4th SLA colloquium proceedings by Jean Makisig

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

POLITICAL HISTORY OF MAYOR ROBERTO M. MADLA IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BOAC IN THE FIFTH REPUBLIC DURING THE ADMINISTRATION OF BENIGNO SIMEON C. AQUINO III (2010-2016) Jerhenz Cate Sarmiento & Dr. Gerard Gutierrez

ABSTRACT This qualitative-descriptive study was conducted to determine the Political History of Mayor Roberto M. Madla in the Municipality of Boac in the Fifth Republic during the administration of Benigno Simeon Aquino III (2010-2016). The participants of the study are 12 personalities composed of the Local Chief Executive, his colleagues and residents of the Municipality of Boac who have knowledge over the fifth Republic Era and its tenure. They were asked about their experiences and perspectives on the leaderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contributions and challenges met during the administration. The primary data gathering methods were interview, documentary/record analysis on the political history of Boac to determine the demographic profile, the contributions, challenges and perception on the local chief executive through their experiences and perception in the administration of the local chief executive. The research data was based on interview of the local chief executive during the time, his constituents and residents of the Municipality. The gathered data were analysed using content and narrative analysis. Verbatim quotes from the participants were used. The study revealed that political history of Mayor Roberto M. Madla in the

municipality of Boac in the Fifth Republic during the administration of Benigno Simeon Aquiono III started from 2010 and ended in 2016. Mayor Roberto M. Madla is the only Local Chief Executive who served during those two terms. The significant achievements were his consistency in providing the basic needs of the Municipality of Boac, strong community ties with the people of the Municipality of Boac, opening and full operation of the Blue building, Re-opening of Night Market, Boac as economic center of Marinduque and the High Economic Growth in the Municipality of Boac. The challenges encountered by the Local Chief Executive Roberto M. Madla were first, wisely funding on projects, as to which will be the best and needed by the people; second, the people themselves, the violators who want change but do not follow with the rules and regulations; third, people who are too dependent on the government and last, as a politician he met with different perspective and beliefs on how he handles everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opinions and comments. Based on the conclusion of the study, the following recommendations were drawn: a cultural development plan may be formulated by the local government unit of the Municipality of Boac; AB Political Science students may conduct several

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

researches which will discuss the certain issues present in the Municipality; the cultural committee of the Municipality of Boac may conduct studies of the same nature with a deeper and more critical nature; AB Political Science students may use some parts of this study as core of different research activities, and this research paper can be used as a source of information for their future study. INTRODUCTION Boac is the capital town of the province of Marinduque; a first class municipality. It is the first town founded by the Jesuits Missionaries on December 8, 1622. It was formerly named as Monserrat de Marinduque. The name Boac is derived from the Visayan word bu-ak, which means "divided". The town had been divided in two by a river running from the eastern hinterland to the western plains down to the sea. The two were the Northern and the Southern areas. This is the third largest of the six municipalities in the province, after Santa Cruz and Torrijos. Boac borders all the municipalities in the province. Politically divided into sixty one barangays and geographically divided into six zones. Most of the province’s commercial businesses can be found in this town. There are many hotels, resorts and lodging houses available for tourists as well as restaurants, snack bar and fast foods. Local fast food chains and restaurants include GoodChow Food Express, La Concha Restaurant, and Kusina sa Plaza. Several convenience and grocery stores includes CASHypermart, New Era, Jinang-Tan, Centro Market and Puregold Boac (Marinduque) Branch. The Poblacion area is called as Boac Central Business District (BCBD). This town is also known for its “bibingkang lalaki”, a favorite present.

Ever since, many people like to visit Boac even though there is no occasion, but because of the establishments in the town. Many educational institutions can also be found in this town, both private and public schools. The Provincial hospital and the capitol are also located here. Aside from these establishments, there are tourist attractions to visit such as Freedom Park in Barangay, an eco-tourism theme park in the municipality with team building activities, zipline; the Butterfly farm in Barngay Cawit, Villa Aplaya Beach Resort in Barangay Ihatub and Shannon Falls in Barangay Bantay. Aside from these attractions, most notably the Immaculate Conception Cathedral is located on top of the hill, today called Barangay Mataas na Bayan. It is a historical church where the Katipunan Flag was said to have been baptized. This is said to be the Marinduque’s central Cathedral. The walls were built sometime in eighteenth century. Stories go that there are secret passages leading from hillock to town, one entrance can be found in the convento and the other is in the sacristy which was used by the Boakenos before, but these passages have been boarded up. This is the Patron saint of Boac while the Birhen ng Biglang-Awa is the patroness of the province. Also, Laylay Port is a historical landmark in the municipality where the Japanese and American troops landed. It was once a commercial port where goods and products from other places embarked. A local historian Dindo Asuncion describes it having a “vantage location, an open 180 degree view of Marinduque’s western coast and its two-storey stone and mortar structure were visible from the Boac Church befry.” This is also an attraction Boac offers to the tourist aside from the history behind it, the ruins offer a beautiful view especially during sun set. The battle site in Barangay Balimbing is another historical markers in Boac this is the site where the

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

encounter between Filipino Revolutionary Forces and American soldiers during the Filipino-American War. The Boac Museum, beside the Boac Town Plaza and Rizal Park, is home to a collection of facts and information about the Island. Liwasang Kalayaan at Barangay Malusak, where Revolutionary heroes led by Hermenegildo Flores and Remigio Medina were massacred by Spanish soldiers on October 10, 1897 and November 1, 1897. Liwasan ng mga Nagtanggol sa Inang Bayan, the lower park in front of the municipal building which is hereby dedicated to perpetuate the heroism and patriotism of all heroes, heroines and veterans of World War II. There are local heritage in this municipality such as Liwasan ng kalayaan, Museo at Aklatan ng Boac, Maharlikang Tahanan ni Kapitan Piroko, and Boac Municipal Building. Maharlikang Tahanan ni Kapitan Piroko - Installed at the Lardizabal Ancestral home, February 23, 1973. Marinduque is said to be the country’s Lenten capital of the Philippines. The Annual Moriones Festival is held in Boac and surrounding areas of Marinduque Island during the Lenten season. This holy celebration is famed as one of the most colorful festivities in Marinduque and the Philippines. The Morions or masked centurions remained the highlight and crowddrawer of the festival, this is the parody of Roman soldiers during the time of Christ. Part of this festival is the senakulo held in the town arena. Another celebration is the Feast of the Immaculate Concepcion every December 8. The Bila-Bila (Butterfly) Festival is held on the Fest of the Immaculate Concepcion. It is composed of a festive competition between zones (purok) which includes the Poblacion, Riverside, Ilaya I, Ilaya II, and Seaside Zones. The municipal government of the capital town of Boac enshrined the butterfly in a municipal ordinance entitled "Tree Farming and

Butterfly Propagation Ordinance of 2002." Bulating Rites in Brgy. Malbog, a similar practice to Quezon's Boling-boling Festival is said to have been started by one family in earlier years. It revived in 2001, as part of the municipality’s tourism program. Called "Bulating" the practice is said to be an act of humility before God and/or another form of thanksgiving. During the fifth Republic of the Philippines in the Municipality of Boac there were some important events that happened in the town. The Old Spanish Building was installed last November 30, 1987 to July 30, 2002 as well as the Battle site of Paye in Barangay Balimbing last July 31, 1986. Last May 10, 2008, the Diocese of Boac celebrated the 13th anniversary and the golden anniversary of the canonical coronation of Mahal na Birhen ng BiglangAwa (1958–2008). Cebu ArchbishopCardinal Ricardo Vidal of Mogpog, Marinduque, officiated at the consecrated mass. The diego family fight for the Marinduque so that visitors won’t occupy the province. The Marinduque National High School (MNHS) celebrated their centennial last 2014. Marinduque is one of the many Provinces in the Philippines that has been dominated by political families. One of the six municipalities is Boac that is dominated by political families; Madrigal, Manguera, Manrique, Montemar, Nepomuceno, Nieva, Solomon, and Reyes are just few of the families that are in the public position for long years. Until today some of the members of these families hold a position in the municipality especially in the barangays. Many residents of Boac believe that during election people are still accepting envelope with cash that make the politicians keep on winning. The saying “Pera ang nakakapag panalo sa mga kandidato”, a famous line of Boakenos referring to one of the campaign

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

strategies used by the local politician affirms that money is one of the bases for voting. With the instances noted above, the researcher conducted this study to find out the political history of the municipality of Boac in the Fifth Republic and its effect to the government, economy and the community of Boac. The completion of this study will serve as a reference on what transpired in the Municipality during the fifth republic. This will also help people to understand their own political culture as well as the development in the fifth republic.

STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE

1. What are the demographic profile of the local chief executives in terms of: 1.1. Personal 2.1 Professional 2. What are the contributions of the local chief executives during their tenure? 3. What are the challenges of the local chief executives during their tenure? 4. What are the perceptions of the constituent to the local executives? 5. What biographical notes could be written of political life of the local chief executives?

METHODOLOGY This research study employed qualitative descriptive method of research. The research design was used to know the political history of Boac. Descriptive research method is the survey, which includes questionnaires, personal interviews, phone surveys, and normative surveys. This

is a fact finding study with the adequate and accurate interpretation of the gathered data through interview. The research method also applied the instrument in data collection and the instrument in data gathering as part of the method. Historical Qualitative Research can be defined as the process of investigating past events systematically to provide an account of happenings in the past (Historical Research, n.d.). It is not simply the accumulation of dates and facts or even just a description of past happenings but is a flowing and dynamic explanation or description of past events which include an interpretation of these events in an effort to recapture implications, personalities and ideas that have influenced these events (ibid). The purpose of historical research is to verify and explain history of any area of human activities, subjects or events by means of scientific processes. The important aims for conducting historical research are (i) to reveal or uncover the unknown; (ii) to answer questions which have yet been answered; (iii) to search and identity the relationship of past happenings and their links with the present; (iv) to record and assess past activities and achievements of individuals, agencies and institutions; and (v) to assist in the understanding of human culture (Berg, 2001). This method was utilized in this study to acquire the necessary information in determining the political history of Mayor Roberto M. Madla of the Municipality of Boac in the Fifth Republic during the administration of Benigno Simeon Aquino III.

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

The participants of the study are 12 constituents and co-workers of the local chief executive of the Municipality of Boac who have knowledge of his tenure during the Fifth Republic.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Based on the treatment and analysis of the data gathered in the preceding chapter, the important findings were summarized: 1. The local chief executive of the Municipality of Boac during the Fifth Republic under the administration of Benigno Simeon Aquino III is Mayor Roberto M. Madla who served from 2010 until 2016. Mayor Roberto M. Madla is the only Local Chief Executive who served during those two terms. He is married with one child. He is a Civil Engineer by profession and he has established his own construction firm. He has held higher engineering positions in different government agencies in the region prior to entering politics. 2. The significant achievements of Hon. Roberto M. Madla during his tenure are on year 2010-2016 are Consistency in providing the basic needs of the Municipality of Boac, Strong Community ties with the people of the Municipality of Boac, Opening and full operation of the Blue building, Re-opening of Night

Market, and Boac as economic center of Marinduque. 3. The challenges of Hon. Roberto M. Madla during his tenure on year 20102016 are: first, wise funding of projects, what projects will be the best and needed by the people; second, the people of the municipality, the violators who want change but, do not follow with the rules and regulations and then will be the same people looking for change; third, people who are too dependent on the government; lastly, people with different beliefs and who stand in so many ways who sometimes do something only for their own good. 4. Perceptions of the constituents of Hon. Roberto M. Madla during his tenure on year 2010-2016: strict but provide many projects for the good of people; he made the Municipality of Boac more developed and disciplined; he implements laws strictly as possible and watch over the people regarding it; he also strengthens tourism in the Municipality and provide strong relationship with each Barangays in Boac. 5. The biographical notes of Mayor Roberto M. Madla. CONCLUSSION Political History of Mayor Roberto M. Madla in the Municipality of Boac in the Fifth Republic during the administration of Benigno Simeon Aquiono III started from 2010 and ended in 2016. Mayor Roberto M.

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

Madla is the only Local Chief Executive during those two terms. The significant achievements were his consistency in providing the basic needs of the Municipality of Boac, Strong Community ties with the people of the Municipality of Boac, Opening and full operation of the Blue building, Reopening of Night Market, and Boac as economic center of Marinduque and the High Economic Growth in the Municipality of Boac. The challenges encountered by the Local Chief Executive Roberto M. Madla were first is wisely funding a projects, on what projects will be the best and need by the people here. Second, is the people itself, the violators who want change but, doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t follow with the rules and regulations. Third, people who are too dependent in the government. Finally, as a politician he met with different perspective and beliefs on how he handles everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opinions and comments. RECOMMENDATION In the view of findings and conclusions, the researcher offers the following recommendation: 1. Being the center of the province of Marinduque, and a place rich with historal events, a cultural development plan may be formulated by the local government unit of the Municipality of Boac. 2. Research studies of AB Political Science students are mostly concentrated to nearby towns of Santa Cruz like Torrijos and Mogpog only, relative to this, AB Political Science students may conduct several

researches which will discuss the certain issues present in other municipalities. 3. The results of this study will greatly contribute to the cultural heritage of Boac hence, the cultural committee of the Municipality of Boac may conduct studies of the same subject with a deeper and more critical nature. 4. AB Political Science students may refer to some parts of this study as core of different research activities. 5. Future researcher may use this research as a source of information for future study. This recommends for deeper study, understanding and analysis.

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

POLITICAL HISTORY OF WILFREDO R. RED (1992-1998) AND RUBEN F. REVILLA (1998) LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVES OF SANTA CRUZ, MARINDUQUE Danica Joy Rey & Wilmer L. Imperio, MpA

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to find out the political history of the local chief executives of Santa Cruz, Marinduque. The participants of this study was based on the testaments of six (6) selected people who have witnessed the history of Santa Cruz, Marinduque. Historical Qualitative Research method was employed in this study to obtain the necessary information. The study revealed there were two local chief executives who reigned in the Municipality of Santa Cruz from 1992-1998. They are Hon. Wilfredo R. Red (July 1, 1992March 28, 1998) and Actg. Mayor Ruben F. Revilla (March 29, 1998-June 30, 1998). Both of the local chief executives are degree holders and studied at popular universities in Manila. One worked as an engineer after graduation and the other one worked as a traffic enforcer. They started politics with high positions. Both of their accomplishments focused on construction of different infrastructures. In the light of the drawn findings, the following recommendations were drawn: (1) A study and analysis of the political history of the other provinces should be made to determine its similarities and differences; (2) A study of the political history of Marinduque should be included in the

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science curriculum so that the students will be aware of the past achievements and contributions of the politicians during their term; (3) The output of this study will be imparted and donated to the particular town of research that this could help them trace back the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s political history; (4) A replication and a broader and complex study about political history is highly encouraged for the future researchers; and (5) The future researchers may use the related literature of this research to their research in connection to political history. INTRODUCTION According to a legend, the island of Marinduque was formed as a consequence of a tragic love affair between two people, Mariin and Gatduke. Mariin's father, a local chieftain, did not approve of this affair and ordered the beheading of Gatduke. Before this could be done, the couple sailed out to sea and drowned themselves, forming the island now called Marinduque. Marinduque is almost located at the center of the Philippine Archipelago, a small heart-shaped island between Tayabas Bay and Sibuyan Sea. Its neighbors are Batangas, Mindoro, and Quezon, with which its history is closely interlinked. Originally, Marinduque was part of Balayan or Bonbon

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(now Batangas) when Juan de Salcedo and Martin de Goiti colonized the region in 1581. It then became part of Mindoro at the beginning of the 17th century. On May 01, 1901, the United States-Philippine Commission passed Act No. 125 creating the Province of Marinduque with the Municipality of Boac as the provincial capital. A year later, by virtue of Act No. 423 dated June 23, 1902, the United StatesPhilippine Commission annexed the island of Mindoro, including the island of Lubang to the province. On November 10, 1902, Marinduque was made part of Tayabas (now Quezon) by virtue of Act No. 499. Later on May 17, 1907, under Act No. 1649, the Commission made Marinduque a sub province of Tayabas. Finally, on February 21, 1920, Act No. 2880 separated Marinduque form Tayabas and re-established the former province Marinduque. In Marinduque from 1992 to 1998, the Reyeses remained strong. Carmencita Reyes remained as Congresswoman from 1987 to 1998. As in 1992, Governor Luisito Reyes was re-elected as Governor after his term in 1988. However, this was when his political foundation began to crumble. As Governor, Reyes initiated many projects. The Boac Covered Court and the Jica Building in Marinduque National High School are just two of his projects in the province. During the term of Luisito Reyes, Marinduque was removed from the poorest Philippine Provinces. Their former allies such as Boac Mayor Dominador Leonida, Vice Mayor Salvador Jamilla, Councilor Celestino M. Manrique and Mayor Percival Morales defected from the regime. The result, Luisito Reyes fell to Jose Antonio Carrion in the

