Navigating through Land-scape

Fall 2017

NAVIGATING THROUGH Land-scape

Mrunal J. Panchal . Studio 2c Building cultures & tectonic . Arkitektskolen I Ã…rhus Diploma Project F17 . Supervisor: Jan Fugl

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Table of content Introduction 07

. abstract

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. etymology of -scape

09 . prelude walk-scape : reflection on reading 10-11 . the protagonist The site 15 . kalkbergskärret

land forms of lime mining quarry 33 . genesis of spaces sedentary - soul nomadic - soul 43 . the -scape

motive : archetype

framing the landscape Sequence of walk and program introduced 52 56 58

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the reading room hover fly collector’s pavilion guest house

Notes on epilogue

62 - 63 List of works / CV 64 Notes 65 References

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4

INTRODUCTION

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Sketch from the walk that took place towards Kalkbruket in July’17

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Abstract The thesis project derives from an interest in endemic nature of architectural language and builtenvironment that weaves together a texture inseparable from the land, the sun and the seasons.

The project is an exploratory approach to a site-specific architectural intervention. It includes a thorough process of site analysis, program formulation and architectural form finding - by approaching site specific stories of natural and literary history that is encoded in landscape of deceptively simple beauty of the island Runmarö in Stockholm archipelago. The rich flora & fauna of the island has been an inspiration for a generation of littérateur, orchid hunters, nature explorers and hover-fly collectors. This literary inspiration of the island is used as motivation to unfold the dialogue between the land-form and architectural outcome.

The resulting outcome is an architectural proposal consisting of three structures introduced along the spine of an orchestrate walk in the -scape of the lime stone quarry - ‘kalkbergskärret’.

Here, the path is explored through the act of walking and mapping of the land-form and to that attributing symbolic and aesthetic values to the territory.1 Walking is seen as a practice that celebrates and creates peculiar conditions making the architectural matter of it’s utmost endemic nature.

The resulting outcome

The project delves into the dialogue with the land-scape through different boundaries of engagement.

With the concentration of literary inspiration - Fredrik Sjöberg’s activity as an entomologist of chasing insects - is seen as a catalyst to unfold this dialogue. Within the architectural program, there are categories derived based on how an observer is positioned within the -scape. The following are the architectural events introduced along the orchestrate walk in the lime stone mining.

Act 1 Reading room is for a group of littérateur - such as the entomologist and a nature collector.

The reading room is an enclosed boundary where he establishes a dialogue with the land-scape through his work.

Act 2 Hover-fly collector’s pavilion is the extension of the reading room which is a menagerie of dead insects - where the wide range of rare species of hover - fly collection is exhibited in glass boxes.

Act 3 Guest-house caters to ‘an observer’ of nature, this includes guest house/sleeping cabin in the dense forest of lime stone quarry.

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Etymology of the term “-scape” -Scape is the suffix to landscape. As per Oxford English dictionary, land-scape is the visible feature of an area of land, its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features.

The word lands-cape arrived in England, and into the English dictionary, after the fifth century.

The term landscape emerged around the turn of the sixteenth century to denote a painting whose primary subject matter was natural scenery. The landscape as a genre of painting landforms, later evolved to become a variety of different types of -scapes, defined by the scenery in the painting; for example seascapes, cloudscapes or moonscapes.

“The term landscape denotes both an object of art and its representation in which the artistic process and the object mutually constitute one another.”2

“For there to be a landscape, our consciousness has to acquire a wholeness, a unity, over and above its component elements, without being tied to their specificity or mechanically composed of them. This means that one now conceives of a segment of nature itself as a separate unity, which estranges it from the concept of nature”.3 - Georg Simmel “The beauty of nature touches us as something great that goes beyond us. Man comes from nature & returns to it. An Inkling of the measure of human life within the immensity of nature wells up inside us when we come upon the beauty of a landscape that has not been domesticated and carved down to human scale.

We feel sheltered, humble and proud at once. We are in nature, in this immeasurable form that we will never understand and now, in a moment of heightened experience, no longer need to because we sense that we ourselves are part of it.”

-Peter Zumthor

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Prelude This diploma project takes its point of departure from the analysis of the notion of -scape that is being explored though an orchestrate walk. Therefore creating a walk-scape. It involves observing the landscape through an activity and through positioning one’s self into the land-scape.

This in succession becomes means of constructing a typology of built environment that weaves together the immediate context of the site. The intention of this study is to get closer to the artefact’s exploring methods of transforming the land-scape.

