouh

Way of the Oasis

Matrouh

Internal paths to the oasis Mediterranean

Jabal al Mawta

Aghurmi Ammon’s oracle Shali

Temple of Umm Ubaydah

Baharya

Sahara

Foundation of the Ksar of Shali;(V sec A.D.-1700 A.D.). Siwan people integrated with Berber in a battle toward Byzantine in the Mediterranean coast. In the Mid-fifteenth cent. A.D. an Egyptian wanted to plant siwa, he took palm trees and begin to cultivate dates. In 1700 A.D. the presence of the civil war between the eastern and western people that happened due to the expansion that the eastern wanted which is exceed the division road of the two families, (Calogero Montalbano, 2011).

(Fig. 2.6.1), Connection between shali and Amoun temple , (Calogero Montalbano, 2011), (Authors, 2017). Matrouh

Ancient mosque

Baharya

Giarabub Sahara

Enlargement outside the Ksar and foundation of the settlement of Adrar; (1820 - 1907 A.D.) The re-establishment of three springs was ordered by Khedive Abbas to irrigate fields in1904 A.D.. Also he construct the mosque of fouad in 1907 A.D., the appearance trade road that coming from the Mediterranean which is crossing the road that divided siwa anto east part and west part making in this intersection the mosque of Adrer, as shown in (Fig. 2.1.7), (Calogero Montalbano, 2011). Opening of the secondary gates of the walls of Shali;(1928 - 1904 A.D.). In the period of King Fouad there was many achievement; the construction of the hospital, new government palace, modern press for the olive oil and factory for packaging dates. As shown in (Fig. 2.1.8) the diverse of roads and places of springs that was maintained in the period of Khedive Abbas, (Calogero

(Fig. 2.6.2), Foundation of ksar “Shali”, (Calogero Montalbano, 2011), (Authors, 2017). Matrouh Mosque of Fuad

Baharya

Mosque Aderar

Sahara

(Fig. 2.6.3), Enlargement outside the Ksar , (Calogero Montalbano, 2011), (Authors, 2017). Spring

Spring

Matrouh Mosque of Fuad

Baharya

Spring

Montalbano, 2011).

Sahara

(Fig. 2.6.4), Road connections and sping places, (Calogero Montalbano, 2011), (Authors, 2017).

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Congested urban fabric between the two historical nuclei. (1945 A.D.- 1996 A.D.). New airport of siwa opened in (1970 A.D.), in 1976 to 1986 A.D., (Calogero Montalbano, 2011). the extensions started around shali by random ways till it connected to Aghurmi forming an informal urban pattern and construct area of dakrur mountain are builder in a random way. (urban planning commission, 2009 ).

Matrouh Place of police

Shali

Mosque of Fuad

Baharya Giarabub

Sahara

(Fig. 2.6.5), The spread of street connections , (Calogero Montalbano, 2011), (Authors, 2017).

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Siwa has undergone historic events that have changed the urban fabric in many ways; 1) Construction of Amoun Temple. 2) Cultivate dates. 3) Presence of the civil war. 4) Reestablishment of three springs. All this events helping in the formation of Siwa, and affected the urban fabric in unconscious way that helps in the refound of streets to make the connection more easier. The appearance of random building due to the baduian familys that was not organized.

Comparative Analysis: In 1986 A.D.

In 2017 A.D.

A little appearance of water, helps people to makes extensions and begin to spread and extend toward this lakes but it also decrease the percentage of the open land, (Authors, 2017). Uncultivated Land

(Fig. 2.6.6), Siwa map in 1986 A.D., (Google Earth, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

There was a big change that the amount of water was increased during time, the appearance of cultivated lands and Siwa become more greeny and this helps in increasing economy, (Authors, 2017).

Cultivated Land

(Fig. 2.6.7), Siwa map in 2017 A.D., (Google Earth, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

URBAN ANALYSIS C h a p t e r iii The

chapter

i l lu s t r at e

co m p l e t e

a n a lys i s

for

the

current

S i wa . T hi s a n a lys i s i n c lu d i n g l a n d u s e ma p s , b u i l d i n g a n a lys i s l i k e : h e i g h t s a n d co n d i t i o n s , acc e s s i b i l i t y a n d r oa d hi e r a r c hy , s o l i d a n d v o i d ma p , s o c i a l a n d e co n o m i c a n a lys i s , p u b l i c s e r v i c e s a n d l a n d ma r k s a n d s k y l i n e o f b u i l d i n g s . co n d i t i o n s

3.0. Urban Analysis 3.1. Landuse Map

(Fig. 3.1.1), land-uses,Montalbano(2015), (Author, 2017). Residential buildings services

mixed use tourist structure

Sheds Educational

According to site visit research and urban and planning commission,This map crystallize the high percentage of residential buildings in land use of Siwa ,then mixed-use buildings come in the second place where they are existing strongly in the middle of the down town.(Author,2017)

23% 23%

13% 4% 28%

(Fig. 3.1.2), Land use statics, (Authors, 2017).

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.2. Buildings Heights

(Fig. 3.2.1), Building height,Montalbano(2015), (Author, 2017). One storey

2-3 stories

4 or more stories

- Building in Siwa characterized by it’s low heights, where most of buildings consist of only one storey;which is the majority found in different ranges of heights like 2-3 stories that mainly found in residential and commercial buildings. Also, it was found that there are more than 4 stories ,but they are the least category including hostels and the hospital of the armed forces. lastly, these difference in heights are pointed to using of different structure materials and different structure system.(Author,2017)

28%

71%

(Fig. 3.2.2), Building heigh statics, (Authors, 2017).

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.3. Buildings Construction Map.

(Fig. 3.3.1), Building Construction,Montalbano(2015), (Author, 2017). Tobe structure (white stone)

white stone and brick structure

Karshief structure

Brick structure

framed stru. made 8% of concorete

8% 26%

-This analysis shows that the percentage of Karcheef structure decreased and other structures increased. Karshef was the most famous building material used in siwa until 2001 as it was forming around 50% of the used materials but 25% this percentage was reduced due to using new modern building materials 30% .Besides,the percentage of the buildings with concrete, bricks and white stone (Fig. 3.3.2), Building structures increases at the downtown region. The old Shali is still deteriorating. construction statics, (Authors, (dabaieh, 2012) 2017).

URBAN ANALYSIS

3.4. Buildings Conditions

(Fig. 3.4.1), Building condition,Montalbano(2015), (Author, 2017). Good

Moderate

Damaged

Very Damaged 10%

(Fig. 3.4.2), Comparative pictures shows different buildings condition , downtown, siwa, (Authors, 2017). According to site investigation,the majority of buildings condition are in a proper and good state,but the percentage of very damaged condition is higher than moderate and damaged condition as it shown in map.

85%

(Fig. 3.4.3), Building condition statics, (Authors, 2017).

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.5. Solid and Void

(Fig. 3.5.1), Soild and Void,Montalbano(2015), (Author, 2017). legends Solid

Void

According to site visit investigation,this map demonstrate the solid and void of Siwa (shali region); as it shown in fig(3.5.1), a high density of solid is concentrated within the centre of the city and also in upper side of the map. But it started to decreases downwards of the map. (Fig. 5.6.5.2), Site ll solid and void diagram, (Authors, 2017).

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.6. Urban Fabric

(Fig. 3.6.1), Urban Fabric map, (Author, 2017).

According to urban and planning commission(2016), this map pointed to how the urban pattern is looking like in Siwa Oasis. In fact, refers to urban and planning commission,the urban fabric in Siwa is categorized to four category : 1) compact fabric: This is the distinctive urban style of the ancient city of Siwa and explain about11% .The population densities in this type of population is relatively high density for the city of Siwa. 2) Composite fabric: It is represented in the rural communities that merged with the city and represents about 43% . 3) Ribbon fabric(Regular): This pattern is exist in the extension areas around the city centre and the northern region around the Mountain of the Dead as well as the areas south West Shali is about 13% and the density of population density in this type of 10 people per acres. 4)Scattered fabric: It is largely demonstrate in small rural communities north of Siwa and Agurme, clarifying about 33%. The densely populated of this population is 10 people / fed and very low density. As a conclusion, urban fabric of Siwa is not identify by a single pattern of urban fabric ;as it has a varies fabrics in it urban planning and this might be due to different eras that Siwa had passed by and also different needs of population during edges.

11% 13% 43%

33%

(Fig. 3.6.2), Urban pattern statics, (Authors, 2017).

compactfabric Ribbon fabric Composite fabric Scattered fabric

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.7. Road Hierarchy

(Fig. 3.7.1), Road network map, (Author, 2017). Main Largest width(12m)

sub-road enter to downtown (9 -10 m)

minor road (4-5 m)

This map shows the varieties of road hierarchy in width and also in relations between them. Generally, the roads are not planned or constructed with a grid ; it’s actually more like randomly and not organised as it shown in (Fig.3.7.1).However, it’s somehow all roads have well connections to each other. According to site visit research;firstly, the main road(red line) in (Fig.3.7.2) with width 12m as it’s one where highway exisit. As for it’s condition,it’s finished with asphalt and it categorized as the best condition road compared to others roads. Secondly, the sub-road (orange line) in (Fig.3.7.3) is with width 9-10m and some of it finished with asphalt, but not in good condition and some are just sandy road. Thirdly, as for minor road (yellow lines) in (Fig.3.7.4) is only rugged and interrupted sandy road.

(Fig. 3.7.2), main road, (Author, 2017).

(Fig. 3.7.3), sub road, (Author, 2017).

(Fig. 3.7.4), minor road, (Author, 2017).

7- Shali Castle

3- Siwian Azhary Institute

4- Military hospital

8- Naser School

9- The Culture Center

4- Shali castle.

6- Siwa lake.

3- Cleopatra spring.

5- Temple of Amun.

11- Cooperation Gas Station

6- Al-Gawhara for dates

2- Mountain of the dead.

5- Cairo Bank

1- Al Dakror Mountain.

10- EL-Kabber Mosque

Fig(3.8.1),Panorama of Siwa, Siwa,Author(2017)

2- Siwa Lake.

Fig(3.7.2),Siwa Map,google earth,(2017),edited by Author(2017)

1- Shali Mountain.

URBAN ANALYSIS

3.8. Land-Marks.

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.9. City Image 3.9.1 Skyline

(Fig. 3.9.1.1), siwa city image, shows skyline of the building in two different eras, (Author, 2017).

(Fig. 3.9.1.2), siwa , siwa’s downtown, (Google earth, 2017), (Author, 2017). 1 The first skyline of siwa during the past eras was totally high; for instance, shali fortress s it characterized with it’s tall heights building that built in different levels. 2 The second skyline represent siwa today ;as city image of today characterized with it’s varies levels of 1 heights. Besides, the majority of building’s heights are not tall (1floor level),but it gets taller(2-4 floors) in the downtown area.

(Fig.3.9.1.3) , siwa city image, shows skyline of today’s buildings,downtown,(Author, 2017)

These obvious various of skyline in these two different eras might be occurred because the appearance of new materials and technology in construction and also due to the different needs of people during diverse eras.

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.9.2 Elevation

4 2

(Fig. 3.9.2.1), siwa city image, Mauta street, the disregard of siwa’s facade today, (Author, 2017).

1 Using the ground floor as a commercial for earning money.

4 Using the leaf of palm trees for privacy.

Change the color of building to be unique from the other buildings.

Using limestone in building without any paint on the facade.

These elements that started to appear in Siwa’s building might be occurred because the appearance of new materials and technology in construction and also due to the different needs of people to adapt with quick era and environment. 4 5

(Fig. 3.9.2.2), Street section, shows the pedestrian walk and car road in downtown side street, (Author, 2017).

The street section shows the parking of the car and its shading.

Pedestrian walk.

Cars load per road.

4 The lighting system. 5 The appearance of palm trees on the street.

(Fig. 3.9.2.3), siwa , siwa’s street section in downtown, (Google earth, 2017), (Author, 2017).

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.9.3 Modren and Heritage (Form and Materials)

The concept or may be the achievement of modernize for Swians people is translated to using new materials in construction refers to site visit investigation .As, using different and new materials like R.C, concrete ,red brick are quite saving time and more quicker in process compared to local materials in Siwa;but these materials did not achieve the target of human comfort which is number one target for siwans people. Besides,accomplishment of human comfort within these materials comes only with using elements like Air condition or fans which all these element are hazards for environment. In addition, these intensive materials did not add something new in the form of Siwa’s buildings; they only form pure shapes.

new building typology

shops and their extensions

using AC

Aluminium windows

According to site visit investigation, the traditional buildings of Siwa is simply complicated pure masses(squares and rectangles) and that is supported by their environmentally friendly local materials;for instance, karshef bricks which made of salts, palm trunk and earth material. Moreover, these local materials are also advocate their essential achievement of the human comfort of siwans people. As thermal insulation and nature ventilation are applied in these kind of buildings due to the thickness of walls and openings of windows.

windows designed according to the needs for sun light and ventilation.

elevated building

pillars for shade

complicated masses

Both of these facts may led us to think and conclude in to two points to achieve a proper meaning of modernism that suits people and the environment .The first point is using these modern or new materials but with guiding and direction to suits people and environment;as for the second point is to collaborate and use both local and new materials to achieve the equality of human comfort,environmentally friendly and modernism.

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.9.4 Rhythm

(Fig.3.9.4.1), Facade in taziry hotel, shows the rhythm on building . (author,2017)

Figure (3.9.4.1) The facade shows the verticality of repeating the cluster of windows that make the person feel comfortable when we see the building, not like the random ones. They make a good composition between the cubic window and the two triangles on the upper wall and they are symmetric around the half circle. Figure (3.9.4.2) They show the contrast and the harmony of the facade that they connected to each other, also the reputation of the group of two windows a line the two façades making a good impression to the users of this space.

Figure (3.9.4.3) Showing the rhythm on two façades but not one in front of the other, it appears in the main and side face of the building which makes it more defined and clear for eyes. It consists of large window and a small opening repeated vertically, the small opening may for realizing the hot air outside the space.

Figure (3.9.4.4) It shows the rhythm of the old building in Siwa,they repeat it in both ways vertically and horizontally by a couple of windows that make the building clear and more defined.

(Fig.3.9.4.2), Facade in taziry hotel, shows the rhythm on building.(Author,2017)

(Fig.3.9.4.3), Facade in taziry hotel, shows the rhythm on building . (Author,2017)

(Fig.3.9.4.4), Facade in siwain house, shows the rhythm on building, (weladelbalad 2016),(Author,2017)

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.9.5 Shading Elements

(Fig.3.9.5.1),siwa downtown,shows different Shading Elements. (Author, 2017).

1- Shading on terrace with palm leaf . 2- Shading above roof with palm leaf . 3- shading above shop (extension) with wood. 4- Fabric play the role of shading element . 5- Signboard to prevent sunlight.

(Fig.3.9.5.2),siwa tazery,shows different Shading Elements,(Author, 2017).

6- Fabric on the facade of the shop to prevent sunlight. 7- Palm leaf shading above entrance . 8- Shading corridor between staircase and building. 9- wall protruding to outside. 10- Shading caused by wall protruding . (Fig.3.9.5.3),siwa adere amelal,shows different Shading Elements. (Author, 2017).

In downtown fig.(3.9.5.1),people used random shading elements not only palm leaf or structure on wall , to prevent sunlight only not according to their heritage. But in fig.(3.9.5.2) and fig.(3.9.5.3) people used their own style according to the heritage .

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.9.6 Heritage Structure System

(Fig.3.9.6.1) ,palm trunk,tazeri, (Author,2017)

(Fig.3.9.6.2) ,palm trunk, tazeri, (Author,2017)

used palm tree and olive tree as a lintel above door and window

used palm tree as a beam between two spaces

(Fig.3.9.6.4) ,palm trunkused as a rips(beam) in a circle space .,Tazeri, (Author,2017)

(Fig.3.9.6.5) ,palm tree (wood and leaf ) used to support the staircase .,Tazeri, (Author,2017)

(Fig.3.9.6.3) ,palm trunk, tazeri, (Author,2017)

used palm tree as a beam in the spaces and used also as a floor

(Fig.3.9.6.6) ,palm tree used to support the staircase and also used olive tree as a handrail,Tazeri, (Author,2017)

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.9.7 Mobility

A method for public transportation serving public people to reach their places (6 person). Micro-bus or a mini van for public and also specially for foreign transportation in Siwa (7 people). A transportation used specially in business field there; as to carry heavy goods and stuff. Generally,it used as a private transportation. As it might be owen by someone or rented for a certain group(for instance, tourist transportation). Motorbike used as private transportation method. Transportation method use in small business field(carrying goods) and also as private transportation.

(Fig.3.9.10.1),Panorama of downtown of Siwa, by Author(2017)

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.10. Social analysis Siwa is geographically remote but not isolated from the world, and that does not mean that people’s lives and values do not change. (Vale, 2015) This diagram shows the social life of siwa’s people from birth till death they live life that have several events like, (hand ,music ,language ,tea ,food ,silver ,festivals ,wedding ,clothes and woman). The birth of a child is a happy day for the parents, especially the first child. (Hemeda, n.d). The hand is repeated in different combinations of tender motifs that decorate the wedding dress. (Vale, 2015). The singing of Siwa comes from the singing of the temples. (Abdel Majeed, 2014). Herodotus said: “The people of Siwa, some speak an Egyptian tongue, others Ethiopian language“. (Abdel Majeed, 2014). It is similar to what the Bedouin offer, called Chai Zarda, where Brad serves a number of small cups and is made by Siwa people. (Abdel Majeed, 2014). -The marriage ceremony extended 3 days. (Amer, 2010). -The bride is adorned with the work of 99 braids in her hair. (Amer, 2010). -The bride wears seven wedding dresses above each other with different colors. (Abdel Majeed, 2014). Silver is part of the ornaments worn by women on ceremonial occasions. (Vale, 2015). •Shagal Day ( Easter ) It is the harvest season for dates and olives. (Abdel Majeed, 2014). •Harvest Day Residents of Siwa Oasis celebrate Lunar Nights Day in November or “Peace Day”, which coincides with the start of the harvest season in Jebel Dakrour. (Mahmoud, 2011). Most Siwan dishes are easy to prepare and made from ingredients in the market.(Hemeda, n.d). Traditional clothing embroidered from the oasis disappeared because families took advantage of the tourists’ request to sell it. (Hemeda, n.d). The products offered by women reflect the culture of the oasis and its history, such as the preparation of dates, pottery industries, bakeries, wicker and handicrafts. (Amer, 2010). Every person in Siwa gets the funeral, the men meet in the cemetery, but the women sit in the deceased’s house. (Hemeda, n.d).

Conclusion: There are many festivals that reflect their identity like ( harvest day and peace day ) and they have different language called (amazigh) beside Arabic this make them unique . Life of siwa’s people are different and changed over time, but people still conserving their identity.

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.11. Economic analysis

Agriculture •Agriculture is the main activity of the population in the oasis. •The most important cultivated crops palm trees and produces several types of dates. •Agriculture remains a key activity for providing people the capacity to feed themselves.

Industrial •There were 80 well are available for irrigation and drink that’s helps to create factories of mineral water packaging. •A factory for keeping and processing dates. •The use of salt in many industries and the melting of ice in Europe.

Handcraft •Manufacturing and embroidery of garments - Pottery - Chains - Carpet manufacturing -Silver industry ,Unfortunately in the 1980s, the industry was financed.

Tourism •Siwa Oasis enjoys a tourist safari that attracts many tourists and there is many possible to carry trips especially the southern region where sand dunes and sand boarding. •It is a leisure tourist museum of the Siwa House which offers some popular arts and presents a part of traditional life. • Therapeutic tourism that brings many tourists in the world and constitutes a large economic income.

Conclusion •Local industries must be developed in order to achieve economic returns and maintain the distinct cultural stability of the region ( El khoudary,2003). •Provide a training project for the manufacture of handmade carpets and other handicrafts ( El khoudary,2003). •There are many species of animals and reptiles wild and rare birds, which attracts tourists for seeing them ( El khoudary,2003).

50.00%

47.53%

40.00% 30.00% 20.00%

20.00%

10.00%

17.32%

8.30%

6.85%

0.00% Agriculture Local General Administration Tourism Commerce Services

URBAN ANALYSIS 3. 12. Climate analysis Siwa located in the western desert, so, the climate in siwa have the same desert climate spacification as the great difference between hot and cold weather and high level of aridity. The climate of Siwa exhibits extreme aridity from April to November with very low rainfall occurring from December to March (average of 10 mm/ year ). The maximum precipitation recorded in one day was 28 mm, but such rainfall is extremely rare. One such rainfall reportedly destroyed Shali, the ancient mud-brick village of Siwa.

Temprature :

(Fig. 3.12.1),Temprature range of siwa, (Energyplus.net, 2017).

The monthly mean maximum temperatures range from 14°C in January to 33°C in July, with a yearly average of approximately 25°C. Monthly mean minimum temperatures range from 2°C in January 22°C in July. Absolute maximum temperatures can reach 50°C while the absolute minimum temperatures measured was 2°C. The climate is somewhat warmer and more humid in the summer than most other desert areas off similar latitude, and is slightly colder in the winter. Frost has been recorded from December to February.

Humidity :

Mean monthly relative humidity ranges from 30% to 58%. Humidity highs occur during December and January and lows during May and June. Evaporation ranges from 17 mm in June to 5.2 mm in December. (Fig.3.11.2),Humidity ration, (Energyplus.net, 2017).

URBAN ANALYSIS 3. 12. Climate analysis

(Fig.3.11.3),Wind speed diagrame, (Energyplus.net, 2017).

(Fig.3.11.4),Wind frequency diagrame, (Energyplus.net, 2017).

The monthly mean maximum wind speed range from 3 m/s in January to 5 m/s in June, with a yearly average of approximately 4 m/s. Monthly mean minimum wind speed range from 1 m/s in January 2 m/s in June. Absolute maximum wind speed can reach 8 m/s.

(Fig.3.11.4),Climate diagram of siwa , (Siwa Oasis Egypt, 2016).

URBAN ANALYSIS 3.13. SWOT analysis for Siwa

Historic Places in the city help to flourish tourism. Around 85% of buildings are in good condition. Low building Heights (Giving clear and open visual access). Availability of Services. Availability of land spaces. Availability of desert lands (for sand boarding and star gazing). Existence of environmentally friendly industries (dates). The centre of the city has a good connection with the surroundings. Existence of natural resources like hot water springs and salt lakes which are a main point of attraction in Siwa

Growth of informal settlements specially on agricultural lands. Existence of old abandoned buildings around historic places like Shali Castle. Weak infrastructure. Existence of workshops in residential areas. Existence of unpaved paths.

Taking advantages from natural resources to extract a variety of local materials like salt, karsheef, Palm leaf and wood. The existence of food industries that could be developed. Existence of desert land that could be reclaimed or used in future extensions. Conservation of agricultural lands in most areas. Plans of developing touristic resorts and camps help in developing tourism.

Urban development within historic places. Weak infrastructure lead to increasing the amount of underground water which threaten the historic places. Effect of rain water on the structure of old houses that made from traditional materials like karsheef. High rate of illiteracy among residents. Urban crawling on agricultural lands.

PROJEC T SELEC TION Chapter iv S i wa

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4.0 Project selection 4.1 Site Investigation Introduction According to site visit. Research has clarified that Siwa is a unique spot with a special characteristics due to many reasons that people said during our survey which its valuable resources and sources of trade and agriculture, so it has all the ingredients for the success of any project if these sources used properly. In addition to its rich culture, heritage and social traditions as when we asked the member of Association Heritage of what are the reasons for establishing association to preserve heritage, he replayed due to many reasons as new generation seeks modern, fast and practical life especially in architecture and using construction materials that offer consuming time and effort instead of using vernacular materials. Also he highlighted that Siwans are trying so hard to avoid the deterioration happening in their heritage by Preserving their language, festivals and daily social traditions. On the other side Siwans suffer from other problems besides culture heritage crisis like decreasing of tourism and economy rate, education, marketing and transportation.

(Fig. 4.1.1), Siwan daily life illustration, (Authors, 2017).

PROJECT SELECTION Interviews Interviewee (A) Mosa : is an enthusiastic young man who enjoys speaking about heritage of Siwa specially about the historical sites like Shali. Mosa is 26 years old, he graduated from college of tourism in Alexandria university then he became a founder of a tourism company that has two branches in Cairo and Alexandria in besides his own resort in Siwa which is called Aman Siwa resort. He said that we need to save the heritage of Siwa from deterioration and protect it from extinction. According to him “ all siwain’s should speak with Amazight dialect among them selves because it makes us unique from other societies and if we don’t, this will be considered as a insult or a shame from originality “. Siwa needs Marketing plans to recover tourism which was the most important source of income in Siwa for most of people there till 2010. He hopes Siwa in the future to have an international marketing plan to attract foreign tourism more than the present time. He hopes Siwa in the future to have an international marketing plan to attract foreign tourism more than the present time.

Interviewee (B) Mostafa : is a man in the middle age of forties. He works as chef in Abdo restaurant which is one of the most famous restaurants located in the downtown next to the historical site of Shali. In his opinion, he said that Siwa needs to save its habits and traditions like Old folk food which classified as a part of the heritage in Siwa. According to him “ most of youth in Siwa prefer modern fast foods like pizza and pasta conversely, old people prefer old folk food and this may lead to a problem in the future which will cause extinction for this old folk food in Siwa”.

PROJECT SELECTION

Interviewee (C) Abo Bakris an old man in his early 50s who lived his life in one of the historical districts in the downtown and holds a lot of childhood memories and information about the historical site of Shali. He works as a head manager for Siwa’s local residents organization which founded to save its heritage from deterioration and extinction. According to him “ As a result of using technology we found that our heritage decays faster, so we decided to save it by founding the organization which is supported by the ministry of culture after foundation”. He talked about Siwa’s future and how to recover tourism again especially after decreasing the rate of tourists visiting Siwa as a result of the revolution in 2011. He also believes that Siwa will regain its global standing again in attracting foreign tourism in the future more than the present times.

Interviewee (D) Nabil : is a man in the last age of forties. He has his own workshop which is located in the downtown near to paradise resort where he works as a salt sculptor. In his opinion, we need to save traditional industries in Siwa like salt sculptures which are classified as old industrial heritage in old Siwa. According to him “ Any closed society is invaded by openness and technology, Its habits and traditions begin to change as happens in our society, and over time, the heritage of the oasis began to decay faster as time passes “.

PROJECT SELECTION

Interviewee (E) Omar : is an old man in the last age of fifties. He works as a manager of the protection organization of Siwa which was founded by Egyptian government to save the heritage, natural environment and wild animals in Siwa. He said that Siwa has all ingredients to be a strong community but this couldn’t happened because Siwa has weak infrastructure. In addition, it is threatened by drowning due to the increase of underground water level, which is naturally low from 11 to 17 meters above sea level. According to him “ Siwa welcomes tourists from all over the world, so as a result of this welcoming, different cultures may affect Siwans living there by changing the original habits and traditions until it began to extinct ”.

Interviewee (F) Hassan, Abdo and fathy : are three enthusiastic young men. They are in their early age of twenties, they are from EL Minya. They work as seasonal workers in farming or workers in salt mines. They said that Siwa has a fantastic nostalgia feeling which increase people’s desire to visit the oasis several times where they feel comfort and safe. They also mentioned their fear due to raising the level of the underground water there which will increase the rate of salinity. According to abdo “ I have been living in Siwa for 3 years and I don’t feel with happiness unless by living here ”.

PROJECT SELECTION 4.2 List of problems Marketing and advertising siwa.

Deterioration of Siwa heritage.

Transportation

Education

Tourism

Economic

(Fig. 4.2.1), problems illustration, (Authors, 2017).

Site investigation shown that Siwan community have many problems (Social, Economic And cultural) as clarified in figure (4.2.1). Some of the community problems are categorised as infrastructure problems such as the deteriorated conditions of roads and buildings, other problems are categorized as Economic problems due to lack of tourism which leads to decreasing in economic value. Finally, the Cultural problems -which require the argent need to document and preserve culture.

•Problem of Modernism: People in Siwa are seeking to modernism especially in Architecture to be on the same track like moderncountry, but the main problem come through coping by using modern material in wrong way due to lack of awareness of how to build using different materials instead of their local ones.

(Fig. 4.2.2), modern structures, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 4.2.3), Vernacular deteriorated structures, (Authors,2017).

PROJECT SELECTION • Problem of tourism : Tourism in Siwa began in the 1980s. The dominant season is during Ramadan and Eatser holidays. In 2010, an estimated number of 1000-1400 foreign (mostly from Italy, France and the United Kingdom) and 800 Egyptian tourists visited the oasis in a given month. Some statistics and studies showed that number of tourists visiting siwa is decreased greatly especially after the revolution in 2011. According to the official Information Tourist Authority, tourism is seen as very beneficial to the siwan community, in terms of the income and employment generated,especially from the sale of food products, principally dates and olives, and souvenirs that are made by siwan (carpets, dresses, palm leaf products and silverware).

(Fig. 4.2.4), Raising economic level through By activating tourism, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 4.2.5), Decreasing of tourism after Egyptian revolution in 2011, (Authors, 2017).

•Problem of the cultural heritage: Siwa started to lose its heritage or its identity through several factors. One of these factors the random style in architecture that started to reveal as a result of trying to catch up with modernism but in a wrong way due to lack of awareness. This made the main features of the city and the local materials that are usually used by siwians to disappear gradually over time. Also, the new generations started to have new concepts of living than their grandfathers which make them less care about keeping the heritage value.

This Visitor Center is designed to be the starting point for visitors to explore Siwa Oasis and its natural Protected Area, providing them with valuable information about its unique environment, traditions and culture.The theme of the exhibits is“exploration”; ghosted images of personalities involved in desert exploration are ghosted throughout the exhibit. (Egyptheritage.com, 2017)

(Fig. 4.2.6), Exploring the heritage of Siwa, (Egyptheritage.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

PROJECT SELECTION •Problem of Marketing: Siwa with all its natural ingredients has no strong marketing. It is characterized by its safety but it is not known well all over the world. In another hand several cities having a strong marketing plan but not having same safety level, that’s why siwa deserves to be worldwide. It started to have marketing plan but for limited trades like Dates and olives but even this marketing is local marketing not on large scale.

(Fig. 4.2.7),Marketing for Siwa products and traditions, (Egyptheritage.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

•Problem of education:

73.7%

Education in Siwa is considered one of main problems where the large percentage of people in Siwa are either illiterate or did not complete their education. According to statistics from Urban Planning Commission, 53.2% of people is the rate of illiteracy in 2006 (which is less than the rate in 1996 which was 73.7%). In fact, this till now considered as a high rate which declares the reason of releasing the lack of awareness among people.

53.2%

50 40 30 20 10 0

1996

2000

(Fig. 4.2.8), Education rate in Siwa, (Authors, 2017).

•Problem of transportation: TravelingtoSiwaisquitedifficultduetoitslimiting transportations, as there is almost only one way to access Siwa which is by bus, also the bus goes and returns back in certain days, besides unavailable stations. On the other side local transportation are available inside Siwa for reasonable prices.

(Fig. 4.2.9), Access siwa by bus, (Authors, 2017).

PROJECT SELECTION 4.3 Problem statement CULTURE AND HERITAGE CRISIS As a result of social exchange between Siwans and modernism, The heritage of Siwa is starting deteriorate. So; the project aims to put the seeds of social exchange. Siwa oasis area is full of environmental resources, special handicrafts and social traditions Which have gained from the parents and ancestors throughout the ages. So, they had a definite strong identity. The identity of this place was weakened and deformed by the social exchange between Siwans and modernism, which caused the culture to fade away gradually with all it’s features and crafts. Their unique identity is in connection with everything like economic and tourism, as if they lose it they will lose everything. So our vision was insuring the continuity of heritage, preserving culture and promoting tourism through making tourists from all over the world explore life in Siwa.

(Fig. 4.3.1), Preserving the heritage of Siwa, (Authors, 2017).

PROJECT SELECTION LITERATURE REVIEW

A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots. Marcus Garvey

We seldom realize, for example that our most private thoughts and emotions are not actually our own. For we think in terms of languages and images which we did not invent, but which were given to us by our society. Alan W. Watts

When I was a child, when I was an adolescent, books saved me from despair: that convinced me that culture was the highest of values[...]. Simone de Beauvoir

When we reject our origins, we become the product of whatever soil that we find ourselves planted; the colors of our leaves change as we consume borrowed nutrients with borrowed roots and, like a tree, we grow. Mike Norton

A mind cannot be independent of culture. Lev Vygotsky

In the social jungle of human existence, there is no feeling of being alive without a sense of identity. Erik Erikson

Exploration is the engine that drives innovation. Innovation drives economic growth. Erik Erikson

PROJECT SELECTION EXPLORATORIUM VS MUSEUM VS CULTURE CENTRE

MUSEUM

EXPLORATORIUM Exploratorium is a place that encourages visitors to explore theexhibitsbylivingexperience in a particular way (WikiDiff, 2017).

A museum is a place that conserve, study, exhibition and educational interpretation of an having scientific, historical and value (WikiDiff, 2017).

(Fig. 4.3.2), Interactive exhibits, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 4.3.3), Exhibits without interactive, (Authors, 2017).

CULTURE CENTRE The part of a culture area in whichthemostdistinctivetraits of the area are concentrated according to the definition of dictionary (Dictionary.com, 2017). It specializes in the field of industry and also includes the developing and teaching people crafts.

(Fig. 4.3.4), Craft workshops , (Authors, 2017).

COMPARATIVE ILLUSTRATION

In museum people can just look at exhibits without interactive.

Exploratorium can watching without any constraint.

Exploratorium can interactive without any constraint.

(Fig. 4.3.5), comparative illustration, (Authors, 2017).

PROJECT SELECTION 4.4 Project selection PROJECT SCOPE: EXPLORATORIUM The project aims to document and preserve Siwa culture heritage through living the experience of the place, which is a remarkable and unforgettable thing to people. In addition, aims to promote tourism and market siwa on both local and global scale.

The main four keywords of the project : EXPLORE Explore or discovery Siwa culture.

EXPERIENCE Experience Siwan life

EXPLAIN

EXPAND

Explain the extracted informationfromdifferent points of view.

Expand in using media like multi media used in explaining one topic.

The phases of the project: The project has an impact on both short term and long term:

Documentation

Promoting tourism

Short Term

Long Term Connect between tourist and local Siwa

Time capsule

PROJECT APPROACHES: Cultural Approach Ensuring the continuous preservation of the culture and heritage of Siwa through time, with a special focus on its traditional techniques through focusing on: Documentation for culture heritage for their original social life and traditions to ensure the continuity of heritage value among new generations. Also Siwa is rich with several built heritage coming from different historic eras that Siwa witnessed. As a result in our project we can display the development of building typology in Siwa throughout these eras. Identity Retaining is very important. Its concentrated in making Siwa unique place in both economic and touristic field related to their traditions, special products, environment and rich history. As Siwa is rich with unique social traditions in different ways like Music, Festivals that gathering all people and connecting between different cultures, language, food, drinks, accessories and traditional clothes.

PROJECT SELECTION Touristic Approach Raising the economic level, Marketing value and introducing traditions to foreigners is the main purpose form this approach which balances the process.

Social Approach Spread Awareness and knowledge with local residents due to the deteriorated conditions of the community nature and the culture. Which requires community interference and participation. As tourists will encourage the economy of Siwa by buying products and souvenirs manufactured by Siwan and will be available in this project.

TARGET GROUP Children Children are considered to be the foundation of community. So targeting them is very important for ensuring the continuity of heritage by making them preserve and get attached to their identity so they can realize the quality of place where growing up in.

Youth Youth are the strength of the community and this project will not stand unless they are part of it. They have the energy to be the working hands of the project as well as having the potentials and the spirit of devotion which will help achieve the required goals.

ACTUAL USERS Local Residents Local Residents included all ages, classes and members of the society.

Tourists Tourists are an important category in the project. Attract them will raise economy, market Siwa and make it an iconic spot on the local and global scale.

PROJECT SELECTION STRATEGIES

Categorize the target group

1. Categorizing the target groups. 2. Set clear needs and observe the behaviours of each category. Enhance an action plan based on the results of the observation phase. 3. Set a plan to attract the target groups to the project based on the nature of each category. 4. Achieve the community’s full participation in decision making process and in creating a shared future vision for the project.(To strengthen the sense of belonging to the project and the land in general).

Observation Results

5. Evaluate the first phase of the project as well as the level of community participation, cooperation and satisfaction. Celebrate the success of the project with the community.

Action plan

OBJECTIVES

Add to

1. Preserve culture and identity through raising the cultural awareness of the community. Attraction plan

2. Raise sense of belonging through community participation. 3. Strengthen the social life in the community through enhancing the social integration by festivals and gatherings. 4. Improve the economic conditions and achieve economic sustainability through a cultural and touristic approach. 5. Marketing the project on local and global scale. 6. Emphasizing the touristic attraction plans.

MAIN FUNCTIONS

Entertainment

Social Interaction

Participation Economic Marketing

Evaluation History exhibits

Interactive exhibits

Tradition exhibits

MAIN FUNCTIONS

Building typology Gift shops (Souvenirs - local products) Adult zone Entertainment

Administration

Child zone

Restaurants and cafés

SITE SELEC TION

Chapter v

C h o o s i n g s i t e p r o c e s s i s b a s e d o n c r i t e r i a d e s i g n e d to c h o o s e t h e m o s t s u i ta b l e o n e f o r t h e s e l e c t e d p r o j e c t . T hi s c r i t e r i a i n c lu d e s a co m pa r i s o n a m o n g d i f f e r e n t s i t e s t h r o u g h : s i t e lo c at i o n , l a n d u s e ma p , b u i l d i n g h e i g h t a n d co n d i t i o n ma p s , acc e s s i b i l i t y a n d r oa d hi e r a r c h y , s o l i d a n d v o i d ma p , e n v i r o n m e n ta l s i m u l at i o n a n d SWOT a n a lys i s f o r e ac h s i t e . T h e s e va r i o u s a n a lys i s l e a d to a co n c lu d i n g t h e m o s t a p p r o p r i at e s i t e .

5.1. Site selection criteria

SITE SELECTION

4-Regulations 1-Residence

2-Land-marks 5-Accessible

3-Views 6-Flexibility (Fig. 5.1.1), Selection criteria diagram, (Authors, 2017).

As their are interrelationship between the project and its location that will have a direct affect on the project and indirect affect to its surroundings, it was important to put a certain and fixed criteria as seen in (fig. 5. 1. 1) for choosing the preferable sites that will be suitable for such a project and its interchangeable needs. To illustrate, the criteria will guarantee us with site characteristics that will help the project to sustain more and the site will not be hindrance to the project, in contrast, it must support the project. To be more comprehensive, as shown in (fig. 5. 1. 1) the diagram of site selection criteria consist of ... 1-Residence: one of the main aims in our vision is the continuity of the culture heritage of Siwa which started to decay by time from the siwian people. Our target is giving an incorporeal support to siwian people towards their culture heritage by seeing how important it is through our project, how it is priceless, and a tourist target. That’s why its important to select a site could be visually access to the local residence. 2-Landmarks: to help our project to be a tourist destination at the beginning, the preferable sites to be chosen at the surrounding area of a tourist landmark, that will help to be more familiar to people to have a visit to our project. 3-Views: due to our project special needs to have an interaction between inside and outside with the visitors it will be very important that the site is located within a good view for its surroundings.

SITE SELECTION

5.1. Selection criteria

4-Regulations: Siwa considered one of the richest environment with a lot of tourist sites. So, as an empty land area near to a tourist land mark we must check that its free from any governmental land regulations 5-Accessible: project access-ability is one reason for a successful project, since, unreachable site will have futuristic affects in the number of visitors to the project. 6-Flexibility: Exploratorium likely most of the public projects has a great tendency for future expansions which will be preferable to have the same reflection on the selected sites

5.2. Site locations

(Fig. 5.2.2), Selected sites, (Authors, 2017).

Site 1 Teziri mountain area Total area: 20,000 square meters

Site 2 Touristic road area Total area: 20,800 square meters

Site 3 Dakrour mountain Total area: 20,750 square meters

SITE SELECTION

Site l

Site Of Taziriy 57

SITE SELECTION

5.3.1 Site location tazeiriy mountain

Site1

(Fig. 5.3.1), Site l location, (Authors, 2017).

Legend

Site location Surroundings context

The first site is located besides Taziriy mountain which is also famous with Taziriy ecolodge, salt lakes, and also near to Ga’afar mountain and Adrer Amelal ecolodge which is a great location for such a project near to this famous destination to the people.

SITE SELECTION

5.3.2 Land-use map

Site1

(Fig. 5.3.2.1), Site l land-use, (Authors, 2017).

As shown in (fig. 5.3.2.1) the site has a great of view Taziriy mountain from the north, farms from the east, Taziriy ecology from west, and lake from south. This unique site location afford the project a lot of design varieties that could make use from its surroundings. Also, the site near to residential area around 600 meter away from the site. Taziriy mountain

Vegetation Area

Legend Site location Teziri mountain Teziri ecolodge

Residential Agricultural Land Lake 15%

Taziriy Hotel

50% 35%

(Fig. 5.3.2.2), Site l land-use pictures (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 5.3.2.3), Site l land-use diagram, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

5.3.3 Building-hight map

Site1

(Fig. 5.3.3.1), Site l Building hight, (Authors, 2017).

Legend

As an ecological houses and resorts like Taziriy this put some limitations in buildings heights. For that reason, the surroundings are not higher than 9 to 10 meter which could also put some limitation on our project maximum hight as a respect of the context.

1-2 storey 3 storey

93%

(Fig. 5.3.3.2), Site l Building-Hights(1-2 story) pictures, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 5.3.3.5), Site l building-hights diagram, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 5.3.3.3), Site l Building-Hights (2-3 story) pictures, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 5.3.3.4), sky light of Site l location, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

5.3.4 Accessibility and road hierarchy

Site1

(Fig. 5.3.4.1), Site l Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017).

As seen in (fig. 5.3.4.1) the site is reachable from many sides and roads, however, the roads that leads to the site are not ready yet. Thus, the location need a well prepared road for visitors to enter the project properly.

Legend Principal road 13.5 M Tazery Road Minor road 8 M

(Fig. 5.3.4.2), Site l Main road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

5.3.5 Building conditions map

Site1

(Fig. 5.3.5.1), Site l Building condition, (Authors, 2017).