1995 election. However, with the fall of Luisito Reyes, the Reyeses retained strong hold on power. And still Luisito Reyes was known to be the best governor Marinduque ever had. However, in the Municipality of Santa Cruz, the origin of the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name which is Santa Cruz was traced to some local historical developments woven by local folk tales and stories. These unrecorded accounts vary in their nearnes or remoteness to the historical truths but the one being related here appears to be the most accurate and is widely accepted by the old folks. Hence, in points of fact and popularity and in the absence of a more extensive research work in the subject, the one adopted as the semi-official version of the developments that lead to the naming of the town as Santa Cruz. The Municipality of Santa Cruz is a premier town of the island Province of Marinduque. It is bounded on the north, by the Municipality of Mogpog; on the south, by the Municipality of Torrijos; on the west, by the Municipality of Boac; and on the east, by a huge body of water that extends to as far as the Bondoc Peninsula and Southern Quezon. It is the largest of all the six municipalities both in land area and population. It is considered as a secondary municipality after Boac, since it is the capital. Together with Boac, Santa Cruz is also a first-class municipality with established industries and commercial routines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 56,408 people with a density of 210 inhabitants per square kilometer or 540 inhabitants per square mile. Santa Cruz is politically subdivided into fifty-five (55) barangays, five (5) are classified as urban barangays pursuant to

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

Presidential Decree No. 86 and No. 86-A, issued on December 31, 1972. Those barangays are Bagong Silang, Banahaw, Maharlika, Pag-asa and, Lapu-lapu. With the happenings in Marinduque, Santa Cruz was able to experience different changes because of the contributions of the local chief executives which will be unraveled in this study. The researcher conducted this study to know the profile, significant achievements, and political life of the local chief executives from 1992 to 1998. STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE

1. Who are the local chief executives of the Municipality of Santa Cruz from 1992-1998? 2. What are the demographic profile of the local chief executives in terms of: 2.1. Personal Profile 2.2. Professional Profile 3. What are the significant achievements of the local chief executives during their tenures? 4. What are the challenges of the local chief executives during their tenures? 5. What biographical notes could be written of political life of the local chief executives? METHODOLOGY The study used the historical qualitative research design. Historical qualitative research as well as qualitative comparative analysis or qualitative analysis psychology concerns the identification, location, evaluation and synthesis of data from the past. The events of the past can be

related to the present and future. Historical research is useful in a large number of fields. Historical research has been done to help in current international relations and can also be useful in researching economic trends. When there is some sort of recorded data of past events in a particular area or field there is the opportunity to increase knowledge in that area. Berg (2000) stressed that it is crucial to distinguish nostalgia from historical research since the former is the retelling of comfortable past pleasantries, events or situations that lacks research vigor while the later attempts to methodically recaptures the complex nuances, people, meanings, events and even ideas of the past that have impacted and shaped the present. (Hamilton, 1993; Leedy 1999 as cited in Berg, 2000). The purpose of historical research is to verify and explain history of any area of human activities, subjects or events by means of scientific processes (Špiláčková, 2012). According to Moore, Monaghan and Hartman (1997), the most time-honored justification for doing historical research is that people can learn from the past. Furthermore, historical research helps to identify individuals as a community since the construction of links between past and present allow people to be seen as part of a larger drama (Monaghan & Hartman, 2000). In addition, it also encourages interdisciplinary inquiry and understanding. On top of that, it is intellectually enriching and challenging as historical research often ask the thought provoking question of ‘why’. And finally, hi

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storical research is fun because there are no other disciplines that allow one to poke their noses into the concerns of others and then label it as serious academic work. This study sought the needed data from the selected people who had witnessed the Political History of Wilfredo R. Red (1992-1998) and Ruben F. Revilla (1998). The six (6) participants were from the different barangays of the Municipality of Santa Cruz, Marinduque. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The participants of this study were the six (6) people whom the researcher interviewed who were the closed relatives of the mayors, close friends, some politicians and the mayor himself. Two were former mayors, a former vice mayor, executive assistant of the former mayor, cousin and a nephew of the former mayor and one was the campaign manager of the former mayor. They shared their ideas on the Political History of Wilfredo R. Red (1992-1998) and Ruben F. Revilla (1998). As local chief executives, they came from a well to do and well-known family in Santa Cruz and were able to finish college. One was a graduate of Engineering and the other one was a graduate of Customs Administration. Both of the local chief executives were professionals. The first one was an international contractor, a government contractor in the Philippines and was assigned as a highway engineer in Marinduque. While the other one was first

employed as a traffic enforcer and was an employee in Stanford. Apart from that, he was a licensed broker and was an owner of a customs brokerage. The significant achievements of the two local chief executives of the Municipality of Santa Cruz were development of infrastructures. Since Hon. Wilfredo R. Red was an engineer, most of his accomplishments focused on the constructions and reconstructions of different infrastructures like roads, barangay halls, bridges, and school buildings. Same with Mayor Red, Actg. Mayor Ruben F. Revilla also focused on construction of farm to market roads and development of infrastructures. He also implemented livelihood and agricultural programs like dispersal of poultries and shrines. Based on the political life of the two local chief executives of the Municipality of Santa Cruz, Marinduque in 1992-1998, the first mayor, Wilfredo R. Red, was elected as mayor for two terms and no other positions taken. On the other hand, Actg. Mayor Ruben F. Revilla served as municipal councilor for two terms, one term for vice mayor, and one term as mayor. CONCLUSION Based on the findings, the researcher concluded that both Wilfredo R. Red (19921998) and Ruben F. Revilla (1998) were college graduates. They are both wealthy, professionals, and owners of their respective companies. Their significant achievements were mostly development of infrastructures. One mayor focused on the construction and rehabilitation of infrastructures like roads,

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barangay halls, school buildings, and bridges which is in accordance to his profession. The other local chief executive focused on the implementation of the ordinances, programs and projects of the municipality like dispersal of shrine and poultries. Constructions and reconstructions of the different infrastructure were done during the tenure of these two local chief executives. There were no problems and challenges which the two local chief executives encountered during their tenures because there were enough funds to accomplish their projects and programs to make. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the conclusion of the study, the following recommendations were drawn: 1. A study and analysis of the political history of the other provinces may be conducted to determine its similarities and differences. 2. A study of the political history of Marinduque should be included in the Bachelor of Arts in Political Science curriculum so that the students will be aware of the past achievements and contributions of the politicians during their term. 3. The output of this study will be imparted and donated to the particular town of research so that this could help them trace back the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s political history. 4. A replication and a broader and complex study about political history

is highly encouraged for the future researchers. 5. Future researchers may use the related literature of this research to their research in connection to political history

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

POLITICAL HISTORY OF MAYOR TOMAS N. PIZARRO (2001-2007) AND MAYOR GIL R. BRIONES (2007-2010) AS THE LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVES IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF TORRIJOS, MARINDUQUE Joesell-An Principe & Alma Jalos, MpA

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to find out the political history of Mayor Tomas N. Pizarro (2001-2007) and Mayor Gil R. Briones (2007-2010) as the local chief executives in the municipality of Torrijos, Marinduque. The participants of this study were the local officials and constituents of the municipality of Torrijos. The historical method of qualitative research was employed from which the primary tool in gathering and collecting data was the questionnaire. The historical method describes the past events to understand the present patterns and anticipate the future choices. This model answers questions based on a hypothetical idea and then uses resources to test the idea for any potential deviations.

INTRODUCTION Marinduque is an island in the Philippines located in Southwestern Tagalog Region or MIMAROPA, formerly known as Region 4-B. Marinduque is considered as the geographical center Philippine archipelago because of the Luzon Datum of 1911 located at Mogpog Marinduque, Luzon Datum of

1911 is the mother of all Philippine geodetic surveys. The province of Marinduque is a heart-shaped island with total land area of 952.6 square kilometers located between Tayabas Bay to the north and Sibuyan Sea to the South. Marinduque is also located at the west of the Bondoc Peninsula of Quezon province, in the east of Mindoro Island, and in the north of the island province of Romblon. At the west of Marinduque, the Tablas Strait can be found which separates it from the island of Mindoro. In the northeast of Marinduque, are some of the smaller islands which are the Polo Island, Maniwaya Island, and Mompong Island. Marinduque is composed of six municipalities: Boac, Gasan, Buenavista, Torrijos, Mogpog, and Santa Cruz. The primary sources of livelihood in the province of Marinduque are coconut production and fishing industries, while livestock and poultry continue to be raised alongside production of rice and crops like bananas, root crops, and mangoes. The capital of the province is Boac, although it is the second most populous after Santa Cruz. Boac remains the center of industry, culture, economy, and education. Most of government and private offices of the province are located at the municipality of Boac which also borders all the five municipalites. Second is the Gasan, the Cultural Nerve Center of the province. It also

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belongs to the one of the cleanest and greenest municipalities in the Philippines. The municipality covers a forest reserve in the eastern part; it is also the gateway to the island of Mindoro. Handicrafts and the famous Kalutang boasts was best known in the town of Gasan. Third is the Buenavista, it is the smallest of the six municipalities. The municipality of Buenavista was named such because of the good view of the Tablas Strait and the offshore islands. Fourth is the municipality of Torrijos, the name of the municipality has three purported origins, first is the Torrijos, then became Torrijjos, which refers to the cows pastured in its vast plains, last is Torre y hijos which refers to the watchtower men guarding the parish. Torrijos is deemed to be the summer Capital of the Province and known for locally-grown strawberries. Fifth is the municipality of Mogpog, it is the Primary Gateway of the Province through Balanacan Port. It is the original home of the Moriones Festival. And the sixth and last Municipality in the province of Marinduque is Santa Cruz. The municipality of Santa Cruz is the largest of all the six municipalities both in land area and population. Santa Cruz is considered as a secondary municipality after Boac. Together with boac, it is also first-class munipality with established industries and commercial routines. On May 1, 1901, the United StatesPhilippine Commission passed Act No. 125 creating the province of Marinduque with the municipality of Boac as the provincial capital. A year later, by virtue of Act No. 423 dated June 23, 1902, the United States Philippine Commission annexed the island of

Mindoro, including the island of Lubang to the province. But on November 10, 1902, Marinduque was made part of Tayabas by virtue of Act No. 499. Later on May 17, 1907, under Act No. 1649, the Commission made Marinduque a sub province of Tayabas. Finally, on February 21, 1920, Act No. 2880 separated Marinduque from Tayabas and re-established the former province of Marinduque. During 1901 to 1902, Tayabas and Marinduque had only one governor and he was Ricardo G. Paras Sr. but Marinduque had its own Governor since 1902. Ricardo G. Paras Sr. was delegate to the Malolos Congress in 1898; appointed lieutenant governor from 1902-1904 and provincial governor from 1904-1907 in the province of Marinduque. History of Torrijos 1st the “Fundacion Civil” (the civil foundation of the creation of the town of Torrijos) was through Real Orden Num 469 de 25 de Mayo 1880 approvando la creation del pueblo de Torrijos en la isla de Marinduque, de la provincial de Mindoro. The approval was through Real Order No. 469, on May 25, 1880 approving the creation of the town of Torrijos in the island of Marinduque, province of Mindoro. 2nd the “Fundacion Ecclesiastica” – the Ecclesiastical Foundation of Torrijos into a separate parish from its mother town Santa Cruz de Napo, was approved by virtue of Royal Decree No. 304 issued on March 29, 1884.

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The origin of the name of Torrijos has three versions: The early inhabitants of the place had many cattle ranches. They suggested therefore that the town be called “Torrillos”. They later changed it to Torrijos; Torre y Hijos had been a prominent family when the name for the town was resolved by the people. Their popularity in the area resulted to giving the name of Torre y Hijos to the place. The people found it difficult in uttering the name, so they shortened it to Torrijos. Governor General Jose Ma. Torrijos from Calapan was one of the principal heroes in the war of independence against Spain who came to visit Torrijos. At that time, people had been choosing a name for the town. By the kindness and diplomacy of the general, the people finally decided to name the town after him. History tells us that the town of “Torrijos” was a vast plain noted for her rich natural beauties and abundant resources. The majestic Mt. Malindig and its green forest, the rivers that flows from its summit to the vast plain of Malibago and the lowlands of Tigwi, the mineral ores deep under Torrijos’ earth, and the sea which teem with fish and other marine products, may be considered prime factors that attracted people of other places to settle in this community. On or about the year 1877-1880, some prominent persons of Sta. Cruz, owners of big parcels of land in the southern part of the town willfully and solicitously determined to build a town to facilitate their

religious duties to God and their civic obligations to the state, started talking with the people and their interest a town. When they got the approval of the majority of the residents through the initiative of Rev. Fr. Baltazar Leaño of Sta. Cruz, they made representations and request with the Governor of the province of Mindoro, to which the island of Marinduque was affiliated. The request was granted a temporary decree was issued. The “Gobernadorcillo” of Sta. Cruz was authorized together with some prominent people of Sta. Cruz to select the place where to erect the town. There were two proposed locations, in Tigwi and Matuyatuya. With the approval of Fr. Baltazar Leaño and the majority of the people, Matuyatuya was selected for reason of its convenience as to its distance from Sta. Cruz. Not long after the completion of the church building, the “Tribunal” and the “Scola Pint”, terrible lightning and thunder occurred and the church was burned and destroyed. Because of this incident and phenomenon, they considered this as a bad omen sent by God to this town. This then, made people think of transferring to another place. Again through the initiative of Rev. Fr. Leaño, being the Curate, yielded with the plan of transferring the site to Tigwi. For a certain period of time people thought that God approved and they were delighted and lived a peaceful life. Nevertheless, pestilence swift the town and newly affect the whole populace. They fled to live in different places afraid of the incident.

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These two incidents were then related to the “Governador” and through the effort of Fr. Baltazar Leaño, the “Gobernadorcillo” called and gathered all the people scattered for fear, telling them that the sire of the new town is again transferred in between the two unlucky places. They selected a wide fertile plain, presently called Marlangga. But because of its low area and the frequent floods visiting the area each year, the government approached Don Gavino Rivamonte and offered him a parcel of land in Sibuyao in exchange to the site that is now the Poblacion, the seat of the Torrijos Municipal Government. The “proprietarios” of the town decided to have a permanent “Cura Parroco” so they made a representation with the Archbishop of Manila, Monsignor Nozaleda. They guaranteed to support a permanent priest. They also gave “Mitra” of several hectares of land. It was Rev. Fr. Baltazar Leaño who was assigned as the first “Cura Parroco” of the town of Torrijos. And through his works, the Archbishop Nozaleda, as “Governor-General” issued a decree in the year 1882 the necessary support and materials for the new Parish Priest.

Local Government Unit LGU of Torrijos, Marinduque, Philippines The Sangguniang Panlungsod is composed of the City (Municipality) ViceMayor as Presiding Officer, regular Sanggunian members (Councilors), the President of the Association of Barangay Captains and the President of the Sangguniang Kabataan.

They shall exercise and perform the legislative powers and duties as provided for under Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991 and shall consider and conduct thorough study all matters brought to their attention and consequently pass resolutions, enact ordinances, and to introduce recommendations. The Local Government of Torrijos, Marinduque in the year 2001-2010 has the Hon. Tomas N. Pizarro served for three terms (9 consecutive years) and Hon. Gil R. Briones served in the first three years of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s presidency, the fourth president of the Fifth Republic of the Philippines. This study primarily aimed to document the political history of the town of Torrijos in the year 2001-2010 and the local Mayors of Torrijos, the Hon. Tomas N. Pizarro and Hon. Gil R. Briones. It study employed the documentary analysis and the gathering of data was made through formal and guided interviews. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .1. What is the demographic profile of the local chief executives in the municipality of Torrijos in the year 2001-2010 in terms of the following aspects? 1.1 Personal 1.2 Professional 2. What were the significant achievements of the local chief executives during their tenures? 3. What were the challenges of the local chief executives?