The research started with my reading of Francesco Carari’s book on walking, walk-scape which elaborates on historical precedents and means of transforming the land-scape though the act of walking. Within the context of the project the critical tool of walking and understanding of land-scape becomes an important ensemble. According to German Sociologist Georg Simmel’s article on ‘Philosophy of Landscape’ suggests that the understanding of landscape is strongly linked to how we position ourselves in its context and that observer makes landscape visible through her or his mental space and field of visions.

Extending on Simmel’s theory of -scape being constructed by man, simulated my curiosity about my own process of analyzing a land-scape - in order to build in its context; I have realized that to be able to build in a -scape, one must construct a -scape itself. An orchestrate walk within the land-scape and position of observer - provide tools that build the narrative for the project. The observer in this project is the entomologist - Frederik Sjöberg.

The thesis addresses the questions such as; What is land-scape and how do we position ourselves in it’s context?

Can a deeper understanding of the observer and the creation of - scapes lead one closer in the process of developing endemic architectural interventions?

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The Protagonist

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Chasing Insects and literary Inspiration The site specific stories of natural and literary history of the island Runmarö is seen as a motivation to generate the -scape for architectural program. Fredrik Sjöberg wrote about his entomological exploits on the island in a thin and poetic memoir called “The Fly Trap.” Fredrik lives a quiet, rusticated existence with his wife - out of the simple cottage they bought on Runmaro in 1986.

With his entomological exploits, he has become an authority on the island’s micro-climate.

He connects his hoverfly-hunting to a pedantic impulse and to know one thing - inside and out (what Swedish playwriter and novelist August Strindberg terms “buttonology” in his short story).4 Ultimately, Sjöberg says the flies are actually metaphors, “glosses” - a way of not merely looking at nature, but reading it as if it were a book. This nature as-language theme is his great takeaway, a kind of challenge not just to be captivated by the superficial romance of the outdoors but to practice “landscape literacy,” to understand its constituent parts. He also writes, “that our path to what is beautiful must first pass through what is meaningful.” 5 Architectural interpretation Frederik’s activity of collecting nature in order to understand the constituent parts of the land-scape provides the initiation for introducing an architectural program - the reading room, along the orchestrate walk. The reading room involves activity pattern of Fredrik Sjöberg’s practice of hover-fly hunting. The reason for choosing the island as site is more than just literally depiction of the site of his activity for hunting flies. It is more of the possibility of sedentary life that he sees and mentions in his memoir: “Not even on Öland of Gotland - those comparatively gigantic islands , where generation of entomologists have been capturing flies for all they are worth since their time of Linnaeus - not even there , over the course of quarter of a millennium, have they managed to identify as many species as I have over the course of seven years on this island. The number says something about the island, and perhaps something about the depth of buttonological pitfall, but most of all, It says something about the possibilities of the sedentary life.

When I get old, may be I will pursue hover-fly studies only in my own garden, sitting here in the sunshine by the meadow sweet and butterfly bush like a caliph in his pleasure garden, the pooter hose in my mouth as if it led to an opium pipe.”6

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THE SITE

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östersundet

Kalkugnsruiner

kalksten träsk

Kalkbergskårret

Bunker (1719)

Norestranden

Sundkobben

Nore Råudden

Scale 1: 4500

Lime stone quarrying on the island / Kalkbergskärret Runmarö is a 15 square miles of paradise in the Stockholm archipelago - an hour east of Stockholm. The island is commonly known as ‘author’s island’7 - as it has seen a concentration of literary inspiration which is namely due to it’s rich natural history. Runmaro was among the first islands in the archipelago to be exploited as a refuge for a generation of littérateur and polymath natural explorers.8 With It’s birches , scot pines and overgrown meadows, Runmarö’s calcareous soil has produced one of the richest concentrations of natural life in Scandinavia. In summer the meadows bloom variety of orchids and the island can show off 40 rare species of them. No other place in the country can exhibit so many species in such a limited area. Due to this, today Runmarö is more popular among orchid hunters and lepidopterists than writers. The rarest of species of orchids have attracted a huge variety of hover flies which are also called flower flies. As per the entomologist Fredrik sjöberg, he has found 202 species of hover flies over the course of seven years.9 In Sweden alone there are 4,424 different spices of insects, according to the most recent figures.