Legend New condition Normal condition Old condition

As seen in (fig. 5.3.5.1) Site surroundings building conditions are normally good, Taziriy ecolodge considered as the new condition of the surrounding area. Types Of Building Conditions Old Condition

20%

22% Normal Condition

New Condition

68% (Fig. 5.3.5.3), Site l building-conditions diagram, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.5.2), Site l building-conditions pictures (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

5.3.6 Solid and void

Site1

Legend

Solid Void

(Fig. 5.3.6.1), Site l Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017).

As seen in (fig. 5.3.6.1) the site has a lot of open spaces almost 60% of its surroundings are voids, for that reason, the site will has a high level of visual access that will be an opportunity for the project. 73%

27%

(Fig. 5.3.6.2), Site l solid and void diagram, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

5.3.7S.W.O.T analysis

SITE 1 AREA OF GAFFER & TAZIRIY MOUNTAIN STRENGTH

WEAKNESS

Location Landmark Touristic place Good views Calm Pollution free

Lack of lighting elements Far from the downtown

S.W.O.T ANALYSIS

Open spaces Adrel amelal resort and Taziriy hotel (vernacular architecture)

OPPORTUNITIES

High cost of the hotel. Percentage of salt in soil. Tourism in specific seasons only.

THREATS

In Conclusion,

Area of gaffer and Tazizriy mountain it is a famous area known for vernacular architecture which is found in those hotels explain the way of building with Karsheif and feeling the experience of the old Siwa environment, the main weak point of this area that it is far from the downtown and there are no services here.

SITE SELECTION

Site ll

Middle Town touristic road 65

SITE SELECTION 5.4.1 Site location

Middle Town Touristic road

Site 2

(Fig. 5.4.1), Site ll location, (Authors, 2017).

Legend

Site location Surroundings context

The secound site is located on the main road that called touristic road which is also famous with almawta mountain, shale castle , and also near to shale mountain and which is a great location for such a project near to this famous destination to the people, it is located in main entrance of siwa .

SITE SELECTION 5.4.2 Landuse Map

Site 2

(Fig. 5.4.2.1), Site ll land-use, (Authors, 2017).

Legend Resedential Mixed Use Old condition

As shown in (fig. 5.4.2.1) the site has a great view Teziri mountain from the north, farms from the east, Teziri ecolodge from west, and lake from south. This unique site location afford the project a lot of design varieties that could make use from its surroundings. Also, the site near to residential area around 600 meter away from the site.

15%

35%

(Fig. 5.4.2.2), Site ll land-use collage , (Authors, 2017).

50%

(Fig. 5.4.2.3), Site ll land-use diagram, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION 5.4.3 Site 2 Building Hights

Site 2

(Fig. 5.4.3.1), Site ll building Hights, (Authors, 2017).

Building heights played an important role in stabilizing the heritage of Siwa and showed The aesthetic nature in different heights such as mountains ,lakes Legend and plums

building hight 4 levels building hight 3 levels building hight 2 levels

land

15m

(Fig. 5.4.3.2), Site ll building Hights that showing collaging hights, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION 5.4.4 Accessibility and road hierarchy

Site 2

Legend (Fig. 5.4.4.1), Site ll Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017).

Principal road Touristic Road Minor road

As seen in (fig. 5.4.4.1) the site have an important road connected between middle town and the site location, however, the location need a well prepared road for visitors to enter the project properly. the main road is called touristic road

(Fig. 5.4.4.2), Site ll Accessibility & road hierarchy that showing collaging roads, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION 5.4.5 Building conditions map

Site 2

Legend

(Fig. 5.4.5.1), Site ll Building condition, (Authors, 2017).

As seen in (fig. 5.4.5.1) Site surroundings building conditions are normally good, Area of touristic road considered as the new condition of the surrounding area.

New condition Normal condition Old condition 20%

22%

68% (Fig. 5.4.5.2), Site ll Building condition, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 5.4.5.3), Site ll building-conditions diagram, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

5.4.6 SOLD AND VOID

Site 2

(Fig. 5.4.6.1), Site ll Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017).

Legend

Solid Void

As seen in (fig. 5.4.6.1) the site has a lot of open spaces almost 60% of its surroundings are voids, for that reason, the site will has a high level of visual access that will be an opportunity for the project.

(Fig. 5.4.6.2), Site ll solid and void diagram, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

5.4.7 S.W.O.T analysis

STRENGTH

WEAKNESS

Location Landmark (Gabel el mawta) Touristic place Touristic road The appearance of community Near Downtown Good views Pollution free

Random buildings No buildin codes Noises Crowded

S.W.O.T ANALYSIS

Open spaces Vegetation area ( for environmental aspects).

OPPORTUNITIES

Build with concrete Additions and extinctions.

THREATS

IN CONCLUSION,

Area of the touristic road it was a focal place that attracts the people from the center of the city to it, it is near to mountain of the dead which is a landmark, near to the services and is located at the entrance of the city.

SITE SELECTION

Site lll

All Dakrour Mountain 73

SITE SELECTION

5.5.1 Site location

Al Dakrour mountain

Site 3 (Fig. 5.5.1.1), Site lll location, (Authors, 2017).

Legend

Site location Surroundings context

The third selected site is near to the touristic landmark Al-dakrour mountain which have two seasonal tourist forum one for therapeutic tourism and the other for the tourism festival. The site is near to a relaxation camps that famous with its hot water springs and a touristic destination.

SITE SELECTION

5.5.2 Land-use map

Site 3 Legend Site location Al-dakrourmountain Residential

(Fig. 5.5.2.1), Site lll land-use, (Authors, 2017).

As shown in (fig. 5.5.2) most of the land are used for agriculture purposes which give a great opportunity for the project as a good views and fill it with a fresh air that will help the project to use some natural ventilation techniques. On the other hand, their is a few of residential areas from the east and west of the site. In addition, their is a pure water factory in the same area that could slightly affect the noise level in its surroundings.

Agricultural Land Industrial area 8%

30%

62%

(Fig. 5.5.2.2), Site lll land-use Shows the resedential buildings and land mark, (Authors, (Fig. 5.5.2.3), Site lll land-use diagram, 2017). (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

5.5.3 Building-hights map

Site 3

(Fig. 5.5.3.1), Site lll Building hight, (Authors, 2017).

Legend

The traditional siwian buildings is various between one to two storey building and could reach three storey building, otherwise, factories and industrial buildings often be a four storey hight seen in (fig. 5.5.3). For that reason, the site consider having a very good visual access to all its surroundings. 1story building

2 story building

3 story building

(Fig. 5.5.3.2), Site lll Building hight, (Authors, 2017).

1-2 storey 3 storey 4 storey 6% 3% 91%

(Fig. 5.5.3.4), Site lll building-hights diagram, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 5.5.3.3), Site lll sky line, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

5.5.4 Accessibility and road hierarchy

Site 3

(Fig. 5.5.4.1), Site lll Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017).

Legend

As seen in (fig. 5.5.4.1) the site has a good access with roads which will make it easy to get to the site, in other words, the site is surrounded by two minor roads from the east and west, also, it is located in a principal road from the south.

(Fig. 5.5.4.2), Site lll Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017).

Principal road al malahat roads Minor road

(Fig. 5.5.4.3), Site lll Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

5.5.5 Building conditions

Site 3 Legend

(Fig. 5.5.5.1), Site lll Building condition, (Authors, 2017).

As seen in (fig. 5.5.5.1) the surrounded area of Al-dakrour mountain almost has a normal building conditions, unless, some new facilities which give some kind of primitive indicators of the validity of the land soil for new buildings.

10%

20%

Old condition

Normal condition

New condition

New condition Normal condition Old condition

60%

(Fig. 5.5.5.3), Site lll building-conditions diagram, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 5.5.5.2), Site lll Building condition, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

5.5.6 Solid and void

Site 3

(Fig. 5.5.6.1), Site lll Sold And Void, (Authors, 2017).

Legend

Solid Void

70%

As seen in (fig. 5.5.6.1) the site has a lot of open spaces almost 70% of its surroundings are voids, for that reason, the site will has a high level of visual access that will be an opportunity for the project.

30%

(Fig. 5.5.6.2), Site lll solid and void diagram, (Authors, 2017).

SITE SELECTION

STRENGTH

WEAKNESS

Touristic destination Surrounded by natural resources High visual access Pollution free Low noises Reachable

Lack of lighting Far from downtown Informal urban surroundings

S.W.O.T ANALYSIS

Open spaces Topography Annual festivals

OPPORTUNITIES

Seasonal therapeutic tourism Lack of safety

THREATS

In Conclusion

To conclude area of the dakrour mountain is a reach context that will help the project to be a part of siwa and give it a good support in its beginnings, due to the special events that only happens there. For example, the therapeutic tourism which start at the beginning of July till the end of September, in addition, the tourism festival that is an international festival that attract a lot of tourists to attend it in October. So, this site location is full of advantages that will lead our project to success.

SITE SELECTION

5 .6. SITE SELECTION SITE 1

SITE 2

SITE 3

IN CONCLUSION,

Area of the touristic road is the chosen site for being a potential in the attraction of people because it is in the main axes for entering Siwa, next to the mountain of the dead which is a landmark there and near to the downtown.

DESIGN ISSUES Chapter vi

T h e d e s i g n i s s u e s i n t hi s c h a p t e r may s e r v e t h e E x p lo r ato r i u m to ma k e i t i n t e r ac t i v e w i t h t h e s u r r o u n d i n g co n t e x t a n d to b e a pa r t o f i t . B e s i d e s ma k i n g p e o p l e e x p lo r e a n d i n t e r ac t m o r e w i t h t h e p r o j e c t .

6.0. DESIGN ISSUES 6.1. Interaction GENERAL DEFINITION: According to Cambridge dictionary “it is an occasion when two or more people or things communicate with or react to each other.” ARCHITECTURAL DEFINITION: Interaction design is the design discipline devoted to creating relationships between people, their tools, and their environment. Technology Review stated that interaction design “aims to do for the virtual world what industrial design does for the physical.

Forms of Social Interaction in a Society There are several forms of interaction among human societies: Between individuals, which means between at least two persons for example the architect and the client (Studylecturenotes.com, 2017).

Between individual and group, it is the interaction between one person and more like Imam leading prayers, tour guide and tourists and team leader in a firm with his group (Studylecturenotes.com, 2017). Between groups, a way of communication between two groups of people like two delegates discussing an issue and like coordination phase between architectural team and structural team in an engineering firm (Studylecturenotes.com, 2017).

Between individual and culture, it summarized in the socio cultural activities that are included in the culture of society like when people read newspaper, listen to radio and watching the television, their is a social interaction and social relationship between people and these media of mass communication (Studylecturenotes. com, 2017).

Types of social interaction: 1- Non-verbal Communication is the way of delivering or receiving messages without using words, either spoken or written. Through architectural aspect this is explained through sign in streets and instruction panels in buildings that represent locations, directions and types of zones. These activities are represented by non-verbal communications (ThoughtCo, 2017). This could be achieved in our project by using signs or cognitive maps to show people where to go. These signs make the space more legible specially because people mainly find that it is difficult to find their way mostly in large spaces. For example maps used in metro station to show people where they are and how to reach their destination besides the signs used to show them how to get in and out of the place.

(Fig. 6.1.1), Signs in buildings, (Lorencyoodesign.com, 2017).

For example, signs used in metro station of Cairo to guide people towards the direction of the exists as they are varied as well as the maps used to make people recognize their destinations easily. (Fig. 6.1.2), Signs and cognitive maps used in metro station, (St-takla.org, 2017).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.1. Interaction

2- Cooperation aims to achieve common goals through collaborative efforts between people. Communication is very important to achieve cooperation where it makes individuals realise that they have mutual interests so, without it people will not be organized and will not be able to cooperate. Cooperation has great benefits in architectural field . for example decisions and deals made in meeting rooms to achieve the best goals (Courses.lumenlearning.com, 2017).

3- Competition is one of the forms of conflict where people confine their conflict within agreed rules, it just need a defined place. It also happens between people for controlling some resources that could be tangible like land or food or could be intangible like social capital. So it happen as a result of controlling something that can

(Fig. 6.1.3), Cooperation, (Summerfield. net, 2017).

not be shared (Courses.lumenlearning.com, 2017). It could be benefit when serve a way of challenge but not in hostile way (Courses.lumenlearning.com, 2017).

(Fig. 6.1.4), business process in cubator, (Anon, 2017).

4- Conflict in social life between people due to different points of view through struggle to prove the efficiency of some points of view. It is the opposite of competition where it controls the desire of persons by force (Schoolmistress, 2017). Architecturally it may occur in different fields for example between architects during the designing process to reach a better solution. Also it could take place in commercial firms to have the control of some resources that may lead to produces the resources with a better quality. That’s why it is effective to get better and effective results. So conflict is not always negative.

(Fig. 6.1.5), Conflict Resolution, (Anon, 2017).

5- Social exchange means when people are waiting to get something in return as a result of something they have done before. In Architectural field buildings with open spaces have more chance to support social exchange where people interact and do activities more in these places. These place give people distinguished feeling in return people react in different way with these places (Nutleyschools. org, 2017).

This could be applied in the project through creating spaces that allow people to interact more with each other and with the surroundings like food courts, gardens and atrium that Create chance for meeting and dealing with more people.

(Fig. 6.1.6), Social exchange, (Anon, 2017).

Conclusion: For the Exploratorium not all the types of social interaction will benefit the project like social conflict and competition, They mostly target commercial project. As a result the different types of social interaction are applied according to the type of the project and how it will serve people using it and the surroundings.

DESIGN ISSUES 6.2. Circulation GENERAL DEFINITION: Circulation is the transmission or passage of anything from place to place or person to person”. ARCHITECTURAL DEFINITION: Is the path that link interior or exterior spaces and also links the other spaces together. (Ching, 2017).

Types of circulation: 1-Horizontal circulation : is the circulation in zones and between buildings such as. (Path way/corridors and travelator) Vertical 2-Vertical circulation: is the circulation between floors such as circulation ( Stairs, elevator, ramps and escalator). 1-Horizontal circulation: - Path ways/Corridors: - The path pass by spaces. (Ching, 2017).

Horizontal circulation

- The path pass through spaces. (Ching, 2017). (Fig. 6.2.1), Circulation in Maxxi Museum , (Pinterest, n.d), (Authors, 2017).

- The paths terminate in a space. (Ching, 2017).

Main corridors: Used in the middle between the main elements of the project to accommodate a large number of users. Secondary corridors: It flows out from the main ones and they connect all the secondary elements to the pathways and they are less in width

DESIGN ISSUES 6.2. Circulation Travelator:

-Known as moving walkways it is a transport mechanism that move people safely along level ground. (Consulting engineer, 2015). -It used in large area such as airports.

Applications:

Main pathways transfers the users through the main element of the project such as Handicrafts, social life and historical background. And the secondary pathways transfers the users through the secondary elements such as festivals, materials, Construction, language and wedding ceremonies. (Fig. 6.2.2), Moving walkway , (Author, 2017).

2- Vertical circulation:

Stairs:

-Stairs are not suitable for People with special needs. -It use to reach multi storey building .

Elevators:

-Used in high rise buildings. -Suitable for People with special needs. -It makes easy movement. -Outside elevator used to connect the user with exterior spaces.

(Fig. 6.2.4), Outside Elevator , (Sciabc, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 6.2.3), Stair, (Archnet, n.d) , (Author, 2017).

(Fig. 6.2.5), Inside Elevator , (Sciabc, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

Escalators:

-Not suitable for People with special needs. -It use to reach multi storey building . -Used in malls, metro and hyper markets.

(Fig. 6.2.6), Inside Elevator , (Sciabc, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.2. Circulation Ramps:

-Used for People with special needs. -Move people from one floor to another . -Used in malls, museum and entrances. Applications 1- Stairs are used in all buildings as a main vertical circulation. 2- Escalators are used in large spaces and all the buildings exceeding 10 floors. 3- Ramps and Elevators are used for handicapped and must be in the project. (Fig. 6.2.7), Ramp inside Museum , (Manitoba Museum, 2013), (Authors, 2017).

Parking:

It is a place created to avoid crowded and parking is allowed. Types of parking: 1-Horizontal. 2-Vertical. (Fig. 6.2.8),Outside horizontal parking , (Wired, 2016).

(Fig. 6.2.9),Inside vertical parking , (Pinterest, n.d).

(Fig. 6.2.10),Inside horizontal parking , (Gothia towers, n.d).

Applications:

1-Visitors can park their cars in outside building. 2-Workers can park their cars in inside or in basement of the project.

Examples :

(Fig. 6.2.11),Circulation in Adrere-amellaleco-hotel in Siwa , (designboom | architecture & design magazine, 2017).

(Fig. 6.2.12),Circulation in Adrere-amellaleco-hotel in Siwa , (designboom | architecture & design magazine, 2017).

Adrere amellal hotel: This show the circulation with stairs and ramps in Adrere amellal hotel in Siwa

(Fig. 6.2.13), Ramp inside Museum , (Guggenheim, n.d), (Authors, 2017).

Guggenheim museum: This show the circulation with ramps

DESIGN ISSUES 6.3. Flexibility GENERAL DEFINITION: The capabilities of being bend and pliancy to move elements that finding in your zone.

(Fig. 6.3.1), Flexible Furniture (pinterest,2018) , (authors,2017).

GENERAL BACKGROUND ABOUT FLEXIBILITY: It is used as an assign of several types of systems. In The design issues it refers to designs that Can conform with humans and environment such as how to move and maximize the furniture easily to change the space, as seen (Fig. 6.3.1) (Movable City, 2017) .

(Fig. 6.3.2), Flexible building, Movable Puma City, (Antilogic,2017), (Authors,2017).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.3. Flexibility ARCHITECTURAL DEFINITION: Design flexibility can permit to develop straight as user needs changes The flexibility of a building of its design to be used efficiently despite changes in operational requirements, while an inflexible building might become neglected. Flexibility might have to be pliancy such as moveable Partitions, but can also have the savings of features that are adapt by nature flexible, such as open spaces, open plan offices, large hight of walls and places of services voids. (Geoff,2007)

Types of flexibility: Adaptability: It is the capability of a unit to support various functions without covering the architecture as seen in (Fig. 6.3.3). the function of the building variation but the building does not change. such as building units that can be changeable and repositioned,These requirements not result in a constant change to the space. (Geoff,2007). (Fig. 6.3.3 ), Adaptability, Movable Puma City, (Antilogic,2017), (Authors,2017)

Movable: It is the Flexible buildings or destroyed of this units and ability to restore elsewhere by using mobile buildings to made up. (Sekisui House, Japan, 1970 – Company: Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd), (Geoff,2007). (Fig. 6.3.4), flexibility, Movable, (Geoff,2007) , (Authors,2017).

Transferability: It is allows for the interior or exterior space to be changed in restraint to confirmed stimuli without the requirements for building as seen in (Fig. 6.3.5). Changes can be constant and temporary. (case studies: plug-in city, university of phoenix stadium). (Geoff,2007).

(Fig. 6.3.5), transformability, (Geoff,2007) , (Authors,2017).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.3. Flexibility Convertibility. it is easily to convert and expansion any units of buildings, and includes changing the function of building out of a certain amount of structure of units, and it can be estimate the time and cost that required to be reduced, such as permitting spaces for additional buildings,in case of exploratorium must to be considered as the prediction of the future is more widely, and it could have an extension space to transform this space later without any blocks as the absence of the prediction of the steps of the exploratorium such as opening facade as seen (Fig. 6.3.6), (Geoff,2007).

(Fig. 6.3.6), Convertibility, (Geoff,2007) , (Authors,2017).

Applications & Conclusion:

-Flexibility focuses on some of the social and architecture parts of the present time,which is types of dynamics ,pliancy and flexible design communities. Studding flexibility is big part to move thinking of architects about the future. -The amount of the flexibility to change the use of a area, that way increasing building immortality and reducing waste. -Flexibility can be found in the exploratorium in the combination of different areas as multi propose hall for huge exhibition or meditation area, also the different outdoors activities -this project - can be held in the same place as the place can be used for multiple functions. -If we need to make an expansion of this project which use the different types of flexibility.

Examples : Case study 1 : Small museum in for pitched and cut canopy for people and art located at Finland. Flexibility/ Usability. At the middle of our proposal is an unmatched level of flexibility and familiarity achieved by the simple sign of a pitched-and-cut roof canopy above and plinth below.

(Fig. 6.3.7),pitched and cut canopy for people and art Convertibility, (noarchitecture,2017) , (Authors,2017).

Case study 2 : Flexibility as a Social Condenser multifunctional building.

Hybrid

An architecture that breaks the barriers of time by giving flexibility to the user to change the space in form and function according to the needs and quality. (Fig.6.3.8),pitched and cut canopy for people and art Convertibility, (futurearchitectureplatform,2016) , (Authors,2017).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.4. Comfort GENERAL DEFINITION: The state of feeling better after feeling sad or worried, or something that makes you feel better in this way Physical comfort is the feeling of well being brought about by internal and environmental conditions that are experienced as agreeable and associated with contentment and satisfaction. (dictionary.cambridge. 2017). ARCHITECTURAL DEFINITION: It is a sense of comfort toward a particular place, outside or inside a building where this feeling is connected to the light, the dimensions, the type of building. (dictionary.cambridge. 2017).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.4. Comfort Thermal comfort What is thermal comfort ?

It help to feel comfortable condition in building. Also is important to feel happy and can productivity without any problem. (dictionary. 2017).

How is it helpful ?

Use the cooling equipment to cool air and help people to fee fresh in cold condition. Also use the sun to help people keep warm and healthy. And keep surfaces of building in right insulation.

Lighting What is lighting ?

Lighting considered the most important thing to feel human more comfort because is the first impact that human take in any place either positive or negative. (dictionary. 2017).

How is it helpful ?

Know when we can to use a direct heat of sun because too much light of sun led to don`t feel comfortable. Daylight is very useful for human to feel comfortable and less diseases but use it in a good way specially in home. Also some people feel more comfortable in a dark or in a low light to get a rest.

Acoustic What is Acoustic ? Acoustic is the sense of hearing . Also it designed to respond to control or absorb sound. Acoustical is very important for schools and office buildings to feel comfortable. (dictionary. 2017).

How is it helpful ? People is protective and feel more happy when they don’t`t hear any loud sound and noise outside environment. otherwise some people see that when he lessen a good music is productive and feel more comfortable.

Visual What is visual? Visual comfort is the ability of human to absorb all cases of building like sound, scale, climatic, odor. all this things depends on Visual and sensory perception. (dictionary.cambridge. 2017).

How is it helpful ? use daylight in different way through windows and placed well help to spread a light in building and be more comfortable. Also The scale of building either tall or short also affect on visual either positive or negative.

DESIGN ISSUES 6.4. Comfort Temperature What is Temperature ?

People feel more comfortable in suitable temperature and be more productive. Also temperature linked to the humidity, and all of this relate to the comfort circles. (dictionary.cambridge. 2017).

How is it helpful ?

People should know how to utilization a daylight in good way because If the air is old or dirty too much it led to feel uncomfortable.

ODOUR What is odour ? That first impression neither good or bad smell that human take in the place. (dictionary.cambridge. 2017).

How is it helpful ?

It help human to feel happy and relaxation to productivity and feel comfortable.

Examples That Enhances The Role Of Comfort in Siwa: Using local material to make a shade in building that led to be more comfortable.

(Fig. 6.4.1) taziry hotel (Authors, 2017).

Also staircase build with local material (wood) that affect in citizen and help to relaxation.

(Fig. 6.4.2) stair case from ELbait elsiwy (Authors, 2017).

Using palms to control temperature playing a main role to feel human more comfortable and protective.

(Fig. 6.4.3) ELbait elsiwy (Authors, 2017).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.5. Mood IS a temporary state of mind or feeling at a particular time suggestive from a particular feeling that could be effected by surrounding events. There is a good and bad mood. (Schinnerer, 2008). In Architecture mood clarifies our experience of architecture by making highlight on the contextualizing character of mood that give us the right sense of place. The full potentiality of mood in our experience of architecture becomes apparent in Mood-perception of architecture. (Ardehali, 2011). In the words of Jean-Paul Sartre, The being of everything is in its interconnections. We always have an understanding of this contextualizing character of mood by way of our experiences. (Ardehali, 2011)

Spaces

Lighting

Colours

Circulation Decorations

Materials

(Fig.6.5.1), Illustration of Factors affecting mood, (Visualizing architecture.tumblr.com, 2017), (Authors,2017).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.5. Mood Application: To apply a specific mood in the design there are a huge number of Determinants. As moods are definitely not coordinated to certain object or subject but instead at the surroundings in general, also moods have combined causes. Consequently, we are generally unable to indicate the reason for a specific mood (Droog & de Vries, 2009). So scientists take a stab at comprehension of the distinctive parts of the particular state of mind; beginning from the human perception through his/her detects (what a human see, hear, smell and touches) to see this particular observation that is then converted into a particular individual mind-set (mood). Consequently, translating what's apparent by each sense into a physical architectural feature (Image, colours, light, sounds, noises, odours, texture and furniture), that is making the mood of where all the little highlights and points of interest physical and non-physical (like odours)- are merged in harmony to make only one particular personality for a perceiver to distinguish. “Ecological validity” explained by Brunswick in his theory probabilistic functionalism refers to the actual relations between the environment and each of the cues that would lead to effective perception of the setting if the perceiver know them. So the perceiver must make sense of them to function effectively in a setting. So each and every element must be set up in harmony with both the environment and the function to give the required recognition.

Examples: Mood of Tunis village,Egypt:

Youthful and Optimistic feeling.

All the colours, textures, shapes, styles even the small decorative elements reflect the identity of the space and highlight the unique mood of Tunis village. In way to understand the mood we analysed colours shown in (Fig.6.5.2) and (Fig.6.5.3). Happy, Bright and Cheerful color

(Fig.6.5.2), Coloured Tunis village, (Elsayed, 2015).

Calming feeling of serenity

(Fig.6.5.3), Coloured Tunis village, (Elsayed, 2015).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.5. Mood Khan El-Khalili, Fatimid Cairo:

(Fig.6.5.4), Khan El Khalili, Fatimid Cairo, Egypt, (Ford, 2010).

(Fig.6.5.5), Khan El Khalili, Fatimid Cairo, Egypt, (Ford, 2010).

Each and every detail in Khan El-Khalili is mirroring the soul of Fatimid Cairo, from structures, shapes, materials, ornamentations, colours and even the lighting, to the pathway with its unique curves and materials. All together resemble a drawn photo of the past and give you a historic mood. Also the special noises and smells which characteristic more khan El-khalili.

The sense of lighting: Light is an essential parameter for people to sense and see the spaces surrounding them, what’s more, the character of the light in a given space can be believed to impact our state of mind and comfort. Light portrays our environment. Light and shadow tell us about form, materials, texture, rhythm also, history. A light aperture is absolute most critical component in the arranging of a space’s visual condition. Lighting configuration should always start with the proposed space utilize and the impressions that will fortify the perceived meaning of the space. The lighting cues that fortify the fitting impressions help define the examples of light and shadow inside the space. With this imagined space in mind, we know the “where at” and “the amount of” concerning light and shadow. Knowing this, the designer can choose fitting light sources and locate them to physically make the space that will achieve that image.

(Fig.6.5.6), Colour can have a profound transformation effect on the mood and behaviour of customers, (Engineering, 2014).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.5. Mood Jewish Museum, Daniel Libeskind, Germany, 1999: Libeskind’s formulated promenade leads people through galleries, empty spaces, and dead ends. The interior is composed of reinforced concrete which reinforces the moments of the empty spaces and dead ends where only a sliver of light is entering the space. It is a symbolic gesture by Libeskind for visitors to experience what the Jewish people during WWII felt, such that even in the darkest moments where you feel like you will never escape, a small trace of light restores hope.

Surprising: One of the most emotional and powerful spaces in the building is a 66’ tall void that runs through the entire building. The concrete walls add a cold, overwhelming atmosphere to the space where the only light emanates from a small slit at the top of the space. The ground is covered in 10,000 coarse iron faces. A symbol of those lost during the Holocaust; the building is less of a museum but an experience depicting what most cannot understand.

Complexity: From the exterior, the interior looks as if it will be similar to the exterior perimeter; however, the interior spaces are extremely complex.

Novelty: A significant portion of the extension is void of windows and difference in materiality and the amazing furniture that is extremely modern.

Incongruity: Libeskind’s formulated promenade leads people through galleries, empty spaces, and dead ends. The interior is composed of reinforced concrete which reinforces the moments of the empty spaces and dead ends where only a sliver of light is entering the space. It is a symbolic gesture by Libeskind for visitors to experience what the Jewish people during WWII felt, such that even in the darkest moments where you feel like you will never escape, a small trace of light restores hope. (Fig.6.5.7), Jewish museum, (Archdaily 2018).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.5. Mood Application: Applying the mood of design in an architectural level by determining the required sense suiting the place’s personality, then applying all the visual elements, temperature, smell, decorations, form and balanced all together to serve the unity of style. Lighting plays an important role in making different effects for a space. Consequently, the perceiver gets different feelings and moods.

In Siwa: Overview mood is calming and relaxing. all the texture, form, lighting, sounds, furniture give you the atmosphere of past experience. so designer here achieved to create the right atmosphere. As all the elements are integrated together with harmony any slight change in one element will ruin the mood.

(Fig.6.5.8), Collage for Adrère Amellal hotel, (designboom | architecture & design magazine, 2017).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.6. IMAGE GENERAL DEFINITION: A physical expression of a person, or an issue , photographed, painted, sculptured, or on another hand made visible. (British Dictionary,the Random House Dictionary, 2017) ARCHITECTURAL DEFINITION: From perspective of architecture seen as a building or a space that crystallize itself by it’s strong identity ,has distinguishing features of its own that are not similar to other buildings. It also includes separation of interior from exterior, besides planning, settings and materials that strongly influence perceptions, spatial experiences, and circulation within and around it. (Implied Myriam Blais, december 2008, On the interpretation of architecture: theory of interpretation)

(Fig. 6.6.1), vector design,(Authors, 2017).

DESIGN ISSUES 6.6. IMAGE Factors of Achieving Architectural Image: Implication: The organization of visual material and its correlation can affect the perceptual outcome. The following image is station points sharing the same position in the three types, the only difference is the sort of connection between them.

Centerlaized A

Distributed B

Decentralized C

(Fig. 6.6.2), illustration of centralized, Decentralized and Distributed networks,edited by author(2017).

(A) The central station at the middle of the particular arrangement with connected station around it gives a visual impression of the explosion and energy explode right from the middle. (B) The central station with clustered stations having middle station coming from the centre of the pattern look like visual hierarchy. (C) The interconnected stations creating a network form giving the visual impression of coherence and harmony throughout the visual material

Influence of geometry on the character: Fluid geometry: The curvy structure in architecture reflects a modernist character, in addition to lightened and freedom that are immediately transfer to the perceiver as they lay an eye on.

(Fig. 6.6.3), fluid geometry,flexible structure,(2017).

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DESIGN ISSUES 6.6. IMAGE the Fluidity and curvy form of the Heyder Aliyev centre gives a high feeling of flexibility and freedom in design,besides it’s very flexible design in interior spaces that support the visitor to live the experience of fluidity. (architectural,2015).

Rectangular Geometry:

(Fig. 6.6.4), Heydar Aliyev Center, (zaha hadid, 2012).

The straight lines design or the 90 degree angle buildings reflects the stability and power .It also resembles system and order as a result of the linearity of such forms.

(Fig. 6.6.5), Falling water house.( Tinker,2016). (Fig. 6.6.6),Cross Towers.( Meinhold,2012).

The famous waterfall house by frank Lloyd is a nice portrayal of proportions and order. Its geometry gives it a strong shape and character. Also, it minimalistic approach gave it an incredibly aesthetic advantage. (design

project research,authors,2016).

Pattern geometry: This geometrical vocabulary enhances the place dramatically on aesthetic level. This style varies in its vocabulary and it can convey different visual impressions depending on the pattern itself, so it’s a very flexible geometry that can enhance the image of the structure and imprint a certain message on it. (design project research,authors,2016).

(Fig. 6.6.7), Al Bahr towers,Abu Dhabi, (Puusepp,2012).

(Fig. 6.6.8), Times Eureka Pavilion, Gardens,2012).

(Fig.6.6.9), Times Eureka Pavilion, interior space( Gardens,2012).

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DESIGN ISSUES 6.6. IMAGE Classic structure: These types of structures convey an image of authenticity and formality. Its vocabulary differs from place to place but they always share the same impact on the perceiver. (design project research,authors,2016).

(Fig. 6.6.10), opera houes ,Palais Garnier,Paris,(1875), (archdaily,Sveiven,2011).

(Fig. 6.6.11), The Palacio Real ,Spain (1738 ),my far & away,Benoit,2011).

The king’s palace of Palacio Reais a marvellous resemblance to what a classic building can represent its nostalgia and authenticity and that feeling of being transmitted back into past. These types of buildings always carry a huge power in its features.

Application: The picture of the building being renovated holds the required image of the proposed project as it is considered a good reflection of traditionalism and geometrical vocabulary that is in sync with the simple characteristics of the people there. Recently, there are a revaluation of r.c and concrete buildings that are just about to totally takeover the place of traditional building in Siwa ,as people seeking for modernism to follow the running modern era; by using new materials but in wrong and uncreative method.

(Fig. 6.6.12), one of the building construction in downtown of Siwa, (Mahdy, 2017).

(Fig. 6.6.13), one of the building in downtown of Siwa(, (Mahdy, 2017).

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DESIGN ISSUES 6.7. SECURITY General Definition: Security means the measures taken to be safe or protected from assault, robbery, unauthorized access and vandalism.

Factors Of Security Controls: 1- Risk Management 2- Benchmarking 3- Financial 4- Legal 5- Regulatory

Architectural Definition: Security in architecture is a security design that addresses the necessities and potential risks involved in a certain scenario or environment. also it specifies when and where to apply security controls and this means creating a safe environment in buildings.

(Fig. 6.7.1), Factors of Security Control, illustrated by (author,2017).

Types and Applications of Security: 1- Minimum security level 2- Medium security level 3- Maximum security level

(Fig. 6.7.2), Types of Security,illustrated by (author,2017).

(Fig. 6.7.3), Difference between Safety and Security, illustrated by (Authours, 2017).

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DESIGN ISSUES 6.7. SECURITY 1- Minimum security level : This type of security s ometimes only depends on fences but not in all places and it is the least degree of protection and Its usage in public spaces. Application 1. Playing area. 2. Open spaces for festival. 3. Play grounds. 4. Piazza. 5. Squares.

(Fig. 6.7.4), Piazza Vatican, Rome, Italy, (Vatican, 2017).

2-Medium security level : This type of security o nly depends on circulations which identify entrances and exits of the place to control the movement of users and Its usage mostly in all the buildings and spaces. Application 1. M.P.U Hall. 2. Summer school. 3. Training centre. 4. Markets. 5. Workshops.

(Fig. 6.7.5), Comic and Animation Center, China, (Singaby, 2017).

3- Maximum security level : This type depends on observation cameras, alarms and security guards. This system is used in the places that need maximal control and high privacy and in buildings that has valuable items like statues and Its usage in museums, airports, jails and governmental buildings.

Application 1. Library. 2. Exhibitions. 3. Museums. 4. Airports. 5. Jails.

1,2,3 Alerts 4,5 Glass cover 6 Steel weir 7,8,9,10 Surveillance cameras 11 Steel Frame 12 Security personnel

(Fig. 6.7.6), Maximum securing level fro museums, (Berinato, 2017).

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DESIGN ISSUES 6.8. Safety General Definition: The word safety is considered the condition of being protected from what cause danger, risk, or injury.

Architectural Definition: Its the process that be done at the building through some of design factors and consideration lids to human safety inside the building (minimal danger or risk of harm), for example, fire fighting, smoke management, emergency lighting, and fire alarm systems. (Ministry of Housing, 2007). Fundamental requirements: 1. Provide for adequate safety without dependence on any single safeguard. 2. Provide an appropriate degree of life safety considering the size, shape, and nature of the occupancy. 3. Provide for backup or redundant egress arrangements. 4. Ensure that the egress paths are clear, unobstructed, and unlocked. 5. Ensure that the exits and egress routes are clearly marked to avoid confusion and provide the cues needed for their effective use. 6. Provide adequate lighting. 7. Ensure prompt occupant response by providing early warning of fire. 8. Ensure that required systems facilitate and enhance situation awareness. 9. Ensure the suitable enclosure of vertical openings. 10. Ensure compliance with applicable installation standards. . 11. Maintain all required features in proper working order. (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2015). Emergency plan requirements: 1. Procedures for reporting of emergencies. 2. Occupant and staff response to emergencies. 3. Evacuation procedures appropriate to the building, its occupancy, and emergencies 4. Appropriateness of the use of elevators. 5. Design and conduct of fire drills. 6. Type and coverage of building fire protection systems. 7. Other items required by the authority having jurisdiction. (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2015).

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DESIGN ISSUES 6.8. Safety Application 1) Fire fighting: Managing the spread of a fire from the room of origin, or between floors in a building, is an important consideration. Managing the spread of fire through the construction of barriers designed to limit the transfer of heat, smoke, and, in some cases, both, is achieved by compartmentalization. (Ministry of Housing, 2007).

Fire hydrant

Fire hose cabinet

Fire water tank

Sprinklers system

Siam connection

Fire pump

(Fig. 6.8.1), Different fire protection equipments, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009).

2) Egress management: The term means of egress is defined in as “a Continuous and unobstructed way of travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way consisting of three separate and distinct parts: (1) the exit access, (2) the exit, and (3) the exit discharge(Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009).” sufficient exits are needed to allow building occupants to leave a building safely during a fire or similar emergency situation emergency. (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009).

(Fig. 6.8.2), Various types of exits, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009).

(Fig. 6.8.3), Testing the remoteness (Fig. 6.8.4), Diagonal Rule for Exit of exit discharges, (Ron Coté & and Exit Access Door Remoteness, Harrington, 2009). (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009).

Not more than 50 percent of the required number of exits, and not more than 50 percent of the required egress capacity, shall discharge through areas on the level of exit discharge, unless otherwise permitted in One hundred percent of the exits shall be permitted to discharge through areas on the level of exit discharge in detention and correctional occupancies and In existing buildings, the 50 percent limit on egress capacity shall not apply if the 50 percent limit on the required number of exits is met and provided.

(Fig. 6.8.5), Exit discharge, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009) .

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DESIGN ISSUES 6.8. Safety

3) Way finding: Access to exits shall be marked by approved, readily visible signs in all cases where the exit or way to reach the exit is not readily apparent to the occupants. (Ministry of Housing, 2007).

(Fig. 6.8.6), way finding , (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009) .

For externally illuminated signs internally illuminated signs listed without a viewing distance, the rated viewing distance should be considered to be 30m. Corridors might create operating difficulties or encourage placement of a sign above the line of sight.

(Ministry of Housing, 2007).

(Fig. 6.8.7), Emergency lighting and signs, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009) .

Proximity egress path marking systems be internally Illuminated. Photo-luminescence egress path markers (Like photo-luminescent exit signs are internally illuminated. The photo-luminescent material stores incident electromagnetic radiation, typically from ambient light sources, and releases it in the form of visible light. The intensity and duration of the ambient light used for charging the photo-luminescent material varies by product types. (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009).

(Fig. 6.8.8), stair marking system, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009) .

Building design must be related to user safety as the first priority. For that reason, the designer should be aware with safety codes and design consideration.

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CASE STUDIES

CASE STUDIES C h a p t e r v ii

C a s e s t u d i e s o f d i f f e r e n t E x p lo r ato r i u m s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d w i t h a n a lys i s s h o w i n g d i f f e r e n t s o lu t i o n s f o r zo n i n g s , p l a n s a n d f u n c t i o n a l r e l at i o n s to ma k e t h e p r o j e c t m o r e a da p t e d w i t h i t s e n v i r o n m e n t .

CASE STUDIES 7.1. WADI EL HITAN PROJECT

(Fig. 7.1.1.1), Wadi hitan project, (Elwatannews.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

7.1.1. Introduction Wadi El Hitan is a palaeontological site in the Faiyum Governor-ate of Egypt, some 150 km southwest of Cairo (Elwatannews.com, 2017).It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2005 for its hundreds of fossils of some of the earliest forms of whale, the archaeoceti (a now extinct sub-order of whales) (Elwatannews.com, 2017). The site reveals evidence for the explanation of one of the greatest mysteries of the evolution of whales: the emergence of the whale as an ocean-going mammal from a previous life as a land-based animal (Elwatannews.com, 2017). No other place in the world yields the number, concentration and quality of such fossils, as is their accessibility and setting in an attractive and protected landscape. This is why it was added by the UNESCO to the list of protected World Heritage sites (Elwatannews.com, 2017). The fossils found at the site may not be the oldest but their great concentration in the area and the degree of their preservation is totheextentthatevensomestomachcontentsareintact(Tahrirnews. com, 2017). The presence of fossils of other early animals such as sharks, crocodiles, saw-fish, turtles and rays found at Wadi El-Hitan makes it possible to reconstruct the surrounding environmental and ecological conditions of the time, adding to its justification to be cited as a Heritage site (Tahrirnews.com, 2017).

Project supported by association of Natural Reserves Support in Egypt

Project total area is 1759km2

Founded since1903

Project location in Faiyum

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CASE STUDIES

(Fig. 7.1.1.2), Wadi hitan project, (Ar.wikipedia.org, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

7.1.2. Historical brief The excavations of the Whale Valley in 1903 were discovered by the world in Tel-Tal through a geological survey in Egypt (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017). Excavations of Pisces, known as the Isis basilusaurus, which is 18 meters long and the whale of the dorodone erox, have been found to be smaller (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017). It was classified as new species of whales in the Museum of Natural History in London in 1902 (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017). In 1989, the team of Egyptian and American palaeontologists discovered the first water samples of the pyelusaurus whale structure and the doridone anthrax with their legs and small feet. In 1996, another 5-meter-long whale fossil, the whale of Echternus Simmons, was discovered (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017). In 2006, the first mammalian mammal, the elephant’s ancestor, was identified as pythirum. In 2007, the 10-meter whale was named Masua Citsy Markgrave (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017). Themissionteamhasmapedthelocationsofmorethan 400 whales and calf in the valley (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017).