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4. What were perceptions of the constituents to the local chief executives? 5. What are the biographical notes that could be written about the political life of the local chief executives? METHODOLOGY The study used the historical qualitative research design, according to Leonard Kimberlee (2018), the historical method of qualitative research describes past events to understand present patterns and anticipate future choices. This model answers questions based on a hypothetical idea and then uses resources to test the idea for any potential deviations. Businesses can use historical data of previous ad campaigns and the targeted demographic and split-test it with new campaigns to determine the most effective campaign. University of Southern California Libraries (2016), present that the purpose of a historical research design is to collect, verify, and synthesize evidence from the past to establish facts that defend or refute a hypothesis. It uses secondary sources and a variety of primary documentary evidence, such as, diaries, official records, reports, archives, and non-textual information [maps, pictures, audio and visual recordings]. The limitation is that the sources must be both authentic and valid. The historical research design is unobtrusive; the act of research does not affect the results of the study, the historical approach is well suited for trend analysis, historical records can add important contextual background required to more fully understand and interpret a research problem, historical sources can be used over and over to study different research problems or to replicate a previous study.

Data collection of this research focused on discovering the nature of specific subject or events under the study. Data collection involved minimal to moderate, structured, openended, individual or focus group interviews as further added by Lambert (2012). As this study is historical research, the data were based on the interviews conducted with the families of the concerned political leaders and also from the data gathered from the records in the municipal government of Torrijos.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 1. As regard the demographic profile of Mayor Tomas N. Pizarro and Mayor Gil R. Briones, the Local Chief Executives in the year 2001-2010. They come from wealthy families. They graduated from the same school in elementary and high school. They both taught in Our Mother Perpetual Succor Academy (OMPSA) before entering politics. 2. As to their significant achievements, Mayor Tomas N. Pizarro and Mayor Gil R. Briones had accomplished a lot of projects in the municipality of Torrijos which became significant to the people of Torrijos and to the whole community. The two mayors of Torrijos contributed a lot in the progress and in the betterment of their municipality. 3. The challenge encountered by the municipality of Torrijos within the year 2001-2010 was the lack of budget for projects. 4. There are different answers of the participants in terms of their perceptions

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about Mayor Tomas N. Pizarro and Gil R. Briones which are quite similar to each other. Mayor Tomas N. Pizarro pointed out his liberal way of governance, his kindness and his popularity to the people; while the perception of the constituents about Mayor Gil R. Briones was his different kindness, his down to earth attitude, and his being industrious.

CONCLUSION Based on the data gathered from the interviews. It is concluded that the political history of Tomas N. Pizarro in the year 20012007 and Mayor Gil R. Briones in the year 2007-2010 marred the development of the entire municipality of Torrijos where their significant achievements were infrastructural projects like the construction of the new municipal building, concreting of roads, improvement of public market, improvement of waterworks system and improvement of Sport Complex in Torrijos. There were also challenges encountered y the local chief executives and one of these was the insufficient budget for the project accomplishments. Having good leadership and governance, the municipality of Torrijos met its progress and easily achieved its betterness.

RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The compilation of studies conducted related to the political figures and historical facts in Torrijos may be archived for future reference and may be provided to the school

libraries so that learners may be aware of their history. 2. Intensive studies may be conducted to add more data on this study and other future studies. 3. Other studies may be conducted to document the culture, arts, and the people behind the promotion of the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rich history. 4. The political leaders may add more programs for first necessities of the constituents like in heath, sanitation, and water systems for clean water and may add programs that prioritize the farmers. 5. The future researchers may be more observant and responsible to get useful information.

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POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUBEN M. TAN (1986-1988), JONATHAN FELIPE M. GARCIA (1998-2007) AND SENEN M. LIVELO JR. (1988- 1998), LOCAL EXECUTIVE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF MOGPOG DURING THE ADMINISTRATION OF CORAZON C. AQUINO Jun Jun Rioveros & Dr. Homer Montejo

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to find out the political history of Ruben M. Tan (19861988), Jonathan Felipe Garcia (1998-2007) and Senen M. Livelo Jr (1988-1998), local executives of the municipality of Mogpog during the administration of Corazon Aquino. The participants of this study were the three selected persons who had witnessed the history of Mogpog Marinduque. QualitativeDescriptive method was employed in this study to obtain necessary information in determining the political history of Ruben M. Tan, Jonathan Felipe Garcia and Senen M. Livelo Jr. These three mayors who reigned in the municipality of Mogpog at the same time studied in popular universities in Manila. All of them started in politics with a higher position. In the view of findings and conclusions, the researcher formulated the following recommendations: 1. Replication of this research may be highly encouraged.

2. A study and analysis of the political history of other province may be made to determine its similarities and differences. 3. A study of political history of the different eras may be included in the Bachelor of Arts Political Science curriculum so that the students will be aware of the past. 4. The output of this study may be imparted and donated to the particular town of research that this may help trace back the town’s political history. INTRODUCTION The year 1807, Mogpog was established in 1807 under the leadership of “Capitan Municipal”. The first Capitan Municipal of the town was Don Nicolas del Rosario. The Franciscans were the first missionaries in Quezon Province and established the first center of faith in the parish of Tayabas, Quezon while the Jesuits went to the Sub-Province of Marinduque and put up theirs in the Municipality of Sta. Cruz in 1609. Years of foundation of important municipalities in Quezon: Tayabas, 1580; Sariaya, 1599; Atimonan, 1620; Tiaong, 1670; Mauban, 1680; Calauag, 1846; Lopez, 1861; Unisan, 1874. In Marinduque: Sta. Cruz, 1609; Boac, 1579; Gasan, 1609; Mogpog, 1807; Torrijos, 1880. The name

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Mogpog was originated from the word “Maapog”, meaning abundance if lime or “apog” in local vernacular. Lime was considerably manufactured in Anapog during the Spanish time and was extensively used in construction of houses and churches in the locality and neighboring towns. Revolutionary movement, the Magdalo Faction of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo played a prominent role in the revolutionary movement in the province of Marinduque against the Spanish government. In 1886, some Mogpoguenos started the organization of the independent movement against the colonial power. Prominently known among the freedom fighters were Basilio Mendez, his brother o0f Vicente and sister Olympia, Juan “Mauzer” Manuba, Felix Larga, Fabian Medinilla, Dalmacio Lamoc, Pedro Lamoc, BartolomeTangaso and many more. In August 1897, the Marinduqueno Revolutionaries, under the leadership of Herminigildo Flores, attacked the Boac Cathedral, where the garrison of Spanish soldiers was stationed. It was a failure and some of the Mogpogueno revolutionaries were captured and failed. The captives were sentenced and executed by firing squad on October 10, 1897. The Mogpogueno revolutionaries who survived in the attack retreated and camped at Mount Camarines in Bintakay and fortified the mountain with impoverished batteries, the place now called “Pinagbateryahan”. In their operation, a certain Spanish soldier, Sgt. Vedasto Mawak was killed in the skirmish at Mababad and Sgt. Raymundo Lecaros and Sgt. Tranquillino Lecaros were wounded in an encounter at daongan.

The first Civil Government under the American administration was inaugurated in Manila in 1901. Consequently, local governments were recognized. Mr. Felix Garcia was appointed as the first town executive of Mogpog. He was succeeded by Mr. Emeterio Nuñez and Mr. Macario Arceo. During the last term of Mr. Macario Arceo in 1905, Mogpog was separated from Boac. From 1905 to 1909, Mr. Tomas Del Mundo and Mr. Pedro Madrigal, the Municipal Presidents of Boac, were also the town executives of Mogpog. In 1910, Mogpog regained her independence and Mr. Pedro Villaster was appointed as president. Local election was held for the first time in 1913 giving the residents of the municipality the chance to elect persons who will run the government; Mr. Regino Labao was elected president. Mogpog made progress in various aspects of life. Local executives worked hard for the construction of more and better roads in the poblacion as well as in the barrios. The proclamation of Philippine Independence in 1946 brought hope to the people of Mogpog and claimed the distinction of a progressive town of Marinduque. From the wilderness of long ago to a small village under the town of Boac, it became a separate municipality and gained a political status equal to the other towns of the province. Local chief executives started to develop the ruins of war. Lighting system and water supply were made adequate for every household. More roads were built connecting the interior barrios. Barrio schools were made

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accessible to transportation. Education was extended to the masses. Lately, many public improvements have been noted in town. Public markets, health centers, tennis court and the opening of two private high schools in town were established. In 1942, the Japanese troops occupied the town of Mogpog, Marinduque. In 1945, in the Second World War the liberation of the town of Mogpog, Marinduque, the American and Filipino troops fought against the Japanese Imperial forces during the Battle of Marinduque. Historically the famous Moriones Festival is said to have originated from Mogpog. Moriones Festival was founded by a Spanish friar Rev. Father Dionisio Santiago the first parish priest of Mogpog. This festival is known to be one of the most colorful festivals in Marinduque and the Philippines. It is held in Mogpog and the surrounding areas of Marinduque Island. Barangay Balanacan is where the main shipping port is located. It is famous for its large image of Our Lady of Biglang Awa, erected at a top of a shed on a mound of land overlooking the sea, not far from the Academy is the town plaza, Located at the side right of Marinduque Academy's Main Building, with a great view of a local park, the Municipal Building, and the Trial Court - all of which covers the town public market. Corazon Aquino was the former president of the Republic of the Philippines; born in Paniqui, Philippines on January 25, 1933; in 1954, she married Benigno Aquino (died 1982); she has one son and four daughters; she died in Makati City,

Philippines on August 1, 2009. When Cory Aquino stepped down after six years as the first woman president of the Philippines, she was widely viewed as having made little impact on her country's deep-rooted social and economic problems.The moment of her departure from the presidency was a low point in her brief yet quite remarkable political career, leaving as she did in an atmosphere of disenchantment and unrealised hopes. Yet overall, she left a mark on the history of her troubled country, so deep and so lasting that her death would bring a surge of emotion as the heady days of the short but memorable Aquino eras are reassessed. As president of the Republic of the Philippines between 1986 and 1992, she led her country's eventful transition from dictatorship to democracy. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1. What are the demographic profile of the local chief executives in terms of the following aspect? 1.1. Personal 1.2 Professional 2. What were the significant achievements of the local chief executives during their tenures? 3. What were the challenges of the local chief executives during their tenures? 4. What were the perceptions of the constituent to the local executives? 5. What biographical notes could be written about the political life of the local chief executives?

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METHODOLOGY RECOMMENDATIONS This study sought needed data from the three local chief executives of the municipality of Mogpog as participants in the study who had witnessed its political history during the Corazon C. Aquino administration. Summary of Findings Finding 1. The local chief executives of Mogpog mostly finished their studies and made good record in the municipality during the Corazon administration. Finding 2 Most of them made significant achievements that contributed to the many changes in the municipality of Mogpog. Finding 3 They also encountered different challenges that served as inspiration to build strong foundation and plan for the improvement of the municipality of Mogpog. Finding 4 Most of them received positive and negative perceptions of the constituents during the Corazon C. Aquino administration that made them to be inspired to reelect and continue their tenures.

Conclusion Based on the research findings, it is concluded that the local chief executives (mayors) during the administration of Corazon C. Aquino in the municipality of Mogpog made productive results, effective ruling, and a progressive municipality through dedication and hardworking officials.

In the view of findings and conclusions, the researcher formulated the following recommendations: 1. This research may be imparted to the municipality of Mogpog to provide written documents on its own political history. There is joy in reading and happiness to realize the part of the municipal staff in the development of this study. 2. Continuous research on the political history of the town of Mogpog may be encouraged. 3. Political history of the province of Marinduque may be included in teaching Political Science so that students get to be familiar and be oriented on the past. 4. The Local Government Unit of Mogpog may also provide financial support for the preservation of local history of the municipality of Mogpog. 5. Future researchers may patrionize the achievements of local executives of Mogpog during the Corazon Aquino Administration through respectful ways of sharing their information to the public as well as for their profiles.

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POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSEL SARMIENTO MADRIGAL (2010-2016) AS LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BUENAVISTA

Edilyn Velarde & Neil Ryann Rodil

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in order to find out the political history of Buenavista Marinduque and to know the problems met by the local chief executive during their terms. The participant of the study is the local chief executive who shared his knowledge about political history of their Municipality. The findings of this study revealed that in terms of Personal Profile, Mayor Madrigal is 61 years old, born in Buenavista Marinduque on June 5, 1957. He is married to Mrs. Castro Nancy Selda with 6 children. In terms of his professional profile, he became a Barangay Captain before he became an ABC President. He became the first Mayor of the Buenavista who also became a Mayors League President of Marinduque. His significant achievements during his tenure (2010-2016) are: Installation and Maintenance of Street Lights, Construction of Farm to Market Roads, Rehabilitation and Construction of Drainage System, Construction of Covered Court, Rehabilitation of Siloan Waterworks, Construction of 400 Units Sanitary Toilet facilities and Rehabilitation of Mayor Recaredo Sarmiento Freedom Park. The mostly encountered problems met by the local chief executive during his tenure are “difficulty to deal with the people” and

“difficulty to implement the projects”. Most of the perceptions of the constituent to the Local Chief Executive said that he is kind, helpful and a great leader in the Municipality of Buenavista. From the conclusions the following recommendation were drawn by the researcher; a cultural development plan should be formulated by the local government unit of the Municipality of Buenavista; research studies of AB Political Science students are mostly concentrated to nearby towns of Santa Cruz like Torrijos and Mogpog only, relative to this, AB Political Science students may conduct several researches which will discuss the certain issues present in the Municipality; results of this study may be contributed to the cultural heritage of Buenavista so, the cultural committee of the Municipality of Buenavista may conduct studies of the same nature with a deeper and more critical nature; AB Political Science students may use some parts of this study as core of different research activities; and future researcher may use this research paper as a reference in conducting a broader and complex study, understanding and analysis of political history.

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INTRODUCTION Political history may now be but one of a number ways of understanding the past but it is a more diverse and dynamic subject than ever it was. Political History provides the answers to the past and to understand the history of politics have been. Political history is the narrative and analysis of political events, ideas, movements, organ of government, voters, parties and leaders. It is interrelated to other fields of history, especially diplomatic history, as well as constitutional history and public history. Fifth Republic of the Philippines was re-established after the downfall of the Dictatorial Regime of Ferdinand Marcos. Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino III is a Filipino politician who served as the 15th President of the Philippines from 2010 until 2016. Aquino is a fourthgeneration politician and the chairman of the Liberal Party from 2010 to 2016. He returned to the Philippines in 1983 shortly after the assassination of his father and held several positions working in the private sector. In 1998, he was elected to the House of Representatives as Representative of the 2nd district of Tarlac province. He was subsequently re-elected to the House in 2001 and 2004. In 2007, having been barred from running for re-election to the House due to term limits, he was elected to the Senate in the 14th Congress of the Philippines. On September 9, 2009, shortly after the death of his mother, Aquino officially announced he would be a candidate in the 2010 presidential election. He was elected and on June 30,2010 was sworn into office as the fifteenth President of the Philippines at the Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park,

Manila,succeeding Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. He stepped down at the end of his term on June 30, 2016, succeeded by Rodrigo Duterte. There are a lot of stories about how our province began. Legend has it that the island of Marinduque was formed as a consequence of a tragic love affair between two people: Mariin and Gatduke. Mariin's father, a local chieftain, did not approve of this affair and ordered the beheading of Gatduke. Before this could be done, the couple sailed out to sea and drowned themselves, forming the island now called Marinduque. During the Spanish and early American occupations, Marinduque was part of Balayan Province (now Batangas) in the 16th century, Mindoro in the 17th century, and had a brief period as an independent province in 1901, when the Americans arrived During the Philippine-American War, Marinduque was the first island to have American concentration camps. Marinduque is the site of the Battle of Pulang Lupa, where 250 Filipino soldiers under Colonel Maximo Abad, defeated a smaller force of 54 American Infantrymen. Col. Abad surrendered in 1901. In 1902, the USPhilippine Commission annexed the islands of Mindoro (now two separate provinces) and Lubang (now part of Occidental Mindoro) to the province. Four months later, the province became part of the province of Tayabas (now Quezon). On February 21, 1920, Act 2280 was passed by the Philippine Congress, reestablishing Marinduque as a separate province. In 1942, the Japanese Imperial forces landed in Marinduque. In 1945, combined American and Philippine Commonwealth troops attacked from the