The natural history, concentration of literary inspiration encouraged a walk in the kalkbruket which literary means ‘mound of lime’. The remains of lime stone quarry on the island is a site of a major crown owned limestone quarry in the 16th century - supplied the material for the construction of former palace ‘Tre Kronor’ in Stockholm. The geographical condition and variety of land-forms of the site becomes raison d’être for the architectural outcome within the project.

The sequence of my walk in July 2017, is an orchestrate walk, with a series of mapping of geographical aspects of the territory explored.

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Gatan

Stavsnäs vinterhamn Upperby

Kalkbruket

Styrsvik ferry terminal

1: 25,000

Hover-fly collector’s pavilion Styrsvik Jetty

Stavsnäs

Styrsvik village

Landscape Section 1:15,000

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On approaching, Runmarö looks like any other isle in the archipelago. Little docks shoot out every which way from stone out-croppings. Walking off the ferry, you’re quickly surrounded by pastures of wild-flowers, clap-board houses painted in the distinctive matte red called Falu. (Made from a natural pigment derived from a copper mine, this paint became popular because it was so cheap; now it’s integral part of the Swedish heritage brand. Some of the accounts from ‘The Fly Trap’ talks about the deceptively simple beauty of the island; “Even if the island is like a Sunday afternoon, 15 kms. in size, it is nevertheless so small and isolated that every one who chooses to settle here without having deep roots in the community is expected to explain the reason why this Island?”

The answer to this is ‘circumstances’ - as he quotes. As per his own theory - it’s his longing for the raw beauty of the skerries and their shifting forms of silence at the edge of the open sea. In may when maple bloom and the rose finch sings in the woods by the shore no other answers are needed.

Nature is enough.”

the reading room & bunker

Guest-house for nature explorers

The lime stone quarry ruins

Lerkila village

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Norestraden

Storholmen

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The geographical aspects of the site and remains of calcareous ground are suitable for ‘the Garden’which is a part of the architectural program the reading room with the existing bunker from 1719 on the right.

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Presence of military defence structure on site, provides evidence of the attempted Russian Invasion in 1719.

The reading room is seen as an extension to the bunker in the architectural interpretation.

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Military defense structure over-looking the calm gray Baltic sea.

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The mound of kalkbruket is the potential site for guest house - a shelter for nature enthusiasts.

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Due to maximum accumulation of Kalk, the ground allows possibility for Garden of Orchids and other flowering plant.

These gardens along the walk -scape are instrument for attracting hover- flies and therefore, is an extension to the reading room

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One of the aspect of the land-form that bears marks of lime stone quarrying on site. The softness of the lime-stone has left the dark rock ground beautifully sculptured by the forces of nature and by the craftsmanship of mankind, small cavities/pits and vast sculptural streams of dark rock.

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Genesis of Spaces

The program aims to unfold a dialogue with the landscape. During my 9th semester, I started an investigation into how walking is a tool in many disciplines and cultures to experience land-scape.

Out of these learnings, the architectural program proposes two categories; one is a place for sedentary soul and another is a place for nomadic soul.

These categories and their visual fields in the constructed walk-scape becomes foundation for the architectural space -making. The functions introduced in the landscape of the site are based on the movement and position of these sedentary and nomadic soul. Within the context of architectural program the entomologist is seen as a sedentary soul, while a nature explorer/wanderer is a nomadic soul.

The reading room

Hover-fly collector’s pavilion

Guest house for (Nature explorer)

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a. extent of kalkbruket

b. route of walking

c. land forms and programs along the path

‘The process combines visual observations with the state of mind of the observer, and the -scape becomes a narrative of a place; subjectively defined and site-specific at the same time.’ - Georg Simmel

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Material & Symbolic construct of -scape The primordial separation of humanity into nomads and settlers, results in two different ways of occupying landscape and therefore of thinking about space. The thesis project refers to this different ways of exploring landscape and that’s how derives its genesis of spaces.

Sedentary soul is one for stationary gesture; unfolding dialogue with landscape through his work.

On the other hand, nomadic soul which acts against architecture, but with experimental adventures of wandering - prone to transformation of landscape in a different manner than of the settlers.

If we put Cain and Abel’s story into architectural context, we can observe how the relation between nomadism and settlement establish with the construction of symbolic space springs from an original ambiguity. By a division of labor they both find different means for the construction of space; Sedentary soul is seen as the man who works and tames nature to materially construct a new artificial universe. On the other hand the Nomadic soul who - like Cain has a great quality of free time to devote to intellectual speculation, exploration of the earth and therefore to play as a non utilitarian time par excellence. This playful time for a nomadic soul lead to experiment and construct an initial symbolic universe around him. The activity of walking in the landscape allows one to create mapping of -scape and to the attribution of symbolic and aesthetic values to the territory.