(Fig. 6.1.2.1), Whale fossil runes, (Elyomnew.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.1.3. Indoor Fossil and Climate Change Museum at Wadi El Hitan

(Fig. 7.1.31), Fossil and climate change museum, (Tahrirnews.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

Within the framework of the collaboration between the Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs (MSEA) and the Italian Government through the Egyptian Italian Environmental Cooperation Programme (EIECP) in cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) The indoor fossil and climate change museum at wadi el hitan was opened in 14-01-2016 that presents the strangest whale fossils that have appeared in the Egyptian desert, providing rare national wealth to a group of mammalian mammals that lived in the oceans 37 million years ago, most notably the whale, or walk-whales(Sepa-ncs.org, 2017).

7.1.4. Concept

(Fig. 7.1.4.1), Concept diagram, (Authors, 2017).

The concept was inspired from the contextual surrounding dunes as shown in (Fig. 6.1.4.1)(Fig. 6.1.4.2), the aim was to make a form that have the same rhythm with the environment. At the same time, it needs to isolate the important fossils from the climatic changes and protect it. Also, The museum act as a part of its surroundings. (Fig. 7.1.4.2), Site skyline, (Tahrirnews.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.1.5. Levels and topography

The museum take advantages of contouring and topography of the site location and use it to bury the building under the sand as shown in (fig. 6.1.4.2.) . For that reason, the designer make the building accessible to user by ramp that take them down to the main entrance and lobby.

(Fig. 7.1.5.1), Project construction, (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.1.5.2), Project before and after burring in the sand, (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

6.1.6. Structure

(Fig. 7.1.6.1), Construction phases, (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

The project used self bearing walls as the main structure system for the building this required a thick walls to handle the loads. Also, as shown in (fig. 6.1.4.2) they also use the dome structure as it a slab system that provides a large covered area hanging up on arches that deliver the loads to the foundations (Fig. 7.1.6.2), Dome load distribution, (Engineeringrome.wikispaces.com, 2017).

(Fig. 7.1.6.4), Dome on pendintive load distribution, (Engineeringrome.wikispaces.com, 2017).

(Fig. 7.1.6.3), Arch load distribution, (Engineeringrome.wikispaces.com, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.1.7. Zoning and circulation

(Fig. 7.1.7.1), 3D plan section , (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017).

The museum has main three zones lobby, casts & exhibits gallery, and fossil exhibit.

The circulation inside the museum are a one loop circulation with a centralized master piece. By using open plan museum they have a design issue of uncontrollable path that leads users to get crowded inside it.

(Fig. 7.1.7.2), Plan circulation, (Authors, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.1.8. Lighting and ventilation

(Fig. 7.1.8.1), 3D section , (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017).

The designer aimed to use natural ventilation by sky opening through the dome top that is a good element to ex-pulse the hot air out from the inner space and to be replaced by cool air. In addition, the sky opening provides also natural lighting to the exhibition and the exhibits.

7.1.9. Materials

(Fig. 7.1.8.1), Project exterior view , (Tahrirnews.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

The materials used in the project were bricks covered by local materials ( clay plaster ) that give advantage to the project to be a part of its contextual surroundings, also, help for a better insulation from environmental conditions and climate at the site

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CASE STUDIES 7.2. The Pharaonic Village

(Fig. 7.2.1), The Pharaonic village, (Toursbayllissan, 2011).

7.2.1. Introduction The Pharaonic Village is a natural island in the Nile it is a project of area 32 feddan.It make a trip on a Nile and Real people dressed in a pharaonic costume and embody the ancient Egyptian life. it consists of 12 museums, 4 related to ancient Egypt ( medicine, pyramids, mummifications, art and beliefs and ancient Egyptian boats) , 5 related to other period in Egyptian history ( coptic history,Islamic civilization, celebrate, Napoleon and Modern history) , 3 museums related to our late three presidents ( Mohamed Nagib, Nasser and Sadat), and also it has a replica of king Tutankhamen. Its an interesting place for children. (Ask-aladdin.com, 2017).

Project designed by DR. Hassan Ragab

Project total area is 134656 m2

Project year 1948

Project location in El Bahr El Aazam , Giza , Egypt

(Fig. 7.2.1.1), photo collage for museums , (pharaonic village, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.2.2. Historical Brief Dr. Hassan Rajab thought of creating a living museum that included real people embodying ancient Egyptian life and dressed in Pharaonic fashion . In 1974, Dr. Hassan Rajab began to turn the island of Jacob into a model similar to that of the ancient Egyptians. The first step was to prevent the modern manifestations of Cairo by planting about 5,000 trees around the village. (Pharaonicvillage.com, 2017). The work in the village started by The noble house and its garden, a market, a large field of agriculture and harvesting, a place of work for boats, roads, farms and a huge white stone temple were built in the centre. After a 10-year work at a cost of more than $ 6 million ;Dr. Hassan Ragab officially opened the Pharaonic Village. In 1989 Dr. Abdul Salam joined his father and took part in the village administration. (Pharaonicvillage.com, 2017).

(Fig. 7.2.2.1), Manufacture of bricks , (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.2.2.2), Mummification , (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.2.2.3), Scene of mousa , (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.2.2.4), Boat industry , (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.2.2.5), Arsenal , (Authors, 2017).

7.2.3. Site And Surrounding

1- Pharaonic Village.

2-Manesterley Palace. 3-Egyptian Geological Museum

(Fig. 7.2.3.1), Site location , (Google map, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.2.4. Components Of Project 1- Parking Area 2- Ticket Office 3- Hellenistic Museum 4- Gift shop, Cafeteria, Houseboat 5- Pontoon 6- Nefertari Yacht 7- Village Harbor 8- Nile Trip 9- Mythological Canal 10- Papyrus Plants 11- Playground 12-Tomb of Tutankhamun, Ancient Arts and Beliefs Exhibit, Islamic Exhibit, Nasser’s Exhibit, Art Center 13- Garden (Fig. 7.2.4.1), Layout , (pharaonicvillage, 2014), (Authors, 2017). 14- Restaurant & WC 15- Horus Cafeteria 16- -Administration Building 21- WC 17- Pyramid 22- Peasant’s House 18- Coptic Exhibit, Pyramid & Sphinx Exhibit, Mummification 23- Ancient Boat Exhibit & Cleopatra’s Studio Exhibit, Napoleon’s Exhibit, Anwar El Sadat Exhibit 24- Lotus Garden & Cafeteria 19- Temple 25- Mosque 20- Nobleman’s House 26- Ancient Industries 27- Scenes of Ancient Agriculture 28- Scene of Moses (Pharaonicvillage.com, 2017)

7.2.5. Target Of The Project

create a stimulating educational experience by floating amphitheaters in the nile , and they are watching live scenes from ancient Egypt performed by actors and actresses in Nile tour and also children learn in Art center a differen. Any one can make a souvenir after he learn how to make it. (An-nournews.com, 2010).

7.2.6. Conclusion The Pharaonic Village is an experience like no other it simulating the life for ancient Egyptian by acting people with Pharaonic fashion.also there are alot of museum related to periods in Egyption history. It should be more interactive with people to make an experement with himself to discover life of ancient Epyption not only watching it with Nile tour.

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CASE STUDIES 7.3. Children’s Interactive Museum in Riyadh

(Fig. 7.3.1.1), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Interlab100.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

7.3.1. Introduction Recreational and educational spaces for teens from 10-16 years old, in Saudi Arabia. There are many activities that shape the lifestyle of the Saudi teenager, who generally falls into three main categories of activity, knowledge, and society. Teenagers face today the lack of safe and encouraging environments that are active, social and fun, (Interlab100.com, 2017). The interactive museum is designed to let the children explore, investigate more and pay attention to the social community by the series of plazas that make them communicate. The museum full of physical and mental activities, games with the integration of unexpected visual connection with discovery, (Asymmetrica.co.uk, 2017). The main aim of the museum is to support the goals of enhancing the willingness of future generations to learn and educate through play, building typology having new consideration in the virtual experience through digital media and social networks, (Interlab100.com, 2017).

Project designed by Henning Larson

Project total area is 14,000 m²

Project year 2012 – 2014

Project location in Riyadh District, Riyadh, KSA

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CASE STUDIES 7.3.2. Define The Shape of The Building

(Fig. 7.3.2.1), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Interlab100.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

The museum consists of many cottages each cottage is express a different feeling by the presence of different sizes of the window with the changing of the sizes of the tree cottage to let the children attracted to the museum, enhancing the idea of the tree hut in telling stories, imagine and play, (Interlab100.com, 2017).

(Fig. 7.3.2.2), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Asymmetrica. co.uk, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.3.2.3), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Asymmetrica. co.uk, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

7.3.3. Site Location The project is located in Riyadh in King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD) which is designed to be the largest financial capital in the middle east with an area 1600,000 m2, (Interlab100.com, 2017). The complex is divided into two parts interactive museum and children festival marketplace inside this buildings there was a lot of activity for children, between those parts there was a large plaza that encourages the teenagers to interact with each other and with the community. Although, the Saudi Arabia children they have a lack of activities and having fun, (Interlab100.com, 2017). (Fig. 7.3.3.1), District Layout, (Interlab100. com, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.3.4. Flexibility

(Fig. 7.3.4.1), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

The previous section showing the interaction through the visual connection between all spaces and how they connect between the temporary and permanent exhibits from making it flexible and integrated with the community by the cafe, orientation spaces, and plazas. The presence of the visual continuity from different levels makes the project more dynamic and more attractive for children.

7.3.5. Interaction The museum has many spaces for interaction for children to learn and explore more with games, activities that can be happened in the open spaces which help the new generation “Saudi children” having fun, learn and communicate with each other, (Interlab100.com, 2017). The plants’ room which helps the children to know more about how can they plant and the different species of seeds, with the feeling of the natural lighting from different spots in the ceiling for a special environment which reflecting the main concept of the cottage by telling stories, the experience of hands-on planting. Beside this all interactive and learning paces there was an entertaining space for the children to make them attracted to the museum like skating and skateboard, also is not limited in the children only there were a cafeteria, library, and orientation rental spaces for an adult.

(Fig. 7.3.5.3), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Gensler, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.3.5.1), Children’s Interactive Museum,(Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.3.5.2), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.3.5.4), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Gensler, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.4. Museum of Louvre Abu Dhabi

(Fig. 7.4.1.1), Museum Louvre Abu Dhabi, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017).

7.4.1. Introduction The Louvre Abu Dhabi Museum, outlined by Ateliers Jean Nouvel, goes for making an inviting world which associates lighting and shadows and in addition sparkles and quiet places in a tranquil climate. Its goal is to have a place with its nation, to its history, to its geology, abstaining from being either a dull interpretation of this reality or a pleonasm meaning fatigue and tradition. It likewise goes for accentuating the interest produced by uncommon experiences. More pictures and draughtsmen’s portrayal after the break, (ArchDaily, 2016). It is rather unusual to find a built archipelago in the sea. It is even more uncommon to see that it is protected by a parasol creating a rain of light, (Ateliers Jean Nouvel, 2016). The possibility of accessing the museum by boat or finding a pontoon to reach it by foot from the shore is equally extraordinary, before being welcomed like a much-awaited visitor willing to see unique collections, linger in tempting bookstores, or taste local teas, coffees and delicacies, (Ateliers Jean Nouvel, 2016). It is both a calm and complex place. A contrast amongst a series of museums that cultivate their differences and their authenticities,

Project designed by Ateliers Jean Nouvel

Project total area is 97000.0 m²

Project year 2016

Project location in Saadiyat Cultural District, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

(Ateliers Jean Nouvel, 2016).

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CASE STUDIES 7.4.2. Layout and Surrounding

(Fig. 7.4.2.1), layout of the Museum Louvre Abu Dhabi, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017).

Without doubt, the new Louvre is set to make Abu Dhabi one of the world’s great cultural destinations, marking a high point for the West Asian art scene as a whole. The museum presents a journey in time through human imagination from pre-history, with even the earliest stone tools that looked for design as well as functionality represented, and going on to contemporary commissions, site-specific, custom-made works created by living artists, (The Hindu, 2017).

7.4.3. Project Component

(Fig. 7.4.2.2), Layout, (The National, 2017).

(Fig. 7.4.3.1), Zoning of Museum Louvre Abu Dhabi, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017).

A big focus has been made on the content, especially for families, children and schools to make the artistic process understandable for everybody. The museum consists of many zones; galleries, exhibitions, auditorium. The museum’s main gallery also features 14 tactile learning stations accompanying selected works to facilitate learning in Braille, Arabic, English and French, said Catherine Monlouis-Félicité, education and cultural engagement director for Louvre Abu Dhabi, (The National, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.4.4. Interaction The museum have many interactive space, the interaction with the huge shell which enters a lighting spots leads to the interaction and the presence of water features with an open area to let the children and the visitors interact Two phrases that visitors to Louvre Abu Dhabi Children’s Museum certainly will not hear are “don’t touch” and “sit still”. Rather, the inaugural children’s exhibition titledTravelling Shapes and Colours features original works accompanied by interactive displays designed to encourage young visitors to get busy exploring with their hands and feet as they learn about the art pieces around them, (The National, 2017). “Our Children’s Museum is really special,” Louvre Abu Dhabi director Manuel Rabaté told 200 teachers and principals invited to learn about the museum’s educational offerings on Sunday. It’s something very new for the region, but also for the world, (The National, 2017). This Children’s Museum will expose artwork in their beauty, in their authenticity, said Mr Rabaté. “The Children’s Museum is really an act of trust in your community and also in the families and children in order that they can understand the reality of the object.” (The National, 2017). The Children’s Museum also features a tent where pupils can enter, take a seat around an indoor camp fire, look up at twinkling lights and share stories. A bright studio is located on the second-floor of the Children’s Museum where the education department hosts a number of workshops to pupils of all ages. The workshops, which include either a tour of the main gallery or the Children’s Museum, depending on the age group. Louvre Abu Dhabi is a place of discovery and learning open to everyone, the first universal museum in the Arab world, has opened to the public, (The National, 2017).

(Fig. 7.4.4.1), Children Museum of Louvre Abu Dhabi, (The National, 2017).

7.4.5. Dynamic lighting facade Along with the Etihad fly-past, one of the highlights planned for the day was a stunning light. Over four acts, different works from Louvre Abu Dhabi’s collection were to be projected onto the building’s panels. The long-awaited opening is being marked by a series of events including performances by world music stars, (The National, 2017).

(Fig. 7.4.5.1), Interactive facade of Museum of Louvre Abu Dhabi, (The National, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.4.6. Space Hierarchy

(Fig. 7.4.6.1), Hierarchy of Spaces on Museum Louvre Abu Dhabi, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017).

Louvre Abu Dhabi forms one element of Abu Dhabi’s cultural strategy, which safeguards our rich heritage and catalyses creativity. Investment in a vibrant cultural ecosystem supports the UAE’s economic diversification and development as a modern, dynamic society. Louvre Abu Dhabi will inspire a new generation of cultural leaders and creative thinkers to contribute to our rapidly-changing and tolerant nation, (The Hindu, 2017).

7.4.7. Construction

(Fig. 7.4.6.2), Gathering Space, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.4.7.1), The Silver Dome Construction, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017).

The centrepiece of the first Louvre to open outside of France is Jean Nouvel’s silver dome that creates a “rain of light” effect to mimic an oasis. Underneath sits a Media-like complex of 55 buildings along narrow streets, it’s so nice. It’s gathering so many cultures together and art from across the world, and gathering people, (The National, 2017). Mr Rabaté said Saturday was a special day after ten years of hard work.“You see people from all over the world. Emirates, expatriates, tourists, all together - mesmerised by the dome, the artworks, by the Children’s Museum. I see people carrying bags from the boutiques, bringing back books, presents. It’s exciting. It’s a good picture of what days in Louvre Abu Dhabi could look like”, (The National, 2017).

(Fig. 7.4.7.2), Interior Shots for the Museum, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.4.8. Mood The inauguration week will also feature two prestigious events coproduced under the French-Emirati Cultural Programme, that was initiated over a year ago by our two countries and supported by the creative momentum generated by the Louvre Abu Dhabi. I have the hope that the Louvre Abu Dhabi will always bring this energy further, inspire new callings, promote mutual understanding, and always reinforce the strong bonds uniting the United Arab Emirates and France. The Louvre Abu Dhabi will also consolidate a ventilation system with low fan forces and elite energy recuperation, committed natural air frameworks combined with limited distribution that minimize fan vitality and air exchange volumes, and variable speed pumping systems to upgrade its environmentally-efficient qualifications, (Emirates 24|7, 2017).

(Fig. 7.4.8.1), Different mode for the Museum, (Gensler, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

7.4.9. Elevations and Sections

(Fig. 7.4.9.1), Northern Elevation, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.4.9.2), South Elevation, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.4.9.3), Interior Elevation, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.4.9.4), Section showing the hierarchy of the galleries, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.5. EXPLORATORIUM

(Figure. 7.5.1.1), The historic Beaux-Arts bulkhead of Pier 15, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.5.1. Introduction The exploratorium is a new expression means an interactive museum which is can include different fields sush s science, heritage, adventures and cultures (Architect magazine, 2013). In this case study (As shown in fig 7.1.1) that moved from its current location of 40 years near Presidio park which is a prominent feature on waterfront site in downtown San Francisco. The project includes two piers which renovated, a large parking lot/loading dock on pilings which removed to achieve the LEED (Net Zero Energy Buildings) and 2 Acres of public open space which makes it easy to extend a large scale outdoor exhibits. The exploratorium of San Francisco or “Museum Of Science, Art, and Human Perception” as called, was the first interactive science center founded in 1968. It has changed the meaning of museum and create a new culture or vision worldwide called exploratorium. GLS worked with EHDD Architects to design it.

Project designed by EHDD Architects with GLS

Project total area 50000 sqm

Project year 1968 and still in developing

Project location in pier 15, downtown, San Francisco

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CASE STUDIES 7.5.2. Contextual Information Exhibits infrastructure designed to find more opportunities for improvement, Expansion and adaptability. The context of the project and it’s surroundings create a public open spaces which make it easy to extend a large scale outdoor exhibits. In addition, the context of the project has helped visitors to reach the exploratorium easily and conveniently where is located on the east bay of San Francisco, Also It is very close to the city downtown that is the main reason to make the exploratorium the most popular place for everyone, specially children.

(Figure. 7.5.2.1), Exploratorium, (Google earth, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.5.3. Site and Surroundings The project located close to downtown San Francisco, multi modal transit, and dense hotel and residential neighbourhoods in the Northwest and the southwest. The location serves many visitors Without any dedicated parking Thus it enhances the fabric of the city.

(Figure. 7.5.3.1), The outdoor bay in the exploratorium, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.5.4. Historical Background You can ask any schoolchild about the favourite field trip name for them in San Francisco , for sure it will be the Exploratorium. Originally, it founded by Frank Oppenheimer in 1968. Then It faded over time and has been revived in1968, but this time it has changed to be the first interactive science learning center, and has changed museum culture worldwide. The foundation’s board began thinking about relocating to another site in the city as early as 1991, and they had make a deal with the local firm EHDD and its leader designer Marc L’Italien, FAIA in 1998.

(Figure. 7.5.4.1), Marc L’Italien, the local firm EHDD and its leader designer , (Architect Magazine, 2013)

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CASE STUDIES 7.5.5. Project Objective The objective for the project is how to provide a flexible outdoor space of the museum. But it didn’t happen until 2004, when the city’s board offered them another location. It was piers 15 and 17 on the historic waterfront which they found it a suited location for all of their needs. “When people saw this old, empty, industrial pier, it was like seeing the Exploratorium all over again” ,Bartels says, (Architect Magazine, 2013).

(Figure. 7.5.5.1), Dennis Bartels, the Exploratorium’s executive director , (sfgate.com, 2017)

But the institution starting to decrease the growth of its education training programs due to lack of space, over time. Dennis Bartels, the Exploratorium’s executive director said that “The facility wasn’t working—they would had had to cannibalize themselves, (Architect Magazine, 2013).

7.5.6. Architectural Character EHDD designers wanted to make interacting with visitors through making a conversations with them Throughout the field trip time and they succeed to show this character in the design, so that the Exploratorium classified as an interactive Museum of Art, Science, and Perception.

(Figure. 7.5.6.1), The new structure on the campus, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

The only new structure on the campus is the end of Pier 15. It includes a two story building which include a restaurant at ground level, and an observatory of the bay on the first level. “For 40 years, we’ve been taking Mother Natureand shrinking her to table-top size,” Bartels says. “Now, we get to go outside and play with her.” , (Architect Magazine, 2013)

(Figure. 7.5.6.2), The new structure on the campus, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

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CASE STUDIES

(Figure. 7.5.6.3), San Francisco exploratorium, The historic Beaux-Arts bulkhead of Pier 15, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.5.7. Climatic Conditions Warehouse was built in 1968 to get benefit from the local climate by maximizing daylighting and natural ventilation. The architecture had to create light, ventilation, and climate control, Like many buildings of its era. Along the northeast to southwest Orientation axis, the main strategy to brings daylight into the building is the clerestory windows in addition to extra openings Which added to allow more visibility and lighting.

(Figure. 7.5.7.1), Environmental Impact, (Google earth, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

The nature of the marine environment required mechanical rather than natural ventilation because of corrosive. Water of the bay used as a heating source to produce and control the hot and cold water for the building. According to Marc L’Italien “This incredibly low energy strategy also eliminated the need for cooling towers, and thereby solved a major design challenge in this historic structure”, (Architect Magazine, 2013).

(Figure. 7.5.7.2), Exploratorium Climate, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

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CASE STUDIES

(Figure. 7.5.8.1), Accessibility, (Google Maps, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.5.8. Solid and Void

7.5.9. Urban Fabric

The map shows the relationship between site and its surroundings. It appears the range of landscape area and parking area in the west and Northwest, in addition to urban fabric which appears the housing buildings density with its services.

The map shows the relation between the project and urban fabric which helps people to reach their destination easily which organized by the housing units. The roads are more clear for people because of this fabric and it’s hierarchy is clear and well known. There is very clear differences between the main road and the secondary roads that helps to be defined.

(Figure. 7.5.9.1), Urban Fabric, (Google Maps, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

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CASE STUDIES 7.5.10. Accessibility The building has one entrance from the west corner, and there is one direction to reach the project, it is very easy for visitors to reach the building due to roads which are clear. A highway is there in the west so it is easy also for the people who lives faraway from the district. There are roads which designed specially for pedestrian and there are transportation and parking areas near of the project.

(Figure. 7.5.10.1), The new structure on the campus, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017

6.5.11. Land Use Housing units, industrial, commercial buildings and landscape are the surroundings of the building. The existing of the building is near to San Francisco downtown so there is a main road which serves the building in the west side. The building is considered as a new type of museums, it is an interactive museum. The building hovers above San Francisco Bay and through the design makes guests very interested of the local natural environment there.

(Figure. 7.5.11.1), The outdoor bay in the exploratorium, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.5.12. General Programme Objective The Fisher Bay Gallery observatory offers an astonishing vantage point from where visitors can explore the geographic and social dimensions of the regional landscape. The East Gallery is a window for investigating living things of different sizes from stem cells to familiar insects and plants to the entire San Francisco Eco system. The Bechtel Central Gallery is a laboratory for investigating light and sound how we perceive these phenomena. this combination of physics with perception is a signature of the Exploratorium’s approach to learning.

The Osher West Gallery is a stage on which is to explore human psychology and sociocultural phenomena. Topics range from internal cognitive experiences, such as attention and emotion, to more external social behaviours, such as communications and negotiation. The Kanbar Forum is a cabaret style theatre with flexible seating. With a state of the art Meyer audio system, this space is perfect for presentations, film screening, lectures, cook-tail receptions, lounges, and much more.

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CASE STUDIES

(Figure. 7.5.12.1), San Francisco exploratorium, Main Galleries zoning, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.5.13. Plans Ground Floor Plan

Entrance Public Access Osher West Gallery Kanbar Forum East Gallery Bechtel Central Gallery Fisher Bay Gallery Ticketed Access

(Figure. 7.5.13.1), Ground Floor Plan, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

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CASE STUDIES First Floor Plan

Entrance Public Access Osher West Gallery Kanbar Forum East Gallery Bechtel Central Gallery Fisher Bay Gallery Ticketed Access

(Figure. 7.5.13.2), First Floor Plan, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.5.14. Elevations The elevation is a composite of three materials which are steel, glass and concert, the designer used glass to add modernity to the old design but without compromising its value and decoration and he used glass for vision and lighting too. The elevation of the historical old pier 15 was on the historic waterfront so it still had most of it’s existing historic walls, steel trusses, windows and wood ceilings which was one of the main components in the site that need to maintain.

(Figure. 7.5.14.1), The Fisher bay Gallery Elevation in the exploratorium, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

As for the development of the site, there was the ability to coordinate the architectural design with the needs of the structural upgrade. So, the designer succeeded in his mission to create new combination between the historical part and the modern part without any violations or imperfections which was the main target of the project.

(Figure. 7.5.14.2), The Exploratorium main Elevation, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

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CASE STUDIES 7.5.15. Sections Section A-A Outdoor Gallery

Central Gallery

Seminar Room

(Figure. 7.5.15.1), Section A-A, (Architect Magazine, 2013)

Section B-B Pier 17

Life Science Lab

Cafe

(Figure. 7.5.15.2), Section B-B, (Architect Magazine, 2013)

Section C-C Bay View Walk

Bay Observatory

Bay Terrace

Bay View Walk

(Figure. 7.5.15.3), Section C-C, (Architect Magazine, 2013)

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CASE STUDIES 7.5.16. Structure And Materials The materials which were used for the façades could be adapt with the climate without losing anything from the character of the entrance structure, and it was adapting with the practices of users by time. “On the interior, new walls and mezzanines were carefully planned to fit within the existing grid of historic steel trusses and materials were selected for durability, indoor air quality, and future flexibility” (the American institute of architects, 2017).

(Figure. 7.5.16.1), Exploratorium interior, (Google earth, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

(Figure. 7.5.16.2), Structure System And Materials, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.5.17. Environmental Impact The orientation of the building make an air current through the whole building, glass windows provide the natural light for all spaces. The partial removal of a 2 acre to create new public plaza and outdoor exhibit areas related to the observation of natural phenomena which was playing an important role in identifying the quality of the building to accommodate environmental impacts such as wind direction, fog and tides.

(Figure. 7.5.17.1), Environmental Impact, (Google earth, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

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CASE STUDIES 7.5.18. Capacity

7.5.19. Maintenance

The capacity of the building was a problem in the old site because of its inability to accommodate the huge numbers of the public and the problem is expected to recur again in the new site, although the designer put this problem in mind and found solutions to it in the future, but because of the number of public expected that space will not be enough in the future.

Once the building is approached, what is noticed is that the Main entrance always needed to Maintenance because it is a historical pier, In addition to the factors of corrosion due to the imperfections of natural surrounding the site.

7.5.20. Conclusion The Exploratorium classified as an interactive Museum of Art, Science, and Perception, The project is a case study, which explains exploratorium definition and its relationship with special elements in the space, The designer succeeded in his mission

According to The following points:

(Figure. 7.5.18.1), The Exploratorium Cafe Gate, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017

-Pros 1) The strategy of an environmental sustainability. 2) The variety of using the materials on façades. 3) The combination between the historical part and the modern part without any violations or imperfections. 4) The extension of the Exploratorium in the future which will be in pier 17. - Cons As well as the need to update and add new interactive applications over time.

Entrance Public Access Osher West Gallery Kanbar Forum East Gallery Bechtel Central Gallery Fisher Bay Gallery Ticketed Access (Figure. 7.5.18.2), The Exploratorium Phase 1 Plan, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

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CASE STUDIES 7.6. KISTEFOS MUSEUM

(Fig. 7.6.1.1), Kistefos museum exterior view, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

7.6.1. Introduction Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) won the international competition for the Kistefos museum, BIG proposed a building like a bridge spanning over Ranselva river, and the shape of the building is unique and twisted and they inspire the design for the Art museum in the Netherlands (Inexhibit, 2015). The building is about 1,400 square meter, a building is Accommodating exhibition galleries and services spaces, Connect between the parts of Kistefos sculpture park, linked by a bridge, to transform the dead-end path cross the Exhibition into circular (continuous) loop (BIG, 2015).

Project designed by Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG)

Project total area is 1400m2

The building has a twisted shape and is not only visually Appealing, it also connects the two riverbanks, and have a Different heights from inside and shown at elevation (Inexhibit, 2015). This spatial configuration creating a lot of spaces in the Exhibition to displaying sculptures, paintings, photographs, and video-art, the exhibition is a new building that should see part of visit Kistefos site and sculpture park and the industrial museum, a new building is a conceptual and physical bridge, and also shown coexistence of various perception level and the historical period of the Kistefos Site (Inexhibit, 2015).

Project Year 2015

Project location in Norway

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CASE STUDIES

(Fig. 7.6.2.1), Kistefos museum exterior view, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

7.6.2. Historical brief Kistefos museum is very strange institute, and it founded in 1889 to produce the wood pulp to make the papers, the institute is located on the borders of Ranselva river and about 80 kilometres north of Oslo, in 1955 Institute is closed but all the machinery and tools remained in place because they think the institute well back again to production on someday (Inexhibit, 2015). In 1993, Christen Sveaas, a Norwegian businessman, he is collector the art, and the grandsonofkistefosmillsfounder,taketheselandto makeanewindustrialmuseumandsculpturepark based on his personal collection (Inexhibit, 2015). In 1996 the museum is opened and Showing both industrial and historical plant, which structure of the old institute is Rehabilitated and showing the work of famous Artists like ( Olafur Eliasson, Fernando Botero, Tony Cragg, Shintaro Miyake, Claes Oldenburg / Coosje van Bruggen, John Gerrard, Anish Kapoor, and Marc Quinn, among others) (Inexhibit, 2015).

(Fig. 7.6.2.2), Kistefos museum shown sculpture Art, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

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CASE STUDIES 7.1.3. Define shape of the building

BRIDGING

TWISTING

The total required building volume is placed as a bridge spanning the waters, connecting the two edges of the site (BIG, 2015).

A simple twist in the building volume allows the bridge to lift from the relatively lower forested area towards the south up to the hillside area in the north (BIG, 2015).

GLAZING

STACKED VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL CALLERIES

The glazed elevation morphs from being vertical along the east facade, to horizontal at the top of the southern end of the building (BIG, 2015).

As a result of the building twist, vertical galleries in the south enjoy natural light from Overhead-acting as multifunction area with a cafe that overlooks the gallery space. A large Horizontal open gallery to the north offers views of the old pulp mill (BIG, 2015).

CONTEXTUAL GALLERIES

CIRCULATION

The twisted geometry in the middle of the Building merges the vertical and horizontal in a single motion, reflecting the landscape (BIG, 2015).

Circulation is open within the building , with a ramping path from one end to other (BIG, 2015).

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CASE STUDIES 7.6.4. Site and surroundings

(Fig. 6.6.4.1), Sculpture park site, (BIG, 2015).

(Fig. 6.6.4.2), Sculpture park site, (BIG, 2015).

DEAD END CIRCULATION

ONE CIRCULATION LOOP

The river is natural divide between the two sides of the sculpture park, creating circulation issues (BIG, 2015).

The designer suggest adding a new bridge to Tie the are together, connecting the landscape and interior galleries in a natural continuous loop (BIG, 2015).

(Fig. 7.6.4.3), Sculpture park surroundings, (BIG, 2015).

The site is signed among the industrial building that is designed from the past in this area and suitable for the environment, the designer connects the interrelationship between the park and the museum through the bridge to make the place in one circular loop, to shown the important element on the park, this makes a strong interrelationship between the project and the surrounding context, it’s strongly one of the important factors that effect on design quality (Inexhibit, 2015).

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CASE STUDIES 7.1.5. Topography The site having contours and levelling on the front of the exhibition entrance, to interact with the river and make the absolute visual connecting between the building and the contextual surrounding, so the image is shown clearly by all items in a strong visible wide range (Inexhibit, 2015).

7.1.6. Structure The structure is used in the building “ Load-bearing wall “, and from the interior, all doors are made of rectangular hollow steel Section a progressive rotation of the doors Creating the twisted shape of the building. And from the exterior facade is made of combine opaque satin stainless steel sheets and “smart glass” panels, and the glazing side of the Museum follows the envelope distortion, to control on solar radiation, the glazed part on the Building providing with UV-reflective coating and an electrically switchable shading system (Inexhibit, 2015).

(Fig. 7.6.5.1), Kistefos museum Topography, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 7.6.6.1), Kistefos museum Structure, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

7.1.7. Flexibility

(Fig. 7.6.7.1), Kistefos museum Flexibility, (BIG, 2015).

The architect is designed the interior space is dynamic and composed form curvilinear from and all the level under one roof and also open fluid space to could be perceived from different levels through movement, and also use the focal sculpture in interior spaces to attract the people and make them interactive (Inexhibit, 2015).

141

CASE STUDIES 7.1.8. Functional requirements

(Fig. 7.6.8.1), Kistefos museum Plan and Section, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

Architect designed spaces according to the function, and the relationship between the old industrial tools and the new sculpture art that the owner collected and also make the integration between the project and context, and make the hierarchy of spaces and also make the spaces open and fluid and study the Environmental impact on the project and for the movement of the visitor on the space they will enter and interact to the spaces and the exhibited , and the will moving through the vertical galleries on the south and these galleries has the natural light from overhead acting as a multifunction area with the cafe that overlooks the gallery space, a large horizontal, open galleries to the north over views of the old pulp mill and at the middle of the building Marge between the vertical and horizontal in the single motion, reflecting the Landscape (Inexhibit, 2015).

7.1.9. General program objectives The project spaces are big enough to accommodate 3500 visitors to attend the museum. Space Specialized exhibited area, services, offices, storage, educational zone, conversation, open fluid spaces, and interacted area (Inexhibit, 2015).

7.1.10. Conclusion

(Fig. 6.6.9.1), Kistefos museum Flexibility, (BIG, 2015).

The project is an example of interactive museum, form and contextual environment, using the idea of free, fluid and dynamic spaces to make the people interact and discover.

142

CASE STUDIES 7.7. Tirpitz Museum

(Fig. 7.7.1.1), Tirpitz Museum exterior view, (BIG, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

7.7.1. Introduction

The new TIRPITZ is a sanctuary in the sand that acts as a gentle counterbalance to the dramatic war history of the site in Blavand on the west coast of Denmark. The 2.800m2 interactive museum transforms and expands a historic German World war II bunker into groundbreaking cultural complex comprising four exhibitions within a single structure, seamlessly embedded into the landscape (Rosenfield, 2013).

Project designed by BIG

Upon arrival, visitors will first see the bunker until they approach through the health-lined pathways and find the walls cut into the dunes from all sides and descend to meet in a central clearing(Rosenfield, 2013).

Project total area is 2800.0 m2

The courtyard allows access into the four underground gallery spaces that have an abundance of daylight even though they are literally carved into the sand. The exhibition, designed by Dutch agency tinker Imaginings, showcase permanent and temporary themed experience that ground the tale of an impressive war machine (vardekommune, 2017).

Project Year 2017

While set by the heavy hermetic object of the World War II bunker, the new TIRPITZ is a sharp contrast to the concrete monolith by camouflaging with the landscape and inviting lightness and openness into the new museum (archdaily, 2017).

6857 Blåvand, Denmark

143

CASE STUDIES

(Fig. 7.7.2.1), Tirpitz Museum bird aye view, (BIG, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

7.7.2. Historical brief The new museum of TIRPITZ intersects the landscape and creates a connection between natural and artificially built. In contrast to the mass of heavy and gaseous cement that formed the original artillery fortress named “Tirpitz”, “Hidden West Coast”, “Army of Concrete” and “Sea of Gold” are the titles of three permanent exhibits in the museum. Each visitor will give visitors a comprehensive experience both exciting and meaningful. The “Hidden West Coast” exhibition is the definitive route to discover the history of West Gotland. Forming an impressive, mysterious forest frame exhibition “Sea of Gold” that will leave visitors hit by the sand. (archdaily, 2017) You can hear the myths about creating many different pieces of amber and see amazing jewelry. Human stories about the construction of the Atlantic wall Hitler is the subject of the exhibition “Army of Concrete”. In the scene filled with shelters and other fortresses with information about World War II, The original castle cannon “Tirpitz” was started in 1944 and did not have to be completed before the German surrender in May 1945. It was built as part of the Atlantic Street Hitler and protected the west coast and in particular the port of Esberg. The original Terbitz castle is part of the new museum complex and tells the story of an impressive war machine. Visitors can discover and know how the castle will work (archdaily, 2017).

(Fig. 7.7.2.2), Tirpitz exterior and interior view, (BIG, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

144

CASE STUDIES 7.7.3. Define shape of the building

EXISTING SITE The bunker and crane embankment to its north constitute the site for the new museum (archdaily, 2017).

INTEGRATION INTO THE LANDSCAPE 4 simple cuts are made into the topography, creating central courtyard for the museum. the 4 paths connect back into the existing network of trails in the dune landscape (archdaily, 2017).

RATIONALIZATION OF THE ROOF

UPPER LEVEL: ARRIVAL AND CAFE

The roof is rationalized to have a precise geometric form, easing constructability and at the same time being reminiscent of the surrounding dunes (archdaily, 2017).

Entrance to the museum is through a steel bridge and into the cafe (archdaily, 2017).

LOWER LEVEL : EXHIBITION AND SUPPORT FUNCTIONS

ROTATION OF FOYER WALLS

A common foyer is located in the center of the galleries on the lower level. Operational support functions such as toilets, cloakroom, and exhibition storage and are placed between each gallery space (archdaily, 2017).

The wall between foyer and the exhibition room rotate generating a flexible museum (archdaily, 2017).

DAYLIGHT Rotation allows 4 skylights at each entrance bringing daylight into the foyer (archdaily, 2017).

EXHIBITION ACCESS Rotation creates an opportunity to independently access the 4 museum galleries (archdaily, 2017)

145

CASE STUDIES 7.7.4. Site and surroundings The Site was Divided into four main zones to made the continuity of circulation to deliver the experience of World war II into the topography through cutting the site to made the circulation and connected together to the main plaza, to make the interaction between the surrounding and the site Terbitz intersects the landscape and creates a connection between natural and artificially built. In contrast to the mass of heavy and gaseous cement that formed the original artillery fortress named “Tirpitz”, the new building is open and incorporated into the landscape (Rosenfield, 2013). “Hidden West Coast”, “Army of Concrete” and “Sea of Gold” are the titles of three permanent exhibits in the museum. Each visitor will give visitors a comprehensive experience both exciting and meaningful (Rosenfield, 2013 ).

(Fig. 7.7.4.1), Tirpitz Museum Site Selection, (BIG, 2017).

(Fig. 7.7.4.2), Tirpitz Museum Surrounding Site, (BIG, 2017).

The Site Surrounding pathways heath-lined cut into the dunes from all sides to connect to the central plaza, and bing the daylight and air into the center of the complex to make the complex very rich with environmental technology to perceive the building to access to whole zones easily and connect with the surrounding through the main paths to can get the whole experience and interact with the museum and achieved the wayfinding of the place and surrounding (Rosenfield, 2013 ) .

146

CASE STUDIES 7.7.5. Topography The site having contours and levelling because its dunes, to interact with the surrounding site to make theabsolutevisualconnectingbetweenthebuilding and the contextual surrounding through the main pathways, so the image is shown clearly by all items in a strong visible wide range (vardekommune, 2017) . (Fig. 7.7.5.1), Tirpitz Museum shown the topography , (BIG, 2017).

7.7.6. Structure The museum is made of four main materials concrete, steel, glass, and wood which describe the exist structure and landscape of the area, a courtyard in the Centre make the accessibility to the four underground galleries and 6 meter panels glass to get daylight inside the venues and all rooms of the exhibition are made from concrete cast on-site to support the steel structure (vardekommune, 2017) .

(Fig. 7.7.6.1), Tirpitz Museum shown the structure , (BIG, 2017).

7.7.7. Flexibility

(Fig. 7.7.7.1), Tirpitz Museum shown the flexibility , (BIG, 2017).

The architect is designed the interior space to deliver the mood of the world war II through the dynamic space and connected all zones together to make the visitors feel whole experience through moving in the whole building by pathways cutting the dunes, to can interact with the interior exhibit to make the visitor discover and interact more (vardekommune, 2017) .

147

CASE STUDIES 7.7.8. INTERACTION

(Fig. 7.7.8.1), Tirpitz Museum shown the interacted the visitor with the exhibited , (BIG, 2017).

the designer make the building and all spaces are interacted to make the visitor feel the whole experience through moving inside the building and knows what happened in world war II and interact with all spaces to see and play and contact with the interior furniture and in some spaces the visitor can set together and whats something about the world war II and also can listen to one who can describe or explain something not clear to the visitor and in some spaces the kids can interact with the furniture to feel the experience in easy way to know every detail in the musume to insure the wayfinding in the musume, and in some spaces the kids also can discover and be searching for thing to know this information, and also can reflect on his feeling to make him interact and knows everything about the musuem (archdaily, 2017).

7.7.9. Conclusion The project is an example of interactive museum, form and surrounding site, using the idea of cutting dunes to make the main four pathways to make the visitor interact with all zones and plaza to feel the whole experience in one loop and also can reflect in our project to perceive the topography and the cultural heritage of Siwa (archdaily, 2017). (Fig. 7.7.9.1), Tirpitz Museum site , (BIG, 2017).

148

CASE STUDIES 7.8. Perot Museum of Nature and Science

(Fig. 7.8.1.1), Perot museum exterior view, (Archdaily, 2015)

7.8.1. Introduction As our global environment faces ever more critical challenges, a broader understanding of the interdependence of natural systems is becoming more essential to our survival and evolution. Museums dedicated to nature and science play a key role in expanding our understanding of these complex systems, (Archdaily,

Morphosis Architects

2015).

Science museum include 11 exhibition halls,children’s museum,14-story facility features lively exhibits, vivid contextual displays of the museum’s collections, state-of-the-art technology, multimedia presentations, and hands-on activities, (Archdaily, 2015).