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Japanese Troops liberated to the Battle of Marinduque in the Second World War. The general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was active in 1935 to 1942 and 1945 to 1946 and Philippine Constabulary from 1945 to 1946 stationed in Marinduque after the war. Marinduque had four towns namely: The town of Boac, which was established in 1735, Sta. Cruz in 1790, Torrijos in 1871, and Gasan in 1800. Mogpog begun as a community in 1807 as a barrio of Boac, while Buenavista, formerly called “SABANG” was then the largest barrio in the town of Gasan. Buenavista, as a sitio of Gasan in 1850, and later as a barrio in 1870. The first few years of the American regime was devoted to the establishment of the permanent autonomy of the two Municipalities of Mogpog and Buenavista. In 1910, Mogpog regained her former status as a separate Municipality, and Buenavista was elevated into a Municipality in November 9, 1918 under the able leadership of Don Agaton Sarmiento and Don Ciriaco Arevalo who petitioned through then Lt. Governor, Don Pedro Madrigal of the sub-province of Marinduque. The inauguration of the new town of Buenavista took place on January 12, 1919; on which date Don Agaton Sarmiento took his oath of office as Municipal President of Buenavista before Governor Madrigal. Likewise, the members of the Municipal Council of Buenavista were sworn into office. They were: Don Pablo Sevilla as VicePresident, Don Ciriaco Arevalo as Secretary, Leoncio Sadiwa, Narciso Verdote, Victorino Sumagui, Nicasio Castillo, Felix Soleta, Paulino Sumagui and Valentin Mercene as Municipal Councilors. Pedro Cayetano as

Treasurer,Dionisio Padua as Chief of Police and Benito Sotto as Sanitary Inspector. Buenavista is the 4th class municipality located in Southern Marinduque, bounded on the north by Gasan and Boac, on the east by Torrijos. Total land area 78.6 square kilometres and politically subdivided into 15 barangays. Buenavista uttered because of awe and appreciation by a visiting Spanish who has so impressed by the scenic beauty of the place. It was formerly called “sabang” a barrio of Gasan. The area was owned by Don Cornelio Sadiwa who constructed a hut as hit rest house after inspecting his property along the coastal plain of South eastern part of Mt. Malindig. Foreign and local tourists are always held captivated by the beautiful scenery of the place. It is the one of the most enchanted, mysterious and atmospheric places in he country. The sulphuric spring believed by the many for its healing wonders continued to attract more bathers. The elephant and the Japanese Funded golf courses are renewed for its word class facilities. People of Buenavista are hospitable and peace loving having the lowest crime rate in the province aside from being deeply religious. They are trying to maintain the fragile sense of respect for the place and its beautiful scenery. During the administration of President Benigno Aquino III year 20102016, Buenavista are under the governance of Mayor Russel Sarmiento Madrigal. Among her projects are the Installation and Maintenance of Street Lights, Construction of Farm to Market Roads, Rehabilitation and Construction of Drainage System, Construction of Covered

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Court.Rehabilitation of Siloan Waterworks, Construction of 400 Units Sanitary Toilets facilities and Rehabilitation of Mayor Recaredo Sarmiento Freedom Park. In this premise, the researcher undertake to find out who are the Political Leaders in the Municipality of Buenavista during Fifth Republic under the Administration of President Benigno Aquino III, and what is the demographic profile of the politicians during that period in terms of Personal, and Professional Profile. It includes also the accomplishments, problem and challenges met by the politicians during the Fifth Republic under the Administration of President Benigno Aquino III.

STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE 1. What are the demographic profile of the local chief executives in terms of: 1.1. Personal Profile 1.2. Professional Profile 2. What are the significant achievements of the local chief executives during their tenure? 3. What are the challenges of the local chief executives during their tenure? 4. What are the perceptions of the constituents to the local executives? 5. What biographical notes would be written of political life of the local chief executives?

METHODOLOGY This research study employed qualitative descriptive method of research. The research design was used to know the political history of Buenavista. Descriptive method of research is a fact finding study with the adequate and accurate interpretation of the gathered through interview. The study used the qualitative descriptive research design made of structured questionnaire based on the ethical situation. A qualitative descriptive design is seen as a categorical, as opposed to a non-categorical, alternative for enquiry; it is less interpretative than an â&#x20AC;&#x153;interpretative descriptionâ&#x20AC;? approach because it does not require the research to move as far from or into the data and does not require the researcher to move as far from or into the data and does not require a conceptual or highly abstract rendering of data compared to other qualitative design. Data collection involved minimal to moderate, structured, open-ended, individual or focus group interviews as further added by Lambert (2012). The participants of the study are the five (5) constituents and coworkers of the local chief executive in the Municipality of Buenavista, Marinduque who have knowledge of the political history of the said leader under the Fifth Republic.

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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Based on the treatment and analysis of the data gathered in the preceding chapter, the important findings were summarized. 1. The demographic profile, of Mayor Russel Sarmiento Madrigal in terms of Personal and Professional Profile. Mayor – Russel S. Madrigal (20102016) Mayor Russel Sarmiento Madrigal was born in Buenavista Marinduque on June 5, 1957 and now he is 61 years old.The son of Mr. Renato Nepumuceno Madrigal and Mrs.Ofelia Arrevalo Sarmiento Madrigal. He was married to Mrs. Castro Nancy Selda with 6 childrens. . In his professional profile, Mayor Russel Sarmiento Madrigal became a Baranggay Captain first, before he became an ABC President. He became also the first Mayor of the Buenavista who became a Mayors League President of Marinduque. He was the one who made this from the history of the Municipality of Buenavista. 2. The significant achievements of Mayor Russel S. Madrigal (2010-2016) during his tenure in the Municipality of Buenavista are: Installation and Maintenance of Street Lights, Construction of Farm to Market Roads, Rehabilitation and Construction of Drainage System, Construction of Covered Court, Rehabilitation of Siloan Waterworks, Construction of 400 Units

3. Sanitary Toilets facilities and Rehabilitation of Mayor Recaredo Sarmiento Freedom Park. 4. The challenges met by Mayor Russel S. Madrigal (2010-2016) during his tenure are “Difficulty to deal with the people” and “Difficulty to implement the projects”. 5. Most of the perceptions of the constituent to Mayor Russel Sarmiento Madrigal said that he was kind, helpful and a great leader in the Municipality of Buenavista. 6. Biographical notes are attached in Chapter IV.

Conclusion Political History of Mayor Mayor Russel Sarmiento Madrigal in the Municipality of Buenavista Marinduque in nthe Fifth Republic during the administration of President Benigno Simeon Aquino III started from 2010 and ended in 2016. Mayor Russel Sarmiento Madrigal is only Local Chief Executive during those two terms. The significant achievements were his consistency in providing the basis needs og the Municipality of Buenavista Marinduque, Installation and Maintenance of Street Lights, Construction of Farm to Market Roads, Rehabilitation and Construction of Drainage System, Construction of Covered Court, Rehabilitation of Siloan Waterworks. The challenges encountered by the Local Chief Executive Mayor Russel Madrigal were first is Difficulty to deal with the people second is Difficulty to implement the projects. Finally, as a politician he met with different

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perspective and beliefs on how he handles everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opinion and comments.

RECOMMENDATION In the view of findings and conclusions, the researcher formulated the following recommendation: 1. Being the smallest town in the province of Marinduque, and a place rich with historical events, a cultural development plan should be formulated by the local government unit of the Municipality of Buenavista, 2. Research studies of AB Political Science students are mostly concentrated to nearby towns of Santa Cruz like Torrijos and Mogpog only, relative to this, AB Political Science students may conduct several researches which will discuss the certain issues present in the Municipality. 3. The results of this study will greatly contribute to the cultural heritage of Buenavista so; the cultural committee of the Municipality of Buenavista may conduct studies of the same nature with a deeper and more critical nature. 4. The study resulted to produce several topics that are not being discussed on previous years; AB Political Science students may use some parts of this study as core of different research activities. 5. For the future researcher this research paper can be used as a source of information for your study. This recommends for deeper study, understanding and analyzation.

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Research of AB Political Science Graduating

Students

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Sultan Kudarat. Respondents said DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A TRAINING PROGRAM ON that they consider bullying as a form of abuse. MANAGING BULLYING BEHAVIOR FOR COMMUNITY-BASED WORKERS Dr. JELLIAN T. RICAFRENTE, RPsy Faculty Researcher

INTRODUCTION In 2015, the researcher conducted a study on community-based counseling approach in conflict resolution. It was found out that in the place where the author conducted her research, the most numbered of cases being given resolution were bullying. The study conducted used qualitative method of research, ethnographic research design in particular and out of the eighteen gathered and reported cases, nine bullying instances among the adolescents were given attention. In a study commissioned by the United Nations Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fund, the Council for the Welfare of Children and Plan International (2010), it was found out that most students in the grade school and high school have experienced various forms of abuse either from the peers or from their teachers. The study, titled Towards a ChildFriendly Education Environment: A Baseline Study on Violence against Children in Public Schools surveyed a total of 6,931 public grade school and high school students, of which fifty one percent are females and forty nine percent are males. The schools covered by the study were Manila, Cebu City, Davao City, Mountain Province, Masbate, Camotes Island in Cebu, Northern Samar, Capiz and

The alarming rate of bullying incidents and some of the ineffective policies and intervention program leads the researcher of thinking another approach to help the teachers, school administrators and the community to alleviate bullying incidents by implementing a training program and teach the community workers the techniques on how to manage bullying behavior. The reality is that anybody can be bullied no matter how young or old they are, bullying can happen to anyone. Whether people want it or not, the problem does exist and one cannot turn a blind eye anymore. It is time for the community members to take charge and decide exactly what is going to be done to prevent this problem from escalating further. People could understand that we need a program fitted for the culture to decrease bullying behavior. SETTING OF THE STUDY This study will be conducted in the five barangays in Poblacion at Santa Cruz, Marinduque. Poblacion, Santa Cruz has five barangays namely Brgys Pag asa, Maharlika, Banahaw, Bagong Silang and Brgy Lapulapu.

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THEORETICAL THE STUDY

FRAMEWORK

The Social Learning Theory proposed by Albert Bandura (1977) has become perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development. While rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling), this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors.

STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE 1. Identify the persons in the community who are manifesting bullying behavior. 2. Craft a training program on managing bullying behavior for the communitybased workers.

3. Implement the training program for managing bullying behavior. 4. Evaluate the program developed using the Kerrigan Model of Evaluation. RESEARCH DESIGN This field research will use participatory action-research; Calmorin & Calmorin (2007) describes this kind of research as an attribute of an action research in which the problem is determined by the people who believe and feel that the problem is really a problem in the local setting in which solution to the problem is within the same setting without intention of generalizing its results. This study will combine quantitative and qualitative mixed approaches of research which aims at solving problems and provokes positive changes for the community through the training program imparted to the participants and for better understanding on the techniques on how the training program will be applied to the persons identified manifesting bullying behavior. The structured interview and checklist will be used by the community-based workers in identifying the persons manifesting bullying behavior; the crafted program for managing bullying behavior will be implemented by the community workers and will be evaluated with the use of Kerrigan model for program evaluation.

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RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS This study should have an allotted amount of fifty thousand pesos (Php 50,000) to cover all the expenses on the reproduction, printing and photocopying of materials as well as the travel expenses in going back and forth to the research venue. The amount will also include budget for the training of the participants on how they could manage bullying behaviour based on the developed training program on managing bullying behaviour.

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Echo Session: SLA RDE Agenda

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PASINAYA/ KSS GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND ESTABLISHING MARINDUKANON REGIONAL ARTS CENTER Dr. Randy T. Nobleza

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MARINDUKANON CULTURAL MAPPING UPDATES BS Social Work 4, GAS 12, STEM 12

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Graduating

Research of BS Social Work

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AMONG THE FISHER FOLKS IN BRGY’S LIBAS AND YOOK BUENAVISTA MARINDUQUE Joshua Butler Marcelo, Florie Ann Medenilla Babelyn Jinang, Ronabelle Vitto BS Social Work 4A

ABSTRACT The study aims to determine the effects of climate change to the social and economic life of fisherfolks in Barangay Libas and Yook, Buenavista Marinduque. Qualitative research design was used. Purposive Sampling was used in determining the 28 target respondents. The instrument used by the researchers was focus-group discussion using selfconstructed FGD guide in order to determine and identify the risk or harm caused by the effect of climate change to fisherfolks. For the result of discussion and interpretation of data, the method used was thematic analysis. The findings of this study in terms of socio-economic condition revealed that the life of fisherfolks were very poor, because their meager income in fishing is not sufficient to acquire basic necessities like foods, medicines and clothing. Typhoons, extreme hot temperatures, rising sea levels, flooding, air and water pollution are the effects of climate change experienced by the fisherfolks which brought problems when it comes to livelihood and health conditions. • Despite of the problems, they engaged in adaptation strategies like

•

waste management and environmental preservation in order to mitigate the effects of climate change. AHON Project, river flood control, livelihood training program and Bottom-Up Budgeting are the programs and services rendered by Local Government Unit. This is a show of resiliency that can be able to bounce back with the situation, no matter how hard they experienced. Based on the findings, the following recommendations are: (1) the fisher folks of Barangay’s Libas and Yook increase their awareness regarding the programs and services to be rendered by the Local Government; (2) BFAR, DENR, DA, DSWD and TESDA may formulate some interventions for the fisher folks affected by climate change in terms of alternative sources of livelihood. This also could serve as reference for preparing mitigation plans for the fisher folks; (3) Barangay Libas and Yook will give insights among commonly officials as well as residents to be prepared and ensure that there are mitigation plans for the fisher folks and other people

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that may be affected by climate change; (4) DOH and PHD to provide health services available to fisher folks and other children who felt different diseases; (5) LGUs to implement various mitigation programs for the effected barangay; (6) For the future researchers, they may conduct similar study about climate change will serves as reference material. Keywords: Socio-economic condition, effects of climate change, adaptive capacities, resiliency, fisherfolks

climate change commission, and for other purposes”. Marinduque is a coastal province where major industry is fishing. This research study aims to find out what are the effects of climate change which our fisher folks are currently facing. Climate Change is everywhere and it is inevitable which truly affects their everyday living. This will assess the resiliency and adaptability of the fisher folks. This research study aims to seek some interventions form government sectors especially in welfare agencies for the fisher folks who are the ones who are greatly affected by climate change.

INTRODUCTION

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The Philippine Climate Change Commission’s National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (NFSCC) 20102022 refers to climate change as a change in climate that can be identified by the changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period typically decades or longer, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. Researchers chose this kind of topic just because fisher folks were considered as marginalized sectors. Climate change has greatest impact to the socio-economic condition of fisher folks. There’s a law on climate change: Republic Act No. 9729 “An act mainstreaming climate change into government policy formulations, establishing the framework strategy and program on climate change, creating for this purpose the

The study aimed to determine the effects of climate change to the social and economic life of fisher folks in Barangay Libas and Yook, Buenavista, Marinduque. The researcher therefore seeks to answer the following questions. • What are the current socio-economic conditions or situation of the participants? • What are the weather conditions experienced by the participants? • What are the adaptive capacities of the participants in climate change? • Determine the resiliency of the participants. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY  RESEARCH DESIGN: The researchers will use qualitative research designs in conducting this research study for determining the problems of fisher folks regarding the effects of climate change

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in source of livelihood in Barangay Libas and Yook, Buenavista Marinduque.  RESEARCH POPULATION: The respondents of this study are fisher folks who reside in Barangay Libas and Yook, Buenavista Marinduque. The identified fisher folks in Barangay Libas are 225 while in Barangay Yook are 279. Our target population per locale is 20 or a total of 40 respondents for the two barangays. •

SAMPLING DESIGN: The researchers will use the purposive sampling in determining the target respondents or sample in Barangay Libas and Yook, Buenavista Marinduque. • RESEARCH PROCEDURE: For the purpose of this research, an introductory letter bearing the signatures of the concerned adviser/faculty and the Dean will be secured prior the data gathering. Letter requests will be prepared also to concerned Barangay Officials of Yook & Libas, Buenavista, for the conduct of Focus Group Discussion. Likewise, all respondents will receive a letter from the researchers regarding the activity. •

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION: The instrument which will be used by the researchers is focus-group discussion by using selfconstructed FGD guide, in order to determine and identify the risks or harm cause by the effects of climate change to fisher folks. RESULT OF DISCUSSION INTERPRETATION OF DATA

AND

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION THEMES EMERGED ON THEMATIC ANALYSIS:  Low Income: Respondents stated that they were poor because of the income they earned in fishing is not enough to fully provide the basic needs of their family such as medicines, foods and clothing. Due to unpredictable weather conditions it said that fishing activity is dangerous for small fishermen.  Lack of Additional Source of Income: Respondents stated that if they do not engage in fishing, due to bad weather condition they look for additional source of income like being farmer, dried fish maker, and constructions worker in adjacent barangays of Buenavista. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION THEMES EMERGED ON THEMATIC ANALYSIS:  Political Issues: Respondents stated that they did not receive some programs and services rendered by the Local Government Unit due to political issues.  Difficulty in Fishing: Respondents stated that catching fish were very hard nowadays because of the frequent change in weather conditions where fishing activity is dangerous. The decrease in fish catch which is the main source of income of the family, contributed to the family’s unstable income.