These two attributes of settlers and nomads defines the construct of spaces within the landscape of Lime mining quarry on the island.

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The diagram is an expression of the three structures planted like seeds along the walk-scape. With the variety of land form and geographical shapes, each structure has chosen a particular land-form along the walk-scape, responding to a peculiar site - specific characteristic in its architectural expression.

dss od o oo w w

Going back to the question; Can a deeper understanding of the observer and the creation of -scapes lead one closer in the process of developing site-specific architectural interventions?

Frederik Sjöberg’-as a protagonist’s idea of a sedentary life and his own garden becomes very relevant to the program. As per Alexander Kluge, the most successful gardens adhere to the Classical Ideal according to which the garden should reflect the complexities of character of the person who takes pleasure in spending time within it. In Die Serapionsbrüder (1819), the poet E.T.A. Hoffmann describes the house belongs to the character Councilor Kaspel. The house becomes a solid entity, according to Kaspel’s feeling for proportion, until the house and the person become identical.

The Garden which is proposed as one of the function of the reading room is such a concentration of identity and functions. It is a precursor of individualism.10

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Program 1 : Reading room

The art collection 16 sq.mtrs

Program 2 : Collector’s pavilion

Program 3 : Guest house for nature explorer

Office 12 sq. mtrs.

Tool shed 16 sq.mtrs Kitchenette Hover - fly collection pavilion 36 sq.mtrs

The library 40 sq.mtrs

Receiving room 16 sq.mtrs

Reading room 30 sq.mtrs

Shower / WC

Forum of collectors 16 sq.mtrs

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Common amenities : Kitchenette / shower 32 sq.mtrs

Typology of the three structures The structures introduced in the landscape are divided into three categories. This is based on the boundary of private realm for an entomologist and the public realm for a nature ‘observer’.

These categories are derived from the nature of activity how we often-times establish a dialogue with landscape around us. The path connecting the two realms is mostly seen as a tool framing the landscape.

The aim is to propose a programme that encourages the process of unfolding the dialogue with landscape & land - form in the ‘kalkbergskärret’. Therefore, typology a - is for a group of literary inspiration such as entomologist Frederik Sjöberg and the reading room is for him to explore the diversity of land form by becoming part of the landscape through his work. Typology b, is the collector’s pavilion is an exhibition space, which is a public part of the reading room hosting the Frederik Sjöberg’s hover-fly collection at the same time the response to the land-scape exhibits geological condition about the island and the heritage of the old lime stone quarrying on site.

Typology c, shelters the wandering nature explorers. This is relevant as immediately after Midsummer, there is an apparent concentration of nature enthusiasts on the island.

Apart from this, there are a series of gardens which are framing of the calcareous ground with Cephalanthera longifolia - the very rare wild specie of orchid is found.

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The reading room as extension of the Bunker

Hover fly collector’s pavilion

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THE -SCAPE

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The barn structure is widely common construction found close to the settlements around kalkbruket.

The old bĂĽtvarv in RunmarĂś represents the timber nailed trusses for large spanned spaces.

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The archetype The traditional building techniques in the area have been guide-lines all the way through the project.

There are motives, repeatedly occurring around the context of the kalkbruket. These are found in Nore village and Lerkila. I have termed them as archetypes, and each one of them represents different building techniques commonly used in the area. These archetypes, with their material and construction, are all references used in the new structures added to the site.

The archetypes are used sometimes to express a motive, affecting a facade or shape, but also for construction and use of materials. More definitely they are used in order to establish the relationship with the calcareous ground.

Operating with these archetypes, feeding the new structures, is a combination of adapting old construction and building techniques and finding new uses of the spaces they creates, where the motive generates the shape while the program injects it with a function.

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Framing the landscape From the walk executed in July 2017, The site has been documented in a series of charcoaled sketches. Realising the narration of land-scape in form of charcoaled sketches would be an instrument and a device for spatial form. Charcoaled sketches - because they express an emotion and experiential quality of the landscape.

Working with framing would be one of the fundamental methods to create the -scapes and is used as a tool to organise structural elements and volumes, to generate the spatial qualities in the architectural form of the built atmosphere.