Project total area is 1200m2

Project Year 2012

Texas, United States

149

CASE STUDIES 7.8.2. Historical Background

(Fig. 7.8.2.1), Perot museum exterior view, (Archdaily,2015)

7.8.2. Historical Background June 6, 1936 – Dallas Museum of Natural History was opened to the public as part of the 1936 Texas Centennial Exhibition.(dezeen, 2017) September 20, 1946 – Dallas Health Museum was founded by a group chartered as the Dallas Academy of Medicine. The Dallas Health Museum was renamed as the Dallas Health and Science Museum in 1958 (archdaily, 2017)

(Fig. 7.8.2.1),perot museum exterior view, (archdaily, 2015)

In 2006, museum CEO Nicole Small oversaw the uniting of the Dallas Museum of Natural History and the Science Place and the Dallas Children’s Museum at Fair Park. (archdaily, 2017) The museum was relocated on December 1, 2012 to a new facility in Victory Park. with the building for the former Dallas Museum of natural history converted into a second campus for the Perot Museum. (dezeen, 2017)

(Fig. 7.8.2.2),perot museum exterior view, (archdaily, 2015)

7.8.3. Architectural Character Visitors can interactive with environment because it surroundings with a natural and green area. Also it has a more activity for children (authors, 2012). (Fig. 7.8.2.2),perot museum exterior view, (archdaily, 2015)

150

CASE STUDIES 7.8.3. Site and Surroundings

(Fig. 7.8.3),perot museum Site surrounding, (archdaily, 2015) (uthors, 2012).

The project is located in residential area with some government building, galleries and green area also museum provide large open space with green area Broom street outdoor cafe for museum sky house dallas gallery outdoor parking Perot museum North-endApartments Caroline street

(Fig. 7.8.3.1),perot museum perotmuseum, 2017)

7.8.3. Land Use The project are surroundings with industrial commercial, housing units and landscape (perotmuseum, 2017)

7.8.3. Accessibility The building has one entrance from south its very simple and easy for visitors to enter the museum. Also it has a parking front of museum. (Fig. 7.8.3.2),perot museum (perotmuseum, 2017) There are roads for pedestrian. All public entrances and all levels of the Perot Museum are accessible by either elevator or walkways to accommodate both manual and motorized wheelchairs, as well as electric mobility scooters and visitors who prefer to avoid stairs (perotmuseum, 2017)

7.8.3. Materials Surrounded by glazing, the escalator streaks diagonally across the striated concrete facade then angles back inside the building. At the top, each visitor is faced with a view of the city before spiralling their way back down through five exhibition floors into the atrium where they first arrived. (perotmuseum, 2017)

(Fig. 7.8.3.3),perot museum (perotmuseum, 2017)

151

CASE STUDIES 7.8.4. General Programme Objective FAMILY SPORTS HALL Welcome to Sports Hall — where every field, court, track and gym is a hands-on science lab! get into the action by throwing a fast ball, kicking a soccer ball or turning cartwheels while a high-speed camera captures it all for you to review when you’re done. (perotmuseum, 2017) TEXAS INSTRUMENTS ENGINEERING Help children to learn more about engineering and exploring on it with different types machines, electronics and structures

(Fig. 7.8.4.1), INSTRUMENTS ENGINEERING (archdaily, 2015) (uthors, 2012).

Architecture Tours Find out the Design- centred reasons why the escalator only goes up, how the building was made to “float” with custom-designed structural support (perotmuseum, 2017) Sustainability The Museum achieve the highest standards of sustainability possible for a building of its type. High performance design and incorporation of state of the art technologies will yield a new building that will minimize its impact on the environment (perotmuseum, 2017)

7.8.6. Project phases

7.8.5. Levels

((Fig. 7.8.5.1), First level, (Archdaily, 2012)

(Figure. 7.8.5.2), second level, (Archdaily, 2012)

(Figure. 7.8.6.1), second level, (Archdaily, 2012)

Cube

Atrium

(Figure. 7.8.5.3), third level, (Archdaily, 2012)

(Figure. 7.8.5.4), Forth level, (Archdaily, 2012)

Plinth

Core

Structure

Perot museum

(Figure. 7.8.6.2), second level, (Archdaily, 2012)

152

CASE STUDIES 7.8.7. Architectural drawings

(Figure. (7.8.7.1), plan1, (Archdaily, 2012)

(Figure. (7.8.7.2), (Archdaily, 2012)

plan

(Figure. (7.8.7.3), plan 3, (Archdaily, 2012)

(Figure. (7.8.7.5), ,East-facing section (Archdaily, 2012)

(Figure. (7.8.7.4), ,northern section (Archdaily, 2012)

(Figure. (7.8.7.7), west section (Archdaily, 2012)

(Figure. (7.8.7.6), ,southern section (Archdaily, 2012)

153

CASE STUDIES 7.9. Guggenheim Helsinki

(Fig. 7.9.1.1), Guggenheim Helsinki, A Pitched and Cut Canopy for People and Art, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.9.1. Introduction A PITCHED AND CUT CANOPY FOR PEOPLE AND ART: With the apparent apotheosis of the art market, it is a surprising paradox that the art world has produced a limited range of spatial repertoires: from commercial white boxes to industrial sheds, from never-ending art fairs to contemporary art museums, too often thinly disguised as shopping malls, (noarchitecture, 2017). This seemingly exponential expansion, and absence, occurs on two fronts. First, in terms of scale, and second, in terms of quantity. More and more, spaces commissioned for the display of art become inflated, eradicating the spectator’s intimate and delicate experience while at the same time revering contemporary artists who enact experiences to apocalyptic (noarchitecture, 2017) proportions. Likewise, with the market’s relentless expansion we see an apparent disappearance of public art’s potential to produce radical otherness, instead trafficking individual comfort over alterity… security over ambiguity. By resisting this paradox through a range of innovative urban and spatial experiences, we seek to promote alterity, intimacy and flexibility at the Guggenheim Helsinki. (noarchitecture, 2017

Project designed by Guggenheim Helsinki

Project total area is 12,100 m.sq²

Project year 2017

Project location in Helesinki, finland

154

CASE STUDIES 7.9.2. Define The Shape of The Building

(Fig. 7.9.2.1), Guggenheim Helsinki, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

Small museum in consist of strategic moments, we lift and lower the roof canopy, allowing pedestrian entrances and varying views; while at other moments, the canopy is pierced, allowing internal courtyards and circulation. (noarchitecture, 2017)

7.9.3. Site Location In order to connect Market Square in the north with Tähtitorninvuori Park in the south, we propose lifting the 12,100 m² museum into a canopy of planted courtyard valleys and tectonic peaks. (noarchitecture, 2017) Like a green archipelago, the planted courtyards and pathways stitch the Esplanadi/Market Square together with the Tähtitorninvuori Park via a newly triggered waterfront. Visible from a variety of the city’s vantage points, a constantly changing silhouette of lifted peaks results from subtle checkerboard modifications in plan and section. (noarchitecture, 2017)

(Fig. 7.9.3.2), District Layout, (noarchitecture, 2017), (illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

(Fig. 7.9..3.1), A Pitched and Cut Canopy for People and Art, (noarchitecture, 2017), (illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

(Fig. 7.9.3.3), A Pitched and Cut Canopy for People and Art, (noarchitecture, 2017), (illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

155

CASE STUDIES

7.9.4. Concept

At the same time, the main atriums are conceived as a series of interconnected urban plazas that nurture a new degree of difference, a heightened alterity. (noarchitecture, 2017)

(Fig. 7.9.4.1), convert able of small museum, (noarchitecture, 2017)

7.9.5. Environmental Impact The roof canopy is cut and pleated to maximize indirect natural light, passive solar heat gain, and when necessary, natural ventilation. (noarchitecture, 2017)

(Fig. 7.9.5.1), environmental studies, (noarchitecture, 2017)

156

CASE STUDIES 7.9.6. Program Diagram

(Fig. 7.9.6.1), Program Diagram, (noarchitecture, 2017)

7.9.7. Structure And materials The pitched roof canopy is conceived as a light-weight, rigid catenary, form-finding structure in compression that is made of composite, insulated, structural wood panels. Primary trusses of 1.5m – 2m depth are concealed in the canopy’s pleated ridge seams. Defining both interior and exterior finishes, the warped panels are sourced from local renewable timber, insulated with organic, expanded spray soy foam (~.5m thick). The tessellating panels produce a rigid shell, reducing structural metals; providing an excellent low embodied highly insulated shell. (noarchitecture, 2017)

(Fig. 7.9.7.1), Structure and materials, (noarchitecture, 2017)

157

CASE STUDIES 7.9.8. Plans Ground Floor Plan

(Fig. 7.9.81), Ground Floor Plan, (noarchitecture, 2017)

First Floor Plan

(Fig. 7.9.8.2), First Floor Plan, (noarchitecture, 2017)

158

CASE STUDIES 7.9.9. Sections Section A-A

(Fig. 7.9.9.1), Section A-A, (noarchitecture, 2017)

Section B-B

(Fig. 7.9.9.2), Section B-B, (noarchitecture, 2017)

Section C-C

(Fig. 7.9.9.3), Section C-C, (noarchitecture, 2017)

159

CASE STUDIES 7.9.10. Elevations

At the same time, the main atriums are conceived as a series of interconnected urban plazas that nurture a new degree of difference, a heightened alterity. (noarchitecture, 2017)

(Fig. 7.9.10.1), Elevations, (noarchitecture, 2017)

(Fig. 7.9.10.2), Guggenheim Helsinki, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

160

CASE STUDIES 7.9.11. Flexibility Flexibility/ Usability. At the heart of our proposal is an unprecedented level of flexibility and intimacy achieved by the simple gesture of a pitched-and-cut roof canopy above and plinth below, at the same time , the main atriums are conceived as a series of interconnected urban plazas that nurture a new degree difference, a heightened alterity. At the same time, the main atriums are conceived as a series of interconnected urban plazas that nurture a new degree of difference, a heightened alterity. An external pedestrian bridge passes overhead to connect Bernhardinkatu with the waterfront, giving cyclist a high-speed panorama of the museum’s activities inside. Access to the loading dock is provided by the port service road (noarchitecture, 2017)

(Fig. 7.9.11.1), A Flexibility of museum in circulations, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.9.12. Sustainability The pitched roof canopy is conceived as a light-weight, rigid centenary, formfinding structure in compression that is made of composite, insulated, structural wood panels. Primary trusses of 1.5m – 2m depth are concealed in the canopy’s pleated ridgeseams. Definingbothinterior and exterior finishes, the warped panels are sourced from local renewable timber, insulated with organic, expanded spray soy foam (~.5m thick). The tessellating panels produce a rigid shell, reducing structural metals; providing an excellent low embodied highly insulated shell. Mechanically, the plinth is conceived as a gridded floor air plenum, allowing temporary partitions and galleries to plugin for heating and cooling, minimizing the required conditioning load. (noarchitecture, 2017)

(Fig. 7.9.12.1), Sustainability / Feasibility, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

161

CASE STUDIES

(Fig. 7.9.12.2), Guggenheim Helsinki, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

7.9.13. Solid and Void

7.9.14. Urban Fabric

The (Fig. 7.9.20), shows the relationship between site and its surroundings. It appears the range of landscape area and parking area in the west and Northwest, in addition to urban fabric which appears the housing buildings density with its services.

The relation between the project and urban fabric which helps people to reach their destination easily which organized by the housing units. The roads are more clear for people because of this fabric and it’s hierarchy is clear and well known. There is very clear differences between the main road and the secondary roads that helps to be defined.

(Fig. 7.9.13.1), Guggenheim Helsinki Context, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

162

CASE STUDIES 7.10. Science museum

As seen in (fig. 2.1.2) ..............

7.10.1. Introduction

(Fig. 7.10.1.1), science museum, (archdaily, 2015).

The Science Museum is the most visited science and technology museum in world. There are over 15,000 objects on display, including world famous objects such as the Apollo 10 command capsule and Stephenson’s Rocket. Also it attracting 3.3 million visitors all over the world Our interactive galleries bring to life first scientific principles

Architects: ZAHA HADID

and contemporary science

debates. Plus, you can experience what it’s like to fly with the Red Arrows or

blast off into space on an Apollo space mission in our stunning 3D and 4D simulators or watch a film on a screen taller than four double-decker buses in the IMAX 3D Cinema.

AREA:15000.0M2

Climatic Condition: Temperature Max. 35oc min. 4oc Humidity Max: 65% min. 40% Date of found: in 1857

South Kensington, London

163

CASE STUDIES 7.10.2. Historical background brief

(Fig. 7.10.2.1), science museum, (archdaily, 2015).

The history of the Science Museum over the last 150 years has been one of continual change. The exhibition galleries are never static for long, as they have to reflect and comment on the increasing pace of change in science, technology,industry and medicine. Whatever the future holds, the Science Museum will be in the forefront to illustrate, explain and interpret it for all users (science museum, 1990)

(Fig. 7.10.2.2), elevation of science museum in 2016, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.2.3), science museum in 1887, (Science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.2.4), school in 1899, (Science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.2.5), entrance of science museum in 2016, (science museum, 1990).

164

CASE STUDIES 7.10.3. Contextual analysis

(Fig. 7.10.3.1), science museum, (archdaily, 2015). SCIENCE MUSEUM SITE LOCATION

GOVERNMENT AREA

WIDIFE GARDEN AREA

Exhibition ROAD

Accessibility to the site Science museum

(Fig. 7.10.3.2), science museum, (archdaily, 2015).

(Fig. 7.10.3.3), France consultant in 2016, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.3.4), London museum in 2016, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.3.3.5), Oman consultant in 2016, (science museum, 1990).

The project is located in the government area with gardens the residential area behind the site not existed exhibition road linked all entrances of the project

165

CASE STUDIES 7.10.4. Events at science museum

The Dana Centre

(Fig. 7.10.4.1) dana centre from inside, (science museum, 1990).

Science Night

Visitors can consult around 6,000 books and journals covering museum studies, the history and biography of science technology and medicine, and the philosophical and social aspects of these subjects (dezzen, 2016). (Fig. 7.10.4.2), dana centre from inside, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.4.4), science night activity, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.4.3), dana centre from inside, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.4.5), science night activity, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.4.6), science night activity, (science museum, 1990).

The Science Museum also organises “Science Night”, “all night extravaganza with a scientific twist”. Up to 380 children aged between 8 and 11, accompanied by adults, are invited to spend an evening performing fun “science based” activities and then spend the night sleeping in the museum galleries amongst the exhibits. In the morning, they’re woken to breakfast and more science, watching an film before the end of the event (science museum, 1990)

Exploring Space

(Fig. 7.10.4.7), exploring space activity, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.4.8), exploring space activity, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.4.9), exploring space activity, (science museum, 1990).

Exploring Space is a historical gallery, filled with rockets and exhibits that tell the story of human space exploration (science museum, 1990)

Mathematics Gallery

(Fig. 7.10.4.10), Mathematics Gallery, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.4.11), Mathematics Gallery, (science museum, 1990).

Mathematics Gallery explores how mathematicians, their tools and their ideas have helped build the modern world over the past four centuries. The centre-point of the gallery is the Handley Page ‘Gugnunc’ aeroplane, built in 1929 for a competition to construct safe aircraft (science museum, 1990)

166

CASE STUDIES 7.10.5. Architectural drawings

(Fig. 7.10.5.1), Ground floor, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.5.2), Ground first floor, (science museum, 1990).

(Fig. 7.10.5.3), Section of science museum, (science museum, 1990).

167

SUSTAINABILITY C h a p t e r v iii T hi s like:

social,

and

how

chapter

shows

different

e n v i r o n m e n ta l they

reflect

and on

t ypes

s u s ta i n a b i l i t y

e co n o m i c

s u s ta i n a b i l i t y

the

society

S i wa .

8.0. Sustainability

SUSTAINABILITY

Definition “Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs “(Brundtland, G. H,1983). Sustainability is known in many respects like “ability to resist” and “ability to support”. The traditional model of sustainability involves the interaction between sustainability approaches and humans (Scammon, 2017).

The three approaches in sustainability:

Social sustainability

Environmental sustainability

Economic sustainability

8.1. Social Sustainability Definition It is the process of achieving prosperity by creating sustainable and successful places through understanding what people need from these places. Social sustainability makes an integration between physical realm design and social world design, also between infrastructure to support cultural and social life, citizen engagement systems, social amenities and space for people and places to evolve (Woodcraft et al., 2012).

169

SUSTAINABILITY Indicators of social sustainability: used to measure social dimensions, according to a study that was made by Oxford Institute for Sustainable (Woodcraft et al., 2012):

The Feeling of the residents towards each other, and the sense of place in the community.

social sustainability indicators

1 2

Access to and provision of services.

Features of green design.

Employment and business proximity.

Cultural activities.

Involvement of community.

(Fig.8.1.1), Illustration ofSocial Sustainability indicators, (Woodcraft et al., 2012), (Authors,2017).

Socially acceptable society is result of all the previous indicators. To get more in depth of how to achieve social sustainability a report was made in 2011 about the way of designing social sustainability – “a Framework for the design, construction and construction of prosperous communities. For the Young Foundation, it was commissioned by the Agency of Houses and Communities” (Woodcraft et al., 2012).

This research gives the most important four elements for building new and successful communities that could be sustainable on the long term. These main elements are (Woodcraft et al., 2012): 1. Space to grow; in terms of planning and design. 2. Amenities and social structure. 2. Social and cultural life. 3. Voice and influence.

(Fig.8.1.2), Design Illustration for the framework of Social Sustainability, (Woodcraft et al., 2012), (Authors,2017).

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SUSTAINABILITY Who is involved in creating social sustainability? Federal government Local government Community NGOs Social sustainability is more like an integrated project that all planners, governments, architects and developers should work on together to achieve it. putting in mind who will exactly be engaged in the process of the design and how will they be engaged and what they will be engaged with to meet the expectation of the community, in addition to how the community can contribute. Also architects influence shouldn’t be underestimated in the process of urban development and their impact upon the population’s capacity as well involving and By engaging all ages and culturally diverse groups, and allowing participants to have a voice (Palich and Edmonds, 2013).

Case studies Australian examples of an inclusive design led process

Project tag: A project that was started by “5000plus- which is a design-led project for the redesign, renovation, and reactivation of inner Adelaide”. The project involves youth at risk of homelessness in a public art project where their ideas about Adelaide are presented visually on a building facade. The project also showed an effective example of an integrated approach to design (Palich and Edmonds, 2013).

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SUSTAINABILITY There are four main phases for the project: First stage: involved research of the issues. The second stage: took 18-month connecting a diversity of stakeholders, which where the public of Adelaide, design professionals, businesses, NGO’s, government agencies. Third stage: involved testing and discussing ideas, priorities and design propositions. Which took a place in a public exhibition for the outcomes, ‘called Collaborative City’ by putting 99 proposals that could be put in consideration to shape an integrated approach to the future of inner Adelaide. Fourth stage: implementing the 99 proposals to ensure greatest value and sureness for the community. (Palich and Edmonds, 2013)

The example shows a successful project and specially in the engagement approach, as what can be seen is a more collaborative and linked culture and as well as a new way of working being adopted. The project helped to Create the Vibrant City agenda and led to initiatives like activated lane ways, temporary installations, trial projects etc. As a national lead project, it is an important example of the value a design-led the process can offer to city making and particularly to the achievement of socially sustainable outcomes (Palich and Edmonds, 2013). How can this help us? be related to our project? Social sustainability can be achieved by taking places, zones and design it to be interacted. The project will achieve the social sustainability by involve local residents in ways like social commercials and festivals, so that will lead to generate responsibility feeling toward project and make it socially sustainable.

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SUSTAINABILITY 8.2. Economic Sustainability Definition “Economic sustainability is referring to preserve all the natural resources that we consume to make future generations enjoy them as well (Nihad,2018). How this could be achieved ? Simply through making balance between rate of generation of resources and rate of consumption. Economic sustainability is not concentrated only on preserving resources, also regional factors should be considered, with environmental values and social needs. In addition, understanding the impacts they have on the future of humans (El-Hiatmy et al., 2017). Economies will not be sustainable if natural resources are used beyond the limits. Economic sustainability is inextricably connected to both environmental and social sustainability. This is demonstrated by the limits to growth.

Economic development in general: • Looking to reduce the effect on the environment and the community. • Providing a legacy of skills, learning, expertise and experience that can be handed on to the next generation. • Production and distribution of renewable energy. • Moving a step closer to a more inclusive. (Crossrail Environment Report, 2017), (Crossrail Environment Report, 2017).

Economic sustainability indicators

Some Economical Themes -in General-: 1

Economic Development.

Community Economic Development.

Labour Market Development.

Infrastructure

Tourism

Industry

(Fig.8.2.1), Illustration of Economic Sustainability indicators, (El-Hiatmy et al., 2017), (Authors,2017).

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SUSTAINABILITY Economic sustainability applications in Architecture: According to Nihad, S. (2011), Urban planning, architectural designs and elements could obtain the economic sustainability. According to the environmental activist Adam (1999), in a diagram published on the website, “The Living Principles for Design,” economic sustainability is concerned with actions and issues that affect how people and organizations meet their basic needs, evolve and define economic success and growth”

Economic sustainability evaluate various plans for

Case studies Nubian cultural center Nubian cultural center is a project existed in Luxur that crystallize the Nubian peoples art although their own life and civilization, with a total budget of 15 million Egyptian pound

(Fig.8.2.2), Nubian cultural center, (El-Hiatmy et al., 2017), (Authors,2017).

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SUSTAINABILITY

The project has a concept character that presents training courses of traditional Nubian crafts; Also sales of commercial venues bars - unique products of these companies. Moreover,revenues from the sales of products from the local handicrafts market gained from new material necessary for ship funds and training process of another citizen, which advocate both the economic sustainability of social integration. Besides, Luxor Social Council provide initial funding to run the project by supplying the equipments and materials needed for the work and responsibility of the equipment and money for materials from the sales of products. The center is a two-story building surrounded by a large garden. The first level located many rooms, each one has Nubia woman presenting one of the Nubian handicrafts, as an example cane weaving, pottery and glass work, decorative bead accessories, kilim carpets, armor, alabaster and arabesque. The second level is an open standard for the device that have been prepared at the lower level showroom. This is where tourists can see the final products and buy what they like dishes from cane cloths, baskets, mats and kilims to typical Nubian clothes like shawls, head covers and women’s “Gergar” and many Clay and alabaster decorative objects. The Social Fund is responsible for the financial support of the Center and the provision of all materials and instruments for arts and crafts and, in collaboration with the Japanese organization “JICA”, to train the Nubians who work at the Center.

(Fig.8.2.3), Illustration of Design for Economic Sustainability Framework, (Gamil et al., 2015), (Authors,2017).

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SUSTAINABILITY 8.3. Environmental Sustainability Definition “Environmental sustainability is the strength to conserve the rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation, and non-renewable resource consumption that can be persistent indefinitely.” (Meadows et al., 2004)

Definition in architecture

Environmentally sustainable buildings propose to reduce a building’s environmental effect through energy and

water efficiency methods, use of sustainable materials and landscaping that considers a site’s Biodiversity and existing natural features.

Environmentally sustainable is the gathering of resources and needs of present and future generation without

effect the health of ecosystem in way to achieve balance that allows human society to satisfy its needs while neither exceeding the capacity of its supporting ecosystems (Morelli, 2011) . There are a certain environmental design and construction factors include the following: • Waste and recycling management. • Energy efficiency. • Water management(including freshwater). • Air quality conservation. • Adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.

(Fig.8.3.1), Illustration of Design for Environmental Sustainability Framework, (Gamil et al., 2015), (Authors,2017).

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SUSTAINABILITY Passive Recommendations

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SUSTAINABILITY Passive Recommendations

Case studies Regional Manufacturing in Nubian Cultural Center

(Fig.8.3.2), curtains made of bamboo-Dom plant, (Aga Khan, 2011), (Authors,2017).

(Fig.8.3.3), Beams of the roof made from palm trunks, (Aga Khan, 2011), (Authors,2017).

(Fig.8.3.4), Shading made of local materials, (Aga Khan, 2011), (Authors,2017).

(Fig.8.3.5), Outdoor furniture, (Aga Khan, 2011), (Authors,2017).

Decorations made of local materials from the surroundings such as (bamboo-Dom plant – palm trunks – leaves), for achieving the building integrating with context (Gamil et al., 2015).

178

SUSTAINABILITY Siwan Community Center Passive Design Strategies (wind catcher) The dry climate of Siwa (desert climate) imposes environmental solutions in order to reach the comfort zone in the internal building zones; and thus the tents were used as roofing system. The concept of the tents is inspired by the concept of wind catchers, so they are oriented and directed towards the North West (Wind direction) and therefore act as wind catchers, aiming to achieve the optimum ventilation and enhance the temperature through creating air cycle that guarantee optimum air circulation inside the spaces of the building (Gamil et al., 2015).

(Fig.8.3.6), Air flow due to tents’ orientation, (Gamil et al., 2015), (Authors,2017).

(Fig.8.3.7), concept of tents in the project , (Gamil et al., 2015), (Authors,2017).

Using water features enhance the temperature (air) in dry climates as the Siwan climate, water features were used to make sure the an environmentally- friendly air cooling system is taking place (no pollution- no energy needed). (Gamil et al., 2015).

(Fig.8.3.8), concept of tents in the project, (Gamil et al., 2015), (Authors,2017).

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SUSTAINABILITY In Siwa Adrere Amellal The Adrère Amellal Oasis project, is a luxury resort on a 60-hectare site at the foot of the Adrère Amellal Mountain, within the Siwa area. As The project aims to crystallize the developments while conserving the local community and environment, which will ensure long-term sustainability. Moreover,the first propose of this introductory is the protection of the natural environment and encouragement of the cultural heritage through the Adrère Amellal Oasis project. Besides,the second propose is the establishing of the Siwa Environmental Fund, which promotes the development of small and micro-enterprises.

(Fig.8.3.9), Siwa Sustainable Development Programme, (Hana alamuddin,2007).

Using palm track as beams.

Small opening for faster air ventilation.

Thick wall from mud & kershef stone (local materials).

Bed made of salt

(Fig.8.3.10), Siwa Sustainable Development Programme, (Hana alamuddin,2007). The project has a structural system of load-bearing walls (50 centimetres thick) made of kershef stone and mortar, resting on strip foundations (60 centimetres wide) of limestone and concrete treated with salt-resistant material to combat the high-water table. In some minor areas, especially the stairs and domes, mud brick vault construction was introduced to reduce the thickness of walls and for ease of construction.

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SUSTAINABILITY

8.4. GREEN BUILDINGS Definition

Green buildings have various issues and categories that can be defined with; so, to define green buildings in general; they are serving buildings that serves to minimize a lots of negatives effects on the environment and on people that uses these buildings. Therefore, to design a green building, there are a vital things that should be taken into consideration: Be attention for energy efficiency involve usage renewal sources of energy such as geothermal, wind, and solar. Provide a healthful air environment inside spaces with sufficient ventilation, also selection of material that minimize volatile organic compound (VOC’s). Chose sustainable building resources and materials, have less energy, and produce a lower amount of environmental upstream effect. (leed Supplying for the effective usage of water via appliance and shower head choices.

green

associate

at.,(

Examples of Green Buildings The Bullitt Centre The project designed to achieve the stringent requirements of the Living Building Challenge (LBC), the Bullitt Centre generate all of its electricity on site via a 14,000-square-foot rooftop photovoltaic array. Moreover, varies of methods are used in the building to store and manage water, involving the following: rainwater harvesting; a green roof and a bioswale to treat graywater; and composting toilets. Other green features include geothermal heating and cooling, the use of Forest Stewardship Council–certified wood, and the use of building materials and finishes that are free(ULIofCase 14Studies, classes 2018)of toxic chemicals. In addition, although the building has no automobile parking spaces, there is ample bicycle parking. It also has green building certification programs such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Energy Star. The Green Building

(fig.8.4.1)The Bullitt Centre, Washington, (ArchDaily, 2018)

This Project based on the idea that place between spatial relations and programmatic reasonable architecture (fr) designed to earn experience in a study environment surrounding the project. The design ensures the creation, sustainability and led the project to include sustainable features and design instead resulted in (ArchDaily, 2018) the creation of a natural addiction. Green Construction is the first LEED Platinum project in the city of Louisville and is the first LEED-certified adaptive reuse project in the state of Kentucky. The main objective of the proposal. (fig.8.4.2)The Green Building, Kentucky, (ArchDaily, 2018)

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SUSTAINABILITY

8.5. SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS Definition

The US Environmental Protection Agency, defined that: «sustainability of people and the current nature and future social generations, allowing the satisfaction of economic needs and another, the creation and maintenance of conditions Which exist in productive harmony. «

Examples of Sustainable Buildings One Angel Square Angel Square has been designed to deliver a 50% decrease in energy consumption compared to the Cooperatives current Manchester complex and an 80% reduction in carbon. This will lead to a reduction in operating costs of up to 30%. Housing 3,000 employees, it has been awarded an “Outstanding” Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology rating. According to the Co-op, the building is powered by a pure plant oil fed Combined Heat and Power system and utilizes rapeseed oil which is grown on the Cooperatives own farm land. Excess energy is sent back to the grid. Other features include LED lighting and a system to recycle waste and rain water. (CNBC, 2018) (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.5.1)One Angel Square ,UK, (ArchDaily, 2018)

Centre for Interactive Research Designed to be net positive in seven different ways energy; structural carbon; operational carbon; water; turning passive occupants into active inhabitants; promoting health and productivity; and promoting happiness. According to this goals, the environmental performance standards made so far with Living Building Challenge pursuit. The efforts of the structure, neighbouring solar light gathering efforts include use as a basis for a building heating and cooling audio capture and waste exchange. With these methods, circumcise generates 600 megawatt hours of energy annually and eliminate 170 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions.(ArchDaily, 2018)

(fig.8.5.2)Centre for Interactive Research ,UK, (ArchDaily, 2018)

Green VS Sustainability VS Smart Green buildings are concerned to reduce footprint that’s leaves by buildings on the environment and its impact on the health of inhabitants. Energy efficiency is the role which green buildings are based on, using renewable sources of energy such as solar, water or wind to create indoor healthy environment through using green construction materials and implementing systems for natural lighting and ventilation. While, Sustainable Building has more specific meaning derived from sustainable agriculture which is aim to using farming techniques which protect the environment, inhabitants communities and humans health without damage the ability of future generation to do the same. While, future is the role point which sustainable buildings are based on which add higher standards to deliver than those factors of green buildings. Smart buildings are regarding to buildings that have centralized automatic control units which control (Pablotittonell.net, 2018) ventilation, air conditioning, heating and lighting; in addition, to any devices that’s could connect to that control unit as well as many of the tasks that can.

182

SUSTAINABILITY 8.6. LEED Leadership in Energy and Environment Definition LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), the US Green Building Council (USGBC) is a building certification program for ecology carried out under the auspices of. LEED, energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, materials selection, sustainable site development and water saving will enhance environmental and (New.usgbc.org, 2018) performance improvement efforts in five key areas of human health.

2.2 million +

square feet is LEED certified every day with more than 92,000 projects using LEED.

Flexible

LEED works for all building types anywhere. LEED is in over 165 countries and territories.

Sustainable

LEED buildings save energy, water, resources, generate less waste and support human health.

Value

LEED buildings attract tenants, cost less to operate and boost employee productivity and retention. (New.usgbc.org, 2018)

LEED Rating system divisions LEED, schools, medical services, including retail and office have a rating system that is very applicable to various structures. Newly built, renovated and has a great qualification system for existing buildings. Program planners, architects, land professionals, office managers, engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, including a wide range of private and specialized range lighting work with nature to rotate or relocate for the sustainability of the environment and is designed to control. Segment managers (leed green associate at.,( and 2015) government officials.

Green Building Design & Construction LEED for New Construction. LEED for Core and Shell. LEED for Schools. LEED for Retail: New Development and Significant Redesigns. LEED for Medical services.

Green Interior Designs LEED for Business offices interiors. LEED for Retail: Business offices interiors.

Green Building Operations and Support LEED for Existing Structures: Operations and Support.

Green Neighbourhood Advancement LEED for Neighbourhood Advancement.

Green Home design and Development LEED for Homes, The LEED for Homes rating system is not the same as LEED v3, with various point classes and edges that reward productive residential buildings. (leed green associate at.,( 2015)

183

SUSTAINABILITY 8.6. LEED: Pillars of rating & the evaluation criteria Project Checklist Sustainable Sites 14 Possible Points

184

SUSTAINABILITY 8.6. LEED: Pillars of rating & the evaluation criteria

185

SUSTAINABILITY 8.6. LEED: Pillars of rating & the evaluation criteria

(leed green associate at.,( 2015)

186

SUSTAINABILITY 8.6. LEED CASE STUDY Grand Rapids Art Museum Architects: wHY Architecture. Location: Grand Rapids, MI, USA. Certification: LEED Gold Certified. The museum has 125,000 SF of floor area with more than 50,000 SF of gallery and art exhibition spaces. The design stresses both the symbolic need of a museum to be a civic icon within the city. Being one of the very first art museums in the US designed with the goal for LEED certification, the use of natural light in the building is carefully planned. Most public areas of the museum have natural light, and gallery rooms welcome light from top lantern skylights as well as large windows which also connect art to surrounding urban life.(ArchDaily, 2018)

(fig.8.6.2)Ground 2018)

floor,

(ArchDaily,

(fig.8.6.3)First 2018)

(fig.8.6.1)Grand Rapids Art Museum,USA, (ArchDaily, 2018)

floor,

(ArchDaily,

(fig.8.6.4)Second 2018)

floor,

(ArchDaily,

Energy saving skylights tailored lights level for art Nature lights enters through triple layers glass with ultraviolet protection. Save and energy efficient indoor air quality control Carbon dioxide monitoring, pollution control. Certified wood flooring White oak planks used in the galley come from sustainable harvest forest. Local materials Much of buildings materials are sourced locally . Use of recycled and recyclable materials Buildings insulation materials made from recycled paper and fibre. Water design.

Nature lighting + energy saving feature Resourceful use of nature light through large windows and skylights without harming the art 3 layers of filters; exterior louvre, energy-saving insulated glass with argon gas and fabric scrim for light filtering in public space.

Green housekeeping and strict recycling program ECO-friendly entrance Large front portico gives protection in winter and shade in summer for activities all year round.

Small building footprint Leaving parts of the land for park, courtyard and water feature. Nature water recycling Rain and snow water is stored and recycled toilets, plants irrigation, pool and water wall. Energy saving construction Efficient insulation for solid concrete wall and glass wall.

efficiency

landscape

Educate and inform public a bout green building and environment

Innovation Air-condition system Energy saving air conditioning uses 3 feet diameter energy wheels to bring in fresh air . Indirect evaporation method for air conditioning. Ozone depletion policy.

(fig.8.6.5)Grand Rapids Art Museum’s studies of LEED,USA, (ArchDaily, 2018)

187

SUSTAINABILITY 8.6. LEED CASE STUDY City Centre Las Vegas Architects: Pelli Clarke Pelli and others. Location: Las Vegas, USA. Certification: 6 LEED Gold certifications. CityCenter commenced in 2004 as a blank canvas 67 acres in size, imagined by a diverse group of people with the energy, foresight and talent to create the most ambitious and visionary development ever conceived in one of the world’s most dynamic cities. Inside the complex we find several towers, with hotels, casino and residences. Veer towers have received LEED Gold certification. Firstly, energy-generation on (ArchDaily, 2018) The Strip through its 8.5 megawatt natural-gas co-generation plant, providing efficient electricity on site, reducing emissions and using waste heat to provide domestic hot water.

(fig.8.6.6)City 2018)

Centre

Las

Vegas,USA,

(ArchDaily,

Firstly, energy-generation on The Strip through its 8.5 megawatt natural-gas co-generation plant, providing efficient electricity on site, reducing emissions and using waste heat to provide domestic hot water. Besides, it’s world’s first fleet of stretch limos powered by clean-burning compressed natural gas. Secondly, water conservation technology and programs that will save between 30% and 43% of water within the buildings and 60% in outdoor landscaping, for an overall savings of approximately 50 million gallons annually. Thirdly, (ArchDaily, 2018) providing a savings equivalent to powering 8,800 households annually. Finally, energy-efficiency initiatives Creation of a large-scale recycling operation that enabled the recycling or reuse of more than 260,000 tons of construction waste, more than 80%.

(fig.8.6.7)Zoning & studies,City Centre Las Vegas,USA, (ArchDaily, (fig.8.6.7)studies,City Centre Las Vegas,USA, (ArchDaily, 2018) 2018)

188

SUSTAINABILITY 8.7. Pearl ABU DHABI RATING SYSTEM FOR «ESTIDAMA»

Definition The Pearl Rating System is known as the green building rating framework that is founded by the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council as a main aspect of their sustainability development activity. The framework can be connected to community, building, villa, with various prerequisites for each. A basic tool to develop Sustainability is the (PRS). The PRS is particularly custom fitted to the arid and hot atmosphere environment of Abu Dhabi. Every new building must achieve a base 1 Pearl rating to get approved from the permission powers. Partition classification system of the PEARL is illustrated into seven categories form the basis of more sustainable development. The heart of the pearl grading system is formed: Integrated development process: to foster interdisciplinary teamwork to deliver environmental and quality management throughout the life of the project. Natural systems: natural habitats critical to the region and conservation, protection and restoration habitats. Habitable building: improving the quality and connection of interior and exterior space. Liveable Buildings: Improving the quality and connectivity of outdoor and indoor spaces. Precious water: Reduce water demand and effective distribution and promotion of alternative water sources. Strong energy: passive design measures, demand reduction, aimed at saving energy through energy efficiency and renewable sources. Storage materials: When selecting materials and specifying «Get all» life cycle of the consideration. Stewarding Materials: Ensuring consideration of the ‘whole-oflife’ cycle when selecting and specifying materials. Innovating Practice: encouraging innovation in building design and construction to facilitate market and industry transformation.

(Fig.8.7.1), Steps needed for certification., (Estidama, 2014), (Authors,2017).

189

SUSTAINABILITY Pillars of Rating & The Evaluation Criteria

190

SUSTAINABILITY Pillars of Rating & The Evaluation Criteria

191

SUSTAINABILITY Pillars of Rating & The Evaluation Criteria

192

SUSTAINABILITY Case study Louvre Abu Dhabi

(Fig.8.7.2), Louvre Abu Dhabi, Exterior shot, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors,2017).

The Project has got Three Pearl Design Rating Certificate from the Emirate’s Urban Planning Council (UPC), The rating was given after a survey of the exhibition halls Blueprint outline by an appraisal group from UPC, TDIC and a multidisciplinary advisor group that included basic designers and lighting specialists, among others, required in the historical center›s development (ArchDaily, 2016). All climates like exceptions. Warmer when it is cold. Cooler in the tropics. People do not resist thermal shock well. Nor do works of art. Such elementary observations have influenced the Louvre Abu Dhabi. It wishes to create a welcoming world serenely combining light and shadow, reflection and calm. It wishes to belong to a country, to its history, to its geography without becoming a flat translation, the pleonasm that results in boredom and convention. It also aims at emphasizing the fascination generated by rare encounters. That heat in Louvre’s external heat gain was reduced by %71.7, which was somewhat accomplished by the specification of highly insulated, walls and the insignificant utilization of windows. the exhibition halls dome energy consumption was reduced by %30.8, as its holes permit daylight to channel through while giving broad shading over the structure. This plan is said to minimize sun powered pick up while enhancing warm solace all through the exhibition hall square

(Fig.8.7.3), Louvre Abu Dhabi, interior shot, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors,2017).

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SUSTAINABILITY “The dome of the museum use, energy in the overall design is one of the best examples of reductions. First the outer plaza and act as a shade canopy under the building shelter of the sun will reduce the total energy consumption of the building, «said Dr. Nathalie Staelens, TDiC›s main environmental services. Other contributing components to the lower levels of energy consumption incorporate the utilization of conventional «mashrabiya» concept of shading in windows outside the dome, the exhibition›s light re-coloring and utilization of materials with high reflection. Exceptionally picked water apparatuses and fittings all through the building likewise represent a %27.3 decrease in consumable water utilization, alongside the utilization of effective water system frameworks and restricted arranging on the water side of the exhibition hall. The Louver Abu Dhabi will also consolidate a ventilation system with low fan forces and elite energy recuperation, committed natural air frameworks combined with limited distribution that minimize fan vitality and air exchange volumes, and variable speed pumping systems to upgrade its environmentally-efficient qualifications.

8.8. GPRS GREEN PYRAMID RATING SYSTEM

Definition GPRS (Green Classification Pyramid System) is a national environmental rating system for buildings. And were considered to be accurate criteria for assessing the building›s environmental credentials. In addition, system designers, manufacturers, and developers must help make rational decisions based on the environmental impact of their decisions.

Example: Green Pyramid Rating calculation

The result of an assessment will be a Green Pyramid Rating in accordance with the following rating system: GPRS Certified: 49–40 credits Silver Pyramid: 59–50 credits Gold Pyramid: 79–60 credits Green Pyramid: 80 credits and above Projects with less than 40 credits will be classed as ‘Uncertified’.

194

SUSTAINABILITY Case study AUC- Faculty of housing, New Cairo

(Fig.8.7.4), AUC faculty of housing, exterior shot, (Estidama abu dhabi, 2014).

Green Pyramid Rating System Assessment The following table presents the evaluation of the case study using the Green Pyramid Rating System (GPRS) for Public Review. This rating system consists of seven categories: (1) Sustainable Site, Accessibility and Ecology, (2) Energy Efficiency, (3) Water Efficiency, (4) Materials and Resources, (5) Indoor Air Quality, , And (7) Innovation and added value.

195

SUSTAINABILITY AUC- Faculty of housing, New Cairo

196

SUSTAINABILITY AUC- Faculty of housing, New Cairo

197

SUSTAINABILITY AUC- Faculty of housing, New Cairo The following table represents the resulted calculation through a relationship between credit achieved and credit available. The results of the evaluation using GPRS indicated that the building qualifies for a green pyramid rating level of ‘Silver’.