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WEATHER CONDITIONS THEMES EMERGED ON THEMATIC ANALYSIS:  Weather Issues: Respondents stated that they now experienced the different effects of climate change such as tropical cyclones, rising sea levels, air pollution, water pollution, el niño, and la niña.  Decreased of Fish Stocks: The respondents claimed that their fish catch decreases. Catch fish were very minimal and sufficient only for their family consumption. Respondents stated that catching fish were very hard nowadays because of the frequent change in weather conditions where fishing activity is dangerous. The decrease in fish catch which is the main source of income of the family, contributed to the family’s unstable income. ADAPTIVE CAPACITIES THEMES EMERGED ON THEMATIC ANALYSIS:  Waste Management: Respondents stated that their barangay were engaged in segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials. Some respondents also stated that having a filthy environment can cause health problems and contamination of water levels.  Environmental Preservation: Respondents stated that they were engaged in planting trees in their municipality along with the Department of Environmental 48and Natural Resources.

RESILIENCY  Respondents stated that the programs and services rendered by the local government unit or LGU including the DSWD and with the support of the Municipality of Buenavista are livelihood training program, BottomUp Budgeting, AHON Project and river flood control with the efforts of the local and national government in providing support, the respondents had hopes of overcoming the predicament brought by climate change. This is a show of resiliency that can be able to bounce back with the situations, no matter how hard they experience. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS

AND

• SUMMARY;  The research study aimed to identify the current socio- economic condition of the respondents; the effects of climate change were experienced by the respondents, the adaptive capacity of the respondents in climate change and to determine the resiliency of the respondents.  Purposive sampling procedures, were used in selecting respondents for the study. The study is a qualitative research employing focus group discussion that served as a method to describe and to discover the effects of climate change within the smallgroup of fisher folks. In this research study a Focus-Group Discussion Guide was applied or used.

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Questionnaire was the main tool to employ qualitative data for the study. The constructed questionnaire was administered in a face to face interview. FINDINGS:  Socio-Economic Condition: • Respondent’s income ranges from 300-1000 pesos per day which still insufficient to acquire their basic necessities like foods, medicines and clothing because it merely depends on the quantity of fish they caught. • Majority of the respondents were undergraduate in elementary level and unable to go to college due to financial constraints .  EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: • Tropical Cyclone, El Niño, La Niña, rising sea levels, air pollution and water pollution has major impact when it comes to livelihood and health conditions of the respondents.  ADAPTIVE CAPACITIES: • Bottom-Up Budgeting, AHON Project and river flood control are the adaptive capacities of the fisher folks. These programs and services are being rendered by the Local Government Unit or LGU. • RESILIENCY: • The resiliency of the fisher folks is the capability of finding additional source of income like being a farmer, dried fish maker and construction worker in adjacent barangay of the Municipality of Buenavista.

CONCLUSION: Based on the result of the conducted focus-group discussion guide in the two barangays of Libas and Yook, Buenavista Marinduque it was concluded that fisherfolks were greatly affected of climate change in terms of income, livelihood and health. RECOMMENDATIONS:  The Fisher Folks of Barangay Libas and Yookincrease their awareness regarding the programs and services to be rendered by the local government.  BFAR, DENR and DA, DSWD, TESDA may formulate some interventions for the fisher folks affected by climate change in terms of alternative source of livelihood. This also could serve as reference for preparing mitigation plans for the Fisher Folks.  Barangay Libas and Yook may give insights among community officials as well as residents, to be prepared and ensure that there are mitigation plans for the fisherfolks and other people that may be affected by the climate change.  DOH, PHD to provide health services available to fisher folks and their children who felt different diseases.  LGUs to implement various mitigation programs for the affected barangays.

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Undergraduate

Researches of BS Social Work

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Decriminalization of Prostitution in the Philippines Zara Vanessa Jasmin, Jeka Labay, Kimberly Lamarca, Angelica Nicole Lazarte Mary Ann MadriĂąo , Joy Francisco, Glenn Paulo Genetia

BS Social Work 1A

ABSTRACT The main objective of the study was to know the possible impact of the decriminalization of prostitution in terms of its contribution in the economy and to the health and security of every sex workers in the Philippines and if the country was ready for it. The study shows that the decriminalization of prostitution in the Philippines does not have any contribution in the Philippine economy. It will somehow cause a decrease in sexually transmitted disease or HIV/AIDS cases that is a rampant issue that sex workers encounters. The study also shows that the Philippines werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t ready for the legalization of prostitution in the country. Keywords: decriminalization, prostitution, contribution, economy, health, security, readiness

INTRODUCTION Prostitution, the practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity, in general with someone who is not a spouse or a friend, in exchange for immediate payment in money or other valuables. Prostitutes may be female or male or transgender and

b prostitution may entail heterosexual or homosexual activity, but historically most prostitutes have been women and most clients are men. Perceptions of prostitution are based on culturally determined values that differ between societies. In some societies, prostitutes have been viewed as members of a recognized profession; in others they have been shunned, reviled, and punished with stoning, imprisonment, and death. Few societies have exercised the same severity toward clients; indeed, in many societies, clients suffer few if any legal repercussions. In some cultures, prostitution has been required of young girls as a rite of puberty or as a means of acquiring a dowry, and some religions have required prostitution of a certain class of priestesses. The ancient Greeks and Romans mandated that prostitutes wear distinctive dress and pay severe taxes. Hebrew law did not forbid prostitution but confined the practice to foreign women. Among the ordinances laid down by Moses to regulate public health were several dealing with sexually transmitted diseases. In most Asian and Middle Eastern countries, prostitution is illegal but widely tolerated. Among predominantly Muslim countries, Turkey has legalized prostitution

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and made it subject to a system of health checks for sex workers, and in Bangladesh prostitution is notionally legal but associated behaviors such as soliciting are prohibited. In some Asian countries the involvement of children in prostitution has encouraged the growth of “sex tourism” by men from countries where such practices are illegal. Many Latin American countries tolerate prostitution but restrict associated activities. In Brazil, for example, brothels, pimping, and child exploitation are illegal. Since the 1980s, attitudes toward prostitution have changed radically through two major developments. One is the worldwide spread of AIDS, which has increased concern about public health problems created by prostitution. In Africa especially, one factor in the rapid spread of AIDS has been the prostitution industry serving migrant laborers. A second influential development was a renewal of feminist interest and the perspective that prostitution is both a consequence and a symptom of gender-based exploitation. Reflecting these shifting attitudes, during the 1980s the more neutral term sex worker was increasingly employed to describe those involved in commercial sex activities. It is difficult to generalize about the background or conditions of prostitutes because so much of what is known about them derives from studies of poorer and lessprivileged individuals, people who are more likely to come into contact with courts and official agencies. Much more is known about streetwalkers, for example, than about the higher-status women who can be more selective about their clients and work

conditions. Based on available studies, though, it is reasonable to assert that female sex workers often are economically disadvantaged and lack skills and training to support themselves. Many are drawn at an early age into prostitution and associated crime, and drug dependency can be an aggravating factor. They frequently are managed by a male procurer, or pimp, or by a supervisor, or madam, in a house of prostitution. Health hazards to prostitutes include sexually transmitted diseases, some of which may be acquired through drug abuse. Male prostitution has received less public attention in most cultures. Heterosexual male prostitution—involving males hired by or for females—is rare. Homosexual male prostitution has probably existed in most societies, though only in the 20th century was it recognized as a major social phenomenon, and its prevalence increased during the late 20th and early 21st century. The profession of trade of prostitution has existed in all civilized country from earliest time. According to social research made so far females are drawn in to prostitution for a variety of reasons. A study of Kanpur prostitutes has revealed that though a majority of prostitutes have taken their profession due to extreme poverty, butthere are many who have willingly adopted it after a series of love exploits. Though economic factor is important but there are several external causes, which induce/force persons, particularly women and children to turn to prostitute for livelihood over which they have no control. The most important causes which can be classified in the following categories

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are: (1) Economic Cause (2) Social Cause (3) Psychological Cause (4) Biological Cause (5) Religious and Cultural Cause (6) Family and community oriented prostitution, i.e., Mathamma community in Tiruvallur District, Baduva community in Jumbuliputhur in Dindigual District of Tamil Nadu, etc.(7) Lack of sex education (8) Inability to arrange marriage(9) Prior incest and rape (10) Early marriage and desertion (11) Lack of recreational facilities, ignorance, and acceptance of prostitution. The journal aims to answer the following questions: 1. What will be the contribution of the decriminalization of prostitution in the Philippine economy? 2. How can the decriminalization of prostitution be helpful in the security of sex workers? 3. Is the Philippines ready for the legalization of prostitution? According to Fr. Shay Cullen, SSC, to declare that the whole criminal business of prostitution be decriminalized so as to protect the human rights of the sex workers opens the way for greater exploitation by traffickers, pimps and brothel owners and managers, recruiters and sex tourists. The law in Sweden is more balanced, the women are treated with respect and are not charged with any crime but the pimps, recruiters and customers are penalized with violations of the law. He also emphasized that prostitution does not contribute to the growing economy of our country. But instead, he stated that the whole business practice of making women dependent on a pimp or employer who sells them to sex customers is repugnant and is

unworthy of the status and dignity of women. As a trade in human persons it is intrinsically evil and criminal in nature. The notion of prostitution as a clean orderly legal business where no one is harmed or hurt, where all can be free from debts and threats and make free choices, is at odds with reality. Eighty percent perhaps of prostituted women in the world are forced into it or held there by force. Sex workers are the prisoners of criminal gangs and sex bar syndicates that are highly organized, they trade women like cattle and are bent on enslaving and controlling as many women as possible in dehumanizing conditions for as long as possible. Declaring that this can be legal is not going to help the sex slaves and protect their human rights. They will be enslaved all the more. Prostitution prohibition is mostly due to moral concerns, though disease transmission and victimization risks associated with sex markets are also policy concerns. For example, the 1992 National Health and Social Life Survey showed that 23% of female sex workers report they have ever had gonorrhea compared to 4.7% for females who have never been paid to have sex. Given the average sex worker sees 200300 clients per year, and men have a 20% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected woman, while women have a 60-80% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected man, the spread of disease is a significant public health concern. Sex market related violence is also common. The incidence of rape and homicide

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victimization is extremely high for women engaged in prostitution. Health is one of the most important factors that every worker must protect. Just like the other workers, sex workers also value their health condition in order to accomplish their jobs. According to Oxford University Press, decriminalizing prostitution could reduce sexual violence and STD transmission. One of the common health and sexual problem that sex workers encounters are the sexually transmitted diseases, such as AIDS/HIV and the rape offenses and having female gonorrhea. The researchers found out that approximately 5 to 50% of the decline in gonorrhea was from sex workers, and the rest comes from the general female population, and it also improved the outcomes of the public health by decreasing female gonorrhea incidences by more than 40%. The study concluded that the act of decriminalization lessened the sexual violence by 30%. Decriminalization of prostitution could result in safer work spaces since firms might be more willing to invest in security due to welldefined property rights. As what Manisha Shah said, one of the paper’s authors and an associate professor of public policy at UCLA, "Recently big organizations like Amnesty International and the Lancet Board have come out in favor of decriminalizing sex work. This paper presents important causal evidence that doing so would improve public health outcomes and reduce violence against women. We think this is a big finding in a world where good empirical evidence has historically been limited."

Women's rights organizations in the country are opposing a United Nations proposal to legalize prostitution. Legalization, they argue, will only legitimize abuses and exploitation. The United Nations, in its October 2012 report, said criminalization “increases vulnerability to HIV by fuelling stigma and discrimination” and suggested that Asian countries, including the Philippines, legalize prostitution. The report said there is a “greater chance” of safer sex practices when prostitution is decriminalized by providing health and safety standards in the said industry. “There is no evidence that decriminalization has increased sex work,” it said. But women’s rights organizations in the country have opposed the UN’s proposal. “Legalization of prostitution will only legalize the abuses and exploitation within the system of prostitution,” said Jeannette Ampog, executive director of Talikala. “Legalization of prostitution will benefit the sex industry, and the people behind it will become legitimate businessmen,” she added. For the sons and daughters of women who used to be in prostitution, legalizing it will only mean that the government has turned its back from women looking for a way out of the illegitimate industry. Prostitution, according to 16-year-old Edward (not his real name), is a product of poverty. His friend Anna Mae and Louie agreed. All their mothers once engaged in prostitution. Aspiring to become a politician someday, he said he is determined to make

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“better” laws that will advocate for women’s rights. He wants to do it to honor his mother. “Our law says prostitution is a crime. And it has identified only women as the perpetrators of what it calls an illegal activity,” he said. For the ones trapped in a job no woman would ever have dreamed of being in when they were young, Lory – who now works as a volunteer of a group of prostituted women – said the pain from their dark past is eased by the hope their children represent. “Slowly, I’m finding a new meaning of life through my children and by loving myself,” Lory said.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the act of decriminalization of prostitution does not have any contribution in the Philippine economy. It will only pave way for more illegal acts such as trafficking and abuse. Sex workers will also suffer more and might even lose their dignity and rights. But on the health and security of every sex workers, it had been said that legalizing prostitution can cause to a decrease number of HIV/AIDS cases and they might experience less abuse. Their rights will be respected and crimes that involve them will also be diminished. But in the Philippines, decriminalization of prostitution is still not accepted. It will only cause to more abuses and exploitation of women. Women rights advocates believe that legalizing prostitution in the country is not the answer.

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

What is behind the Expensive Water Supply in Dubai and the Expensive Oil supply in the Thailand that Affects the Growth of the Asian Economy? Julienne Marie Magahis Francisco, Neomel Ariola Perin, Ma. Leonisse Lambon Manuba, Christian Jarabe Narzoles, Jerald Nabos Reigo BS Social Work 1A

ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the prove each questions the researcher's recommendation is to improve the production reason behind the expensive water supply in of every natural supplies in each countries. Dubai and the expensive oil supply in the Thailand that affects the growth of the Asian economy and the reason why it became Keywords: development, economy, growth, expensive. The study showed different oil, water, scarcity problems that affect the water supply that BS Social Work 1A cause water shortage in Dubai. The researcher conclude that the main problem behind the shortage of water supply in Dubai is because of its geographical location, UAE has very small amount of water, with little rain, no rivers and small amount of underground water. Oil and crude is so much expensive in Thailand because the oil fund is collected for extra tax in to repay the vast debt the government that has ran up. Thailand is an oil and natural gas producer, however the country increasingly relies on hydrocarbon imports from other countries to sustain its rising fuel demand. And due to the problem it causes, it brings a large impact to the economic state of the whole Asia. The researchers therefore conclude that this study shows what are the reasons behind the expensive supply such as water and oil in the countries of Asia in addition this study aimed to know the reasons behind each crisis. Based on the gathered articles that

INTRODUCTION b The Asian Economy comprises more than 4.5 billion people or more than 50% of the Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population. Approximately there are 48 countries in Asia and 80% among those countries produces Crude oil, and one of that Countries is Dubai. Dubai is the most populous city in United Arab Emirates or UAE that is located at the Middle East Part of Asia. But besides from being the top most populous and beautiful city and is abundant in the natural resources which is the Oil, it is currently facing problems regarding water sufficiency. Because of its geographical location, UAE has very small amount of water, with little rain, no rivers and small amount of underground water available. As its population rises the country faces increasing pressure on its existing natural

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resources, in this case it is water. Millions of people need to be provide with the basic necessities which is costly and leads to shortages. When one looks at Dubai, they may not get the impression of a country stuck in the midst of an economic crisis because of the Country’s lavished nature (Barton 2013). However the water problem is a looming issue and has been amplified because of various other problems. People living in Dubai are well aware of the harsh weather conditions they have to live through (Murad 2011). The country is located in the arid zone which means most of the precipitated water gets immediately evaporated. According to the UAE environmentalist, the UAE will run out of water resources in 50 years. Around 550L of water are consumed in Dubai per person, thus the global average of limit of water that a person should consume was only 180-200L (Saikat 2010). Collectively, the main factors resulting in the water scarcity problem are the natural location of the country, population growth. Natural location being the major cause while rest being the minor ones. "Water in the United Arab EmiratesThe UAE climate is characterized by high temperatures, humidity and low precipitation levels. In the summer (May-October), average temperatures puctuate around 40ºC, whereas during winter they average around 23ºC. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has reported that the UAE’s long-term average precipitation rates are around 78 mm per year, as compared to 715 mm/year in the United States, 1274

mm/year in the Republic of Korea, or 207 mm/year in Tunisia. While the country experiences high temperatures and low rainfall rates, its rapid growth and urbanization have triggered an unprecedented demand for water. In addition, the luxury lifestyle and lack of conservation measures amongst residents has resulted in high levels of water usage and waste. It has been reported that in the UAE, per capita water usage is 550 liters per person per day, as compared to a global national average of 250 liters per person each day (Gulf News 2010). The Dubai Electricity and Water Authority has been quoted saying that water supply increased by 4.58 percent between the first quarter of 2009 and the first quarter of 2010 (AMEInfo 2010). A recent report published by the Italian Trade Commission (ITC) entitled “Water, Energy, Technology and Environment Exhibition” (2011) states that “as per 2006 data, the UAE has, as most other countries, the biggest consumption for water in the agricultural sector, accounting for 67%. The UAE´s water consumption by private households accounts for 24%, while only 9% is used by industry.” However, in Dubai, private households account for around 60% of water consumption (ITC 2011, 12). While demand for water in the UAE is growing, the country’s resources are limited. Moreover, it is estimated that by 2050, per capita water availability in the MENA region will fall by half, with serious consequences for the region’s already stressed aquifers and natural hydrological systems (World Bank 2007).