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the reading room . hover-fly collector’s pavilion . guest house for nature explorer

STRUCTURES ALONG THE WALK-SCAPE

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Site plan . 1 : 500

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The three structures in the land-scape of the kalkbruket are like seeds planted along the path. To me the walk - scape, the act and direction is the branch that creates visions depending on the position of the observer in the architectural narrative.

Georg Simmel’s theory that suggests the understanding of the landscape is strongly linked to how we position ourselves in its context and that the observer makes landscape visible through her or his mental space and field of visions. Based on this understanding I have chosen location on site where the entomologist’s frequent visits have taken place in the nature. From my experience of walking in the -scape and the variety of land form and features found on site - I have chosen to plant the architectural functions around a peculiar setting in the land-scape.

The symbolic construct of the -scape varies from one to another - being an introvert form and extrovert form. The material construct is more of a response toward the land features and interaction with the land-form.

Site section 1:400

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Plan study showing connecting the reading room and the hover fly collector’s pavilion

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the reading room . hover-fly collector’s pavilion . guest house for nature explorer

The building is a public part of the reading room hosting the Fredrik Sjöberg’s hover-fly collection. Although it is extension of the reading room, it is located at a distance in north of the reading room.

The proximity and distance between the two structure is deliberate in order to frame the calcareous ground in lime stone quarry. At the same time the architectural expression of the built atmosphere exhibits geological condition about the island and the heritage of the old lime stone quarrying on site.

Section through the pavilion . 1: 200

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Plan study . 1:200

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Technical reading

Section showing construction detail for timber nail trusses . 1 : 100

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the reading room . hover-fly collector’s pavilion . guest house for nature explorer

The protagonis - Fredrik Sjöberg is exclusively interested in the family of insects, Syrphidae - which is distinguished by an uncommon flair for disguise. While harmless, they’ve adapted to look like stinging or biting bugs, mostly bees or wasps.

To capture them, Fredrik uses a net and a long tube called a pooter, a kind of fiberglass straw into which he quickly inhales, sucking the fly down into a cylinder backed with a mesh filter (which prevents it from continuing down his throat)

Section through the reading room and library 1: 250

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Plan study . 1: 250

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9)

reading room . hover-fly collector’s pavilion . guest house for nature explorer

This part of the program finds i’s foundation from the fact that there is a huge concentration of nature enthusiasts after the midsummer summer. The time of midsummer is when most of the rarest of the species of the flowers bloom and attracts the hover-flies.

In order to cater to the temporary stay and the wanderings of the explorers, the guest - house becomes a relevant part of the architectural program.

The guest house is situated more towards the eastern edge of the water, keeping the reading room a secluded place for entomologist experiments..The orientation of the built atmosphere, capture the view of Baltic sea - keeping the back to the rest of the structure.

Section through the guest house . 1: 250

58

Plan study . 1: 250

/Users/mrunalpanchal/Fall '17 Ã…fgang/CAD/180 59

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Note on epilogue To construct the -scape, by defining its borders, gave me a set of parameters for creating the architecture. By approaching the site through SjÜberg’s hover-fly hunting on the island, becoming the second observer, I formulated a program for my architectural intervention. My aim was to explore the notion of site-specific structures that co-exist with its context.

The program evolved from the explorative analysis -approaching the site through my observations and mapping them in form of on-site sketches. My exercise of walking has provided a narrative and methods concerning transformation of a land-scape.

The program is a response to the observer’s need and to invite the user to continue the process of creating, depicting and observing the ever-changing -scape. The building techniques and materiality derive from an interest in the vernacular architecture of the Swedish archipelago. The final proposal is a narrative concerning the site and its observers - a site where the architecture becomes the-scape.

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LIST OF WORKS

Semester 7 / studio architecture & resources

Semester 8 / studio architecture & resources

The arcade: Harnessing the intangible

Lendager Arkitekter, København 2016-2017 Internship work-list: Nærgenbrugsstation Nordhavn Pelican Self Storage, Prague Boulevard 43 Amager Fælled Competition, Ørestad Constructing a Material Archive Wasteland exhibition, DAC