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DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Chapter ix The as

chapter guide

i n c lu d e s

lines

design

ma k e

s ta n da r d s

needed

a p p r o p r i at e

program

for

co n s i d e r e d

the

project.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 9.1. PROGRAM

Component that should be preserved 1) Historical Narrative 2) Culture Life 3) Handicrafts 4) Building Science Process of exploring and conserving siwa’s culture

Hands on Interactive Space

Display hall

Training Work space

Detailed program Main Zones

Sub zones

No. Spaces

Capacity

Area

Historical Narrative (2,050 m2)

- Main Lobby - Cultural Hall - Political Hall - Social Hall - Religious - Agriculture - Architecture and Urban Fabric -Small Cafeteria -Toilets - Storage - IT Room

1 2 2 2 1 1 2

40 P 25 P 25 P 25 P 25 P 25 P 25 P

150 m 2 200 m 2 100 m 2 200 m 2 100 m 2 250 m 150 m 2

- Main Lobby - Dancing & Music Hall - Folklore Hall - Gathering Space - Out Door Theatre -Interactive Spaces - Training & Workspace - Small Cafeteria

1 1

Culture Life (3,100 m2)

Description 2

- Background information about Siwa, how it formed and the events that happened on it.

50 m 2 50 m 2 50 m 2 50 m 2

1 1

40 P 25 P 25 P 25 P 100 P

150 m 2 300 m 2 2 300 m 2 300 m 2 400 m

- Talking about the social life and what happened in the daily life, the existence of the interactive space to let the users by attention and Investigate more.

100 P

500 m

10 P

200 m

50 P

300 m

1 2 1 1

10 P

50 m

200

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Handicraft (1350 m2)

-Toilets - IT Room - Storage

2 1 1

10 P 3P

50 m 2 2 50 m 2 50 m

- Main Lobby - Display Hall - Interactive Space (indoor outdoor)

1 1 1

40 P 25 P 20 P

150 m 2 300 m 250 m 2

- Gift Shop

1 1

50 P

100 m 2 300 m

1 1 1 2

3P 10 P

50 m 2 50 m2 2 50 m 50 m 2

- Main Lobby - Display Hall (material Structuresystem) - Interactive Space (indoor outdoor)

1 1

40 P 25 P

150 m 2 2 400 m

10 P

300 m

- Gift Shop

1 1

50 P

100 m 2 300 m

- Training & Workspace - Small Cafeteria - Storage - IT Room -Toilets

Building Science (1,500 m2)

Entertainment (2,200 m2)

- Training & Workspace (indoor - outdoor) - Small Cafeteria - IT Room - Storage -Toilets - Gathering Space - Lobby Children Zone: - Children Playground Area - Games Adult Zone: Visual Reality: - Stargazing - Panoramic cinema -Yoga Centre - Restaurant - IT Room - Storage -Toilets

- Showing how they are Using materials for doing and art works and Involving users to interact with materials .

- Showing the techniques for building units, the materials of the Construction, style of Architecture, urban fabric growth .

80 P

50 m 2 50 m 50 m 2 50 m 2 400 m 2

40 P

150 m 2

20 P

250 m

20 P

250 m

1 1

20 P 30 P

300 m 2 300 m

1 1 1 1 2

20 P 100 P 1P

200 m 2 200 m 50 m 2 2 50 m 50 m 2

1 1 1 2 1 1

3P 50 P

10 P

- Space for interaction and relaxation.

201

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Management - Main Lobby - Manager Office and Administration - Secretary - Offices (800 m2) - Copy Room - Office Desk - Archive - Meeting Room - IT Room - Server Room - Storage - Toilets

TOTAL

1 1 1 3 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 2

30 P 1 P 1 P 4 P 2 P 2 P 1 P 20 P 1 P 3P 10 P

150 m 40 m 2 2 20 m 2 50 m 20 m 2 20 m 2 2 40 m 50 m 2 50 m 2 40 m 2 40 m 2 40 m 2

11,000 m

- Administration for managing the project butting rules and services helps the whole project.

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DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 9.2. Exploratorium standards Introduction Exploratorium is defined as institution that makes visitors interact with its collections, accessible artefacts and specimens, which hold in trust for society. They enable people to explore these collections for experiences, inspiration, learning, and enjoyment (Buxton, 2015).

Function relationship There is no specific formula for determining the areas inside the exploratorium, In contrast, their are a clear relationship between the exploratorium functions that had approach to zoning and need of expansion shown in (fig.9.2.1) (Buxton, 2015). In addition, some services may be provided by outside agencies, as far as possible, there is two different functional areas that should be separated in the exploratorium, the public controlled area and the private area should be kept separate as seen in (fig.9.2.1) (Kister, 2012).

Flexibility The exploratorium is considered one of the project that have a long-term development, for that reason, its layout should be flexible for further expansion in all area and a degree of internal rearrangement(Buxton, 2015). Their are three methods of expansion varies due to needs a. Block addition; b. Extension; c. New building as shown in (Fig.9.2.2). (Fig.9.2.1), Functional scheme(Buxton, 2015)(Kister, 2012), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig.9.2.2) Functional scheme(Buxton, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

203

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Layout The layout of public areas and private area may be based on a simple concept as in (Fig.9.2.3) or a very complicated concept that achieves its function with aesthetic form generation(Buxton, 2015).

(Fig.9.2.3) a possible layout for a small exploratorium(Buxton, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

Rooms layout change by the way displaying the collection to the visitor and how it need to be displayed which is called design concept as shown in (Fig.9.2.4) (Kister, 2012). 1- Open plan: free circulation, function rooms in 1: Open plan basement. 2: Main and side rooms: main room for orientation, side rooms for display. 3: Linear chaining: controlled circulation, clear orientation, separate entrance and exit 4: Labyrinth: free circulation, route and direction are variables. 5: Complex: combined features of 1 to 4. 6: Round tour: controlled circulation leads back to 4: Labyrinth entrance(Kister, 2012).

2: Main and side rooms 3: Linear chaining

5: Complex

6: Round tour

(Fig.9.2.4) a possible layout for a small exploratorium (Buxton, 2015), (Authors, 2017).

204

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Restaurants: Dimensions: A table of area 60 cm wide and 40 cm deep is the minimum Solutions needed for one person to be able to eat comfortably. Also, an additional 20 cm in the centre of the space needed for dishes. So, the total width is around 80-85 cm. The minimum space between wall and the chair is 60 cm as (Fig.9.2.5) shows (Kister, 2012) . (Fig.9.2.5),

The minimum diameter needed for round table for two persons only as shown in (Fig.9.2.6). While (Fig.9.2.7) and (Fig.9.2.8)show round tables or tables for six or eight sides of a diameter of 90 - 120 cm is suitable for one or two persons till four persons (Kister, 2012) .

Minimum dimensions needed tables,(Kister, 2012) .

(Fig.9.2.6), Round table for 2 persons, (Kister, 2012)

(Fig.9.2.7), table of six sides,(Kister, 2012)

for

(Fig.9.2.8), Round table for four persons, (Kister, 2012)

Arrangement: Restaurant spaces can be decided into several zones like the main room is the dinning room, kitchen, storerooms, toilets, delivery points and other services (Fig.9.2.9). Chairs and furniture used should be movable to allow flexibility in space like grouping tables (Kister, 2012) .

(Fig.9.2.9), Types of zones forming restaurants, (Kister, 2012) .

(Fig.9.2.10) and (Fig.9.2.11) show the minimum dimensions needed for the arrangement of the tables in restaurants to give enough flexibility and to be comfortable. Also show the arrangement of columns where the best place for the structural columns in dining rooms are preferred to be in the middle of a group of tables or at the corner of the table (Kister, 2012) .

(Fig.9.2.10), parallel table arrangement, (Kister, 2012) .

(Fig.9.2.11), Diagonal table arrangement, (Kister, 2012) .

205

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Elevators:

(Fig.9.2.12),elevator, Data source (Kister, 2012).

(Fig.9.2.13),data for elevator, Data source (Kister, 2012).

(Fig.9.2.14) ,dimensions of elevator, Data source (Kister, 2012).

(Fig.9.2.15),control height for elevator panel, Data source (time-saver,1992).

(Fig.9.2.16),dimensions for elevator and panesl location, Data source (time-saver,1992).

206

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Escalators:

(Fig.9.2.17),dimensions of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012).

(Fig.9.2.18), type of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012).

(Fig.9.2.19), dimensions of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012).

60 cm wide

80 cm wide

100 cm wide

Superimposed (Fig.9.2.20), type of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012).

(Fig.9.2.21), width of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012).

207

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Stairs:

(Fig.9.2.22), standard dimensions for stairs, Data source (unevirsal design,n.d), (author, 2018).

(Fig.9.2.23), stair without handrails, Data source, (Kister, 2012) .

(Fig.9.2.24), stair without handrails, Data source, (Kister, 2012).

Handrails and banisters are not needed for less than five steps.

Stairs with a rise of less than 1:4 do not require handrail.

Step profile: We recessed profiles to avoid marking rises with shoe polish. (Kister, 2012).

(Fig.9.2.25), Step profiles for stairs, Data source (Kister, 2012) .

208

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Travelator:

(Fig.9.2.26), Dimensions of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012).

60 cm

100 cm

(Fig.9.2.27), Dimensions of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012).

Ramps Ramps are essential in design to facilitate the motion of disabled within the place also to make it easy to delever goods to commercial zones (Kister, 2012) . (Fig.9.2.28), Arrangement of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012).

Ramp

Stepped ramp

Stair ramp

(Fig.9.2.29), Types of ramps (Kister, 2012).

209

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Fire system: Fire detectors

They are a type of fire alarm system that detect fire and smoke in buildings. They are classified into two types: Smoke Detector They are located in rooms that contain materials that can give a large volume of (Fig.9.2.30), Smoke detector, ( Thoroughlyreviewed.com, smoke during fires (Kister, 2012) . 2017)

Flame Detectors They are used in rooms containing materials that burn without smoke as they are activated through the radiations emitting from the fire produced (Kister, 2012) . Heat Detectors They are used in rooms where smoke would wrongly set off other early warning system. As this smoke is generated due to normal working conditions for example welding work that carried out in workshops (Kister, 2012) . - Maximum Detector: When temperature exceeds 70 0C. - Differential Detector: When temperature rise within fixed period of time For example rise of 5 0C in one minute (Kister, 2012) .

(Fig.9.2.31), flame detector, (FD3040, 2017).

(Fig.9.2.32), Heat detector, (Lifewire, 2017).

Sprinkler System:

Are system where a network of pipeline network is hidden behind the wet alarm station that is filled with water that emerges from it when the sprinkler responds (Kister, 2012) .

Spacing between Sprinklers:

According to Kister, J. “ Spacing between sprinkler must be at least 1.5m. The maximum spacing is determined as a function of the area the sprinkler is protecting, the distribution of the sprinklers and the fire hazard. This rule does not apply in stacking systems.”

Types of Sprinklers:

There are two types of sprinklers: - Umbrella sprinkler. (Fig.9.2.33). -Normal Sprinkler. (Fig.9.2.34).

(Fig.9.2.33), Umbrella sprinkler, (Kister, 2012) .

(Fig.9.2.34), Normal sprinkler, (Kister, 2012) .

210

DESIGN REQUIRMENTS Sensors As shown in (Fig.9.2.35) it includes devices like audible & visual alerts, ambient environments, exhibit monitoring, display case monitoring and transit monitoring.

Lighting systems The artificial lights focus on making walls illuminated over all the required area which give a feeling of uni-formality, it depends on the separation between the wall & the lamp that varies according to the type of items which has been displaying and day time. The displayed items space should attract visitors and this will never happened unless it has a suitable lighting system and it has a chance to create a comfort environment zone for visitors to help them to perceive the space.

(Fig.9.2.35), Sensors Devices, (Anon, 2017).

(Fig.9.2.36),

Lighting

Systems, (Authours, 2017)

(Buxton,

2015),

Skylights Through the horizontal roof light, the quantity of light is received but heat going to be gaining in the same time. The use of northern lighting is preferred when using the natural lighting system and it should provide a screen to reflect the sun rays that coming from southern direction and should provide a frosted glass in the ceiling with a ratio of 1:1.5 or 1:2 between roof light spacing and room height .

(Fig.9.2.37), Skylights, (Buxton, 2015), (Authours, 2017)

(Fig.9.2.38), Skylights, (Buxton, 2015), (Authours, 2017).

211

DESIGN REQUIRMENTS Acoustical requirements Sound absorption is required in all Zones in the exploratorium, although its size. Should be provided an efficient acoustical treatments for all facilities that includes walls, floors, ceilings, doors and windows. Acoustical treatments should be distributed fairly in all directions of the zone and should the reverberation time to be less than 0.9 seconds at 500 Hz. (Fig.9.2.39), Ceiling Acoustical System, (CEILINGS, 2018).

(Fig.9.2.41), Connection Acoustical System, (Steelconstruction.info, 2018). (Fig.9.2.40), Wall Acoustical System, (Steelconstruction.info, 2018).

(Fig.9.2.42), Floor Acoustical System, (Anon, 2017), (Authours, 2017).

212

DESIGN REQUIRMENTS

Ventilation Ventilation systems can be divided in different ways, but one of the most common and user-friendly way is the following: Natural ventilation (without fans) Forced ventilation (air moved by fans) The energy consumptions of both types of ventilation systems can be reduced by more intelligent management.

(Fig.9.2.43), The principle of operation of natural ventilation, (Coolbricks, 2017).

(Fig.9.2.44), The principle of operation of mechanical ventilation without heat recovery, (Coolbricks, 2017).

(Fig.9.2.45), Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery operation principle, (Coolbricks, 2017).

213

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Special requirements: Interactive 2017):

Visitor

Orientation

Map(formula-d,

Orientation maps are a must for every museum, tourist visitor centre or heritage site.

Technical Components : Full HD Projector 3x Tablet PC’s WiFi router Automatic Key switch system

1 : table Pc in Housing 2 : Railing- Epoxy coadet galvanised steel 3 : Projectio Platform - fabricated ,painted MDF 4 : Housing for CPU , Projector , wifi router

Sound : 2.1 Sound system Dimensions: L 2.275m x W 2.275m x H 0.760m 4.400mm Minimum Ceiling

(Fig.9.2.46), 3D landscape with mapped interactive projection (formula-d, 2017).

Environment: Dry indoor space

Experience facts

Target and Age Group Children: (10+) and adults Learning Outcome : Defined by custom application made to you requirements Reading Level: 10 years and over (Fig.9.2.47), The size and shape of the 3D projected space (formula-d, 2017).

Duration : 2-3 minutes per visitor

Physical unit + Technology Integrated PC system: Intel Core i5 • GTX730 Nvidia Graphics • 8GB DDR4 RAM Materials: Painted Galvanised Steel Connectivity:

MDF

•

Epoxy

Coated

Exhibit Weight:160kg Shipping Weight : 225kg (shipped in parts)

(Fig.9.2.48), team will be able to work with you to create the best solution , authors (formula-d, 2017).

214

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Excite and Engage Multiple Visitors with Our Multitouch Tables (formula-d, 2017) Multi-touch interactive tables are ideal for public spaces, such as museums and visitor centres, as well as corporate and retail environment

Technology: Components : • 48” Full HD LED screen • 6 Touch Point IR Touch Frame • LED Illumination around to Sound: 2.1 Sound system Dimensions: L 1.390m x W 0.850m x H 0.722m

Plan View (Fig.9.2.49), multi-touch tables are made up of high definition LED screens with durable multi-touch surfaces housed in a robust selfcontained, steel free standing structure, authors (formula-d, 2017)

Shipping Dimensions: L 1.450 x W 0.950 x H0.875 Environment: Dry indoor space

Experience facts: Users : • (+15) and Adults Reading level : 8 years Duration: 3 to 7 min.

(Fig.9.2.50), The table as well as the content can be customised to suit the themes, designs and learning outcomes of your museum, visitor centre or corporate space and uses for handicaps, authors (formula-d, 2017)

Physical unit + Technology: Materials : Epoxy Coated Galvanised Steel • 6mm Tempered Glass Exhibit weight

: 98 kg

Shipping weight :125 kg

(Fig.9.2.51), Are designed for a multi-user educational experience and Present key messages in multiple languages , authors (formula-d, 2017)

215

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Engage Visitors with Our 3D Cityscape (formula-d, 2017)

The Interactive City Model Exhibit is a 3D city lighting which different scenarios are projected based on the interactions visitors have with the touch devices constantly installed around it

Technology: Components: • Full HD Projector • 2x Tablet PC’s • WiFi router Sound: 2.1 speaker system Dimensions: L :L 3.730m x D 2.013m x H 2.113m 3.400mMinimum Ceiling

(Fig.9.2.52),The 3D cityscape with the mapped interactive projection , authors. (formula-d, 2017)

Shipping Dimensions: N/A – multiple parts Environment: Dry indoor space

Experience facts: Target and Age group: 10 years and older Reading level: 10 years and over Languages: Arabic•English • Custom language at additional cos

(Fig.9.2.53), Asks the visitor to balance monetary and environmental effects, authors. (formula-d, 2017)

Duration/ interaction period: • About 3 minutes per visitor

Physical unit + Technology: Materials: Epoxy Coated Galvanised Steel • painted MDF Exhibit weight: 115 kg Shipping weight: 180 kg

(Fig.9.2.54), The system which includes a full high lighting definition projector is controlled by a central PC and integrated WiFi network, authors (formula-d, 2017)

216

INDIVIDUAL WORK Chapter x D i f f e r e n t co n c e p t s f o r E x p lo r ato r i u m p r o j e c t w i t h co n c e p t s tat e m e n t , m i s s i o n a n d v i s i o n o f e ac h o n e . A l s o , e ac h co n c e p t d i s c u s e s d i f f e r e n t s t u d i e s l i k e s u s ta i n a b l e a n d t e c h n o lo g i c a l s t u d i e s a n d d i f f e r e n t i n s p i r at i o n s .

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.1. ABDELRAHMAN MOHARRAM SAPET

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.1.1Slogan

Reviving heritage 10.1.2 Abstract Siwa oasis having different criteria about how to increase the heritage and should have awareness and knowlage about the different eadges of people and know the behavior of women to be afreedom. therefore the interactive between )10.1.2( buildings and awareness of humans as seen in fig . that refere to the customs and traditions of siwan mens showing the different tyeps of people is a good reasonable to protect and save the heritage of siwa (Fig.

10.1.2), historical background, (elsayed, 2016). authors,(2017)

(Fig10.1.3), understanding the heritage of siwa, (elsayed,2016). authors,(2017)

10.1.3 Mission Reviving Heritage is The main motivation to raise siwa heritage up and make it an international focal point for Tourism and provides the interactive for the site, so that showing the hiearchy of typography is the main idea to connected with the other different levels of site such as understanding the behaviours of people

(Fig10.1.4), understanding the heritage of siwa, (elsayed,2016). authors,(2017)

10.1.4 Objectives

improveing like mean use an urban road and respecting the surroundings of siwa that showing the maximum and minimum of building in different levels this follows the three main concepts : topography awareness urban pattern of roads

(Fig10.1.5), the interactive between children that they have an awareness, (elsayed,2016). authors,(2017)

219

INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.1.5 concept 1: TOPOGRAPHY it mean that having criteria of different levels between siwa mountains and zero level of streets , therefore having an diffferet lines from the natural topography such as sky line of swia

(Fig10.1.5), the interactive between sky line and street lines, (google,2017). authors,(2017)

natural street line

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

Chosing the straight line way that refe to road of peopleandtransportations to make the different spaces in explorutouriam

Sky line of siwa such as the topography of different hight between mountains and level of users such as the connection between shali mountain and middle town

point of views

PHASE 3

PHASE 4

Horizontalaty should make your views aftractive eyes see the verticality lines such ac buildings or environmental vegetation ares , it connected because it refere to the different levels between the different between sky line and striaght line mountains and the users road

PHASE 5

After finishing analysis of the topoghraphy of siwa .it should be to connect between natural lines and point of view to make an section building interactive with siwa oasis

PHASE 6 Section shows the collections of all phases with a different levels , undertherooftharinspired from the tepography

(Fig10.1.5), the interactive between sky line and and the natural levels of this environmental resorces,sketched by authors,(2017)

220

INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.1.6 technological studies

responsive facade The main shape of the hexagon is used to create the .facade patterns increase the performance of the facades with sharp angle and shading devices that are responsive to the environmental clamatic conditions. Along with systematic material variations, these different gometrical panels add a texture elevation and cohesion the building , the texture and volume of the facade are important to the maintaining the comfort .shading devices and high quality performance glass are important for increase and developing sustainable (Fig10.1.6.1), the types of pattern affected by the sun , )2017 ,and basic facade (ming3d (ming3d, 2017) eddited by authors,(2017)

(Fig10.1.6.2), RESPONSIVE facade , (ming3d, 2017) eddited by authors,(2017)

Sustainability All the modules will be open in function of the effictive of the sun rays on the facade techniqes , so it should use an solar analysis to generate my RESOUNSIVE facade and also shadows analysis. the concept is coming from the concept the kinetic energy with an shaded mechaninsm but in realit it will be stable

(Fig10.1.6.3), RESPONSIVE facade , (.archello, 2015) ,eddited by authors,(2017)

221

10.1.7 concept 2: COOPERATION

INDIVIDUAL WORK

siwa have many cases to understand the Cooperation of people because it have different types of people according to siwa have more Labor force by using hands for crafts . so itconsist of three :methods to achieve the goals of Exploratorium such as

Production: improve the efficiency throught

taking the advantages of econoic to siwa and it refere to Pay attention to adges and awereness such as high middle and low adges

Connections: Shows the relations between

Buildings and people To near the interactive between them to make circualtion easly for visitors and to connect with the other pesons in adifferent zones

Explore :shows the stimulus building or persons and different adge of people should have the creaitivity to improve the quility of product by using good circualtion way for connected with the other persons

(Fig10.1.7.1), the Cooperation between different level of adges ,sketched by authors,(2017)

222

INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.1.8 technological studies WRAP & STRETCH RE-SKINNING PLANTS , ANIMALS & CELLS - COMPLEX ENERGY TRANSFORMATION SYSTEMS Plans are Extremelt efficient at gathering the solar energy. They use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide in air into the chemical energy while making oxygen .for the atmosphere cover leaf cells composed of cellulose and outer wall surrounded by a plasma membrane , air and carbon dioxide enter and exit the underside of the leaf . cells the cells it same like miniture solar cladding base system to use it in the architecture building to generate . cooling and heating air

(Fig10.1.8.1), the leaf cells that shows the double skin of plants and animals ,(ming3d, 2016).eddited by authors,(2017)

Sustainability

(Fig10.1.8.2),the structure system of warp skining wall ,(ming3d, 2016).eddited by authors,(2017)

The building’s which have double skin design was created using this environmental techniques. The exterior facade is the best according to the annual solar insolation. Each cribriform metal panel is based on the amount of solar radiation received at that point on the facade. The building skin colander light and cleaning the air, while allowing the building to breathe air.The skin collect daylight throughout the month, while decrease solar gain in the summer season and supporting solar gain in the winter. The skin maks the facade and allows for natural ventilation . It combines radiant heating and cooling that uses an energy repair system to warm the water. The design maximizes the innovative office that potential of mass to create an .reduces the energy exhaustion and provides a healthy

223

10.1.9 concept 3: urban pattern of roads Accourding to reseach the urban ,)2016(and planning commission this map pointed to how the urban pattern is looking like in Siwa Oasis. In fact, refers to urban and planning commission,the urban fabric in Siwa Scattered fabric is categorized to four category

Compact fabric

INDIVIDUAL WORK

Composite fabric

Ribbon fabric

PHASE 1

from the urban fabric of roads , chosing the ribbon fabric it locks like agard lines but not accurate, to achive the funcation of spaces that it chosen from the siwa urban and devided the areas to have agood orientation, then adding this pattern on the site of touristic road

PHASE 2

when adding the smoothing lines on the site location thinking that how to create the spacesof project to achive the criteria of open spaces landscape and the closed spaces that refere to expasion hall

PHASE 3

cuting the site area by using smoothing lines to be an sold and void open spaces

PHASE 4

Starting to create the free circulations between spaces and courts to make Freedom of movement to identify the entrances and exits between any buildings and open space

PHASE 5

After finishing circulations and sold spaces it should connect this spaces with the other space and knowing the main axisability of smooting lines to entre to the site and know how this spaces not in the one level have agood elevation conneded with the mountian of death

(Fig10.1.9.1), the Development stagesof urban pattern of roads with the site ,sketched by authors,(2017)

224

INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.1.10technological studies

interactive lotus dome feeling & lighting

LOTUS DOME is a living dome made out of lots of smart flower papers which open in reponce to human behavior , and create an interactive play by using light and . shadows Lotus Dome functions to link between connecting elements of architecture and .nature of the old and the future it is a magical interactive insullation build which made from SMART FOIL flower pealts that interact with human behaviors and movement .it is agood interactive element to attract Siwan people

(Fig10.1.10.1),lotus flower dome ,(tuvie, 2016).eddited by authors,(2017)

(Fig10.1.10.2),lotus flower dome shows the different beautiful lights ,(tuvie, 2016).eddited by authors,(2017)

Sustainability

The lotus dome is a wall structure consisting of lamps ,sensors ,software and smart .it is an organic method, these layers of Mylar connected with heat and light which affect the leaves and make it fold and unfold themselves. according to studio roosegaarde “it merges elements of architecture and nature into an .”interactive environment it have a sence when you put your hands up to this dome ,it open and close with your feeling and your orientation . it is agood landmark for a visitors to attract toursits into the .Exploratorium

(Fig10.1.10.3),lotus flower dome shows the different beautiful lights ,(tuvie, 2016).eddited by authors,(2017)

225

10.1.11 inspirations

INDIVIDUAL WORK

(Fig10.1.11.1), inspirations of art musuem ,(pinterst,2016) by authors,(2017)

(Fig10.1.11.2), inspirations of art musuem ,(pinterst,2016) by authors,(2017)

226

10.1.12 Sustainability

INDIVIDUAL WORK

there are a networks of energy between the sun , water rain and land earth. there is anther network of roads ,society , community and our soical interactive places such as musuem and exploratorium .with more ability allowing these resources in or out of achieving goal Sustainability can be achieved by using shared resources within the surrounding community and with the huge scale of connections , then through out local community sharing , it have castoms and traditions of Sawin people with a good leaders, the degree of dependability is avilable, typs of communication used, the pattern of relationships and the quality of the available institutions

(Fig10.1.12.1), sustainability in general ,(pinterst,2016) by authors,(2017)

:Building design will be focusing on LEED issues .combination with site surroundings .Water recycling .Clean in and out power energy .general and recycled materials.Good quality for indoor environment .Design process based on a human needs to feel comfortable -

227

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.2. ENAS AHMED ELMASSAH

INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.2.1. Mission statement Siwa is called the paradise of the western desert, this name refers to its richness with several potentials in different field like historical, cultural, social and natural resources. These potentials created from Siwa a world heritage site that deserve to be a worldwide focal point, but the more time passes these precious cultures starts to disappear. So,the project’s main aims is to refresh or revive the culture heritage in Siwa also by respecting the context through designing a completely harmonious project with the natural surroundings.

10.2.2. Objectives: Giving opportunity for users to interact and explore the heritage of Siwa through large variety of spaces that allow them to feel different experiences, as well as creating entertainment, adventurous and training zones to open a domain specially for young generation to keep crafts, industries and values inherited from ancestors live forever.

10.2.3. Concept I: The concept is inspired from the direction of people flow in the selected site as well as respecting the context and insuring the project to be completely interfered with the surrounding context. So, the intersections of the main axes resulted from the direction of people flow creates the location of the main entrances and exits of the project and creates the location of the main zones that surrounds the main plaza

Site

Main axes from people flow direction

Slopping down the roofs to be accessible by users

Hierarchy of entrances leading to main outdoor space

Relation between pathway and masses

229

INDIVIDUAL WORK

Intersection of masses through accessible roofs

10.2.4. Inspirations The target of the project is to design a landmark of place also, making the project and the site one continuous space. This was achieved through designing making people to walk everywhere indoor or outdoor also on roof or on ground (Farch1.

blogspot.com.eg, 2018).

10.2.5. Technological studies

Here besides using sloped roofs, The intersection of masses and using transparent glazing façade are the main factors to achieve the coherence between (Fig. 10.2.4.1), Exhibition the project and the Center of Otog | Kuan Wang, surroundings (Arch2O. ( Fa rc h 1 . b l o g s p o t. co m . e g, com, 2018). 2018)

Solar shading: Using solar shading on allow using glazing more elevations which is essential to ensure the visual access to the surroundings and allow the access of natural daylighting besides blocking sunlight and ultraviolet rays and giving dynamic form of façades, also with large variety of designs (Coltgroup.com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.2.4.2), Green roof art school in singapore, (Arch2O.com, 2018)

(Fig. 10.2.5.1), Solar shading, (Google Books, 2018)

10.2.6. Sustainability Solar tree: It is a piece of sculpture that can be used in landscaping as decorative and shading element also it is sustainable where it reduce global warming and produce clean energy and electricity through renewable energy without producing pollution or affecting the environment negatively so, it can produce an independent source of electricity (Shahan and Shahan, 2018).

Besides saving the energy, solar trees also save money, need less maintenance, need less space and poor people will have more access to electricity. That’s why in the future by increasing the population people will go to using renewable energies more (Shahan and Shahan, 2018).

(Fig. 10.2.6.1), Solar tree, (Pinterest, 2018)

230

INDIVIDUAL WORK The second and the third concepts are inspired from the morphology of Siwa and from mountain of the dead but reflected in different ways:

10.2.7. Concept II The concept is inspired from the layout of mountain of the dead where the tombs make several hills with alternative heights which is reflected on the project through zoning and different ground levels

(Fig. 10.2.7.1), Mountain of the dead layout, (Authors,2017).

A web formed through the connections between points created through the position of tomb openings

The connections of the web indicate the location of entrances and exits of the project and dividing the land into zoning according to the main zones in the program.

231

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.2.8. Technological studies Lighting solar tubes: Lighting solar tubes function to delver the natural daylighting into spaces through several reflections inside the tube until reaching the interior space, its function is almost similar to the function of skylights but solar tubes can reach inner spaces that traditional windows and skylights can not reach (Solatube.com, 2018). Theyare alsoconsideredasenvironmentally friendly product as it reduce the need to use electricity as well as keeping the users in contact with the surrounding environment. Also, they can screen ultraviolet rays and infrared rays of the sun that may cause overheating in the interior spaces (Solatube.

com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.2.8.1), Illustration for the function of solar tubes, (Google Books, 2018)

10.2.9. Sustainability Green walls Green walls is a type from vertical direction landscaping that sometimes called living walls make buildings more suitable for the users also, they are environmentally friendly where they reduce the emission of carbon dioxide besides helping the building to be more energy efficient (Greenovergrey.com,

2018).

Another benefit form green walls that they reduce heat penetration and solar radiation so, they act as shell or protective barrier for the building. The resulted reduction of heat penetration leads to minimize the need to use cooling systems during summer times. While in winter they act as insulation layer that reduce the effect of the cold weather and keep the inside warm (Greenovergrey.

com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.2.9.1), Construction of green wall, (Pinterest, 2018)

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.2.10. Concept III The concept is reflecting an image from mountain of the dead through the openings of the tombs where they are reflected on the project forming several accessible entrances on different levels to form a mass that respect and appropriate to the natural surroundings

(Fig. 10.2.10.1), Tombs of Mountain of the dead, (Authors,2017).

Conceptual section showing the accessible entrances

Layout showing the form of the entrances on several levels as they form a loop at the end of sloppy roof on each level, as well as some of these openings are only gazed openings which act as a source of natural daylighting also to make a visual access of the surrounding context.

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.2.11. Technological studies External Automated shading system The automated shading allow the access of natural daylighting and better views. This system reduce our need to artificial lighting and act as responsive system where it opens and close following the sun path providing better visibility besides, reducing the solar heat gain and glare. This automated shading system is considered as the developing of Mashrabiya or sometimes called the dynamic s , it also operates as curtain wall as it is sitting about two meters outside the building.

(Fig. 10.2.11.1), Inside view showing the sitting space (Fig. 10.2.11.2), Al Bahar Towers-External Automated shading system, (Ctbuh.org, from the building, (Ctbuh.org, 2018) 2018).

Anidolic Integrated Ceiling The anidolic device is located at the end of the duct to distribute the natural daylighting. This Ceiling designed to fit the whole window façade width, to maximize illuminant distribution (Spie.org, 2018).

10.2.12. Sustainability

(Fig. 10.2.11.3), Anidolic integrated ceiling,

(Spie.org, 2018).

Extensive roof gardens Extensive roof garden is a type of horizontal direction landscaping that can extend horizontally and has various environmental benefits on the constructed building like enhancing air quality, providing green spaces on different levels, energy conservation through giving shading and acting as insulation material against external weather conditions and absorbing rain water (especially in rainfall countries) (Hohbach-Lewin Inc., 2018). (Fig. 10.2.12.1), Green roof detail, (Hohbach-Lewin Inc., 2018).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.2. MOHAMED KAMAL EL-ASHIRY

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.3.1. Introduction Siwa is considered the most distinctive oasis in the Egyptian western as it is considered one of the world last remaining ancient historical ruins, landscape and peerless culture traditions. it is surrounded by desert landscape, limestone and several natural resources. Also have underground water 30,000 to 50,000. As a result my project will target this features to solve some issue and let siwa more developed 10.3.2. Mission From the heart of siwa oasis trying to conserve and documentation the siwa heritage afraid of lost by and provide all necessary needs for tourist and Egyptian human to know more about siwa heritage also provide a place to bracts in handicraft 10.3.3. Vision Conserving the heritage of siwa by documentation and the time capsule

10.3.4. Objective Creating an explorotorium to encourages visitors to explore the exhibits by living experience in a practicability way without any constraint

10.3.5. Slogan

“Explore Siwa”

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.3.6. Concept I : vertically Vertical shape with different trends and levels help to see a different image of beauty of siwa in a long range

Horizontal short range view

vertical long range view

Vertical form could afford a larger range view of the beauty of Siwa. Than the horizontal form to see different angles of siwa environment Trying to use a vertical shape to let project more unique in the context of Siwa and attract many terrorists

Phases

Handicrasft

Culture

Building sceince Start deforming pure shape shape

Historical background

Also divided shape to fourparts to make our main components

Divided pure shape into three parts

Atruim

Culture

Handicrasft

Building science Historical background

Inspiration

zoning

Conceptual section

(Fig. 10.3. 6.1), Inspired project, (Dezeen, 2017).

(Fig. 10.3.6.2), TELESCOPE, (Mmo-champion.com, 2018).

(Fig10.3.6.3), Inspired project, (Archdaily, 2017).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.3.7.Technical studies for concept I 10.3.7.1. Invisible Solar Harvesting Technology The invisible solar harvesting system is used in glass to act like the solar system but in transparent glass, to not opaque the view from inside or outside as i used it in the Exploraturoium which should having sencee of interaction. This technology is not new but the transparent aspect is. The past attempts was led to inefficient results with brightly colored materials.

(Fig. 10.3.7.1.1), Cement light, (IAAC, 2017).

(Fig. 10.3.7.1.2), Cement light, (IAAC, 2017).

10.3.7.2. Double Skin glass Double-skin façades are a solving architectural solution, offering a host of energy-efficient benefits. Heated air from the double- facade cavity rises up to the top of the solar chimney creating free heating for the building in winter. In the summer, the chimney pulls hot air from the facade cavity rooftop, (pinterest, 2017).

10.3.7.3. Kinetic audiovisual installation and dance per-

formance. A gigantic kinetic installation ‘ weaving machine “ Consists of 640 light element was created by white-void with kinetic lights to attract people who explore a explorotoriuom also the this kinetic are moveable with human movement. This lighting have more colours changing by the time. this lighting help explorotoriuom be more unique at interior. Also gigantic kinetic is dynamic and flexible, (Whitevoid.com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.6.11.1.1), Cement light, (Whitevoid.com, 2018).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.3.8. Concept Il: contextual, connected Exploitation all natural surroundings elements all over the site in the project like mountain, lakes and palms to build a form

Inspired the different topography of mountain by playing in the topography and levels in project Circulation in the project it will be through boat inspired from lacks in siwa. people can interactive within history of siwa and services through river circulation

River road after circulation

River road before circulation

Cafe

Conceptual Section

Topography before any changes

Topography after changes topography

Inspired the skyine of palms in siwa by diverse the levels and height of explortoriom

Heights before changes

Heights after changes

inspirations

(Fig. 10.3.8.1).Inspired project, (Archdaily, 2017).

(Fig. 10.3.8.2).Inspired project, (Phoronic village, 2017).

(Fig. 10.3.8.3).Inspired project, (dezzen, 2017).

(Fig. 11.6.5), Inspired project, (Archdaily, 2017).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.3.9. Technical studies for concept 10.3.9.1. Evaporative cooling: reduce your cost of air

conditioning evaporative cooling systems provide a sustainable, efficient and cost-effective alternative to conventional air conditioning, particularly with those industrial and semi-industrial facilities which do not require an absolutely constant internal temperature at all times and the is cost-effective, (coltinfo.co.uk, 2017). How evaporative cooling works

(Fig. 10.3.9.1.1), Inspired project, (Big.dk, 2017).

IN Summer

IN Winter

IN Autumn

By passing warm outdoor air across a desorption medium, energy is exchanged and a significant reduction in air temperature is achieved, (coltinfoco.uk, 2017).

10.3.7.2. Using frame structure to give spaces more wider and flexibility movement How frame structure fixed

(Fig. 10.6.7.2.1), (Archdaily, 2017).

Inspired

project,

(Fig. 10.6.7.2.2), ((Archdaily, 2017)).

Inspired

project,

10.3.7.3. Time-line Synchronized multi screen wall Time-line is a large scale of screen that exhibit anything by the time for children, family, Also important events. This screen can attract visitor that enter to the room by her colour and large scale. As a result we try to apply this screen in project to show the history of siwa and his develop in different side. this screen along 18 meter include 25 screens, (Whitevoid.com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.6.7.3.1), Timeline Synchronized multi screen wall, (Whitevoid.com, 2018).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.3.10. Concept lll, Respect a heritage The siwians have a heritage context, so in this concept trying to find the best way of respecting the site context, Therefore we put building underground so layout shape looking like maze showing the siwa context

Phases

The land area topography

Underground

Respecting the context

Maze looking like the urban of siwa The project will be in underground, the top of Layout the project is a maze which is attract the visitor to explore more and interact in the beginning of it, there was a shading path around the project which observe the shape of the project and Accessible showing a time-line for the different main zones each zone will be act like a maze. Every maze was designed showing the informal pattern of Siwa.

Circulation

Shading area

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.3.11. Technical studies for concept III 10.3.11.1. Shadometal fabricated metal louvre solar shading system Colt Shadometal is an external fixed or moveable fabricated metal louvre solar shading system, designed to reduce heat gains and glare whilst maximising the use of natural daylight, (coltinfo.co.uk, 2017).

Features and benefits Available in various colours, surface finishes and coatings to meet specific design requirements. Depending on the chosen arrangement of perforations to the louvre blade, light and radiation, (coltinfo.co.uk, 2017).

(Fig. 10.3.11.1.1), Inspired project, (dezeen).

10.3.11.2. Dynamic facade The facade itself is functioning as a shading device but given the users to control the angle of the panel, and amount of light transmitted into the interior space, (Archdaily,

2017).

(Fig. 10.3.11.2.1), Inspired project, (Big. dk, 2017).

10.3.11.3. Sculpture kinetic lighting This lighting is composed of 24 movable triangular aluminium frames and carrying 864 ultra glass. Also has invisible metal clamps that also transfer the power. This type of lighting attached to 3 cable winch systems. Also kinetic lighting can controlled with computer to changing and evolving movement. The pattern on this lighting can reflect on the wall and floor that can attract visitors , (Whitevoid.com,

2018).

Inspirations

(Fig. 10.3.11.3.1), Sculpture kinetic lighting, (Whitevoid.com, 2018).

(Fig. 11.6.5), Inspired project, (Big.dk, 2017).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.3.12. SUSTAINABILITY “Sustainable Development is the improvement that collectes the issues of the present without compromising the capacity of future eras to address their own issues” Press, 1983).

Pillars of sustainability Social Sustainability Economical Sustainability Environmental Sustainability (Fig. 10.3.12.1), Sustainable Approach, (The Forest Company, 2018).

1. Heat With the Sun

(Fig. 10.3.12.2), Sustainable Approach, (The Forest Company, 2018).

2. Use Renewable Energy Renewable energy is energy that Derived her power from Renewable resources which are natural such as sunlight, wind, rain and waves. Renewable energy help humans to provide energy in 4 important things electricity, generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation,

(Fig. 10.3.12.3), Sustainable Approach, (The Forest Company, 2018).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.4. MOHAMED OSAMA GAMEE

INDIVIDUAL WORK

“ You must be the change you wish to see in the world ” (Mahatma Gandhi)

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.4. MOHAMED OSAMA GAMEE 10.4.1 : Slogan

INTERACTIVE ORIGINALITY ! 10.4.2 : Abstract For decades, Siwa’s society suffered from losing of their heritage due to their desire to develop like other societies and to use technology in various fields of their live to keep up the modern epoch which we live, right now.

10.4.3 : Mission Through this problem, the mission and target is how to save this heritage and how to make it through architectural and urban solution with achieving sustainability and modern technology goals and how to Use it in marketing for Siwa Oasis and how to make tourists think about make a visit to there .

10.4.4 : Objective After studied all social, contextual, environmental, urban fabric and other architectural aspects, I choosed “Exploratorium” which I believe that it will be the solution of this problem, in addition to, the marketing benefits which they can achieve it by making this project Iconic and Unique place that you can’t visit Siwa without coming to see how you can to explore and interact with the Siwa’s heritage ,according to Jean Paul Sartre “The being of everything is in its interconnections and interaction with it. We always have an understanding of this contextualizing character of mood by way of our experiences” (Ardehali, 2011).

“Tell me and i’ll forget, show me and i may remember, involve me and i’ll understand”

(benjamin franklin)

(Figure. 10.4.1),Target Group Photo Collage in Siwa (Google, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.4.5 : Concept I : Power Of Unity When we talk about how to preserve Siwa’s heritage, It needs to move back one step and analysis how it reached us and how it was preserved originally by ancient people. After analysis it was found that the unity of the Siwa’s community is the main reason for the existence of its heritage till now. But due to the intervention of various factors like technology it began to decline.

Power Of Unity

(Figure. 10.4.2), The Art of VFX shows how to Play with lighting, (Pinterest, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

So, It is clear to know that elements appear to follow the same direction such as a one line and they are perceived as forming a group (Continuity) as well as this, perceivers tend to complete the incomplete shapes (Closure) too.