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

Water used in the country comes mainly from groundwater and desalination. As per a presentation by the Environment Agency -Abu Dhabi, 72 percent of water used in the UAE comes from groundwater, 21 percent comes from desalination, while seven percent is retreated water (Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi). There are almost no surface water resources in the UAE. In addition, it is feared that climate change may aggravate the situation. The UNDP’s Arab Human Development Report 2010 predicts that temperatures willincrease by between 1.6° 2.9°C by 2050, and by 2.3º - 5.9ºC by 2100. Rainfall predictions, however, are less clear—it is estimated that rainfall level could vary anywhere between a 20 percent decrease and a 10 percent increase, as compared to average precipitation levels between 1961 and 1990. The potential impact of climate change in the UAE could include “severe shortage of water resources, increasing soil and water salinity in some coastal aquifers through direct salt water intrusion, and salinization of soil and water used for irrigation, [which] would threaten agricultural and food production” (UNDP 2010). At a conference launching a report by the Environment Agency -Abu Dhabi (EAD), HE Majid Al Mansouri, Secretary General of the EAD, stated that “We are a country that already faces extreme climatic conditions and has precious natural resources, so long-term variations in temperature and precipitation will produce adverse impacts” (EAD 2010). It is interesting to note however, that the report itself asserts that the effects of

climate change on water demand and supply are rather limited. Using several scenarios to project future water needs and availability, it predicts that climate change will have marginal effects on water demand (less than 5 percent), and that the relative impact of climate change on groundwater storage is “quite small.” Rather, future water stress might be caused by continuous increase of water demand due to population growth, higher domestic water use, and policy decisions regarding irrigation of the agricultural and landscape amenity sectors. Water resource management, and technology innovations, are likely to continue to be key to sustainable development Thailand is a country which is 541,000 sq.km long situated in the middle of mainland south East Asia. Thailand was known as siam in older times. Thailand is one of the coutries in asia that contains a lot of natural water sources like seas, rivers, streams and it previously rains in Thailand especially when the rainy season comes by. Thus Thailand belongs to the countries in Asia which the supply and production of oil and crude is very expensive. Then why oil and crude is so much expensive in Thailand because the oil fund is still collecting extra tax in Thailand to repay the vast debt the government has ran up. Thailand is an oil and natural gas producer, however the country increasingly relies on hydrocarbon imports to sustain its rising fuel demand. Domestic crude oil reserves are declining in Thailand, and the country imports a significant share of its total oil consumptions.

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Even though Thailand’s natural gas production has increased substantially in the last two decade. High demand growth and access to import led to country to become a net importer of natural gases to other countries but Thailand tends to use the imported oil from Middle East countries Mork (1989) extended Hamilton’s analysis to the 1980s, a period characterized by a collapse in oil prices, and found that the relationship between oil prices and output was considerably weaker. However, if positive and negative movements in oil prices were treated as separate variables, the former continued to be statistically significant. This suggested that oil prices and output are characterized by an asymmetric relationship where oil price decreases do not have an expansionary effect on economic activity, and may even have a effect. Hooker (1996) also found that the relationship between output and oil prices had weakened in the 1980s. His results showed that oil prices failed to Granger-cause most economic variables, including GDP, when looking at the period from 1973 – 1995. Even after correcting for the asymmetric relationship between oil prices and output, the former failed to Grangercause the latter. Hamilton (1996) responded to this research by accepting its findings but disagreeing with Hooker’s and Mork’s treatment of shocks to oil prices. He argued that since most of oil price increases since 1986 had followed even larger decreases, looking at the quarterly change in oil prices would imply more oil price volatility then there actually was.

Rather, he believed that consumers would be affected by yearly changes and thus oil price shocks should compare the current price to the price over the previous year. He called this the net oil price increase (NOPI), a measure which is extensively used in current research in energy economics. Using the NOPI, Hamilton found that the relationship between GDP growth. The journal aims to answer the following questions: 1. How Dubai is addressing its Water Shortage? 2. What is the effect of Expensive Oil in Thailand? 3. What will be the effect of expensive water and expensive oil supply to the economic state of Asia? Dubai has been long aware of its water problem, and has so far responded to its rapidly growing water needs and decreasing reserves with a policy of increased reliance on desalination. Indeed, despite their considerable cost and related environmental issues, desalination plants are #becoming increasingly numerous throughout the Gulf States. It has been reported that GCC countries account for almost 41 percent of total global desalinated water output (Emirates 24/7, 2010). The UAE currently possesses 70 desalination plants, of which two-thirds are located in Abu Dhabi, with 18 percent in Dubai and the rest in the remaining emirates. Recently, Abu Dhabi launched a project for the largest underground reservoir in the world, which will contain 26 million

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cubic meters of desalinated water, to be used only in case of emergency. The decreasing costs and greater availability of relevant technologies for desalinating water have contributed to this trend, although annual costs are still estimated at AED 11.8 billion (US$ 3.21 billion). The World Bank claims that “breakthroughs in desalination technologies are responsible for a decline in the cost of desalinated water to a range of $0.50 to $0.80 per cubic meter, compared to more than $1.00 per cubic meter five years ago” (World Bank 2011).However, in addition to increasing supply through desalination, there is widespread realization at the political level that water management is required for further successful development of the country. A key milestone was the establishment of the Ministry of Environment and Water in 2005. In the last decade, the importance of water resource management and the reduction of water demand have been highlighted on numerous occasions, with awareness campaigns launched at both the local and national levels. For example, in October 2007 the Ministry of Environment and Water launched the National Ecological Footprint Initiative (Al Basma 2009), which aims for a more “resource-conscious and resource-efficient Government and society” (UAE Interact 2007). The initiative is a joint project of the Ministry of Environment and Water, the Abu Dhabi Global Environmental Data Initiative (AGEDI), the Emirates Wildlife Society— World Wide Fund for Nature (EWS-WWF), and the Global Footprint Network (GFN).

One of the main activities of the Ecological Footprint Initiative is an extensive nationwide data collection program across all sectors in the UAE, including sherries, agriculture, water, energy, and urban planning. Another way of curbing demand for water is through increased fees for water usage. In January 2011, DEWA introduced new water and electricity trips however UAE nationals are exempt from the new trips for their houses and farms. Interestingly, in August of the same year, the Dubai Supreme Council of Energy announced that there would be no further increases of water and electricity charges over the next years. The whole tarips system is quite complex and part of a larger debate over the level of charges paid by expatriates and UAE nationals.Legal aspects are becoming increasingly important when it comes to environmental regulation. The UAE has been working on water conservation law, which aims at laying out legal mechanisms for the management and use of water in the country. At the regional level, Abu Dhabi established a law requiring drilling contractors working in Abu Dhabi to have a drilling license. The Emirate also issued a number of other environmental regulations pertaining to water, including executive decisions on groundwater utilization and an administrative order regulating drinking water. In agriculture, the Government introduced subsidies for farmers who reduce their production of water-intense crops. Efforts have also been undertaken to explore alternative production techniques, including the use of sea water. There has been

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growing concern about reliance on foreign products and issues of food safety. Currently, the majority of agricultural produce in the UAE is imported. The country has been also securing fertile land in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia and Sudan.3 The Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority has recently launched the Zeraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;atona (â&#x20AC;&#x153;our agricultureâ&#x20AC;?) campaign, which aims at mainstreaming agricultural policies, including enhancement of the legal framework and provision of support to farmers. Finally, building platforms for the creation and exchange of knowledge contributes to tacking water scarcity. One of the key initiatives in this area has been the creation of the Arab Water Academy (AWA) in 2008 in Abu Dhabi. The Academy was established precisely with the aim of addressing the issue of water shortages in the Arab countries especially in Dubai. As oil prices continue to rise, the Thai government is looking at the possibility of raising diesel-oil prices by Bt0.30 per litre, the announcement of which may take place simultaneously with another round of hikes in petrol prices. Sources close to Energy Minister Prommin Lertsuridej said there were several options for oil-price adjustments. The government may go ahead with an adjustment to petrol prices this week or wait to announce it with the adjustment of the diesel-oil prices, they said.In New York on Thursday June light, sweet crude-oil futures settled at US$41.08 (Bt1,680) a barrel, the highest ever front-month floor-session close in the 21-year history of crude futures trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange.Prommin yesterday told reporters: "We will adjust the ceiling if it is deemed

necessary . . . However, we're not going to make any move within this week.". The Nation reported earlier that the government was planning to adjust the oilprice ceiling by Bt0.60 a litre yesterday or today after crude futures in New York closed at an all-time high on Wednesday. The government raised petrol prices by Bt0.60 a litre, the first hike since January 10, when the government capped diesel and petrol prices. The ceiling for premium petrol in Thailand is now Bt17.59 a litre, while regular petrol is capped at Bt16.79 a litre. The price of diesel was left unchanged at Bt14.59 a litre in a bid to limit the impact on the economy as this fuel is widely used to transport goods. But sources said there was growing pressure for the diesel-oil price to rise and the government might adjust it by Bt0.30 a litre from the present capped price of Bt14.59. Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra yesterday revised down his forecast for grossdomestic-product growth this year to around 7 per cent from 8 per cent in view of rising oil prices.But the increase in global oil prices will not cause inflation to rise sharply. It is likely that both increases in demand and fears of supply disruptions have exerted upward pressure on oil prices.2 Global demand for oil has been increasing, outpacing any gains in oil production and excess capacity. A large reason is that developing nations, especially China and India, have been growing rapidly. These economies have become increasingly industrialized and urbanized, which has contributed to an increase in the world demand for oil. In addition, in recent years

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fears of supply disruptions have been spurred by turmoil in oil-producing countries such as Nigeria, Venezuela, Iraq, and Iran (Brown 2006) The price of gasoline as well, since gasoline purchases are necessary for most households. When gasoline prices increase, a larger share of households’ budgets is likely to be spent on it, which leaves less to spend on other goods and services. The same goes for businesses whose goods must be shipped from place to place or that use fuel as a major input (such as the airline industry). Higher oil prices tend to make production more expensive for businesses, just as they make it more expensive for households to do the things they normally do. It turns out that oil and gasoline prices are indeed very closely related. Figure 3 plots average monthly oil prices from 1990 through early 2008, using the spot oil price for West Texas intermediate (right scale, thin blue line, measured in dollars per barrel) and the U.S. retail gasoline price (left scale, thick red line, measured in cents per gallon). The two series track each other very closely over time: increases in oil prices are accompanied by increases in gasoline prices. As shown in the graph, the correlation coefficient (denoted “r”) for the two series is 0.98. Moreover, the monthly changes in oil prices and gasoline prices (not shown) also are very highly and positively correlated. Typically, when we consider water shortage issues around the world, the focus is on water scarcity. We often look at certain regions of the world—and at times, in our own country—when there is not enough water to meet the needs, or customary needs, of the community.

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Economic Impact of Migration in Australia Krista Mendiola, Jhona Historillo, Cherry Rose Matimtim, Ellaine Magyaya, Shaira May Azores, Ann Margareth Nambio BS Social Work 1A

ABSTRACT This study aimed to find out the economic the economy. It has a profound positive impact of migration to Australia. It also aims impact not just on population growth, but also to know the history of migration in Australia on labour participation and employment, on and to grasp the factors why people migrate wages and incomes, on our national skills in Australia. The researchers conducted a base and on net productivity. BS Social Work 1A deep research to gather the data and Human migration is the movement by information needed in this study. The people from one place to another with the collected data and information was analysed intention of settling temporarily or and interpreted by the researchers to have an permanently in the new location. The accurate data analysis. This study movement is typically over long distances significantly contributes to the knowledge of and from one country to another, but internal every people especially for migrants or migration is also possible. Migration may be immigrants in different countries. This will individuals, family units or in large groups. serve as an instrument to make people aware Migration refers to permanent or semion the effects or impacts of migration to the permanent change in the place of residence of country they came from and to the country BS Social Work 1A an individual or a group of individuals from they settled. Based on the data and one location to another. Hence, it is different information gathered, Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s projected from the more general term mobility, which population will be 38 million by 2050 and brefers to all types of movements of people migration will be contributing $1,625 billion (Rubenstein and Bacon, 1990:75). Thus, the (1.6 trillion) to Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s GDP. Moreover, term mobility includes both permanent (and migration will have added 15.7 per cent to our semi-permanent) and temporary movements workforce participation rate and 5.9 per cent of people over the earth. With regard to in GDP per capita growth. Without temporary movements, the examples of migration, the population would stagnate and which have already been cited above, a our economy would go backwards. Overall, distinction is generally made between a by 2050, each individual migrant will on cyclic and a periodic movement. average be contributing approximately 10 per A cyclic movement includes cent more to Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy than short duration trips to place of work, or existing residents. The economic impact of frequent business trips of people in business, migration flows through into every aspect of

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or movement of nomads, which is comparaÂŹtively irregular in timings. A periodic movement, on the other hand, involves a longer period of residence away from home base than that in the cyclic movement (Blij and Muller, 1986:103). Periodic movement includes the movement of students away to other locations for the purpose of studies, or the movements of military personnel to military base, training schools or combat zones. The movements of migrant labourers and their families are also periodic movements, although they are more cyclic than that of students or military personnel. Still another form of periodic movement is what is commonly known as transhumance â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a system of pastoral farming in the mountainous areas wherein people keep changing their abodes along with their livestock between high slopes in the summer and lower valleys in the winter.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: 1. What time or year did migration start in Australia? 2. What are the causes of migration in Australia? 3. What are the impact of migration in Australia?