Semester 9 / studio 2c building cultures and tectonic

Semester 10 / studio 2c building cultures and tectonic

Place of remembrance - Kyudo pavilion

Navigating through Landscape

Site axonometric 1: 750

2C l Lime

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CV / Mrunal J. Panchal

Master of arts in architecture, Arkitektskolen I Århus Autumn 2017_ (Ongoing) Studio 2C _Building culture and tectonics Navigating through landscape of Runmarö / SE. Supervisor : Jan Frugl Spring 2017 / Semester 9 A place of remembrance in Lime - Kyudo pavilion / DK. Supervisor : Thomas Bo Jensen Spring 2016 _ 17/ Semester 8 / Studio architecture & resources Internship at Lendager Arkitekter, København / DK. Autumn 2015 / Semester 7 / Studio architecture & resources the arcade: harnessing the intangible in Vejle / DK. Supervisor : Walter Unterrainer . C.J.Lim Bachelor in Architecture / 2006 _2012 Centre for environmental planning and technology, Ahmedabad / IN. University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart/ DE / 2010_2011 Assistant Architect at Neelkanth chhaya Architects, Ahmedabad / 2014_ 2015 Internship at Stephane Paumier Architects, Delhi / Spring 2009w 63

Endnotes

1

CARERI, F. (2002) Walkscapes: Walking as an aesthetic practice. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili. page no. 32

2

SIMMEL, Georg. (1913) ‘The philosophy of Landscape’ Theory, Culture & Society, no. 24 (December 2007 (1913): Page

no.20 3

ibid. no.21

4

A roving meditation on nature, literature, and the joy of collecting flies.

http://nautil.us/issue/22/slow/the-philosopher-king-of-the-hoverflies (accesse on july 30 th 2017)

5

CARERI, F. (2002) Walkscapes: Walking as an aesthetic practice. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili. page no. 52

6 SJÖBERG, F. (2015) The fly trap. UK: Penguin books. Translated by Thomas Teal page no. 56 7

Wåhlin, Mats (2008) The Stockholm Archipelago: The Archipelago Foundation : a Guide to Our Islands.

Archipelago Foundation in Stockholm County

8

As per the interview that took place with a member of the writer’s club in Runmarö. (July 2017)

9

SJÖBERG, F. (2015) The fly trap. UK: Penguin books. Translated by Thomas Teal page no.

52 10

ZUMTHOR, P (2011) Hortus Conclusus: Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2011. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther Koenig page no. 20

This book presents the production and process of the thesis project “Navigating through Land- scape”, examined at the Aarhus School of Architecture, Fall 2017.

Mrunal Panchal is the author of all photographs, images and sketches in this book (unless stated otherwise).

The cover-page image - Per Kirkeby, Untitled, 2016. 80 × 69 1/2 centimeters. Edition of 12. Courtesy Niels Borch Jensen, Berlin.

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References

BACON, E.N. (1967) Design of cities. Viking Press BECK, H. & COOPER, J. (2002) Glenn Murcutt: A Singular Architectural Practice : 2002 Laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize. The Images Publishing Group CARERI, F. (2002) Walkscapes: Walking as an aesthetic practice. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili GUSHEH, M. HENEGHAN,T. & MURCUTT, G (2008) Glenn Murcutt: Thinking Drawing / Working Drawing. Japan: Nobuyuki Endo HEDQVIST, K. (2016) House for Turner : Thesis project . Århus School of Architecture SAMBUICHI, H. (2016) Architecture of the inland sea. Japan : Toto publishing house SIMMEL, Georg. (1913) ‘The philosophy of Landscape’ Theory, Culture & Society, no. 24 (December 2007 (1913): 20-29.

SJÖBERG, F. (2015) The fly trap. UK: Penguin books. Translated by Thomas Teal UTZON, J. (2009) Jørn Utzon Logbook Vol. V : Additive Architecture. The Innermost Being of Architecture, written in 1948. Edition Blondal ZUMTHOR, P (2010) Thinking architecture. Basel: Birkhäuser.

ZUMTHOR, P (2011) Hortus Conclusus: Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2011. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther Koenig Articles A roving meditation on nature, literature, and the joy of collecting flies. http://nautil.us/issue/22/slow/the-philosopher-king-of-the-hoverflies On Stockholm’s Islands, Chasing Insects and Literary Inspiration https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/06/travel/sweden-islands-runmaro.html?_r=0 (accessed 23rd July 2017) The Guardian article : ‘I realized I had to write my book for people not interested in flies’ https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/14/fredrik-sjoberg-hoverflies-the-fly-trap

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One of the rarest species of orchid - Cephalanthera longifolia found on the island of Runmarรถ (Source : Swiss orchid foundation herbarium)