According to the theory of Gestalt “the whole is more different than the sum of it’s parts” (Gestalt,1975) Which can to be transformed from a philosophical theory into an architectural wise.

Closure

continuity

Oriented to Gabal El Mawta Only

Final Phase

Oriented to All Other Attractions

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.4.6 : Technological Studies Kinetic Facade The ability to response and adapt to the environmental conditions using different types of sensors is the main property of kinetic façades that focus on the indoor changes then it starts to adapt with these changes. According to Bill Millard “ It is a logical extension of the idea that a building’s envelope is an active system rather than a static container “ (Enclos.com, 2017).

10.4.7 : Inspiration Of Concept One

(Figure. 10.4.3), Kiefer Technic Showroom Has Mind Blowing “Dancing” Facade, (inhabitat.com, 2017)

(Figure. 10.4.5), Light Matters, (Pinterest, 2017)

(Figure. 10.4.4), Besançon Art Centre and Cité de la Musique, (Frearson, 2017)

(Figure. 10.4.6), Aldar Traditional Market of Abu Dhabi, (www.fosterandpartners.com, 2017)

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.4.8 : Concept II : Exploration & Perception By combining of Scatter Fabric and Ribbon Fabric a new urban fabric created that helps to Explore and perceive the beauty of Siwa’s Heritage and Have a Great Visual axis Experience to all Attraction Places. All roads in Siwa are connected like the veins that run through the city, it is refer to the visual axes that connect all places in Siwa together where each attraction sector is unique and expresses a different time period than the surrounding like Gabal El Mawta.

(Figure. 10.4.7), Meaning of Exploration & Perception, (Authors, 2017)

It depends on the topography of the site in Siwa which Is characterized by contouring and levelling that creates a free spaces helps in exploration and perception. Ribbon Fabric are lines that express the roads which leads to the site. Scatter Fabric is informal grid that define the site than the surrounding.

Phase One

Phase Two

(Figure. 10.4.8), topography Visual Axis, (Pinterest,2017)

Ribbon Fabric

Scatter Fabric

Final Phase Next To Gabal El Mawta

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.4.9 : Technological Studies Pave Gen Tiles Paving slabs convert people footsteps to energy by using tiles, but it produces small amounts of electrical power. The depressed surface generates electricity with %5 which used to illuminate and that happens when someone walk on a Pave-gen slab. According to Laurence Kemball-Cook “ Pave-gen uses what it calls a hybrid black box technology to convert the energy of a footstep into electricity, which is either stored in a battery or fed directly to devices “ (Khadilkar and Khadilkar, 2017).

10.4.10 : Inspiration Of Concept Two

(Figure. 10.4.9), first ‘smart street’ to generate electricity from footsteps in London, (Gannon and Gannon, 2017)

(Figure. 10.4.10), Photo Collage shows the direct visual axis to Gabal El Mawta, illustrated by (Authors, 2017)

(Figure. 10.4.11), Desert Topography and Contouring, (Pinterest, 2017)

(Figure. 10.4.12), tianjin binhai library in china by mvrdv, (Enca.com, 2017)

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.4.11 : Concept III : Expansion & Flexibility By combining of Views Axes, a Visual axes was created that refer to Siwa’s Heritage which Is represented in all attraction sites in Siwa. Using of Prefabricated Units which is characterized by Flexibility and Expansion in many different ways helps to see all views in all directions. The way to create a convenient space for all individuals depends on along various dimensions that must be Taking into consideration like age, gender and economic status. Due to Understanding that every person is unique, is found that he has his own personal needs that should respected in design. Design should be flexible due to the different personal needs over time. A dynamic space should be created in design To accommodate more than one activity all the day long because the flexible space has a longer future than the rigid space, according to Stephen Gardiner “ Of all the lessons most relevant to architecture today, Japanese flexibility is the greatest “ (Pinterest, 2017).

(Figure. 10.4.13), Blade Runner , (Frei et al., 2017)

(Figure. 10.4.14), Habitat 67 Model by Moshe Safdie, (Archdaily, 2017)

Flexible to Expansion Space Program

Prefabricated Units

251

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.4.12 : Technological Studies Bathroom Gray Water Recycling System Waste water from showers and wash hand basins is collected and treated then the recycled gray water is used to flush toilets or plants treatment and this reduces waste. Water that comes from Shower and Bath and laundry is the cleanest resources or forms of grey water. According to Gray water Action “ Gray water may contain traces of dirt, food, grease, hair, and certain household cleaning products. While gray water may look “dirty,” it is a safe and even beneficial source of irrigation water in a yard. “ (Greywater Action, 2017).

(Figure. 10.4.15), Bathroom Grey Water Recycling System, (Pinterest, 2017)

10.4.13 : Inspiration Of Concept Three

(Figure. 10.4.16), LEGO House by Bjarke Ingels Group, (Big architects), (Pinterest, 2017)

(Figure. 10.4.17), Cultural Center CBD, Cool Architecture (Pinterest, 2017)

(Figure. 10.4.18), House for Elderly People by Lissabon,(Competitionline.com, 2018)

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

(Figure. 10.4.19), Sustainability Meaning (Google, 2017)

(Figure. 10.4.20), Karamay Sustainable City in Sri Lanka, (Anon, 2017)

10.4.13 : Sustainability Approach

Environmental Protection

The definition of sustainability is how we can protect Environment from damage and destruction and how we can live in harmony with the natural world around us. According to Shanthakumaran “ sustainability is the study of how natural systems function, remain diverse and produce everything it needs for the ecology to remain in balance “ (Anon, 2017). So The Three Pillars of Sustainability are :

All of us know what we must do to protect the environment, whether that is by recycling and reducing our power consumption or by Hiking instead of taking the bus. According to Shanthakumaran “ Environmental protection is the third pillar and to many, the primary concern of the future of humanity “ (Anon, 2017). So that, many Businesses are founded to prevent and decrease the amount of pollution. Government should gives incentives for people to encourages installing renewable power sources in our homes and businesses. It defines how to protect ecosystems, air quality and sustainability of our resources in addition to focusing on the Violations and materials that harm us and make more stress on the environment.

1) Social. 2) Environmental. 3) Economic.

Social Development

Economic Development

Most important step in Social development is awareness and enactment protection of people health from harmful activities of business and organizations that causes pollution. That will require creating open spaces or find new sharing areas between users to decrease the amount of pollution, also the project encourages people to participate in environmental sustainability and as well as Warns them of the risks and dangers in the event of failure to achieve the goals. According to Shanthakumaran “ Social development is about maintaining access to basic resources without compromising the quality of life “ (Anon, 2017).

The project will be a unique landmark for the area as it plays an important role for people in Siwa. It helps them to save the heritage from extinction and deterioration while at the same time helping them to keep abreast of the times and technological progress. Since the “ Economic development is giving people what they want without compromising the quality of life, Especially in the developing world, reducing the financial burden and “routine” of doing the right thing “ according to Shanthakumaran (Anon, 2017), So Economic development will provide many needs for them.

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10.5. MOSTAFA ABDELAZIZ WAHID

INDIVIDUAL WORK

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.5.1. Mission In the heart of the historical places in Egypt Siwa Oasis is one of the most famous historical places in the Western Desert, Where education, general knowledge, and reasoning ability are replaced and for that reason, they having a problem with the deterioration of the historical heritage and tradition. The mission is to design a project that replies to community needs and focusing on building technology, social life, and historical background of the tradition and heritage aspects to make the people interact and discovering to Ensure the continuity of the traditional on the long approach.

10.5.2. Objective Creating an Exploratorium design that respects the The concept of heritage respects their identity and the culture. throughout the three key concepts: free and fluid and dynamic spaces Centralization of Topography. Ordering the informal pattern

10.5.3. Vision Is to document,preserve,insure the continuity of Siwa heritage and promote tourism.

10.5.4. Slogan Feel free and having the whole Experience of Siwa Heritage

10.5.5. Project Title Expl Oratorium for the cultural heritage of Siwa

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.5.6. Concept I : FREE, FLUID AND DYNAMIC SPACES Inspiration :

(Fig. 10.5.6.1) Photo of Mercedes Benz (Archdaily, 2006).

(Fig. 10.5.6.2) Photo of Mercedes Benz (Archdaily, 2006).

Concept Statement : In the dynamic spaces, you need to Providing a visual connection between the different spaces first, we have to ensure the difference between staying and leaving, and the flow of the users make the spaces dynamic, and through that dynamic space the users feel, learn and explore the cultural heritage of Siwa through moving inside all spaces and that experience is provided into 4 main zones focusing on the community needs: building technology, social life, historical background and hand and craft of the traditional and heritage aspects, and the users can also interact with the exhibited through the whole experience and that experience begin with make the user to start from point and moving through the whole zones and back again to the same point and take the experience from this movement and the technology that deliver and make the user interacts, discover and learn the knowledge in all spaces of the Exploratorium.

(Fig. 10.5.6.3) Image visual interacting between every person on space depend on free and dynamic from.

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10.5.7. Technological Studies Concept I

INDIVIDUAL WORK

The audio guide and Sensors : The electronic multimedia audio guide is a device designed specially to provide the sound, visual or textual content in the museum, and the visitor can take a tour without the tour guide, and these smart audio guide can be operated to take a content in many different languages and accent, with different alternatives of voice, and also make the visitor feel comfortable to listen to interested thing he needs, and this audio guide works with the sensors that depend on the distance wave between the sensor and the audio guide to can work immediately to explain the area which the visitor moved in through the field or the distance wave from the sensor to the object and when the automatic explain finish explaining the area that covered the visitor can interact with the exhibited and also can choose the exhibit he needs to listen to and learn more in easily way can moving the audio guide nearly to this exhibit to reach the signal through the sensor and immediately can listen to any exhibit and when he finish this area and moving into another area the sensor begins to explain a small brief about the zone he moving to. and that technology makes the visitor feel free to learn and catch the information in easy easily way (Smallburrow, 2017) .

(Fig. 10.5.7.1) The audio guide and sensors details (Smallburrow, 2017).

Perforated shell structure The perforated shell structure in Dubai is a geometric dome taken from the palm leaves traditionally used as a material on the roof and cover inside the galleries, and reflect the sun moves into the museum through the levels of the structure dome to make a perfect pattern inside and for the project it will not be the same but it will be like that because Siwa it have like the same weather “desert weather “ and also for the dynamic space because that concept depends on the dynamic and fluid movement of the visitor in side the whole building to take the experience of cultural heritage of Siwa in under one roof and if we make the perforated shell structure covered the dynamic spaces and reflect the sun moves in the project that will make the visitor feel the whole experience of the cultural heritage and the weather of Siwa through that dynamic space and also we can use the traditional material to make this shell and the benefit of this shell structure that reduced the sun-ray rate and also allows the sun-ray to make the new pattern inside the museum and also reduced the energy (Furuto, 2012). (Fig. 10.5.7.2) louvre museum perforated shell structure in Dubai (Furuto, 2012).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.5.8. Concept II : CENTRALIZATION OF TOPOGRAPHY Inspiration :

(Fig. 10.5.8.1) Photo of Kistefos Museum (BIG, 2015).

(Fig. 10.5.8.2) Photo of Kistefos Museum (BIG, 2015).

Concept Statement : Centralization aims to improve efficiency by choosing advantages of social scale: to improve the average and also the reliability. like the outer space planets of the solar system, they are orbits around the sun and it makes the sun in the centre and all planets they orbit around. and in the concept, the topography of Siwa in the centre of mini-neighborhood shown at (Fig. 10.5.8.4) and that centre make a small centre inside is called plaza and make the interrelationship between all spaces.

The Exploratorium is contained 4 main spaces they connected to together to serve the main idea of the project and that idea is heritage, tradition, and identity and concept is Integrated with the urban context and Topography of place and the idea to make Exploratorium in under the ground to can Integrate more with the environment and make the people discover, investigate more, and interact with the surrounding.

Social life Historical background Building technology Hand And Craft (Fig. 10.5.8.3) main four spaces in the exploratorium and how it connected together.

(Fig. 10.5.8.4) the methodology of the main four spaces in the exploratorium and how it connected together with plaza that called entertainment space (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 10.5.8.5) the methodology of the main four spaces in the exploratorium and how it connected together with plaza that call entertainment space and how is making the circulation of the visitor in one loop (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 10.5.8.6) the Site Location of Siwa Oasis showing the topography of the place and how the centralized will be on the place

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.5.9. Technological Studies Concept II

The wove band : The wove band is a smart and flexible Touch-screen display like the navigator but it’s different and this technology makes the visitors can move in the place without missing anything and make him seeing every exhibited in the museum by leading him into all spaces and also can explain the thing is not clear for him and that band made from polymer and can also connect to the Android and that smart wove band can use it in the museum to make the visitors feel comfortable and take the whole experience that he came for it because most of the visitor they having the problem in the museum which is the “way-finding” and that wove band can fix that problem and feel the visitor the whole experience and that will be his guide tour to moving into all spaces of the project (Hustad, 2017). (Fig. 10.5.9.1) The wove band smart I watch (Hustad, 2017).

Hologram The hologram is a photographic that can record the light field, rather than the image that formed by the lens, and it used to display a three-dimensional image of photographed, which seen without special glasses, and it’s also unintelligible when seen under diffused light, and the hologram is a technology that enables a light field, and product of light source that scattered off object, and that can reply to the concept to shown the important element on the project in the 4 main zones, and make it hologram to make the visitor interact and with the exhibited hologram and learn from the experience and cultural heritage of Siwa, and the hologram now is very important the delver the information in an easily way and also used a lot in museum and the most of museum using the hologram the part of the exhibited because its easy to learn from this technology a lot of information and also can interact with the technology to find the knowledge (Workman, 2013). (Fig. 10.5.9.2) The Hologram technology (Workman, 2013).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.5.10. Concept III : ORDERING THE INFORMAL PATTERN Concept Statement : The challenge in this concept to make a new pattern in the project Site “ Siwa “ from the architecture regular grid and everyone know this modular grid comes from the architecture theories, and the contextual site having a variety of modular grid as its a random and informal grid, and the image of the city defined by the different building elevation, form, and material and also different on the people are living on the site.

(Fig. 10.5.10.1) Map of the Site Selection showing informal grid (Authors , 2017).

The methodology of the main four spaces in the Exploratorium and how it connected together by two main access from the main road to make the visual contact with gebel al-mawta and shali.

(Fig. 10.5.10.2) the formal grid pattern (Authors , 2017).

The Exploratorium have the main 4 zones they are connected together to serve the main idea of the concept,and make the visual continuity between the 2 mountain and interacted also with the contextual site to make the visitor interact, discover, investigate more.

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.5.11. Technological Studies Concept III

The wall screen touch : The screen touch wall its a smart and a new technology and the touch-wall make a huge impact in a lot of Museum that can interact with the video and the display on the wall to know the knowledge and get the information and the visuals and software they can be transformed into futuristic world of interactive learning, and they have a lot of category for children and for adult also and its not only wall the technology also can be used in tables and now in the a lot of museum using this technology to deliver the knowledge and in the concept it will be used in the main zones and important exhibit to make the visitor interact immediately with the exhibit and learn the knowledge of historical and touristic site “ Siwa “ and also take the experience and interact and discover Siwa through touch the screen (u-touch, 2015 ). (Fig. 10.5.11.1) The screen touch wall (u-touch, 2015 ).

Kinetic facade The dynamic facade this technology now used a lot in most of the office building and tower and also in the museum and considered “static” and start from the basic moving element and help also the architect to design a building with moving a kinetic element on the facade and also can used as a media kinetic faced for marking and advertising and that kinetic facade make the building interact with the environmental situation according to the site environment and that kinetic facade make the visitor interacts with the pattern will appear from the movement of the sun (Global, 2017 ).

(Fig. 10.5.11.2) kinetic facade technology (caula, 2012).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.5.12. SUSTAINABILITY for three concepts

Concept I : Solar Panels

solar panels used light energy from the photons from the sun and generate the electric through the photovoltaic effect, and the structural member of the carrying the heavy load from the member of the modular and the cell also must protect from the damage and a lot of modular are rigid and most of them are flexible and also can used to reduce the energy and can save the energy from the sun as along time and there a few of the solar modules are available that exceed efficiency of 22% and reportedly also exceeding 24% (wikipedia, 2004) . (Fig. 10.5.12.1), Solar panels methodology and insulation (wikipedia, 2004)

Concept II : Green roof and walls

green roof and wall are the part if the urban surfaces, and part of the sustainability and that surfaces can help to absorb the solar heat and these layers protect the building and waterproof membrane, and also decreasing the urban temperature and give some enhancements into the air pollution and also add to relaxing and feelings to the spaces and the two type of green roof exist : the intensive green roof and that can use to sustain trees and walkways and complex structure support, and the extensive green that supports hearty native ground cover (DOWDEY, 2005).

Concept III : Double Glazing Window

(Fig. 10.5.12.2), Green roof and wall methodology and insulation (DOWDEY, 2005)

The double glazing window is made from two panels of glass between 12mm to 16mm gap spaces and this gap between two panels contains normal air or can be filled with argon gas, and the idea behind the glazing that two panels of glass act as a layer of insulation that can reduce the percentage f heat or cold from outside to inside that make the energy efficient and the double glazing provide the security because its very difficult to broken (PARTNERS, 2003). (Fig. 10.5.12.3), Double Glazing window methodology and insulation (PARTNERS, 2003)

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10.6. Mostafa Mohamed Mohamed Soliman Fawy

INDIVIDUAL WORK

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.6.1. Mission “ To let the community integrated with project to conserve the heritage of Siwa and let the users interact and investigate more and rise their awarness by focusing on their historical background, building technology, social life and handicraft ”

10.6.5. Vision “Is to conserve the siwan hertiage by two pahses; documintation and the Exploraturiam time capsole “

10.6.2. Objectives Main objectives followed in the three cocepts: 1- Conserving Heritage 2- Tourist Attraction 3- Community Development

(Fig. 10.6.1.1), Heritage integration, (Authors, 2017).

10.6.3. Project Title EXPLORATORIUM for Conserving Heritage in Siwa

10.6.4. Slogan “ Conserving Realization ”

Introduction Exploratoriummustpathingthroughthefourelementsofpreferencesto be wanted from visitors which are; coherence, complexity, legibility, and mystery. All these preferences will be in the Exploratorium but with different levels, each one has a limit that cannot exceed it. The three concepts are completely different in their approaches and target the visitor from different ways.

264

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.6.6. Concept I

“the Changes”

Concept Generator : “Physiological Approach”

change is found in nature

Concept Statment “Everything around us changed during the time the human changes the behavior maybe change in a good or a bad way but there was main behavior are still existing”. The building function change from thing to another by external factors affect this building led it to be changed, the urban of any city was changing during the time. So, we can conclude from this statement that nothing still in its original state only small things will remain.

Change change can be wanted or not wanted

Time

Originality

change is caused by people

change happens overtime

Change

Concept process: External Factors on site:

Pedestrian walk

site

Prevailing wind

Daily light

Concept sketches: (Fig. 10.6.6.1), Site selection, (Authors, 2017).

Concept Phases Phase I

Phase II

Phase III

Section

Flexibility = Change Flexibility means that the thing does not stay as it is but change, also vice-versa change equal flexibility. The Important of the recreational spaces “Future Extention” encourage the meaning of the change which makes the project change by time and having kind of “Mystery” which meaning that the user getting involved in the future when he/she visit the project many times they will find a new thing and unexpected things.

265

INDIVIDUAL WORK The project is bathing through three phases: The first one is presence of the steps of the persons that goes on the site land which is not builded, this external factor is effect on the land area, so i dicided to respect this walkways on my project and let it open for puplic. The seconed phase is the movment of the prevailing wind which is effect the land somehow, so I make it penetrate the project by many things using skylights with anclined windows that attract the wind to enter the project for a better and good environment with the presence of the water that makes the space humid. The third phase is the sunlight which effect the project, so i use a dynamic shell that covers a big part of the project chaning by the movement of the sunrays, to make a shading for a good feeling.

10.6.7. Technical and Environmental approach for concept I 10.6.7.1. Flare kinetic system Flare kinetic system is a modular system of arranging a stainless steel flake reflect the sunlight each one of this flake is act as a pixel, it seems like skin of a building which is controlled by computer system forming some animations to interact with the environment, The flake is having different degrees of gray color that gives the building adynamic feeling when it moves. The flake is connected with a hydraulic type that makes it stand and reclined with the sunlight. I used it in some facade and on large shell of the project, (Whitevoid.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.6.7.1.1), Flare Kinetic System, (Whitevoid.com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.6.7.1.2), Flare Kinetic System and how it works, (Whitevoid.com, 2018).

266

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.6.8. Concept II

“Attraction”

Concept Generator : “Contextual Approach”

Gable el mouta

Concept Statment From the analysis of the historical urban fabric of the city we found that shali is the main settelment fort, during times Bedouins came and make theier housing around it, and know is a toursitic place and point of attraction also the precence of the Mountaion of the Dead is attract the turists, so i make the project attract the visitores from the two places Shali and Gabal el mouta during the hole day by three ways. Ways of Attractions

Shali Inspirations

Mirror

(Fig. 10.6.8.1), Mirror wall, (ArchDaily, 2017).

Galaxy Screen

Transparancy

The three ways of attraction is during the day; using the mirror in the exterior wall which in front of Shali and Gable el mouta to reflect the sunset and attract the visitors, the second time is at night which the mirror becomes a screen showing the galaxy of the sky or let it as mirror to reflect stars, the third way to let it transparent in the sunrise for natural lighting and to attract people from the surrounding.

3D Sketch

(Fig. 10.6.8.2), transparent glass wall, (ArchDaily, 2017).

Zoning

Layout

267

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.6.9. Technical and Environmental approach for concept II 10.6.9.1. This Cement Generates Light This type of cement was needed a certain level under a natural light to illuminate in the night, I used it to facilitate the wayfinding at night; like signs some words, pedestrians walkways.The cement is mixed with some material that not harmful to the human neither environment. It just needs an artificial light form certain time and it will illuminate alone, it retains the light in the morning and illuminates it in the night, (Cázares, 2017).

(Fig. 10.6.9.1.1), Cement light, (Cázares, 2017).

10.6.9.2. Wire Meshes It is using in sun protection to penetrate the glass; it has a different type of stainless steel material, different sizes. It shimmering shell for buildings and elegant sun protection at the same time, it has many colors, illuminated and flexibility in design, (Weavingarchitecture.com, 2017). Uses & Applications: - Parking Facades - Solar Management - Facades - Railings Charactristic: - Robust mesh with a low level of transpaency - Creates a very sleek homogenous appearance - Particularly suitable for façades requiring reduced transparency

(Fig. 10.6.9.2.2), Shape of wire mish, (2022 and BOECKER, 2017).

(Fig. 10.6.9.2.1), Shape of wire mish, (2022 and BOECKER, 2017).

(Fig. 10.6.9.2.3), Shape of wire mish, (Weavingarchitecture.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.6.10. Concept III

“Affordances”

Concept Generator : “Functional Approach” Concept Statment According to the theory of Gibson:

GIBSON AFFORDANCES “He said that users don’t see the form and shape and what they see in a place is how it perceive affordances and what this place do for us”. So, I make social interaction and open spaces to make the community communicate with the visitors . Recognizing of the five senses in the project:

The project focusing on the five senses and how the visitor using the senses to explore, discover and investigate more. So, most of focusing in the interior of the project in may things not concerns only on the main component but in the entertainment zone also. Seeing the folklore and the habits of the community, touching and feeling the material of construction “kerchief” or in the handicraft in the hands-on part. Tasting a different kind of food, smelling good weather of the city, hearing the different type of music. All this things make the personal memories the Exploratorium and don’t forget it, make the visitor attracted to the exploratory and fully satisfied.

Bubble Digram

Concept Sketches

Interactive Space

Conceptual plan

269

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.6.11. Technical and Environmental approach for concept III 10.6.11.1. Passive Cooling System from Hydrogel

and Ceramic Hydro-ceramic works due to the cooling effect provided by evaporating water. By absorbing large quantities of water, the hydro-gel pellets that are spread throughout the composite material expose a large surface area for evaporation to occur, which both decreases the temperature and increases the humidity of the surrounding air. In turn, the material is therefore responsive: the cooling effect is greatest when the surrounding environment is warm, but when the surrounding is cool little evaporation occurs, (ArchDaily, 2017).

(Fig. 10.6.11.1.1), Cement light, (IAAC, 2017).

(Fig. 10.6.11.1.2), Cement light, (IAAC, 2017).

10.6.11.2. Smart City holograms It was a physical city model full of information layers connected with the existing world, the user will learn more about the technology and the holograms which rare in our country, so it will make them interact, explore more things be more aware about what happened in the other countries. The user has to wear the hololens to see the holograms of the city and seeing the smart technology, (Whitevoid.com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.6.11.2.1), Smart City, (Whitevoid.com, 2018).

270

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.6.12. Inspirations Photo Concept I

Concept I

Concept II

(Fig. 10.6.12.1), Inspired project, (Big.dk, 2017). Concept III

Concept III

Concept II

(Fig. 10.6.12.3), Inspired project, (Big.dk, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.12.2), Inspired project, (Behance.net, 2017).

10.6.13. Sustainability Approach Sustainability is divided into social, environmental and economic; each one of them has a lot of definitions and ways. Environment: balance natural systems with human systems, protect the environmental during all construction phases, (Share Your Articles, 2018). Aesthetic: celebrate the genius loci, design a unique image, (Share Your Articles, 2018).

(Fig. 10.6.13.1), Sustainability Logo, (Author, 2017).

Function: practice new urbanism principles, provide tools for resource management, (Share Your Articles, 2018). Economy: stive for year- round economic vitality, incorporate sustainable tourism ventures, (Share Your Articles, 2018). Socio-cultural: respect and celebrate local culture and history , integrate education and training facilities, (Share Your Articles, 2018). All categories will led to a sustainable community.

(Fig. 10.6.13.2), Sustainable City, (AI Practitioner, 2018).

(Fig. 10.6.13.3), Sustinability, (Reworkbyroe.com, 2018).

271

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.7. nourhan abdelhamid abbas abdelhamid azab

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.7.1. INTRODUCTION: From our site investigation we found that the most of problems in Siwa are summarized in the problem of economy, tourism, lack of transportation from and to Siwa, week infrastructure and deterioration of culture heritage. So;the most demanding problem in Siwa is the deterioration of culture heritage and the causes of this problem is the exchange between Swan’s and modernism which leads to the deterioration of culture heritage overtime. Exploratorium aims to put the seeds of social exchange . Exploratorium means explore, experience, explain and expand.

10.7.2. VISION: Is to document,preserve,insure the continuity of Siwa heritage and promote tourism.

10.7.3. MISSION: Exploratorium mission is to preserve and explore Siwa Heritage, History, Cultures and traditions with interactive spaces .Raise culture value and increase awareness for the importance of culture heritage.

10.7.4. OBJECTIVES: 1-Revive the deteriorated identity and architecture. 2-Preserve Siwa cultural heritage. 3-Explore and Interact with siwa cultural heritage. 4-Learning more. 5-Increase tourism.

Aesthetics

Functions

Economics

10.7.5. SLOGAN: Reviving tangible and Intangible cultural heritage.

273

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.7.6. CONCEPT (I): Triangles -CONCEPT GENERATOR: Urban Fabric -CONCEPT STATEMENT: The existing urban fabric is compact triangles which is integrated in the project and will reflect on circulation, natural lighting and masses. AL Mawta mountain

Shali (Fig. 10.7.6.1), Connection between shali and Amoun temple , (Montalebano, C., & Petruccioli, A, 2011), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 10.7.6.2), The spread of street connections , (Montalebano, C., & Petruccioli, A, 2011), (Authors, 2017).

the extensions started around shali by random ways forming an informal urban pattern and construct area of dakrur mountain are built in a random way, (Montalebano,

Analysis of the urban organism; Pre-Islamic period. , (Montalebano, C., & Petruccioli, A, 2011).

- URBAN ANALYSIS:

C., & Petruccioli, A, 2011).

N Roads Main Road-Trade Road Water canal Site Area -Urban analysis is compact pattern and consists of many triangles (Fig. 10.7.6.3), Siwa map and roads , (Google Earth, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

From urban and site analysis there are main triangle beside to the site.

Main triangle is consists of small triangles and main piazza in the centre. also there are triangles around the site.

274

INDIVIDUAL WORK

Line appeared in the site area it will be the circulation inside and outside the project and also natural lighting and glass will be grooved in the building above corridors. Future extention Building technology

Main piazza

(Fig. 10.7.6.4), Layout on the map , (Google Earth, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

Historical background Social life

Handicrafts

- This layout it was obtained from random grid taken from urban analysis “Triangles”.

- INSPIRATION: - Natural lighting in circulation and also shading devices and self shading on it.

(Fig. 10.7.6.5), Museum of the Built Environment, (Archdaily, 2016).

(Fig. 10.7.6.6), Museum of the Built Environment, (Archdaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017).

275

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.7.7. TECHNOLOGICAL AND SUSTAINABLE STUDIES (I): - REFLECTED MIRROR: This mirror use outside the building to reflect the nature but in exploratorium used inside the building in atrium to reflect shali, this means the glass of the facade passed the image of shali to the mirror to reflect it inside the building to interact with nature and show the heritage of Siwa inside exploratorium.

(Fig. 10.7.7.1), Reflected mirror , (Hawthorne, 2018).

- ELECTRO CHROMIC WINDOW: It is the smart window that changed from clear to opaque (light to dark) and then return back again. so; it adapt with environmental conditions easily. (Explain that Stuff, 2018). It made from plastic or glass the outer face coated with sputtering layer and inner face not coated. (Explain that Stuff, 2018). It consists of five layers, two electrodes and separator in the middle. (Explain that Stuff, 2018).

(Fig. 10.7.7.2), Electro chromic window , (Zerobuildings.com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.7.7.3),Smart window , (Sbar et al., 2018).

(Fig. 10.7.7.4), Smart window , (Iotm2mcouncil.org, 2018).

- GREY WATER : It used in outdoor and indoor spaces. Outdoor: Used to garden irrigation. (Aqua2use.com, 2018).

Indoor: used in toilet , laundry, cleaning, car wash and fire protection. (Aqua2use.com, 2018). -Project will approach environmental sustainability by water management like (rain and grey water) and recycled materials (Fig. 10.7.7.5), Grey water reuse, (Aqua2use.com, 2018)

276

INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.7.8. CONCEPT (II): The Link -CONCEPT GENERATOR: Philosophy

-CONCEPT STATEMENT: Siwa want to catch modernism and now traditional building with karshif is deteriorating and their percentage decreased. Siwa’s people start built their building with concrete and white stone and neglect their heritage. So, their was a link between the modern and old Architecture, between this link we can find the transition zone. From inside we preserve the cultural heritage “ Tangible and Intangible “ . From Gestalt theory achieved “visual perception”. “ the whole is different than the sum of its part”. OLD ARCHITECTURE Siwa 1800

TRANSITION ARCHITECTURE

MODERN ARCHITECTURE Siwa 2030

The link Transition Architecture Old Architecture Main piazza

Transition Architecture

Modern Architecture

- Finally old,transition and modern architecture collected in one building from outside and inside instead of separate building to live the experience.

277

INDIVIDUAL WORK - INSPIRATIONS:

(Fig. 10.7.8.1),Kolumba museum, (ArchDaily, 2018).

(Fig. 10.7.8.2),Blencowe Hall, (Pinterest, 2018).

(Fig. 10.7.8.3),Kolumba museum, (ArchDaily, 2018).

10.7.9. TECHNOLOGICAL AND SUSTAINABLE STUDIES (II): - COMPLEX SKIN: It consists of four rotated layers. First two layers allow sunlight to penetrate put the third and fourth one blocked sunlight. (ArchDaily, 2018).

We can put a sensors to this skin to rotate and adapt with environmental conditions to change into a kinetic facade.

(Fig. 10.7.9.1),Expo Italy, (ArchDaily, 2018).

- SKETCH WALL WITH LED PEN: It helps people to draw on the wall with led pen and they can make any thing interactive on the wall. Children can interact with sketch wall by drawing and they can draw again from the beginning, also this wall help them to learn. It makes project more interactive. It glow on the dark.

(Fig. 10.7.9.2),Sketch wall, (Pinterest, 2018).

- SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY: It will be apply in the project by seance of community identity and respect different culture, as a result community will be safe,so; their are social interaction between tourist and people.

Community

Respect

Different culture

Safe Community

278

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.7.10. CONCEPT (III): Mood hierarchy -CONCEPT GENERATOR: Hierarchy -CONCEPT STATEMENT: When people flow to the project they will pass through arranged spaces to reach high level of mood hierarchy began with historical background till the end of entertainment. When they are making meditation and stargazing above ramp they will see the mountain of dead and shali,Also circulation will be anticlockwise. Handicrafts

Building Technology

Historical Background

Social life

Entertainment

Meditation and Stargazing

Mountain of the dead

Shali

Social life

Building technology Historical background

Meditation and stargazing above ramp

Entertainment Meditation and stargazing above ramp

Handicrafts

It shows the circulation inside building

279

INDIVIDUAL WORK - INSPIRATIONS:

(Fig. 10.7.10.1),Shanghai Natural History Museum, (Architectmagazine.com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.7.10.2),Shanghai Natural History Museum, (ArchDaily, 2018).

10.7.11. TECHNOLOGICAL AND SUSTAINABLE STUDIES (III): - INTERACTIVE WALL: It used an interactive technology and LED light to gain new experience. (Fitness Gaming, 2018). Wall and light contains sensors and walls designed to response all touches so they emit light and also it allow users to play without any boring. (Fitness Gaming, 2018).

(Fig. 10.7.11.1),Interactive wall,(Fitness Gaming, 2018).

(Fig. 10.7.11.2),Interactive wall,(Fitness Gaming, 2018).

- PAVEGAN TILES: It generated renewable energy from footstep by converting kinetic energy into electricity. (Portaltwentyone. com, 2018). It used indoor space and outdoor. (Portaltwentyone.com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.7.11.3),Pavegan tiles, (Jordahn, 2018)

(Fig. 10.7.11.4),Pavegan tiles, (Content et al., 2018)

(Fig. 10.7.11.5),Pavegan tiles, (Portaltwentyone.com, 2018)

- ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY: will be developed through learning different skills, that can be handed to the next generation like handicrafts and produce renewable energy to stimulate the economic cycle.

280

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.8 OMNIA ALI ELKADIY

INDIVIDUAL WORK

Mission “ My mission in this project is to bring inspiration and innovation to people in Siwa to keep the continuity for the conservation of Siwa’s heritage;and increase the community’s sense of belonging to the project through interaction and activities. Moreover,the project will present itself as time capsule in it’s final phase’’

(Fig. 10.8.1), Shali fortess, (Sandro Vanini, 2017).

Objectives

My objectives in three cocepts of the project: A- Conserving Heritage. B- Tourist Attraction. C- Community Development. D- Involving and Interaction.

continuity of Conserving Heritage

Tourist(rising economy)

Objectives

Project Title EXPLORATORIUM for Conserving Heritage in Siwa

Slogan

Community

Interaction

“ Explore, Learn, Enjoy and Interact with the Experince ”

282

INDIVIDUAL WORK Concept I ‘‘Experience Shali’’ Concept Statement Shali fortress is one of the most curial historic venue and remarkable architecture where existing in the context of Siwa that can not be ignored or effected in the project. So, I focused the deterioration shape or the form of the recent Shali fortress ans tried to develop it into concept Phases of concept:

(Fig. 10.8.3), Shali Fortess, (alamy, 2017).

Phase I

At the first step, starting to drawing the outlines of recent Shali’s mountain, that advocate to create different levels, steps and scale of visual steps as starting imagination of how the form or circulation would be. Phase II at phase II, connecting these diffrenent levels and steps that formed smoothly and curvy lines , also with varoius scals.

Phase III at phase III, Extruding the curved lines to its sides with different widths, and then start to sliding these curve lines to different direction that might some of these shells would overlay other shell and creat a self-shadingh.

Phase IV These moving form and volumes emerge to offer new visual and spatial experiences for the visitors. Moreover, design presents a continuation and connection of the existing pathways in Shali fortess and to extents the strolling experience for the visitors.

283

INDIVIDUAL WORK Technological and Sustainable Studies I Support structures perform as the tree ,where the regions are upheld by the steel support structures. These pillars collect loads that passing through the branches in which they are reached into the trunk and after that down to the foundation. Since one single support has four appended tubular poles which are divided into three different heights. Besides, they are spread/stretch in order to carry the rooftop loads andweight in pressure with little bending moments. In addition, the branches coordinate the powers into final points and afterwards move into the four tubular shafts that work as one. (Su and Su, 2018).

(Fig. 10.8.4), Stuttgart Airport , (Rikysongsu, 2017).

(Fig. 10.8.5), Stuttgart Airport , (Rikysongsu, 2017).

(Fig. 10.8.6), tree branches structure , (Heerim Architect & Planners and others, 2011-2017).

Tree brunch structure systems are diffrentiate from each other according to the up coming loads. As, for the shell, it is a truss structuer, but of the shell is soild and part of it is transpaerent (glass) for nature lighting. (Flicker, 2018). (Fig. 10.8.7), shell details , (Hugh Dutton Associés, 2011-2017).

284

INDIVIDUAL WORK

(Fig. 10.8.8), shell details , (Hugh Dutton Associés, 2011-2017).

The curved shell (shell form) is support the flow of air to flows more easy and smoothly way to Provide better ventilation. Moreover, the gap Space in the roof allows the warm air to go outside the building and allows cold air to goes in through opennings(nature ventilation).

(Fig. 10.8.9), sustainable strategies , (Hongyan Li, Jia Yu, 2016).

Flexible and efficiency Solar Panels for saving Solar Energy. A flexible solar panels could provide Elasticity and more easy to follow the project form and geometry, besides, works with same efficiency like ordinary solar panels.

(Fig. 10.8.11), Flexible & Lightweight Solar Fabric , (BRIDGETTE MEINHOLD,2010).

(Fig. 10.8.10), LightweightCustomisable Flexible solar panels, (energus,2017).

(Fig. 10.8.12), Flexible & Lightweight Solar Fabric , (BRIDGETTE MEINHOLD,2010).

285

INDIVIDUAL WORK Concept II ‘‘Urban Fabric’’

Ribbon fabric

Concept Statement Siwa characterize with four different urban fabric pattern; in this concept I affected by existing urban pattern that next to the site selection which is the ribbon pattern. So, by visually extening these lines an intersection would occure that would develop the concept in comning phases. Phases of concept: Phase I

(Fig. 10.8.13), Touristic Road site , (google earth, 2017).

Phase II

Extending lines from existing urban pattern that would create an intersection betwenn them.

This intersection would provide different spaces and scales of regular shapes between them.

Phase IV

Phase III

In the 4th phase, extruding these regular spaces in to different heights, depends on the function of this space.

In the 3rd phase,starting to clarifying and selceting these spaces according to my needs of the project(zones and function).

Phase V

In the 5th phase, lunching to sliding and moving the cubics in to different direction to serve function and circulation of the visitors. Final Phase ‘‘B’’

Final Phase ‘‘A’’

In final phase ‘‘A’’ shows that the sequences or the steps that concept has passed through might not necessary to convert it only to form as final phase’’B’’;as the interior of the project is totally different from the outside form provide and giving visitors a chance to explore and surprisingly enjoy the project. Combine a totally simple geometric shapes with a complex organic outside form in an sophisticated and elegant way.

286

INDIVIDUAL WORK Technological and Sustainable Studies II By creating the pattern for the rooftop structure. seeing that parametric modelling tools are considered as extremely powerful tool, not only in generating apparently complex patterns in a simple intelligible way but also, having full control and manage each part of the pattern including, its size, spacing and shape. At last, you’ll have the capacity to change patterns with one slider and the genius logic behind generating such pattern will left you amazed and surprised. (Designplaygrounds, 2018)

(Fig. 10.8.14), paramatric hexagonal structure , (pinterest, 2017)).

(Fig. 10.8.16), shape studies , (pinterest, 2017). (Fig. 10.8.15), paramatric form structure , (pinterest, 2017).

POWER LEAP, an energy extracting from people’s movement and activities. As power leap is a piezoelectric technology that generating energy by appling a stress on it. It’s fast and could be a applicable energy source to power certian applications like lights. (Fehrenbacher, 2018)

(Fig. 10.8.17), POWERleap Harnesses Energy , (inhabitors,2009).

LIGHTING Using Nature Light, saving energy and electricity, by using nature lighting to light up the space inside. Besides, using a creative way of using nature lighting to spot lights the displacements in exploraturim.

(Fig. 10.8.18), Lighting effects , (STEVEN HOLL ARCHITECTS,2016).

287

INDIVIDUAL WORK Concept III ‘‘Visual Continuity’’ Concept Statement The selected site location (project) is planning to be the third landmark in this region of Siwa’s oasis; besides the shali and death mountain. As, by taking a visual extend axis from shali and death mountain to the site location and also from shali to death mountain; these extend axis lines are formed three intersecting points which form a triangle shape for three vital venues Phases ‘‘A’’of concept: Phase I

shali fortress

selected project

Death mountian

Phases ‘‘B’’of concept: Phase I

An aixs form mountain of death to shali. An aixs from mountain of death to shali,that woud form a simple volume around axis line.

Phase II

Then extruding vertically a second form. Phase III

making difference in second form by rotating it horizontally and rotate from it’s side;also starting to move some part of the form vertically in order to provide the visual continuity of visitors

An aixs form mountain of death to shali,that woud divide the project into two parts. Phase III

Forming a mass at the centre of visual axis that will be at highest level of the project.

288

INDIVIDUAL WORK Technological and Sustainable Studies III Intelligent Kinetic shading devices are providing shading (sun screen) according to sun direction and it’s intense; and these devices are totally useful in façades that have long and constant exposition to the sun(Southern façades) . Also, it does not blocking the views permanently from the buildings. Besides it’s advantage ,it gives nice form or design to the building façades.

(Fig. 10.8.19), Kinetic Shading System , (pinterset,2017).

(Fig. 10.8.20), Detailed Kinetic Shading System , (pinterset,2017).

Installing Green Roof, has a vital advantages of how to reduce the negative impact of development while providing huge environmental, economic, and social benefits. It also develope stormwater management by decreases runoff and improving water quality, protect energy, relieve the urban heat island, reduce noise and air pollution, isolate carbon and offer space for urban agriculture. (Green Roof Research,2016)

(Fig. 10.8.24), stepped green roof, (D·Lim Architects,2013).