Migration, a permanent move, involves crossing over of the boundary of an administrative unit. When the national boundary of a country is involved, such movements are called international migration. Similarly, if migration takes place within the national boundary of a country, it

is termed as internal migration. In the case of international migration the departure of an individual or a group from a country is termed as emigration, while arrival or entry into a country is known as immigration. The equivalent terms in respect to internal migration are out-migration and in-migration. In fact, each movement is simultaneously emigration (or out-migration) for the place of origin or departure, and immigration (or in-migration) for the place of destination. Gross migration refers to the total number of migrants moving into and moving out of a place, region or country, while net migration is the balance between the number of migrants coming into and moving out of a place, region or country. While the factors leading to migration can be classified into several categories, in general term people take decisions to migrate based on push and pull factors. Push factors are events and conditions that force individuals to move to other locations. They include a variety of motives from the idiosyncratic, such as an individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dissatisfaction with the facilities at home, to the dramatic, such as war, economic dislocation or ecological deterioration (Knox and Marston, 1998:127). On the other hand, pull factors are those conditions that attract people to move to a particular new location. It is, however, important to note that both push and pull factors operate simultaneously in any migration, though with varying magnitude. Further, migration can be either voluntary or forced. While voluntary migration involves the choice of an individual or a group, forced migration involves a perception of compulsion against the will or choice of

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concerned individuals. People forced to move are usually compelled by political factors, whereas voluntary migration is usually for economic reasons (Rubenstein and Bacon, 1990:86). In 1788, when European settlement began, Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s local population was about 400,000. Today, over 20 million people live here. Migration has been the main driver for this change. In New South Wales, four out of every ten people are either migrants or the children of migrants. Clearly Australia has a rich migration history. However attitudes to migration and particularly to the ideal source of migrants have changed considerably over these 218 years. The first migrants were decidedly involuntary, the convicts transported from Britain, Ireland and, to a lesser degree, other British colonies. Altogether 80,000 arrived in New South Wales between 1788 and 1840. From the 1830s they were joined by small numbers of voluntary migrants, again principally from Britain and Ireland. Some came under their own resources, others with assistance from one of the public or private schemes then available. The main problem of this study is to find out the economic impact of migration to Australia. This study also aims to know the history of migration in Australia and to grasp the factors why people migrate in Australia. The researchers conducted a deep research to gather the data and information needed in this study. The collected data and information was analysed and interpreted by the researchers to have an accurate data analysis. This study significantly contributes to the knowledge of every people especially for migrants or immigrants in different countries.

This will serve as an instrument to make people aware on the effects or impacts of migration to the country they came from and to the country they settled. The Australian Bureau of Statistics has released new data that identifies India, England and China as some of the top birth countries of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s migrants. It has also revealed that more than half of them are buying or trying to buy their own homes. It found 58 per cent (1.2 million people) had been granted a skilled visa, 32 per cent (683,603) entered via the family stream and just 10 per cent (214,656 people) were on humanitarian visas. The data also revealed where the migrants were coming from. For those coming to Australia on the skilled visa, the top country of birth was India (19 per cent), followed by England and China. When it comes to family migrants, the top country of birth was China (14 per cent), then England and India. For those on humanitarian visas, Iraq was the top country of birth (18 per cent), followed by Afghanistan and Myanmar. About 78 % of those applying for humanitarian visas were offshore applicants. They were the most likely category of migrants to apply for their visas overseas, compared to those on the family stream (72 %) and skilled migrants (60 %). It also revealed that about 54 % of permanent migrants aged 15 years and older, was buying or owned their own home. Migrants in the family stream were the most likely to own their home outright (14 %), followed by skilled migrants (8 %) and humanitarian migrants (4.7 %). Immigration has a transformational effect on Australia. We rightly celebrate the social and cultural contributions of multiple

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generations of migrants. However for too long, the economic contribution of migration to Australia has been devalued. Claims migrants steal jobs or undermine the labour market blur the public perception. Of course these claims are based on a premise that does not hold up. An economy is dynamic. In the first analysis in nearly a decade, the Migration Council earlier this year released a report on the economic impact of migration to Australia. The verdict is clear: migration is central to Australia’s future prosperity. Based on current trends, Australia’s projected population will be 38 million by 2050 and migration will be contributing $1,625 billion (1.6 trillion) to Australia’s GDP. Moreover, migration will have added 15.7 per cent to our workforce participation rate and 5.9 per cent in GDP per capita growth. Without migration, the population would stagnate and our economy would go backwards. Overall, by 2050, each individual migrant will on average be contributing approximately 10 per cent more to Australia’s economy than existing residents. The economic impact of migration flows through into every aspect of the economy. It has a profound positive impact not just on population growth, but also on labour participation and employment, on wages and incomes, on our national skills base and on net productivity. Too often, immigration gets dragged into a population debate where new migrants become the scapegoats for other policy failures. Transport. Infrastructure. Education. Healthcare. Migration does not take these policies backwards. This ignores the positive effects both fiscally and for the economy more broadly. In addition, distributive

effects get ignored. As Australia prioritises skilled migration, people who work in lower skilled occupations are rewarded. Increased domestic demand drives up wages at the bottom. One study estimates immigration accounted for up to 4 per cent of wage growth for lower skilled workers in Australia from 1990 to 2000. The world is becoming more mobile. Australia is already well placed on this front. Out diversity and social cohesion mean we can attract a unique population of migrants. But governments and policy makers should not rest easy as global competition to attract migrants will only increase in the future. Further, we can complement the economic contribution that migrants make by enabling better settlement support and promoting easier access to English language for those who cannot speak it. Hard work is required to build on our proud modern history of migration. Therefore, the researchers conclude that the Australia has a rich migration history. Migration also has a big impact on the economic growth of the Australia. We found out the positive impact of migration wasn’t only in population growth but also on labour participation and empowerment. This migration in Australia ignores the both positive effects for the economy. Australia priorities skilled migrations give a reward to the people who work in lower skilled occupations. There are strong incentives for people to leave drought areas if adverse conditions persist in the long run. However there is no necessary reason why this effect will be apparent in the short run. The main finding of this report is that it is important to differentiate the process of migration so that

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policy makers understand the factor that affect moving into and out of reasons. While the role of migration is more complex than previously thought, policy makers still need to take it into account in region economic plans and demographic projections. The research community also needs to take into account the role of selective migration in altering estimated model of individual behaviour in the social and economic domains.

CONCLUSION The researchers conclude that the Australia has a rich migration history. Migration also has a big impact on the economic growth of the Australia. We found out the positive impact of migration wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t only in population growth but also on labour participation and empowerment. This migration in Australia ignores the both positive effects for the economy. Australia priorities skilled migrations give a reward to the people who work in lower skilled occupations. There are strong incentives for people to leave drought areas if adverse conditions persist in the long run. However there is no necessary reason why this effect will be apparent in the short run. The main finding of this report is that it is important to differentiate the process of migration so that policy makers understand the factor that affect moving into and out of reasons. While the role of migration is more complex than previously thought, policy makers still need to take it into account in region economic plans and demographic projections.

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

Factor Affecting the Legalization of Medical Marijuana in Canada and Philippines Mary Rose Banga, Vierna Raza, Joenah Janda, Abegail Apostol, Khamille Grimaldo, Aiza Lingon BS Social Work 1A ABSTRACT This research study aimed to determine what medical marijuana is, the different diseases can be cured by it and the factors why marijuana was fully legalized in Canada and why Philippines is not yet legalizing medical marijuana. The researchers study the different reasons behind the legalization of marijuana in Canada and legalizing medical marijuana in the Philippines from the perception of different people. Based on the findings of the study, there are lot of factors that are affecting the

legalization of marijuana in Canada such as reducing the criminal involvement or availability to youth and also in the Philippines which has the goal to be used for medical purposes because of the hope that it can be a treatment for opioid addiction. Because research says, THC and CBD in cannabis have potential to interrupt the vicious cycle of opioid addiction, dependence, withdrawal and relapse. When it comes to the Philippine setting, many have a doubt concerning the effects of marijuana if ever it was misused by the users and they wanted to first have deep research and study before legalizing it

INTRODUCTION Marijuana is a combination of shredded leaves, stems and flower buds of the Cannabis sativa plant. It can be smoked, eaten, vaporized, brewed and even taken topically and some are using it for recreational use. It contains more than 100 different chemicals called cannabinoids. Each one has a different effect on the body. However, medical marijuana was referring to using the whole, unprocessed marijuana plant or its basic extracts to treat symptoms of illness and other conditions. Scientific study of the chemicals in marijuana called “cannabinoids”. Cannabinoids are chemicals related to THC, marijuana’s main mind-

alerting ingredients that makes people “high”. Because the marijuana plant contains chemicals that may help treat a range of illness and symptoms, many people argued that it should be legal for medical purposes. In fact, a growing number of counties have legalized marijuana for medical use just like in Canada and there are lawmakers in the Philippines who are pushing medical marijuana to be legalized. In fact, a growing number of counties legalizing marijuana both for medicinal and recreational use just like in Canada and there are lawmakers in the Philippines who are pushing medical marijuana to be legalized because of its

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therapeutic properties that can treat some pain and illnesses. The researchers focused their study in Canada and Philippines because Canada belongs to global north and marijuana here is not only legalize for medicinal purposes but also for recreational use. While Philippines belong to global south and the bill for legalizing medical marijuana hasn’t been enacted in a law yet some law makers of the Philippines are expressing their support for this kind of progressive approach in medical science. However, there are still factors affecting the legalization of recreational marijuana in Canada and the medical marijuana legalization in the Philippines. There are different factors why medical marijuana has been legalized in Canada. Research shows that cannabis legalization is unlikely either reduce criminal involvement or availability to youth. Another factors why Canada legalized marijuana in medical purposes because of hope that it can be a treatment for opioid addiction. Because in the research, THC and CBD in cannabis have potential to interrupt the vicious cycle of opioid addiction, dependence, withdrawal and relapse. Legalization of marijuana not only has the potential to generate tax revenue from the subsequent taxation that will occur, but it will also allow the government to save citizens’ tax dollars currently being spent on prohibition legislation. The profits and saved tax dollars could be spent on public education and health promotion programs. Additionally, legalization will remove the criminal element from marijuana market and reduce the size of Canada’s black market and its consequences for the society. However, legal marijuana can also lead to some public

health problems, including increasing in the use of the drug, accidents and injuries. Legalization could be only effective if the Canadian government develops appropriate strategies to keep the drug out of the hands of minors, to increase awareness and knowledge on harmful effects of the drug and to prevent impaired driving. Behind that, there are still some disadvantages of the marijuana legalization in the country. According to a recent report by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), the regular usage of marijuana is associated with some health risk such as: problems with healthy brain development among youth, progression to use of other illicit drugs, depression or anxiety injury and risk of death from motor vehicle collisions, symptoms of chronic bronchitis, schizophrenia and addiction problem. Based on causal effects on marijuana use disorders, schizophrenia, lung cancer and road traffic injuries, Imtiaz and colleagues showed that marijuana use caused 287 deaths and 66346 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2012. While marijuanarelated mortality was estimated to occur due to the causal effects of marijuana use on motor-vehicle accidents and lung cancer, the number of morbidity cases attributable to marijuana use was by far the highest in motor-vehicle accidents and use disorders domains in Canada. Similar to Colorado’s experience with legal marijuana, legalization in Canada could lead to an increase in the recreational use of the drug among adults which, in turn, could result in the health risks associated with the substance use. Increased in marijuana-related traffic deaths and utilization of healthcare has

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been documented in Colorado after the availability of the legal marijuana. There have been also increases in the marijuanarelated healthcare utilization due to intoxication, burns and cyclic vomiting syndrome and eating edible marijuana among children in Colorado. Given the adverse health outcomes associated with legal marijuana in Canada, strategies on marijuana control should focus on prevention and harm reduction programs, as recommended by the CAMH. Specifically, a comprehensive framework should be developed to prevent the impaired driving, provide better access to treatment and increase awareness about the drug and its effects in Canada.

This research aimed to determine the factors that affects the legalization of medical marijuana in Canada and in the Philippines.

In the Philippines, a lawmaker authored House Bill 6517 or the Philippine Compassionate Medical Cannabis Act aiming to make medical marijuana to be legal in the country. In Isabel Rep. Rodolfo Albano III’s bill, medical marijuana is only limited to cannabis oil extracted from the plant and its supply will be under government supervision. The measure limits the use of medical marijuana to a debilitating medical condition, including; cachexia or wasting syndrome, severe chronic pain, severe nausea, seizures including those characteristics of epilepsy, glaucoma, damage to the nervous system of the spinal cord with objective neurological indication of intractable spasticity, epilepsy, HIV positive or AID’s, Post-traumatic stress disorder, rheumatoid, arthritis or similar chronic auto immune inflammatory disorder, diseases requiring admission into hospice care and other debilitating medical condition or its treatment subsequently identified by the Department of Health as recommended by a panel of doctors constituted for this purpose.

There are people who support the advocacy for the legalization of medical marijuana like the Ms. Universe 2019, Catriona Gray. The crowned Ms. Universe said that she supports the legalization of marijuana in the country but only for medical purposes, earning praises from some health advocates and lawmakers. In the senatorial forum hosted by the CNN Philippines, they asked if medical marijuana should be legalized for serious illness and there are seven senatorial bets who said yes like, Raffy Alunan, Mar Roxas, Harry Roque, Neri Colmenares, Erin Tañada, Florin Hilbay, Samira Gutoc as well as Bam Aquino, Gary Alejano, JV Ejercito, Juan Ponce Enrile and Chel Diokno. Also, House Speaker Gloria Macapagal Arroyo expressed her support for the bill and she said that she had used a marijuana-based pain patch to address pain in her cervical spine. However, according to the news released by ABS-CBN, Department of Health said that Philippines might face some difficulties in legalizing medical marijuana

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions. 1. What is medical marijuana? 2. What are the diseases or illnesses being cured by marijuana? 3. What are the factors affecting the legalization of medical marijuana in Canada and Philippines?

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because of the existing regulations in the country that classifying medical marijuana as an illegal drug. According to Eric Domingo, the Health undersecretary, the Dangerous Drugs Act, the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, and the Philippine Institute for Traditional Alternative Healthcare were studying the proposal to make marijuana legal for medical use. Another reason is that, some doctors are not into legalizing medical marijuana because for them, marijuana’s efficacy has yet to be confirmed. Earlier, President Duterte said that he is pro in any bill seeking to legalize medical marijuana but it was in March 2019 when Duterte said that he’s not going to support legalizing of medical marijuana here in the Philippines. In the statement of the PNP, medical marijuana in the Philippines need to undergo multidisciplinary study by the experts before its legalization in the country. According to the PNP Spokesperson, Chief Supt. Benigno Durana Jr., if there will be a national policy it must undergo careful study by the people who have expertise in medicine and pharmacology. According to the PNP, could only provide inputs along the enforcement aspect of regulatory laws. Durana stressed that medicinal marijuana must only be used in pharmaceutical preparation and not for recreational smoking or ingestion. Even Senate President Vicente “Tito” Sotto III said that medical marijuana law is no longer needed for the Food and Drug Administration can already issue “special permits”. He also fears that legalizing medical marijuana would only be taken advantage of by people who want to sell or use the plant for recreational use.

Legalizing medical marijuana is an interesting matter to be discussed and we cannot deny the fact that medical marijuana has pros and cons. Though marijuana was fully legalized in Canada, still there are doctors who have doubts concerning its effect in one’s health if ever it was misused. It was also the concern of the Filipino lawmakers and other experts. But then, among those issues and controversy we cannot change the fact that marijuana can be beneficial in curing different diseases and illnesses because of the therapeutic chemicals that can be found from it.

CONCLUSION Legalizing medical marijuana is an interesting matter to be discussed and we cannot deny the fact that medical marijuana has pros and cons. Though marijuana was fully legalized in Canada, still there are doctors who have doubts concerning its effect in one’s health if ever it was misused. It was also the concern of the Filipino lawmakers and other experts. But then, among those issues and controversy we cannot change the fact that marijuana can be beneficial in curing different diseases and illnesses because of the therapeutic chemicals that can be found from it.