(Fig. 10.8.21), Kinetic Shading System , (pinterset,2017).

(Fig. 10.8.22), Green Roofs, (Kevin Songer,2010).

(Fig. 10.8.23), Green Roof ,7 layers of root barrier , (Connaughton Construction,2016).

289

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.9 Rana Abdulraouf Abdulhameed El-kholy

INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.9.1 Mission The project aims to document and preserve Siwa culture heritage through living the experience of the place, which is a remarkable and unforgettable thing to people. In addition, aims to promote tourism and market Siwa on both local and global scale.

10.9.2 Vision •Ensure the continuity of Siwa culture over times. •Marketing Siwa on both local and global scale. •Connect between tourists and local life of Siwa. •Enhance the economic conditions and achieve economic •Sustainability through a cultural and touristic approach. Emphasizing the touristic attraction plans.

10.9.3 Objectives •Creating visual continuity. •Interactive comfort spaces. •Flexibility and multi-use areas. •Project exposed to the nature and sky not blocking them •Simplicity in arrangement so people don’t miss anything in project. •Centralization and Connectivity.

(Fig.10.9.1.1), Explore and experience siwan life, (Pinterest, 2018).

Activities that included in the project will enhance social sustainability in the Siwan community. Children

Youth

10.9.4 Slogan Achieving the best environment for social interaction and culture decontamination. Applying new methods that enhance learning with fun in ways that let visitor experience, explore and discovery with occupation to his five senses, so he would have memorises about the place that will last forever.

Tourist (Fig.10.9.3.1),Social sustainability between target group in the project, (Author, 2017).

Keywords. •Culture Heritage •Document •Marketing •Social interaction •Culture Exchange •Local Traditions •Integration •Economic sustainability •Tourism

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.9.5 CONCEPT I Siwa in steps

Circulation will tell the story of Siwa from the beginning to the end in the middle there will be several entertainment activities and integration. Circulation provide free , journey and enjoyable experience. The hierarchy in spaces will insure visual continuity and also insuring that no one of visitors will miss anything from exhibits. Both time-line of Siwa and visitors requirements will define the project. Concept phasing: 1-visitors categorized into:

Children

Adults

2- Circulation in the project will be divided into: •Children circulation: according to children requirements.

Physical models

Touch screens

Climbing net

Learning through watching movies

Puzzle walls

Science fair

Using different fun methods to make children easily received information by activating all senses and encouraging them to try and make experiments will lead to making children fully understand the story of Siwa as they will have an experience they will never forget.

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INDIVIDUAL WORK •Adult circulation: according to Adult requirements. Training center History History

social and folklor

Entertainment

Training center

stargazing

10.9.6 CONCEPT I Technological studies I Vertical masts will be used as landmarks inside exploratorium. Each one of them will display topic that entertains the audience in some way.

(Fig. 10.9.6.1), Interactive vertical masts inspired from the vertical mountains in Siwa, (Pinterest, 2018), (Author, 2017).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.9.7 CONCEPT II The way to old Shali The project is inspired from the topography line of Shali fortress and all its unique features. It offers direct visual access to both sky and Shali. Also offers availability for circulation outside the building and several activities on the top of it like stargazing at night. Concept phasing: 1- Making section line in Shali fortress.

Site location. The direction of people flow from downtown to project. Section A-A in Shali fortress. A water conduit separate between old Shali area and site location.

(Fig.10.9.7.1),Topography line of Shali fortress, (Author, 2017).

Main roads network.

2- Specify unique features of Shali fortress. Shali fortress located in the centre of Siwa and shaped from the spectacular organic shapes remains from kershef house. Shali fortress featured with (Planet, 2018) : One narrow entrance

Night activities

Panoramic view on the top

Local celebration

3- Apply those features on mass.

Regular section

Improve accessibility

Add inclination like Shali fortress

(Fig.10.9.7.2),Inclined mass inspired by topography line of Shali fortress, (Author, 2017).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 4- Create indirect language between project and Shali fortress in both day and night.

Social and folklore History

Entertainment

(Fig.10.9.7.3),Visual continuity to Shali at day, (Author, 2017).

(Fig.10.9.7.4),Visual continuity to sky at night, (Author, 2017).

10.9.8 CONCEPT II Technological studies II Skylight roman blind is very functional in blocking sunrises. It can be adjusted in any place. It helps in decreasing cooling cost in summer, controlling sun glare and adding required privacy to the space. It can be working by a remote control or by sensors that track heat and light come from sun (Misdar.com, 2018). It can be adjusted for plane or arc surface. In addition ,it can be opened or closed in one or two directions (Misdar. com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.9.8.1),Skylights Roman blinds, (Misdar.com, 2018), (Author, 2017).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

10.9.9 CONCEPT III Infinity Siwa The concept idea is not to block anything through reflecting the surroundings. It will be a visual extension of Siwa’s nature. So the project will have the same theme of the context. The perceiver will have visual access from both inside and outside of the project to the surrounding context.

•High level of transparency. •Flexible exhibits. To insure the flexibility of the project by using methods that divided large spaces into small spaces such as partitions, movable walls and panels that can be built or removed.

SIWA NATURE

Concept phasing: 1-Specifiy landmarks in the site The most demanding landmarks in the site are Gabal Al-mawta, palm trees and Shali fortress. The project will insure reflectivity and visual extension to those landmarks.

2-Form configuration. Plan

Regular plan

Elevation

Regular Elevation

Add panorama effect (curvy mass)

Add open spaces

desert shape

Hierarchy in highs

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

(Fig. 10.9.9.1),facade reflect view at day, (Author, 2017).

(Fig. 10.9.9.2),Dynamic projection facade at night, (Author, 2017).

(Fig. 10.9.9.3), Final mass, (Author, 2017).

10.9.10 CONCEPT III Technological studies III and Inspirations

(Fig.10.9.10.1), Transparent facade and flexible exhibits, (Pinterest, 2018), (Big.dk, 2018), (ArchDaily, 2018), (Author, 2017).

(Fig.10.9.10.2), Projection walls in Louvre Abu Dhabi, (Kuttab, 2018).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK

01 Glazed ceiling. 02 Glass fin supporting glass ceiling. 03 water flow along slanted glazed ceiling. 04 Gutter allows water to pour down leaning glass wall. 05 leaning glass wall. 06 Glass wall fixing into concrete. 07 Gutter allows water to run back underneath the floor. 08 pumping station pump the water back under the floor, process is recycled. 09 water under floor. 10 Steel floor 11lead skirting board acts as waterproof shield and a kick surface. concealed lighting accentuates the space. (Archdaily,2018)

Interactive walls

(Fig.10.9.10.3), Water wall detail and Kinetic facade, (Archdaily,2018), (Author, 2017).

There’s a revolution afoot inside museums as technology to make them interactive—in the form of cheaper screens, miniaturized mechanics and increased computing power—sparks experiments in exhibit design. From virtual reality to 4-D films. Also promoting a rich period of experimentation in exhibit design, such advancements could attract diverse visitors, young people and change the way audiences learn about art, science and nature (Gamerman, 2015).

Those interactive walls focus on the visitor experience – helping people investigate how they see, hear, and understand the world by offering the freedom to create and explore. These exhibits are promoting creativity spark, encouraging social interaction, and inspiring self-confidence. In addition, add excitement to the information displayed. Also suitable for all ages ,very function and Easy to handle (HuffPost, 2012).

Using light and shadow, 3Ds and screens are functional ways for telling stories or analysis simply specific topic. Involving physical activity, engaging senses beyond sight and requiring visitor involvement. Also Stimulates visitors intellectually and emotionally, Promoting deeper involvement with the subject Providing information. As interactive defined as a tool that enables the user to manipulate information to match their interests (Pekarik, 2002).

298

10.9.11 SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH

INDIVIDUAL WORK

Environmental Approach Main Environmental strategies

(Fig.10.9.11.1), Horizontal louvres on the south facade and vertical louvres on the west and east façades, (Archnewsnow.com, 2008).

(Fig.10.9.11.2), Winter and summer ventilation strategy, (Pinterest, 2018).

Economic Approach Economic sustainability will be achieved by both : •Using local materials and natural sources. •Training center and bazaars for selling the products

Social Approach To achieve the social sustainability in the building need to make social and entertainment hub for the users to have and reach all they need.

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10. Yossef ahmed yossef bazan

INDIVIDUAL WORK “Our heritage and ideals, our code and standards the things we live by and teach our children are preserved or diminished by how freely we exchange ideas and feelings.” (walt desney)

10. 10. 1. Mission Siwian people are looking forward to getting modernized with getting new ideas that will lead to demolish their cultural heritage by time and losing their identity. For that reason, my mission is to link betweenthevalueoftheirheritagewithmodernism without losing the concept of their heritage, in addition, making the project as a sample for local residence and tourists showing the great historical and cultural heritage that insures to spread it all over siwa and the world aims to support the continuity of this heritage.

(Fig. 10.10.1.1), The great view of shali, (Authors, 2017).

10. 10. 2. Slogan “ EXPLORING THE PURENESS OF SIWA HERITAGE “

10. 10. 3. Objectives

1- Physiological -Preserving the continuity of siwan culture heritage by keeping their thoughts with their heritage -keeping their proudness about their heritage and their rich history -Linking their cultural heritage with their identity

2- Cultural -Keeping the link between siwan people and their environment -knowing the importance of their culture heritage -sharing the awareness of being special with special identity

3- Economic -Focal point that attract tourists to share this rich heritage and spread it all over the market -encourage siwan people to increase their traditional crafts as project income -make siwa a global heritage site

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10. 4. Concept 1 ( the inside outside ) The concept aims to link between the project and siwan people that grape their attention and lead them to explore, to illustrate, the project will focus on how to link it with its context that will lead to link between the project and siwan people mentally, physically, and visually.

Concept process : Phase 1: Siwa always were linked mentally with the purity of form that was always seen in their style of vernacular architecture with some of subtraction and additions, as seen in (Fig. 10.10.2). So, purity of form needed as a connection with their style of buildings.

(Fig. 10.10.4.1), Siwa architecture style, (Montalbano, 2015).

Phase 2: Environment are the main source for siwan life and they have physically link to it that will help the project to enhance the physical link between it and the siwan by experiencing (wandering) the same life and circulation of building as they used to take the same adventure through the mountains that are spread a lot in Siwa. (Fig. 10.10.4.2), Siwa environment, (Pinterest, 2017).

(Fig. 10.10.4.3), Abstracted mountain , (Authors, 2017).

By simplifying the circulation that transformed to be an accessible exterior steps on the building form.

302

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10.4. Concept 1 ( the inside outside )

(Fig. 10.10.4.4), Model shaping, (Authors, 2017).

i orm Ag h

Link them visually by two of the main stories of their great history. Shali and Aghormi town are the first places where the Siwan people live, and considered the main stories that they always tell because of they are proud of their past history and their ancestors works.

Sh ali

Phase 3:

(Fig. 10.10.4.5), Subtraction of the exterior passage, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 10.10.4.6), Conceptual vision of the project, (Authors, 2017).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10. 5. Technological studies

Rotational shading The rotational shading element is adaptive shading elements that used to control sunlight to enter the space, as my project needs for outdoor public spaces and public events the use of these rotational shading will provide advantages and more flexibility controlling and manage the shadows of the outer spaces due to the needs through different time of the day. The concept is depending on the angle of rotation that will lead to a complete shading, semi-shading, or allowing the sun-rays to get through. (Fig. 10.10.5.1), Different shading elements, (Arch.tamu.edu, 2018).

(Fig. 10.10.5.2), Shading elements, (Arch.tamu.edu, 2018).

The rotational shading elements could be various and every element provide a different way of shading. Also, some of these shading devices have a lighting sensor that respond to the sunlight that linked with interrelationship with the angle of rotation. In addition, it could be supplied by a mechanical system that provide the owners to control it easily. To conclude, the rotational shading system is a good environmental control as a shading devices that control the sunlight. (Fig. 10.10. 5. 3.), Shading elements, (Arch.tamu.edu, 2018).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10. 6. Concept 2 ( Exploring the mystery ) The concept focuses on mystery that will attract people to explore the spaces inside the building. The mystery will be achieved by three main elements building form, circulation, and lighting.

Through our site investigation I found that the western desert is related to Siwan people environment and also could be a good example of the keyword mystery.

(Fig. 10.10.6.1), Western desert sand dunes, (Tripadvisor.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 10.10.6.2), Tracing the form’s origin, (Authors, 2017).

The form development resulted in pure geometries that portray the pure identity and maintain the experience of Siwan exploration.

(Fig. 10.10.6.3), Passing through the project, (Authors, 2017).

305

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10. 7. Technological studies

Sold sandstone

(Fig. 10.10.7.1), Interior view, (Thenewsgallery.com, 2018).

Siwa oasis is located inside the western desert and surrounded by a lot of sand dunes. As a result, sand cimintation process is a new technique of harden the sand that will provide a new mystery structure and inner spaces by using a local material made from the desert itself.

The solidification process are done through flushing a particular microorganisms into the sandscape that causes a biological reaction which turn the sand into sandstone. This process need a 24 hours to finish and could take a week to be fully saturated to make a harden structure. Also, the bacteria are non-patogenic and will die through the process of solidification (Magnuslarsson.com, 2018).

(Fig.10.10.7.2), Various sand forms, (Magnuslarsson.com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.10.7.3), Different views, (Magnuslarsson.com, 2018).

The interior spaces also have a temperature differences that provides a self human comfort inside the spaces also could support water harvesting(Magnuslarsson.com, 2018).

306

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10.7. Technological studies

Sold sandstone (Terri form) The Terri form is a material based design research that proposes a self-organizational model of sand formation, that leads to generates a temporal architecture with a designed life-cycle. Terri form is an eco system with zero-waste formative process whose material is naturally available in Siwa and it redistributes these back into its environment at the end(SANDWORKS, 2018).

(Fig.10.10.7.4), Terri form, (SANDWORKS, 2018).

Design strategy

(Fig.10.10.7.5), Formation process, (SANDWORKS, 2018).

“Any granular material falling from a fixed point forms a cone on the surface below and a funnel within the granulate mass with the same angle of inclination, the natural angle of repose, 35 degree.” Frei Otto, 1972 Frei Otto showed in his form-finding experiments with dry sand in a box with holes, that under force of gravity the material self-organization behaviour generates conical forms following the natural angle of repose and Voronoi logic. The self-formation behaviour calculates the material distribution considering the holes and boundary conditions. Following the constant angle of inclination, the research developed a number of mathematical equations to calculate the material distribution under different parameters conditions(SANDWORKS, 2018).

(Fig.10.10.7.6), Form finding, (SANDWORKS, 2018).

307

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10.7. Technological studies

Material system

(Fig.10.10.7.7), Distribution process, (SANDWORKS, 2018).

Distribution process is based on self organization behaviour under the force of gravity. Sand follows the natural angle of repose and leave behind a field of conical surfaces.

(Fig.10.10.7.8), Solidification process, (SANDWORKS, 2018).

Solidification Process of soil crystallization the loose sand surface is solidified by crystallized salt. A saturated salute solution is sprayed on the surface and starts to crystallize with sand grains to form a solid surface.

(Fig.10.10.7.9), Dissolution process, (SANDWORKS, 2018).

Dissolution process give the ability to the material to go back to nature and dissolve in water. A one cm surface thickness is washed away in 30 minute. Water breaks down the salt crystal bonds, and return the sand back to its initial loose condition.

Fabrication Process

(Fig.10.10.7.10), Fabrication process, (SANDWORKS, 2018).

308

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10.7. Technological studies

Design proposal

(Fig.10.10.7.11), Various design proposals, (SANDWORKS, 2018).

309

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10. 8. Concept 3 ( Unbuilding the building ) The concept aims for the functionally needs for the exploratorium of variable spaces for its various differences uses the main idea is combining between static building exteriors as a main reasons of surprising the visitors that do not expect the dynamic building interiors. Because, the person easily discovers something by surprise.

Enclosure for exhibits

Corridors

Separators

Shades

Flexible walls give the variety of spaces for variable functions, and have the advantage of surprisingness to the visitors. Also, this will provide a new scene for the visitors in every time they visit the project and this will help to prevents the boredom and encourages the visitors to visit the project more than once.

(Fig. 10.10.8.1), Conceptual vision, (Authors, 2017).

310

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10. 9. Technological studies

Moveable walls

(Fig. 10.10.9.1), Rotational walls, (Frearson, 2018).

The moveable walls divide up spinning and sliding panels one that could rotate 360 degrees that give the advantages of changeable spaces that will benefit the exploratorium different functions. The motorised systems and supporting structures are all concealed, heightening the effect.

(Fig. 10.10.9.3), Sliding walls, (Frearson, 2018).

Fiber optic lighting technique

(Fig. 10.10.9.2), Rotational wall details, (Bobastanic.com, 2018).

Light is the key and source of life and its immediate and vital in the nature in the sun and electricity, it is a malleable medium. It is the key component that ascribed any work(Arch2O.com, 2018). By using optical fiber light could be mediated and create a stunning effects of geometry and spaces that perception perspectives and multiply vision(Arch2O.com, 2018). Through the representative conception of space-light, using the fiber optic to abstract lights and transform the dark spaces with lighting environment based on a triangular forms, through passing lines on floors,walls, and through the space itself to be seen light floating inside the space(Arch2O.com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.10.9.4), Fiber optic wire, (Arch2O.com, 2018).

(Fig. 10.10.9.5), Interior lighting, (Arch2O.com, 2018).

311

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10. 9. Technological studies

Glowing nature Glowing nature shows the beauty of the nature by means of a unique encounter between man, biology, and technology. Providing a unique interactive and mysterious experience with live bioluminescent algae (Studioroosegaarde. net, 2018).

(Fig. 10.10.9.6), Glowing nature, (Studioroosegaarde.net, 2018).

(Fig. 10.10.9.7), Interior lighting, (Studioroosegaarde.net, 2018).

Visitors are able to magically interact with the algae that glow upon your steps as a concrete example of our future street-lights.

(Fig. 10.10.9.8), Microorganisms, (Studioroosegaarde.net, 2018).

The algae considered as the oldest microorganisms in the world that light up for alone period of time when it perfectly maintained(Studioroosegaarde.net, 2018).

312

INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10. 10. Sustainability

Site sustainability One of the sustainable strategies is to reduces the building footprint by increasing the density of the building that mean building up or down instead of building out. As a result, this will have a big differences in the total cost of the project and environmental impact. To illustrate, smaller footprint will reduce the construction impact on the site, reduces mechanical system cost, reduces building materials, and ventilating the building cost(LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE, 2015). Also by creating exterior out door spacing will encourage to have a contact with nature and achieve social interaction, physical activities, and passive recreation. Moreover, helping in reducing heat island effect (LEED GREEN (Fig.10.10.10.1), Building open spaces, ASSOCIATE, 2015). (LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE, 2015).

Water use reduction

(Fig.10.10.10.2), Building foot print, (LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE, 2015).

For the project there are two type of water use indoor and outdoor. 70% of the total water used indoors. For example, water used in bathrooms in flush and flow fixtures for drinking and hand-wash. The indoor water use could be reduced by using high-efficiency fixtures, and graywater harvesting. For outdoor water usage its preferred to use the Xeriscaping design for the landscape, to explain, using native and locally adapted species that require little to no irrigation due to their adaptation and palm trees, olive trees are a good example of siwa native species. Also, using a drip irrigation system is 90% water efficient than the sprinklers system which is 65% efficient only(LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE, 2015).

(Fig. 10.10.10.3), Native trees in Siwa, (Authors, 2017).

Energy use reduction Using reducing energy demand strategies which reflect to the energy use intensity inside the building that also reduces the annual energy costs. For example, using passive ventilation technique, reduces building foot print, create a high-performance building envelope, optimize and simulate energy modelling. In addition, producing renewable energy resources as solar power by using (PV) systems or solar thermal system(LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE, 2015).

(Fig. 10.10.10.4), Passive technique, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 10.10.10.5), thermal cells, (Authors, 2017).

(Fig. 10.10.10.6), PV cells, (LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE, 2015).

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INDIVIDUAL WORK 10.10. 10. Sustainability

Materiality Selecting the materials is a very important to sustain the building and have a knowledge of reuse, recycling, life-cycle impacts, and low emitting, and. Using the local materials is a good way to achieve a good choice of materiality. For Siwa it have a lot of natural resources like Kerchief, sand, salt, palm and olive trees wood, and gypsum brick. Also, having a waste management system is good way of keeping the project sustainable and keeping out of land fill aiming to achieve the zero waste building(LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE, 2015).

Indoor air quality

(Fig. 10.10.10.7), Local materials in Siwa, (Authors, 2017).

Achieving the human comfort inside the building is one way to keep it in a perfect operation. For that reason, it is required to achieve a good ventilation (15 to 20 cfm/person), use low emitting materials, manage indoor air quality (flushing out system), thermal comfort, day lighting, and accessible views, also, manipulate acoustical performance will be our big issue at the exploratorium as its use for a lot of public users(LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE, 2015). (Fig. 10.10.10.8), Natural ventilation, (LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE, 2015).

10.10. 11. Inspiration

(Fig. 10.10.11.1), Inspiration collage, (Authors, 2017).

314

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06 - Design Issues Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/channel-conflict-affecting-your-sales-sumedh-rewatkar [Accessed 25 Dec. 2017]. Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-learn-digital-marketing-2 [Accessed 25 Dec. 2017]. Berinato, S. (2017). Museum Security: The Art of Securing Pricelessness. [online] CSO Online. Available at: https://www. csoonline.com/article/2122573/physical-security/museum-security--the-art-of-securing-pricelessness.html [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Ching, F. D.K. (2007). ARCHITECTURE Form, Space and Function (3rd ed., Vol. V). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Coté, R., & Harrington, G. (2009). Means of Egress. In N. F. Association, Life Safety Code Handbook. United States of America: Library of Congress. Courses.lumenlearning.com. (2017). Types of Social Interaction | Boundless Sociology. [online] Available at: https://courses. lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/types-of-social-interaction/ [Accessed 22 Nov. 2017]. designboom | architecture & design magazine. (2017). adrere amellal hotel in egypt by EQI. [online] Available at: https:// www.designboom.com/architecture/adrere-amellal-eco-hotel-in-egypt-by-eqi/?utm_source=feedly [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. designboom | architecture & design magazine. (2017). adrere amellal hotel in egypt by EQI. [online] Available at: https:// www.designboom.com/architecture/adrere-amellal-eco-hotel-in-egypt-by-eqi/?utm_source=feedly [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Droog, S. and Vries, P. (2009). emotion in architecture; the experience of the user. [online] issuu. Available at: https://issuu. com/pauldevries/docs/20090202_emotioninarchitecture_big/88 [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Lorencyoodesign.com. (2017). Hyatt Regency New Orleans – Lorenc+Yoo Design. [online] Available at: http://www. lorencyoodesign.com/latest-projects/hyatt-new-orleans/ [Accessed 22 Dec. 2017]. MOVABLE CITY. (2018). Retrieved from antilogic: http://www.antilogic.co.za/design/puma-city-wow-a-movable-city/ (n.d.). Retrieved 12 2017, from cambridge dictionary : Nutleyschools.org. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: http://www.nutleyschools.org/userfiles/620/ Classes/17608/Types%20of%20Social%20Interaction.pdf [Accessed 22 Nov. 2017]. principle of adavptive reuse. (2018). Retrieved from arprinciple: https://arprinciple.wordpress.com/author/intar2361 Singaby, R. (2017). Comic and Animation Museum – Hangzhou, China. [online] UrbanPeek. Available at: http://urbanpeek. com/2011/06/11/comic-and-animation-museum-hangzhou-china/ [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Summerfield.net. (2017). Welcome to the new site! | Summerfield Associates, Inc.. [online] Available at: https://summerfield. net/welcome-to-the-new-site/ [Accessed 22 Dec. 2017]. ThoughtCo. (2017). What Is Nonverbal Communication?. [online] Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-nonverbal-communication-1691351 [Accessed 22 Nov. 2017]. (Vatican), P. (2017). Piazza San Pietro (Vatican). [online] Desktop wallpapers & photos / locality. Available at: http://miriadna. com/preview/piazza-san-pietro-(vatican) [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Visualizingarchitecture.tumblr.com. (2017). Visualizing Architecture User Gallery. [online] Available at: http://visualizingarchitecture. tumblr.com/post/117424114854/name-wissam-bou-chahinelebanon-we-dont-sell [Accessed 26 Dec. 2017]. Wiki. (2018). Retrieved from designing buildings: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_flexibility

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07 - Case Studies 6.1. WADI EL HITAN PROJECT Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://dir.indiamart.com/kochi/fire-protection-equipment.html [Accessed 24 Dec. 2017]. Elwatannews.com. (2017). ‫”افتتاح أول متحف في الشرق األوسط للحفريات وتغير المناخ بـ”وادي الحيتان‬. [online] Available at: https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/917545 [Accessed 25 Dec. 2017]. Ar.wikipedia.org. (2017). ‫وادي الحيتان‬. [online] Available at: https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D 8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 [Accessed 25 Dec. 2017]. Sepa-ncs.org. (2017). Fossil Museum - SEPA. [online] Available at: http://www.sepa-ncs.org/ SEPA/?page_id=225 [Accessed 25 Dec. 2017]. Tahrirnews.com. (2017). ‫ متحف للحيتان النادرة في صحراء مصر‬..‫بالصور| ألول مرة‬. [online] Available at: http:// www.tahrirnews.com/posts/368920/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%7C+%D9% 84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9..+%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81+%D9% 84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF% D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%85%D8%B5%D 8%B1 [Accessed 25 Dec. 2017]. Elyomnew.com. (2017). ‫ متحف الفيوم «العالمي» الذي ال يعرفه المصريون‬..‫بالصور| وادي الحيتان‬. [online] Available at: http://www.elyomnew.com/news/refresh/2016/01/27/43674 [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Engineeringrome.wikispaces.com. (2017). engineeringrome - Engineering the Pantheon - Architectural, Construction, & Structural Analysis. [online] Available at: https://engineeringrome.wikispaces.com/Engineering+the+Pantheon+-+Architectural%2C+Construction%2C+%26+Structural+Analysis [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017].

7.2. The Pharaonic Village An-nournews.com. (2010). An-Nour - International Headlines and News. [online] Available at: http://www.an-nournews. com/ [Accessed 19 Nov. 2017]. Ask-aladdin.com. (2017). The Pharaonic Village. [online] Available at: https://www.ask-aladdin.com/Egypt-Sites/ Pharaonic-Village.html [Accessed 19 Nov. 2017]. Pharaonicvillage.com. (2017). An interactive map of the Pharaonic Village Cairo Egypt. [online] Available at: http:// www.pharaonicvillage.com/village_tour.html [Accessed 19 Nov. 2017]. Pharaonicvillage.com. (2017). Pharaonic Village. [online] Available at: http://www.pharaonicvillage.com/index.html [Accessed 19 Nov. 2017]. Pharaonicvillage.com. (2017). Welcome to Pharaonic Village: Village History. [online] Available at: http://pharaonicvillage.com/arabic/village_history.html [Accessed 19 Nov. 2017].

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7.3. Children’s Interactive Museum Interlab100.com. (2017). children festival marketplace. [online] Available at: https://interlab100.com/research-projects-%E7%A 0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE/children-festival-marketplace/ [Accessed 24 Dec. 2017] Asymmetrica.co.uk. (2017). KAFD Attractor | AsymmetricA. [online] Available at: http://asymmetrica.co.uk/?portfolio=kafd-attractor [Accessed 24 Dec. 2017]. Gensler. (2017). Cloud 9 | Projects | Gensler. [online] Available at: https://www.gensler.com/projects/cloud-9 [Accessed 26 Dec. 2017]. ‫ واجهة التسوق‬.)2017( .‫ م‬,‫ – السعودية‬Shopping Front | ‫مشاريع السعودية‬. [online] Saudiprojects.net. Available at: http:// www.saudiprojects.net/?project=%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7% D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-fashion-village-riyadh [Accessed 26 Dec. 2017].

7.4. Museum of Louvre Abu Dhabi ArchDaily. (2016). Louvre Abu Dhabi / Ateliers Jean Nouvel. [Online] Available at: https://www. archdaily.com/883157/louvre-abu-dhabi-atelier-jean-nouvel [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017]. Ateliers Jean Nouvel. (2017). Louvre Abu Dhabi — Ateliers Jean Nouvel. [online] Available at: http:// www.jeannouvel.com/en/projects/louvre-abou-dhabi-3/ [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. The National. (2017). ‘A place of discovery’: Children’s Museum at Louvre Abu Dhabi welcomes pupils. [online] Available at: https://www.thenational.ae/uae/a-place-of-discovery-children-s-museum-at-louvreabu-dhabi-welcomes-pupils-1.675105#1 [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. The Hindu. (2017). Louvre Abu Dhabi, a high point on the West Asian art scene. [online] Available at: http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/louvre-abu-dhabi-rises/article20103998.ece [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017].

7.5. EXPLORATORIUM Exploratorium.edu. (2017). The Museum of Science, Art and Human Perception | Exploratorium. [online] Available at: https://www.exploratorium.edu/ [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Exploratorium. (2017). Event Planning Resources | Exploratorium. [online] Available at: https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/rentals/planning [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. ArchDaily. (2017). Exploratorium Relocation to Piers 15 & 17 / GLS Landscape | Architecture with EHDD. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/182320/exploratorium-relocation-to-piers-15-17-gls-landscape-architecture-with-ehdd [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Aiatopten.org. (2017). Exploratorium at Pier 15. [online] Available at: http://www.aiatopten.org/ node/472 [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Foundry, B. (2017). EHDD. [online] Ehdd.com. Available at: http://www.ehdd.com/ [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017].

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Architectmagazine.com. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: http://www. architectmagazine.com/technology/redefining-sustainable-design-aia-cote-overhauls-its-top-ten-awards-criteria_o [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Architectmagazine.com. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: http://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/longtime-ehdd-architect-marc-litalien-moves-to-hga-architects-and-engineers_o [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Architectmagazine.com. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: http://www. architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/exploratorium-designed-by-ehdd_o [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017].

6.6. KISTEFOS MUSEUM Group, B. I. (2015, December 28). BIG . Retrieved November 10, 2017, from inexhibit: https://www. inexhibit.com/case-studies/norway-kistefos-museum-art-bridge-big-bjarke-ingels-group/

6.7. Tirpitz Museum archdaily. ( 2017, July 18 ). Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/875965/tirpitz-big Rosenfield, K. ( 2013 , November 8 ). archdaily. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/449844/ big-set-to-build-blavand-bunker-museum vardekommune. ( 2017, jun 30). Retrieved from http://www.vardekommune.dk/tirpitz

7.8 Perot Museum of Nature and Science ArchDaily. (2017). Perot Museum of Nature and Science / Morphosis Architects. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/295662/perot-museum-of-nature-and-science-morphosis [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017]. Frearson, A. (2017). Perot Museum of Nature and Science by Morphosis. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2012/11/19/perot-museum-of-nature-and-science-bymorphosis/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017].

7.9. GUGGENHEIM HELSINKI Noarchitecture.com. (2017). NOA | Guggenheim Helsinki. [online] Available at: http://noarchitecture.com/Guggenheim_Helsinki.html [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017].

7.10. Science museum ArchDaily. (2018). science museum / zaHa hadid Architects. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily. com/295662/science museum Frearson, A. (2018). science museum by zaHa hadid Architects. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www. dezeen.com/2012/11/19/science museum-by-zaHa hadid Architects/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. Science Museum. (2018). See and do | Science Museum. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencemuseum. org.uk/see-and-do [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018].

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08 - Sustainability Scammon, D. (2017). Sustainability and Culture: How do they work together?. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: http:// www.academia.edu/1817961/Sustainability_and_Culture_How_do_they_work_together [Accessed 22 Dec. 2017]. Woodcraft, S., Bacon, N., Caistor-Arendar, L. and Hackett, T. (2012). DESIGN FOR SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY A framework for creating thriving new communities. [ebook] Social Life. Available at: http://www.social-life.co/ [Accessed 23 Dec. 2017]. ArchDaily. (2018). The ‘World’s Greenest Commercial’ Building Opens in Seattle Today. [online] Available at: https://www. archdaily.com/363007/the-world-s-greenest-commercial-building-opens-in-seattle-today [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. ULI Case Studies. (2018). Bullitt Center | ULI Case Studies. [online] Available at: https://casestudies.uli.org/bullitt-center/ [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. CNBC. (2018). Ten of the world’s most sustainable buildings. [online] Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2014/08/11/ ten-of-the-worlds-most-sustainable-buildings.html?slide=2 [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Pablotittonell.net. (2018). Green, sustainable, smart or ecological? | Pablo Tittonell. [online] Available at: http://www.pablotittonell. net/2016/06/green-sustainable-smart-or-ecological/ [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. ArchDaily. (2018). Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability / Perkins + Will. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily. com/343442/centre-for-interactive-research-on-sustainability-perkins-will [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. ArchDaily. (2018). Grand Rapids Art Museum: LEED Gold Certified / wHY Architecture. [online] Available at: https://www. archdaily.com/284/grand-rapids-art-museum-leed-gold-certified-why-architecture [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. ArchDaily. (2018). City Center Las Vegas: 6 LEED Gold certifications. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/50724/ city-center-las-vegas-6-leed-gold-certifications [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. : New.usgbc.org. (2018). LEED | USGBC. [online] Available at: https://new.usgbc.org/leed [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Palich, N. and Edmonds, A. (2013). Social sustainability: creating places and participatory processes that perform well for people. [ebook] Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dfc4/1259c1e7f08570e7c1fd3bc478de83bf3cfb.pdf [Accessed 22 Dec. 2017]. Morelli, John (2011) “Environmental Sustainability: A Definition for Environmental Professionals,” Journal of Environmental Sustainability: Vol. 1: Iss. 1, Article 2. DOI: 10.14448/jes.01.0002. Available at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/jes/vol1/iss1/2 The Pearl Rating System for Estidama Building Rating System Design & Construction. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] Emirate: Estidama. Available at: http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/news/file/2015-05-04/estidama_construction_rating_ certificate.pdf [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. ArchDaily. (2016). In Progress: Louvre Abu Dhabi / Jean Nouvel. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/793182/ in-progress-louvre-abu-dhabi-jean-nouvel [Accessed 3 Jan. 2018].

09 - Design Requirments Buxton, P. (2015). METRIC HANDBOOK PLANNING AND DESIGN DATA. LONDON AND NEWYORK: ROUTLEDGE. CEILINGS (2018). Millennium - Gordon Exteriors. [online] Gordon-inc.com. Available at: http://www.gordon-inc.com/exteriors/ ceilings/ceilingsystems/secureceilings/ [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. FD3040, F. (2017). Flame detector FD3040 – Fire Alarm Systems, Addressable systems, Conventional systems, Fire Detectors, Optical-smoke detectors. [online] Unipos-bg.com. Available at: http://unipos-bg.com/en/product/flame-detector-fd3040/ [Accessed 24 Dec. 2017].

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Formula D interactive. (2018). Formula D interactive | Virtual Gulf Stream Aquarium. [online] Available at: https://www.formula-d. com/projects/frost-museum-of-science/ [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Kister, J. (2012). Neufert Architects’ Data. Wiley-Blackwell. Lifewire. (2017). How Smart Smoke Detectors Work. [online] Available at: https://www.lifewire.com/how-smart-smoke-detectorswork-4150171 [Accessed 24 Dec. 2017]. Steelconstruction.info. (2018). Acoustics. [online] Available at: https://www.steelconstruction.info/Acoustics [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Thoroughlyreviewed.com. (2017). Best Smoke Detector in December 2017 - Smoke Detector Reviews. [online] Available at: https://thoroughlyreviewed.com/home-kitchen/smoke-detector-review/ [Accessed 24 Dec. 2017].

10 - Individual Work 10.1. ABDELRAHMAN MOHARRAM SAPET archhello. (2015). Retrieved from Studio Roosegaarde: http://www.archello.com/en/product/lotus-dome-0 Deezen . (2016). Retrieved from dezeen: https://www.dezeen.com/2012/10/13/lotus-dome-installation-by-studio-roosegaarde/ lunar. (n.d.). Retrieved from studio Roosegaarde: https://www.studioroosegaarde.net/project/lunar Water Boulevards. (2016). Retrieved from greenmagazine: https://greenmagazine.com.au/water-boulevards/

10.2. ENAS AHMED ELMASSAH Concept 1: http://filt3rs.net/case/vertical-louvers-high-school-batlle-roig-500 (louvre section) Inspirations: 1Farch1.blogspot.com.eg. (2018). Exhibition Center of Otog | Kuan Wang. [online] Available at: http://farch1.blogspot.com.eg/2013/11/exhibition-center-of-otog-kuan-wang.html [Accessed 2 Jan. 2018]. http://farch1.blogspot.com.eg/2013/11/exhibition-center-of-otog-kuan-wang.html 2Arch2O.com. (2018). Green Roofs at Nanyang Technological University's School of Art, Design, and Media | CPG Consultants - Arch2O.com. [online] Available at: https://www.arch2o.com/green-roofs-at-nanyang-technological-universitysschool-of-art-design-and-media-cpg-consultants/ [Accessed 2 Jan. 2018]. https://www.arch2o.com/green-roofs-at-nanyang-technological-universitys-school-of-art-design-and-media-cpg-consultants/ Sustainability 1Pinterest. (2018). placart. [online] Available at: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/292311832051720409/ [Accessed 2 Jan. 2018]. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/292311832051720409/ (image) 2Shahan, Z. and Shahan, Z. (2018). Advantages & Disadvantages Of Solar Power | CleanTechnica. [online] CleanTechnica. Available at: https://cleantechnica.com/2013/10/08/advantages-disadvantages-solar-power/ [Accessed 2 Jan. 2018]. https://cleantechnica.com/2013/10/08/advantages-disadvantages-solar-power/ (text) Technological 1Coltgroup.com. (2018). Solar shading & Louvre - Colt Group. [online] Available at: https://www.coltgroup.com/solar-shading-louvre.html [Accessed 2 Jan. 2018]. https://www.coltgroup.com/solar-shading-louvre.html

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Concept 2: Technological Google Books. (2018). Patent US7954281 - Skylight tube with infrared heat transfer. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com/patents/US7954281 [Accessed 2 Jan. 2018]. https://www.google.com.eg/search?q=lighting+solar+tube+sections&tbm=isch&tbs=rimg:CbR1WZ-oDvrdIjgPQe7_1qdEv8oBiwAWaJtTDCLSmKUkibCUAdBl8ANedHo4m2RaI2qz5Za5iRh7BCjjupYoIbRPfeCoSCQ9B7v-p0S_1yEQUOnZla4nWrKhIJgGLABZom1MMRURczF8DGd-8qEgkItKYpSSJsJRGWEIIO6bUArSoSCQB0GXwA150eET6oVO6RH48ZKhIJjibZFojarPkRHRHznfYE8DUqEgllrmJGHsEKOBHrDgf00JeatSoSCe6lightE994EdzIhEfG8-7B&tbo=u&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAp9_c2KnYAhXJxxQKHXbqCJoQ9C8IHg#imgrc=Mliz4FdiQFCXiM: (image) https://www.google.com.eg/search?q=lighting+solar+tube+sections&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmx4_K2KnYAhXM7BQKHSoIA_oQ_AUICigB&biw=1093&bih=518#imgrc=AdDZjNnQOpk6FM: (image) 1Solatube.com. (2018). Solatube. [online] Available at: http://www.solatube.com/ [Accessed 2 Jan. 2018]. http://www.solatube.com/ (text) Sustainability: 1Greenovergrey.com. (2018). Green Walls Benefits - Sustainability. [online] Available at: http://www.greenovergrey. com/green-wall-benefits/sustainability.php [Accessed 2 Jan. 2018]. http://www.greenovergrey.com/green-wall-benefits/sustainability.php (Green wall text). 2Pinterest. (2018). // ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY //. [online] Available at: https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/550354016945878561/ [Accessed 2 Jan. 2018]. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/550354016945878561/ (Green wall text). Concept 3: Sustainability 1Hohbach-Lewin Inc. (2018). Green Roofs - Hohbach-Lewin Inc.. [online] Available at: http://www.hohbach-lewin.com/ sustainability/green-roofs/ [Accessed 2 Jan. 2018]. http://www.hohbach-lewin.com/sustainability/green-roofs/ 2Spie.org. (2018). [online] Available at: http://spie.org/newsroom/1743-splitting-up-anidolic-daylighting-systems?SSO=1 [Accessed 2 Jan. 2018]. http://spie.org/newsroom/1743-splitting-up-anidolic-daylighting-systems?SSO=1 (anadolic lighting)

10.3. MOHAMED KAMAL EL-ASHIRY (2017, 1 3). Retrieved from coltinfo: https://www.coltinfo.co.uk/climate-control.html (2017, 1 3). Retrieved 1 2018, from archdaily: https://www.archdaily.com (2017, 1 3). Retrieved 1 2018, from coltgroupamerica: http://www.coltgroupamerica.com (1983, 1 3). Retrieved 1 2018, from oxforddictionaries: https://www.oxforddictionaries.compamerica.com

Mmo-champion.com. (2018). Canary Islands selected as alternative to Hawaii for Thirty Meter Telescope. [online] Available at: https://www.mmo-champion.com/threads/2102679-Canary-Islands-selected-as-alternative-to-Hawaii-for-Thirty-Meter-Telescope [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. Whitevoid.com. (2018). SKALAR – Art Installation and Performance at Kraftwerk Berlin. [online] Available at: http://www.whitevoid.com/#/main/kinetic_lights/living_sculpture_kinetic/description [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018].

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10.8 OMNIA ALI ELKADIY Su, R. and Su, R. (2018). Stuttgart Airport Structural Case Study. [online] RikySongSu. Available at: https://www.rikysongsu. com/blog/2017/4/26/stuttgart-airport [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. Fehrenbacher, J. and Fehrenbacher, J. (2018). POWERleap Harnesses Energy From Foot Steps!. [online] Inhabitat.com. Available at: https://inhabitat.com/powerleap-harnesses-energy-from-foot-steps/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. Designplaygrounds. (2018). Create an Organic Roof Structure using Parametric Design. [online] Available at: http://designplaygrounds.com/projects/create-an-organic-roof-structure-using-parametric-design/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. Flickr. (2018). Ticketing tree column and head nodes. [online] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/hdaparis/10537568663/in/photostream/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018].

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10.10. Yossef ahmed yossef bazan 1- (2015). LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE. American technical publisher. 2- Pinterest. (2017). illustration. [online] Available at: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/69735494212719513/?autologin=true [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017]. 3- Arch.tamu.edu. (2018). Homepage - College of Architecture. [online] Available at: http://www.arch.tamu.edu/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. 4- Tripadvisor.com. (2017). Great Sand Sea (Siwa) - All You Need to Know Before You Go (with Photos) - TripAdvisor. [online] Available at: https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g303857-d469506-Reviews-Great_Sand_Sea-Siwa_Matrouh_ Governorate.html [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017]. 5- Thenewsgallery.com. (2018). TURNING DUNES INTO ARCHITECTURE BY MAGNUS LARSSON. [online] Available at: http://www.thenewsgallery.com/2010/04/turning-dunes-into-architecture-by.html [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. 6- Magnuslarsson.com. (2018). magnuslarsson.com. [online] Available at: http://www.magnuslarsson.com/architecture/dune. asp [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. 7- SANDWORKS. (2018). SANDWORKS. [online] Available at: https://sandworks.org/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. 8- Frearson, A. (2018). Spinning walls animate the facade of Indian house by Matharoo. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https:// www.dezeen.com/2016/07/04/sliding-spinning-walls-house-moving-landscapes-matharoo-associates-india-edmund-sumner/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. 9- Bobastanic.com. (2018). Kiosk, Novi Sad | BOBA STANIC ARCHITECT. [online] Available at: http://www.bobastanic.com/ wp/work/kiosk/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. 10- Scaravaggi, S. (2018). Carlo Bernardini: Balance Of Light | Digicult | Digital Art, Design and Culture. [online] Digicult | Digital Art, Design and Culture. Available at: http://digicult.it/design/carlo-bernardini-balance-of-light/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. 11- Studioroosegaarde.net. (2018). Glowing Nature | Icoon Afsluitdijk | Studio Roosegaarde. [online] Available at: https:// www.studioroosegaarde.net/project/glowing-nature [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. 12- Arch2O.com. (2018). Fiber Optic Installations | Carlo Bernardini - Arch2O.com. [online] Available at: https://www.arch2o. com/fiber-optic-installations-carlo-bernardini/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018].

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(Fig. 1.1.1), Egypt Regional map, (Thinglink.com, 2017). (Fig. 2.1.1), Siwa oasis over view from shali (downtown), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.1.2), Mountain of the dead, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.1.3), Temple of amoun, (Egypt Tours, 2017). (Fig. 2.3.1), This map shows the main road that connect all oasis to each other ( khargah, dakhilah, farafra, baharaiya ).It also shows its connection with Cairo and Matrouh, based on map by Petruccioli and Montalbano, 2011, (Authors,2017). (Fig. 2.4.1), Changes of urban fabric, (Elsayed,2016), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.4.2), Diagram showing how the buildings extended around Shali , (Elsayed,2016), (Authors,2017). (Fig. 2.4.3), Sketch for showing the different structure use for commercial space, (Authors,2017). (Fig. 2.5.1), Change of urban fabric, (Elsayed,2016) (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.5.2), showing the urban expansions beyond the ksar, over 2, (Dun, 1993) (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.5.3), showing the urban expansions beyond the ksar, (Dun,1933), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.5.4), showing urban composition and the structural typology of the house, (Dun,1933), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.6.1), Connection between shali and Amoun temple , (Calogero Montalbano, 2011), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.6.2), Foundation of ksar “Shali”, (Calogero Montalbano, 2011), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.6.3), Enlargement outside the Ksar , (Calogero Montalbano, 2011), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.6.4), Road connections and sping places, (Calogero Montalbano, 2011), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.6.5), The spread of street connections , (Calogero Montalbano, 2011), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.6.6), Siwa map in 1986 A.D., (Google Earth, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 2.6.7), Siwa map in 2017 A.D., (Google Earth, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 3.1.1),land-uses,Montalbano(2015), (Author,2017). (Fig. 3.1.2), Land use statics,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 3.2.1), Building height,Montalbano(2015), (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.2.2), Building heigh statics, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 3.3.1), Building Construction,Montalbano(2015), (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.3.2), Building construction statics, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 3.4.1), Building condition,Montalbano(2015), (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.4.2), Comparative pictures shows different buildings condition , downtown, siwa, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 3.4.2), Building condition statics,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 3.5.1), Soild and Void,Montalbano(2015), (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.6.1), Urban Fabric map, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.6.2), Urban pattern statics,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 3.7.1), Road network map, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.7.2), main road, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.7.3), sub road, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.7.4), minor road, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.1.1), siwa city image, shows skyline of the building in two different eras,(Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.1.2), siwa, siwa’s downtown, (Google earth, 2017), (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.2.1), siwa city image, Mauta street, the disregard of siwa’s facade today, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.2.2), Street section, shows the pedestrian walk and car road in downtown side street, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.2.3), siwa , siwa’s street section in downtown, (Google earth, 2017), (Author, 2017). (Fig.3.9.4.1), Facade in taziry hotel, shows the rhythm on building, (Author, 2017). (Fig.3.9.4.2), Facade in taziry hotel, shows the rhythm on building, (Author, 2017) (Fig.3.9.4.3), Facade in taziry hotel, shows the rhythm on building, (Author, 2017) (Fig.3.9.4.4), Facade in siwain house, shows the rhythm on building, (weladelbalad 2016), (Author, 2017) (Fig. 3.9.5.1), siwa downtown,shows different Shading Elements, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.5.2), siwa tazery,shows different Shading Elements, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.5.3), siwa adere amelal,shows different Shading Elements, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.6.1), palm trunk, tazeri, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.6.2), palm trunk, tazeri, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.6.3), palm trunk, tazeri, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.6.4), palm trunkused as a rips(beam) in a circle space,Tazeri, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.6.5), palm tree (wood and leaf ) used to support the staircase, Tazeri, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.9.6.6), palm tree used to support the staircase and also used olive tree as a handrail,Tazeri, (Author, 2017).

TABLE OF FIGURES 328

(Fig. 3.9.7.1), Panorama of downtown of Siwa, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 3.12.1), Temprature range of siwa, (Energyplus.net, 2017). (Fig. 3.12.2), Humidity ration, (Energyplus.net, 2017). (Fig. 3.12.3), Wind speed diagrame, (Energyplus.net, 2017). (Fig. 3.12.4), Wind frequency diagrame, (Energyplus.net, 2017). (Fig. 3.12.5), Climate diagram of siwa , (Siwa Oasis Egypt, 2016). (Fig. 4.1.1), Siwan daily life illustration, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.2.1), problems illustration, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.2.2), modern structures, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.2.3), Vernacular deteriorated structures, (Authors,2017). (Fig. 4.2.4), Raising economic level through By activating tourism, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.2.5), Decreasing of tourism after Egyptian revolution in 2011, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.2.6), Exploring the heritage of Siwa, (Egyptheritage.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.2.7),Marketing for Siwa products and traditions, (Egyptheritage.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.2.8), Education rate in Siwa, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.2.9), Access siwa by bus, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.3.1), Preserving the heritage of Siwa, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.3.2), Interactive exhibits, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.3.3), Exhibits without interactive, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.3.4), Craft workshops, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 4.3.5), comparative illustration, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.1.1), Selection criteria diagram, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.2.2), Selected sites, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.1), Site l location, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.2.1), Site l land-use, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.2.2), Site l land-use pictures (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.2.3), Site l land-use diagram, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.3.1), Site l Building hight, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.3.2), Site l Building-Hights(1-2 story) pictures, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.3.3), Site l Building-Hights (2-3 story) pictures, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.3.4), sky light of Site l location, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.3.5), Site l building-hights diagram, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.4.1), Site l Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.4.2), Site l Main road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.5.1), Site l Building condition, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.5.3), Site l building-conditions diagram,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.5.2), Site l building-conditions pictures (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.6.1), Site l Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.3.6.2), Site l solid and void diagram, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.1), Site ll location, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.2.1), Site ll land-use, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.2.2), Site ll land-use collage , (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.2.3), Site ll land-use diagram,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.3.1), Site ll building Hights, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.3.2), Site ll building Hights that showing collaging hights, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.4.1), Site ll Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.4.2), Site ll Accessibility & road hierarchy that showing collaging roads, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.5.1), Site ll Building condition, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.5.2), Site ll Building condition, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.5.3), Site ll building-conditions diagram,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.6.1), Site ll Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.6.2), Site ll solid and void diagram,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.1.1), Site lll location, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.2.1), Site lll land-use, (Authors, 2017).

TABLE OF FIGURES 329

(Fig. 5.5.2.2), Site lll land-use Shows the resedential buildings and land mark, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.2.3), Site lll land-use diagram,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.4.6.2), Site ll solid and void diagram,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.1.1), Site lll location, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.2.1), Site lll land-use, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.2.2), Site lll land-use Shows the resedential buildings and land mark, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.2.3), Site lll land-use diagram,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.3.1), Site lll Building hight, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.3.2), Site lll Building hight, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.3.3), Site lll sky line, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.3.4), Site lll building-hights diagram,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.4.1), Site lll Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.4.2), Site lll Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.4.3), Site lll Accessibility & road hierarchy, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.5.1), Site lll Building condition, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.5.2), Site lll Building condition, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.5.3), Site lll building-conditions diagram, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.6.1), Site lll Sold And Void, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 5.5.6.2), Site lll solid and void diagram,(Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.1), Signs in buildings, (Lorencyoodesign.com, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.2), Signs and cognitive maps used in metro station, (St-takla.org, 2017) (Fig. 6.1.3), Cooperation, (Summerfield.net, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.4), business process in cubator, (Anon, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.5), Conflict Resolution, (Anon, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.6), Social exchange, (Anon, 2017). (Fig. 6.2.1), Circulation in Maxxi Museum , (Pinterest, n.d), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.2.2), Moving walkway , (Author, 2017). (Fig. 6.2.3), Stair, (Archnet, n.d) , (Author, 2017). (Fig. 6.2.4), Outside Elevator , (Sciabc, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.2.5), Inside Elevator , (Sciabc, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.2.6), Inside Elevator , (Sciabc, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.2.7), Ramp inside Museum , (Manitoba Museum, 2013), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.2.8),Outside horizontal parking , (Wired, 2016). (Fig. 6.2.9),Inside vertical parking , (Pinterest, n.d). (Fig. 6.2.10),Inside horizontal parking , (Gothia towers, n.d). (Fig. 6.2.11),Circulation in Adrere-amellal-eco-hotel in Siwa , (designboom | architecture & design magazine, 2017). (Fig. 6.2.12),Circulation in Adrere-amellal-eco-hotel in Siwa , (designboom | architecture & design magazine, 2017). (Fig. 6.2.13), Ramp inside Museum , (Guggenheim, n.d), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.3.1), Flexible Furniture (pinterest,2018) , (authors,2017). (Fig. 6.3.2), Flexible building, Movable Puma City, (Antilogic,2017), (Authors,2017). (Fig. 6.3.3 ), Adaptability, Movable Puma City, (Antilogic,2017), (Authors,2017). (Fig. 6.3.4), flexibility, Movable, (Geoff,2007) , (Authors,2017). (Fig. 6.3.5), transformability, (Geoff,2007) , (Authors,2017). (Fig. 6.3.6), Convertibility, (Geoff,2007) , (Authors,2017). (Fig. 6.3.7),pitched and cut canopy for people and art Convertibility, (noarchitecture,2017) , (Authors,2017). (Fig.6.3.8),pitched and cut canopy for people and art Convertibility, (futurearchitectureplatform,2016) , (Authors,2017). (Fig. 6.4.1) taziry hotel (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.4.2) stair case from ELbait elsiwy (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.4.3) ELbait elsiwy (Authors, 2017). (Fig.6.5.1), Illustration of Factors affecting mood, (Visualizing architecture.tumblr.com, 2017), (Authors,2017). (Fig.6.5.2), Coloured Tunis village, (Elsayed, 2015). (Fig.6.5.3), Coloured Tunis village, (Elsayed, 2015). (Fig.6.5.4), Khan El Khalili, Fatimid Cairo, Egypt,(Ford, 2010). (Fig.6.5.5), Khan El Khalili, Fatimid Cairo, Egypt,(Ford, 2010). (Fig.6.5.6), Colour can have a profound transformation effect on the mood and behaviour of customers, (Engineering, 2014). (Fig.6.5.7), Jewish museum, (Archdaily 2018). (Fig.6.5.8), Collage for Adrère Amellal hotel, (designboom | architecture & design magazine, 2017).

TABLE OF FIGURES 330

(Fig. 6.6.1), vector design,(Authors, 2017) (Fig. 6.6.2), illustration of centralized, Decentralized and Distributed networks,edited by author(2017) (Fig. 6.6.3), fluid geometry,flexible structure,(2017) (Fig. 6.6.4), Heydar Aliyev Center,zaha hadid,2012. (Fig. 6.6.5), Falling water house, ( Tinker,2016). (Fig. 6.6.6),Cross Towers, ( Meinhold,2012). (Fig. 6.6.7), Al Bahr towers,Abu Dhabi, (Puusepp,2012). (Fig. 6.6.8), Times Eureka Pavilion, Gardens,2012). (Fig.6.6.9), Times Eureka Pavilion,interior space, ( Gardens,2012). (Fig. 6.6.10), opera houes ,Palais Garnier,Paris,(1875),(archdaily,Sveiven,2011). (Fig. 6.6.11), The Palacio Real ,Spain (1738 ),my far & away,Benoit,2011). (Fig. 6.6.12), one of the building construction in downtown of Siwa, (Mahdy,2017). (Fig. 6.6.13), one of the building in downtown of Siwa(, (Mahdy,2017). (Fig. 6.7.1), Factors of Security Control,illustrated by (author,2017). (Fig. 6.7.2), Types of Security,illustrated by (author,2017). (Fig. 6.7.3), Difference between Safety and Security, illustrated by (Authours, 2017). (Fig. 6.7.4), Piazza Vatican, Rome, Italy, (Vatican, 2017). (Fig. 6.7.5), Comic and Animation Center, China,(Singaby, 2017). (Fig. 6.7.6), Maximum securing level fro museums, (Berinato, 2017). (Fig. 6.8.1), Different fire protection equipments, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009). (Fig. 6.8.2), Various types of exits, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009). (Fig. 6.8.3), Testing the remoteness of exit discharges, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009). (Fig. 6.8.4), Diagonal Rule for Exit and Exit Access Door Remoteness, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009). (Fig. 6.8.5), Exit discharge, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009) . (Fig. 6.8.6), way finding , (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009) . (Fig. 6.8.7), Emergency lighting and signs, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009) . (Fig. 6.8.8), stair marking system, (Ron Coté & Harrington, 2009) . (Fig. 7.1.1.1), Wadi hitan project, (Elwatannews.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.1.1.2), Wadi hitan project, (Ar.wikipedia.org, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.1.2.1), Whale fossil runes, (Elyomnew.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.1.31), Fossil and climate change museum, (Tahrirnews.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.1.4.1), Concept diagram, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.4.2), Site skyline, (Tahrirnews.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.5.1), Project construction, (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.5.2), Project before and after burring in the sand, (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.6.1), Construction phases, (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.6.2), Dome load distribution, (Engineeringrome.wikispaces.com, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.6.3), Arch load distribution, (Engineeringrome.wikispaces.com, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.6.4), Dome on pendintive load distribution, (Engineeringrome.wikispaces.com, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.7.1), 3D plan section , (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.7.2), Plan circulation, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.8.1), 3D section , (Sepa-ncs.org, 2017). (Fig. 6.1.8.2), Project exterior view , (Tahrirnews.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.2.1.1), The Pharaonic village, (Toursbayllissan, 2011). (Fig. 7.2.1.1), photo collage for museums , (pharaonic village, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.2.2.1), Manufacture of bricks , (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.2.2.2), Mummification , (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.2.2.3), Scene of mousa , (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.2.2.4), Boat industry , (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.2.2.5), Arsenal , (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.2.3.1), Site location , (Google map, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.2.4.1), Layout , (pharaonicvillage, 2014), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.3.1.1), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Interlab100.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.3.2.1), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Interlab100.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.3.2.2), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Asymmetrica.co.uk, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.3.2.3), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Asymmetrica.co.uk, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.3.3.1), District Layout, (Interlab100.com, 2017). (Fig. 7.3.4.1), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.3.5.1), Children’s Interactive Museum,(Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.3.5.2), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

TABLE OF FIGURES 331

(Fig. 7.3.5.3), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Gensler, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.3.5.4), Children’s Interactive Museum, (Gensler, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.1.1), Museum Louvre Abu Dhabi, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.2.1), layout of the Museum Louvre Abu Dhabi, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.2.2), Layout, (The National, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.3.1), Zoning of Museum Louvre Abu Dhabi, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.4.1), Children Museum of Louvre Abu Dhabi, (The National, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.5.1), Interactive facade of Museum of Louvre Abu Dhabi, (The National, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.6.1), Hierarchy of Spaces on Museum Louvre Abu Dhabi, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.6.2), Gathering Space, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.7.1), The Silver Dome Construction, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.7.2), Interior Shots for the Museum, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.8.1), Different mode for the Museum, (Gensler, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.9.1), Northern Elevation, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.9.2), South Elevation, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.9.3), Interior Elevation, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.4.9.4), Section showing the hierarchy of the galleries, (Saudi Arabia, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.5.1.1), The historic Beaux-Arts bulkhead of Pier 15, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.2.1), Exploratorium, (Google earth, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.3.1), The outdoor bay in the exploratorium, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.4.1), Marc L’Italien, the local firm EHDD and its leader designer , (Architect Magazine, 2013) (Fig. 7.5.5.1), Dennis Bartels, the Exploratorium’s executive director , (sfgate.com, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.6.1), The new structure on the campus, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.6.2), The new structure on the campus, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.6.3), San Francisco exploratorium, The historic Beaux-Arts bulkhead of Pier 15, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.7.1), Environmental Impact, (Google earth, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.7.2), Exploratorium Climate, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.8.1), Accessibility, (Google Maps, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.9.1), Urban Fabric, (Google Maps, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.10.1), The new structure on the campus, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017 (Fig. 7.5.11.1), The outdoor bay in the exploratorium, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.12.1), San Francisco exploratorium, Main Galleries zoning, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.13.1), Ground Floor Plan, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.13.2), First Floor Plan, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.14.1), The Fisher bay Gallery Elevation in the exploratorium, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.14.2), The Exploratorium main Elevation, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.15.1), Section A-A, (Architect Magazine, 2013) (Fig. 7.5.15.2), Section B-B, (Architect Magazine, 2013) (Fig. 7.5.15.3), Section C-C, (Architect Magazine, 2013) (Fig. 7.5.16.1), Exploratorium interior, (Google earth, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.16.2), Structure System And Materials, (Architect Magazine, 2013) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.17.1), Environmental Impact, (Google earth, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.5.18.1), The Exploratorium Cafe Gate, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017 (Fig. 7.5.18.2), The Exploratorium Phase 1 Plan, (Architect Magazine, 2013), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.6.1.1), Kistefos museum exterior view, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.6.2.1), Kistefos museum exterior view, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.6.2.2), Kistefos museum showen sculapture Art, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.6.4.1), Sculapture park site, (BIG, 2015). (Fig. 7.6.4.2), Sculapture park site, (BIG, 2015). (Fig. 7.6.4.3), Sculapture park surroundings, (BIG, 2015). (Fig. 7.6.5.1), Kistefos museum Topography, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.6.6.1), Kistefos museum Structure, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.6.7.1), Kistefos museum Flixibility, (BIG, 2015). (Fig. 7.6.8.1), Kistefos museum Plan and Section, (BIG, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.6.9.1), Kistefos museum Flixibility, (BIG, 2015). (Fig. 7.7.1.1), Tirpitz Museum exterior view, (BIG, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.7.2.1), Tirpitz Museum bird aye view, (BIG, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.7.2.2), Tirpitz exterior and interior view, (BIG, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 7.7.4.1), Tirpitz Museum Site Selection, (BIG, 2017). (Fig. 7.7.4.2), Tirpitz Museum Surrounding Site, (BIG, 2017). (Fig. 7.7.5.1), Tirpitz Museum shown the topography , (BIG, 2017).

TABLE OF FIGURES 332

(Fig. 7.7.6.1), Tirpitz Museum shown the structure , (BIG, 2017). (Fig. 7.7.7.1), Tirpitz Museum shown the flexibility , (BIG, 2017). (Fig. 7.8.1),perot museum exterior view, (archdaily, 2015) (Fig. 7.8.1),perot museum exterior view, (archdaily, 2015) (Fig. 7.8.2.1),perot museum exterior view, (archdaily, 2015) (Fig. 7.8.2.2),perot museum exterior view, (archdaily, 2015) (Figure. 7.8.1.1), second level, (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. 7.8.2.2),perot museum exterior view, (archdaily, 2015) (Fig. 7.8.3),perot museum Site surrounding, (archdaily, 2015) (authors, 2012). (Fig. 7.8.3.1),perot museum (perot museum, 2017) (Fig. 7.8.3.2),perot museum (perot museum, 2017) (Fig. 7.8.3.3),perot museum (perot museum, 2017) (Fig. 7.8.4.1), Instruments Ebfineering (archdaily, 2015) (authors, 2012). (Fig. 7.8.5.1), First level, (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. 7.8.5.2), second level, (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. 7.8.5.3), third level, (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. 7.8.5.4), Forth level, (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. (7.8.7.1), plan1, (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. (7.8.7.2), plan 2, (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. (7.8.7.3), plan 3, (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. (7.8.7.4), ,northern section (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. (7.8.7.5), ,East-facing section (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. (7.8.7.6), ,southern section (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. (7.8.7.7), west section (Archdaily, 2012) (Fig. 7.9.1.1), Guggenheim Helsinki, A Pitched and Cut Canopy for People and Art, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.2.1), Guggenheim Helsinki, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.3.1), District Layout, (noarchitecture, 2017), (illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.3.2), A Pitched and Cut Canopy for People and Art, (noarchitecture, 2017), (illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.3.3), A Pitched and Cut Canopy for People and Art, (noarchitecture, 2017), (illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.4.1), convert able of small museum, (noarchitecture, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.5.1), environmental studies, (noarchitecture, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.6.1), Program Diagram, (noarchitecture, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.7.1), Structure and materials, (noarchitecture, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.8.1), Ground Floor Plan, (noarchitecture, 2017) (Fig. 7.1.8.2), First Floor Plan, (noarchitecture, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.8.3), Section A-A, (noarchitecture, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.9.1), Section B-B, (noarchitecture, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.9.2), Section C-C, (noarchitecture, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.9.3), Elevations, (noarchitecture, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.10.1), Guggenheim Helsinki, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.11.1), A Flexibility of museum in circulations, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.12.1), Sustainability / Feasibility, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.12.2), Guggenheim Helsinki, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.9.13.1), Guggenheim Helsinki Context, (noarchitecture, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Fig. 7.10.1.1), science museum, (archdaily, 2015). (Fig. 7.10.2.1), science museum, (archdaily, 2015). (Fig. 7.10.2.2), elevation of science museum in 2016, (science museum, 1990). (Fig. 7.10.2.3), science museum in 1887, (Science museum, 1990). (Fig. 7.10.2.4), school in 1899, (Science museum, 1990). (Fig. 7.10.2.5), entrance of science museum in 2016, (science museum, 1990). (Fig. 7.10.3.1), science museum, (archdaily, 2015). (Fig. 7.10.3.2), science museum, (archdaily, 2015). (Fig. 7.10.3.3), France consultant in 2016, (science museum, 1990). (Fig. 7.10.3.4), London museum in 2016, (science museum, 1990). (Fig. 7.3.3.5), Oman consultant in 2016, (science museum, 1990). (Fig. 7.10.3.1), science museum, (archdaily, 2015). (Fig. 7.10.3.2), science museum, (archdaily, 2015). (Fig. 7.10.3.3), France consultant in 2016, (science museum, 1990). (Fig. 7.10.3.4), London museum in 2016, (science museum, 1990). (Fig. 7.3.3.5), Oman consultant in 2016, (science museum, 1990).

TABLE OF FIGURES 333

(Fig.8.1.1), Illustration of Social Sustainability indicators, (Woodcraft et al., 2012), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.1.2), Design Illustration for the framework of social Sustainability, (Woodcraft et al., 2012), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.2.1), Illustration of Economic Sustainability indicators, (El-Hiatmy et al., 2017), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.2.2), Nubian cultural center, (El-Hiatmy et al., 2017), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.2.3), Illustration of Design for Economic Sustainability Framework, (Gamil et al., 2015), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.3.1), Illustration of Design for Environmental Sustainability Framework, (Gamil et al., 2015), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.3.2), curtains made of bamboo-Dom plant, (Aga Khan, 2011), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.3.3), Beams of the roof made from palm trunks, (Aga Khan, 2011), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.3.4), Shading made of local materials, (Aga Khan, 2011), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.3.5), Outdoor furniture, (Aga Khan, 2011), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.3.6), Air flow due to tents’ orientation, (Gamil et al., 2015), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.3.7), concept of tents in the project , (Gamil et al., 2015), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.3.8), concept of tents in the project, (Gamil et al., 2015), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.3.9), Siwa Sustainable Development Programme, (Hana alamuddin,2007). (Fig.8.3.10), Siwa Sustainable Development Programme, (Hana alamuddin,2007). (fig.8.4.1)The Bullitt Centre, Washington, (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.4.2)The Green Building, Kentucky, (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.5.1)One Angel Square ,UK, (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.5.2)Centre for Interactive Research ,UK, (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.6.1)Grand Rapids Art Museum,USA, (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.6.2)Ground floor, (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.6.3)First floor, (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.6.4)Second floor, (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.6.5)Grand Rapids Art Museum’s studies of LEED,USA, (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.6.6)City Centre Las Vegas,USA, (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.6.7)Zoning & studies,City Centre Las Vegas,USA, (ArchDaily, 2018) (fig.8.6.7)studies,City Centre Las Vegas,USA, (ArchDaily, 2018)

(Fig.8.7.1), Steps needed for certification, (Estidama, 2014), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.7.2), Louvre Abu Dhabi, Exterior shot, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.7.3), Louvre Abu Dhabi, interior shot, (ArchDaily, 2016), (Authors,2017). (Fig.8.7.4), AUC faculty of housing, exterior shot, (Estidama abu dhabi, 2014).

(Fig.9.2.1), Functional scheme(Buxton, 2015)(Kister, 2012), (Authors, 2017). (Fig.9.2.2) Functional scheme(Buxton, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig.9.2.3) a possible layout for a small exploratorium(Buxton, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig.9.2.4) a possible layout for a small exploratorium (Buxton, 2015), (Authors, 2017). (Fig.9.2.5), Minimum dimensions needed for tables,(Kister, 2012) . (Fig.9.2.6), Round table for 2 persons, (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.7), table of six sides,(Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.8), Round table for four persons, (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.9), Types of zones forming restaurants, (Kister, 2012) . (Fig.9.2.10), parallel table arrangement, (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.11), Diagonal table arrangement, (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.12),elevator, Data source (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.13),data for elevator, Data source (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.14) ,dimensions of elevator, Data source (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.15),control height for elevator panel, Data source (time-saver,1992). (Fig.9.2.16),dimensions for elevator and panesl location, Data source (time-saver,1992). (Fig.9.2.17),dimensions of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.18), type of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.19), dimensions of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.20), type of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.21), width of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.22), standard dimensions for stairs, Data source (unevirsal design,n.d), (author, 2018). (Fig.9.2.23), stair without handrails, Data source, (Kister, 2012) . (Fig.9.2.24), stair without handrails, Data source, (Kister, 2012).

TABLE OF FIGURES 334

(Fig.9.2.25), Step profiles for stairs, Data source (Kister, 2012) . (Fig.9.2.26), Dimensions of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.27), Dimensions of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.28), Arrangement of escalator, Data source (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.29), Types of ramps (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.30), Smoke detector, (Thoroughlyreviewed.com, 2017). (Fig.9.2.31), flame detector, (FD3040, 2017). (Fig.9.2.32), Heat detector, (Lifewire, 2017). (Fig.9.2.33), Umbrella sprinkler, (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.34), Normal sprinkler, (Kister, 2012). (Fig.9.2.35), Sensors Devices, (Anon, 2017). (Fig.9.2.36), Lighting Systems, (Buxton, 2015), (Authours, 2017). (Fig.9.2.37), Skylights, (Buxton, 2015), (Authours, 2017). (Fig.9.2.38), Skylights, (Buxton, 2015), (Authours, 2017). (Fig.9.2.39), Ceiling Acoustical System, (CEILINGS, 2018). (Fig.9.2.40), Wall Acoustical System, (Steelconstruction.info, 2018). (Fig.9.2.41), Connection Acoustical System, (Steelconstruction.info, 2018). (Fig.9.2.42), Floor Acoustical System, (Anon, 2017), (Authours, 2017). (Fig.9.2.43), The principle of operation of a natural ventilation, (Coolbricks, 2017). (Fig.9.2.44), The principle of operation of mechanical ventilation without heat recovery, (Coolbricks, 2017). (Fig.9.2.45), Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery operation principle, (Coolbricks, 2017). (Fig.9.2.46), 3D landscape with mapped interactive projection (formula-d, 2017). (Fig.9.2.47), The size and shape of the 3D projected space (formula-d, 2017). (Fig.9.2.48), team will be able to work with you to create the best solution , authors (formula-d, 2017). (Fig.9.2.49), multi-touch tables are made up of high definition LED screens with durable multi-touch surfaces housed in a robust self-contained, steel free standing structure, authors (formula-d, 2017). (Fig.9.2.50), The table as well as the content can be customised to suit the themes, designs and learning outcomes of your museum, visitor centre or corporate space and uses for handicaps, authors (formula-d, 2017). (Fig.9.2.51), Are designed for a multi-user educational experience and Present key messages in multiple languages , authors (formula-d, 2017). (Fig.9.2.52),The 3D cityscape with the mapped interactive projection , authors. (formula-d, 2017). (Fig.9.2.53), Asks the visitor to balance monetary and environmental effects, authors.(formula-d, 2017). (Fig.9.2.54), The system which includes a full high lighting definition projector is controlled by a central PC and integrated WiFi network, authors (formula-d, 2017). (Fig. 10.1.2), historical background, (elsayed, 2016). authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.3), understanding the heritage of siwa, (elsayed,2016). authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.4), understanding the heritage of siwa, (elsayed,2016). authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.5), the interactive between children that they have an awareness, (elsayed,2016). authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.6.1), the types of pattern affected by the sun , (ming3d, 2017) eddited by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.6.2), RESPONSIVE facade , (ming3d, 2017) eddited by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.6.3), RESPONSIVE facade , (.archello, 2015) ,eddited by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.7.1), the Cooperation between different level of adges ,sketched by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.8.1), the leaf cells that shows the double skin of plants and animals ,(ming3d, 2016).eddited by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.8.2),the structure system of warp skining wall ,(ming3d, 2016).eddited by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.9.1), the Development stagesof urban pattern of roads with the site ,sketched by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.10.1),lotus flower dome ,(tuvie, 2016).eddited by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.10.2),lotus flower dome shows the different beautiful lights ,(tuvie, 2016).eddited by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.10.3),lotus flower dome shows the different beautiful lights ,(tuvie, 2016).eddited by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.11.1), inspirations of art musuem ,(pinterst,2016) by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.11.2), inspirations of art musuem ,(pinterst,2016) by authors,(2017) (Fig10.1.12.1), sustainability in general ,(pinterst,2016) by authors,(2017) (Fig. 10.2.4.1), Exhibition Center of Otog | Kuan Wang, (Farch1.blogspot.com.eg, 2018) (Fig. 10.2.4.2), Green roof art school in singapore, (Arch2O.com, 2018)

(Fig. 10.2.5.1), Solar shading, (Google Books, 2018) (Fig. 10.2.6.1), Solar tree, (Pinterest, 2018) (Fig. 10.2.7.1), Mountain of the dead layout, (Authors,2017). (Fig. 10.2.8.1), Illustration for the function of solar tubes, (Google Books, 2018) (Fig. 10.2.9.1), Construction of green wall, (Pinterest, 2018)

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(Fig. 10.2.10.1), Tombs of Mountain of the dead, (Authors,2017). (Fig. 10.2.11.2), Al Bahar Towers-External Automated shading system, (Ctbuh.org, 2018). (Fig. 10.2.11.3), Anidolic integrated ceiling, (Spie.org, 2018). (Fig. 10.2.12.1), Green roof detail, (Hohbach-Lewin Inc., 2018).

(Figure. 10.4.2), The Art of VFX shows how to Play with lighting, (Pinterest, 2017), illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.1),Target Group Photo Collage in Siwa (Google, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.3), Kiefer Technic Showroom Has Mind Blowing “Dancing” Facade, (inhabitat.com, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.4), Besançon Art Centre and Cité de la Musique, (Frearson, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.5), Light Matters, (Pinterest, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.6), Aldar Traditional Market of Abu Dhabi, (www.fosterandpartners.com, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.7), Meaning of Exploration & Perception, (Authors, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.8), topography Visual Axis, (Pinterest,2017) (Figure. 10.4.9), first ‘smart street’ to generate electricity from footsteps in London, (Gannon and Gannon, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.10), Photo Collage shows the direct visual axis to Gabal El Mawta, illustrated by (Authors, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.11), Desert Topography and Contouring, (Pinterest, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.12), tianjin binhai library in china by mvrdv,(Enca.com, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.13), Blade Runner , (Frei et al., 2017) (Figure. 10.4.14), Habitat 67 Model by Moshe Safdie, (Archdaily, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.15), Bathroom Grey Water Recycling System, (Pinterest, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.16), LEGO House by Bjarke Ingels Group, (Big architects), (Pinterest, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.17), Cultural Center CBD, Cool Architecture (Pinterest, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.18), House for Elderly People by Lissabon,(Competitionline.com, 2018) (Figure. 10.4.19), Sustainability Meaning (Google, 2017) (Figure. 10.4.20), Karamay Sustainable City in Sri Lanka, (Anon, 2017) (Fig. 10.5.6.1) Photo of Mercedes Benz (Archdaily, 2006). (Fig. 10.5.6.2) Photo of Mercedes Benz (Archdaily, 2006). (Fig. 10.5.6.3) Image visual interacting between every person on space depend on free and dynamic from. (Fig. 10.5.7.1) The audio guide and sensors details (Smallburrow, 2017). (Fig. 10.5.7.2) louvre museum perforated shell structure in Dubai (Furuto, 2012). (Fig. 10.5.8.1) Photo of Kistefos Museum (BIG, 2015). (Fig. 10.5.8.2) Photo of Kistefos Museum (BIG, 2015). (Fig. 10.5.8.6) the Site Location of Siwa Oasis showing the topography of the place and how the centralized will be on the place (Fig. 10.5.9.1) The wove band smart I watch (Hustad, 2017). (Fig. 10.5.9.2) The Hologram technology (Workman, 2013). (Fig. 10.5.10.1) Map of the Site Selection showing informal grid (Authors , 2017). (Fig. 10.5.10.2) the formal grid pattern (Authors , 2017). (Fig. 10.5.11.1) The screen touch wall (u-touch, 2015 ). (Fig. 10.5.11.2) kinetic facade technology (caula, 2012). (Fig. 10.5.12.1), Solar panels methodology and insulation (wikipedia, 2004) (Fig. 10.5.12.2), Green roof and wall methodology and insulation (DOWDEY, 2005) (Fig. 10.5.12.3), Double Glazing window methodology and insulation (PARTNERS, 2003) (Fig. 10.6.1.1), Heritage integration, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.7.1.1), Flare Kinetic System, (Whitevoid.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.6.7.1.2), Flare Kinetic System and how it works, (Whitevoid.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.6.8.1), Mirror wall, (ArchDaily, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.8.2), transparent glass wall, (ArchDaily, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.9.1.1), Cement light, (Cázares, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.9.2.1), Shape of wire mish, (2022 and BOECKER, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.9.2.2), Shape of wire mish, (2022 and BOECKER, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.9.2.3), Shape of wire mish, (Weavingarchitecture.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017).

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336

(Fig. 10.6.11.1.1), Cement light, (IAAC, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.11.1.2), Cement light, (IAAC, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.11.2.1), Smart City, (Whitevoid.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.6.12.1), Inspired project, (Big.dk, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.12.2), Inspired project, (Behance.net, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.12.3), Inspired project, (Big.dk, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.13.1), Sustainability Logo, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 10.6.13.2), Sustainable City, (AI Practitioner, 2018). (Fig. 10.6.13.3), Sustinability, (Reworkbyroe.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.6.1), Connection between shali and Amoun temple , (Montalebano, C., & Petruccioli, A, 2011), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.7.6.2), The spread of street connections ,(Montalebano, C., & Petruccioli, A, 2011), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.7.6.3), Siwa map and roads , (Google Earth, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.7.6.4), Layout on the map , (Google Earth, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.7.6.5), Museum of the Built Environment, (Archdaily, 2016). (Fig. 10.7.6.6), Museum of the Built Environment, (Archdaily, 2016), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.7.7.1), Reflected mirror , (Hawthorne, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.7.2), Electro chromic window , (Zerobuildings.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.7.3),Smart window , (Sbar et al., 2018). (Fig. 10.7.7.4), Smart window , (Iotm2mcouncil.org, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.7.5), Grey water reuse, (Aqua2use.com, 2018) (Fig. 10.7.8.1),Kolumba museum, (ArchDaily, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.8.2),Blencowe Hall, (Pinterest, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.8.3),Kolumba museum, (ArchDaily, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.9.1),Expo Italy, (ArchDaily, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.9.2),Sketch wall, (Pinterest, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.10.1),Shanghai Natural History Museum, (Architectmagazine.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.10.2),Shanghai Natural History Museum, (ArchDaily, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.11.1),Interactive wall,(Fitness Gaming, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.11.2),Interactive wall,(Fitness Gaming, 2018). (Fig. 10.7.11.3),Pavegan tiles, (Jordahn, 2018) (Fig. 10.7.11.4),Pavegan tiles, (Content et al., 2018) (Fig. 10.7.11.5),Pavegan tiles, (Portaltwentyone.com, 2018) (Fig.10.9.1.1), Explore and experience siwan life, (Pinterest, 2018). (Fig.10.9.3.1),Social sustainability between target group in the project, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 10.9.6.1), Interactive vertical masts inspired from the vertical mountains in Siwa, (Pinterest, 2018), (Author, 2017). (Fig.10.9.7.1),Topography line of Shali fortress, (Author, 2017). (Fig.10.9.7.2),Inclined mass inspired by topography line of Shali fortress, (Author, 2017). (Fig.10.9.7.3),Visual continuity to Shali at day, (Author, 2017). (Fig.10.9.7.4),Visual continuity to sky at night, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 10.9.8.1),Skylights Roman blinds, (Misdar.com, 2018), (Author, 2017). (Fig. 10.9.9.1),facade reflect view at day, (Author, 2017). (Fig. 10.9.9.2),Dynamic projection facade at night,(Author, 2017). (Fig. 10.9.9.3), Final mass, (Author, 2017). (Fig.10.9.10.1), Transparent facade and flexible exhibits, (Pinterest, 2018), (Big.dk, 2018), (ArchDaily, 2018), (Author, 2017). (Fig.10.9.10.2), Projection walls in Louvre Abu Dhabi, (Kuttab, 2018). (Fig.10.9.10.3), Water wall detail and Kinetic facade,(Archdaily,2018), (Author, 2017). (Fig.10.9.11.1), Horizontal louvres on the south facade and vertical louvres on the west and east façades, (Archnewsnow.com, 2008). (Fig.10.9.11.2), Winter and summer ventilation strategy, (Pinterest, 2018). (Fig. 10.10.1. 1.), The great view of shali, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.10. 4. 1.), Siwa architecture style, (Montalbano, 2015). (Fig. 10.10. 4. 2.), Siwa environment, (Pinterest, 2017).

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(Fig. 10.10. 4. 3.), Abstracted mountain, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.10. 4. 4.), Model shaping, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.10. 4. 5.), Subtraction of the exterior passage, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.10. 4. 6.), Conceptual vision of the project, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.10. 5. 1.), Different shading elements, (Arch.tamu.edu, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 5. 2.), Shading elements, (Arch.tamu.edu, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 5. 3.), Shading elements, (Arch.tamu.edu, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 6. 1.), Western desert sand dunes, (Tripadvisor.com, 2017), (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.10. 6. 2.), Tracing the form’s origin, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.10. 6. 3.), Passing through the project, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.10. 7. 1.), Interior view, (Thenewsgallery.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 7. 2.), Various sand forms, (Magnuslarsson.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 7. 3.), Interior view, (Magnuslarsson.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 7. 5.), Form finding, (SANDWORKS, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 8. 1.), Conceptual vision, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.10. 9. 1.), Rotational wall details, (Bobastanic.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 9. 2.), Moveable walls, (Frearson, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 9. 3.), Interior lighting, (Arch2O.com, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 9. 4.), Microorganisms, (Studioroosegaarde.net, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 9. 5.), Glowing nature, (Studioroosegaarde.net, 2018). (Fig. 10.10. 10. 1.), Building foot print and open spaces, (LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE, 2015). (Fig. 10.10. 10. 2.), Native trees in Siwa, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.10. 10. 3.), PV and thermal cells, (LEED GREEN ASSOCIATE, 2015). (Fig. 10.10. 10. 4.), Local materials in Siwa, (Authors, 2017). (Fig. 10.10. 11. 1.), Inspiration collage, (Authors, 2017).

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INSTRUCTOR : Dr. Mohamed Anis Dr. Omar Fawzy Dr. Sameh El-Feki Dr. Tarek AbdEl-Salam Dr. Rania El-Miessidy Dr. Rasha Sayed Dr. Doaa Esmat

Authors ABDELRAHMAN MOHARAM ENAS AHMED MOHAMMED KAMAL MOHAMED OSAMA MOSTAFA ABDELAZIZ MOSTAFA SOLIMAN NOURHAN ABDELHAMID OMNIA ALI RANA ABDELRAOUF YOSSEF AHMED

339

340