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MIMAROPA Agricultural Industry Development in conformity with Globalization Myra L. Estrimos, Trisha Mae M. Josue, Leah Mongis, Chary Rioveros Krisza Noer, Kaye Claine Saet BS Social Work 1A

Abstract The arrival of globalization has must be responsible in entering the brought a lot of challenges for a nations to goods from the other country, if that goods meet. This paper takes a look at the will affect some of our crops and products globalizing of MIMAROPA Agriculture this must not be allowed to enter our country. Industry. It documents the methods of cultivation and some the assistance being BS Social Work 1A extended by the government to help the Keywords: globalization, MIMAROPA, farming industry of MIMAROPA. A review cultivation, traditional farming, innovated and analysis of MIMAROPA Agriculture farming Industry in conformity with Globalizations is undertaken to determine the effects of arrival INTRODUCTION of Globalization in the region of MIMAROPA and how the cultivation being done by the farmers of MIMAROPA region. Globalization is defined as the mobility The study will cover three main topics 1) across borders and services, people, capital methods of cultivation 2) assistance being and acknowledge. The arrival of extended by the government 3) the traditional BS Social Work 1A globalization has brought about a lot of farming and technology innovated farming. challenge for nations to meet. MIMAROPA Finally the paper will recommends areas is consisting of 4 provinces; Mindoro, wherein the farmers must be continued their b Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan. As viewed way in farming and cultivating and must be by the Philippine government â&#x20AC;&#x153;globalizationâ&#x20AC;? proud of what they are doing because the is supposedly the key solution to the country crops and products they earned is very natural underdevelopment and poverty. The global not like the other countries. They also must financial bureaucracies include the continue the organic farming because organic International Monetary Fund (IMF), the farming is can make the foods more World Bank (WB). The major component of nutritious that can help peoples body healthy globalization is the removal of restrictions on and well. Government also needs to continue the movement of capital, goods, resources, in providing more assistance for them to help technology and service among nations. The their framing industry grow. Government Philippine government encouraged the entry of imported agriculture products including

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those that can be locally produced such as rice, corn, sugar, livestock, poultry and fish. With lower tariffs and higher levels of technology with which the imported crops are produced, they return out to be relatively cheaper than the country’s domestic products. In 2002, MIMAROPA registered 221.0 thousand farms for agricultural use, covering 542.2 thousand hectares. The regions total agricultural land area comprised 19.7 percent of the region’s total land area. Palay was the Major Temporary Crop of the Region in terms of area planted. More than of the farms in the region were planted with coconut. Other major crops in terms of number of trees/vines/hills, were kalamansi (2.9 million trees) and mango (1.2 million trees). While most agricultural operators in MIMAROPA were engaged in common agricultural activities like planting palay, corn at etc ornamental and flower gardening also common in the region. More male operators were engaged in agriculture than their female counterparts. With this the researchers wants to answer three questions about the said topic, the first question is “Does farmer have their unique methods in cultivation?” MIMAROPA is ranks 2nd among the crops producing regions. Farmers in MIMAROPA uses different methods in cultivation, first they used organic fertilizers, and organic fertilizers is enriching soil, plants and beneficial insects. MIMAROPA farmers avoid the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and using products that nurture their garden soil and the organisms in it. According to them when you embrace the organic gardening, your plants experience a balanced and nourished ecosystem that works

as nature intended. Organic products feed the soil, healthy soil leads healthy plants. Also taking the natural approach and amend with soil conditioners will help to make the soil become nutrients such as iron, more available to plants. Earthworm castings and adding human acid and desirable microorganism is one of the natural approach. They said organic gardening results in healthy, highly yielding crops and beautiful flowers. The next method is they use in cultivation is seed selection, there are several diseases that are transmitted via the seeds. According to them good quality seeds are essential to grow a strong and healthy crop. The healthy seeds they used in gardening are from trusted sources that can produce their own seeds, small seeds and shriveled because that seeds contain less nutrition for the developing seeds, also by removing these inferior seeds, they can able to know stronger and healthier seedlings. They also remind that even if seeds are selected carefully, they still may carry diseases, the one thing that can remove diseases from seeds is the seed treatment, there are two types of seed treatment the hot water treatment and the chemical seed treatment, they used this to further improve the quality of the seeds they also mentioned the crop filled wherein in the crops field, there are always different between plants. During the growing season they can try to observe these differences and mark preferred plants with the sticks or ribbons. The selection of plants maybe based on characteristics such as size of the plants, color or size of fruits, and the number of grains per ear. But selection of can also be done to keep seeds of plants that suffered less attacks by

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insects or diseases. Irrigation is also one of the methods they do in cultivation Oriental Mindoro has a small irrigation project this is a communal irrigation project which will serve at least 83 farmers within the service area. Farmers in MIMAROPA uses irrigation due to irregular, insufficient or uncertain rain this will secures uninterrupted agriculture. The farmers also remove all the grass in their garden because some nutrients for their plants goes in grasses. The next question that the researchers wants to answer is “What are the assistance being extended by the government to help the farming industry?” as mandated by the Republic Act of 10068 of 2010 also known as organic agriculture act of 2010, DA-MIMAROPA implemented specific program and interventions to support and promote the organic agriculture in the region. Regional field office 4B uses the fund for the procurement of the machineries came from budget allotted for two farm tractor targeted and unit farm tractor. These interventions under the organic agriculture program provided a notable help to organic practitioner, local government and farmers association in contributing sustainable agriculture and supply of organic products in the markets. National Irrigation Administration (IPAC) Inclusive Partnership Agriculture Competitive project support the efforts of the farmer’s organization to improve support the efforts of farmer’s organizations to improve productivity and the quality of products, as well as find more markets in order to raise farmer’s income. The government also provides support service. Through the farmers-driven matching grants IPAC will strengthen our efforts to help small-holder farmer and their

organizations engage in sustainable agri-enterprise projects. This will be able to directly identify and implement activities that will empower them improve their lives. The last question is What is more convenient for farmer’s traditional farming or technology innovated farming? In collaboration with Provincial Agriculture office of Palawan spearheaded the 2nd National Organic Agriculture Month with them theme “Organikong pamamaraan para sa kaunlarang ng mamayan at ng kalikasan” on November 10, 2016. Dr. Albert Jo, an organic practitioner from Bacolod during the seminar in Palawan as-well as known advocate of healthy food and engaged into organic farming. In support to the growing numbers of established learning sites in MIMAROPA provinces, funding of seeds projects is essential regardless of its size and scope. As the government strongly promotes this endeavor in organic farming, more and more group’s farmers are taking this opportunity. Agriculture extension and farmers are very much willing to attend training on organic farming technologies to enhance their learnings and at the same time practice their learning in their own farms. A 3-day training courses on Organic Agriculture Production Technology for Senior Citizens was conducted at Municipal Agriculture Compound, Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro on June 3-5 2015. The main purpose of this study is to be able us to understand the effects of entering of globalization in our country and the different regions in our country. This will also help us to know the importance of our own products than the products of other country, even if other country’s products and

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crops are low price it doesn’t mean that you have to put down our own products. Buying own crops from other regions will help the economic to grow faster and can export our own goods in other country. To illustrate application of the methodology developed in this research, the study is about MIMAROPA Agriculture Industry Development in conformity with Globalization. In this chapter, we will discuss how we gathered data or information’s. We conducted a deep research for us to understand the topic that we have chosen. The target population for this research defined to include development of farms in MIMAROPA in conformity with globalization. The information’s we gathered will be our guide in our research study. We also gathered some information’s in farmers in Marinduque since they’re busy we went in their farm to ask some questions about farming industry, the information’s they gave to us are exactly what we needed. We only ask questions for those farmers in Marinduque since Marinduque is one of the province of MIMAROPA region. This research will show you the results of farming industry in MIMAROPA if they will use new machineries in cultivating or in farming. The population of the study basically refers to the farmers that we have chosen. A clearly defined population ensures that the results and findings will be used in the research that we have conducted. Considering that the study basically assesses the development of MIMAROPA Agriculture Industry in conformity with Globalization, the population of the study is all farmers of MIMAROPA region. In order to be able to pay closer attention to the farmers we went in

their different farms and places to be able us to gain new information’s about farming. Some of them says they are against in Globalization because according to them some of their products are getting stock because Filipinos likes to buy more products from another country because of low prices. Some of them are pro because according to them Globalization is they key solution in the poverty they they’ve suffering in their everyday lives. And it makes things easy like in cultivation and also in planting. Due to the limited resources, there is almost always the need to sample respondents for any interview. The term “sample” is part picked from the whole set of data which is called population to reflect the responses of the whole population. Once you have decided the technique for collecting your data and you have thought what you ask, you should be ready to decide on the characteristics of respondents. The researchers designed an interview as one of the instrument for the study. The interviewed questions were aimed at eliciting relevant information about the farming industry. Only a part of the population is studied, and findings from these area expected to be generalize to the entire population. For some studies, the population may be small enough to warrant the inclusion of all of them in the study. But a study may entail a large population which cannot all be studied. That portion of the population that is studied is called a sample of the population. We interviewed only 10 farmers 1person in each farm. The main purpose of this is to know their opinions about the entering of globalization in Agriculture Industry of MIMAROPA region.

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CONCLUSION The single most consistent conclusion from the entering of Globalization in Agriculture industry in MIMAROPA is the buyers, if the buyers would still buy more products from other country, the products from MIMAROPA region will not be able to export their goods and crops.

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HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Jane Maragrette Sol, Irish Jessica Sol, Mary Rose Licon, Christine Gay Larracas, Patricia Mae Regencia, BS Social Works 1A

ABSTRACT

planet's history, with events ranging Climate change is one of the biggest from ice ages to long periods of warmth. problem faces of every individual in this What’s different about this period of the world. Many countries now in this world earth’s history is that human activities are experience the impact of climate change in significantly contributing to natural climate aspect of economic, culture, social status, and change through our emissions of greenhouse Work 1A most especially on the health issue of every BS Social gases. This interference is resulting in people that may lead to them in sufferings. increased air and ocean temperatures, Almost all of us know that to suffer this kind drought, melting ice and snow, rising sea of natural calamities, we as human being is levels, increased rainfall, flooding and other one of the reasons why this kind of calamities influences. Climate change is a change in the happened. We have the ability to control and usual weather found in a place. This could be be responsible enough in every action that we a change in how much rain a place usually make and always bear in our mind that every gets in a year. Or it could be a change in a action that we made we need to accept all the place's usual temperature for a month or consequences because it`s part of life and we BS Socialseason. Work 1A Climate change is also a change in need to face it by all means. Climate change Earth's climate. This could be a change in is a global challenge that threatens every Earth's usual temperature. Or it could be a nation, no matter how large or small, wealthy change in where rain and snow usually fall on or poor. Earth. Weather can change in just a few INTRODUCTION

hours. Climate takes hundreds or even millions of years to change.

According to the Climate Reality The scientific community and Project (2016) The Philippines has long been governments across the world are in particularly vulnerable to extreme weather. agreement - the climate is changing. Climate in 1A recent years the nation has suffered BS SocialBut Work change means a significant change in the from even more violent storms like Typhoon measures of climate, such as temperature, Haiyan. On average, about 20 tropical rainfall, or wind, lasting for an extended cyclones enter Philippine waters each year, b period – decades or longer. The Earth's with eight or nine making landfall. And over climate has changed many times during the

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the past decade, these tropical storms have struck the nation more often and more severely, scientists believe, because of climate change. The Global Climate Risk Index 2015 listed the Philippines as the number one most affected country by climate change, using 2013â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s data. The Philippines is located in the western Pacific Ocean, surrounded by naturally warm waters that will likely get even warmer as average seasurface temperatures continue to rise. The Philippines also lacks natural barriers; as a collection of over 7,000 islands there is almost nothing standing between them and the sea. In addition to their coral reefs, one of the best buffers against typhoons are the Philippine mangrove ecosystems. These mangroves help mitigate the impact of storm surge and stabilize soil but have disappeared by almost half since 1918 due to deforestation. According to Rappler (2017) as an archipelago with vast coastlines and a tropical climate, the Philippines are highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Risks facing the country include increased frequency of extreme weather events, sealevel rise, rising temperatures, and extreme rainfall. Subsequent direct and indirect health impact could include malnutrition, increased incidence of infectious diseases, and aggravated respiratory symptoms. According to medical journal The Lancet, climate change can undo more than 50 years of gains in global health and development work. It also highlighted that mitigation and adaptation actions will have positive impact on public health and well-being. Changing weather conditions can also trigger the proliferation of climate-sensitive diseases.

According to Jonathan Flavier of the Philippine Center for Population and Development, the proliferation of vectorborne diseases like dengue and malaria has always been viewed as a public health issue when it is actually something that concerns the environment. This chapter presents the main problem of this study and to find out the health impact of climate change in Philippines. This study also aims to know the possible impact and to know the factors why climate change affecting the health of the people. The researcher was conducted a descriptive research to formulate and to gather the data and information needed in this study. The collected data and information was analyzed by the researcher to evaluate and to have an accurate data analysis. This study was contributes to the knowledge of every people especially those who are affected of health impact of climate change. This will convey as an instrument to be aware in the possible affect and causes of health impact of climate change especially in the Philippines. According to PAGASA Climate change is one of the most fundamental challenges ever to confront humanity. Its adverse impacts are already being seen and may intensify exponentially over time if nothing is done to reduce further emissions of greenhouse gases. Decisively dealing now with climate change is key to ensuring sustainable development, poverty eradication and safeguarding economic growth. Scientific assessments indicate that the cost of inaction now will be more costly in the future.

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According to PAGASA Human health is one of the most vital sectors which will be severely affected by climate change. Incremental increases in temperatures and rain regimes could trigger a number of adverse impacts; in particular, the outbreak and spread of water-based and vector-borne diseases leading to higher morbidity and mortality; increased incidence of pulmonary illnesses among young children and cardiovascular diseases among the elderly. In addition, there could also be increased health risk from poor air quality especially in urbanized areas. Surveillance systems and infrastructure for monitoring and prevention of epidemics could also be under severe stress when there is a confluence of circumstances. Hospitals and clinics, sand evacuation centers and resettlement areas could also be severely affected under increased frequency and intensity of severe weather events. Moreover, malnutrition is expected to become more severe with more frequent occurrences of extreme events that disrupt food supply and provision of health services. The services of the Department of Health will be severely tested unless early and periodic assessments of plausible impacts of climate change are undertaken According to Tacio H. D (2010) the Philippines, home to almost 90 million people, is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. One devastating effect: increase in the number of tropical cyclones and storms. Weather patterns could become unpredictable, as would extreme weather events, hurricanes could become

much stronger and more frequent. Fifteen of the 16 regions of the Philippines are vulnerable to sea level rise. .Sea level rise would also endanger the drinking water quality and agricultural productivity. For instance, climate change favors the spread of diseases. Greenpeace Philippines said climate change could amplify the proliferation and transmission of water-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever because of changes in water distribution, rising temperature and the explosion of microorganisms. According to National Climate Change Adaptation in Health (CCAH) Strategic Plan (2014-2016) Climate change resulting from human activities is largely driven by energy use, transport, land use and forestry, agriculture and water management. If earth’s warming due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions remain unchecked, is likely to result in continuing and more severe climate change in the country. Climate change is manifested by: increase in temperature, changing rainfall patterns, sea level rise, and extreme weather events. These, in turn, are expected to impact on the vulnerabilities in the country’s food and water security, environmental and ecological stability, energy use and infrastructure, and human security. How climate change impacts health in the Philippines According to Algo J. L (2017) the term “climate change” evokes images of destruction brought by typhoons and droughts in the minds of most Filipinos. However, the public needs to take notice of

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how it also affects their health and wellbeing, even without these extreme events. The Philippines has been a dengue hotspot in recent years. Dengue cases in 2015 saw a 64.8 percent increase from the previous year, with a Department of Health (DOH) official attributing it to climate change. This is especially evident in poor communities, which suffer from poor hygiene and stagnant water occasionally brought by flooding episodes, the spread of cholera and typhoid fever can be worsened by poor water quality, lack of electricity access, and improper sanitation. The storm destroyed all but one of the hospitals in the city, paralyzing health care services in already one of the poorest regions in the country. Most of the city’s inhabitants and refugees from nearby towns also get crammed in evacuation centres, creating a favourable environment for the transmission of diseases. According to National Climate Change Adaptation in Health (CCAH) Strategic Plan (2014-2016) The World Health Organization (WHO) regards climate change as a significant and emerging threat to public health. WHO considers that these climatic changes over the past decades have already affected health outcomes worldwide and have already contributed to the burden of disease globally. The WHO Report in 2002 estimated that climate change was a big factor for approximately 2.4% of worldwide diarrheal cases, and 6% of malaria in some middle-income countries. Climate change affects human health and well-being through a variety of mechanisms. The health effects of climate change may range from temperature related illness and death, extreme weather-related health effects, air

pollution-related health effects, water-borne and food-borne diseases, vectorborne and rodent-borne diseases, effects of food and water shortages, mental and nutritional diseases. According to Lorenzo F. M as a developing country, the Philippines is experiencing an era where infectious disease is still rife. With public health systems already challenged, the country’s natural systems are becoming more degraded due to increasing development that take an increasing toll on the human population. More frequent droughts also raise ambient air temperatures which were observed to reduce the extrinsic incubation period for the virus in mosquitoes thereby increasing vector reproductive capacity. Increased respiratory illness due to haze from uncontrolled burning of tropical forests are reported when extreme drought occurs. Based on a model constructed for forecasting climate change sensitive diseases, for every 1°C increase in temperature, the mosquito population increases ten-fold. According to Lorenzo F.M the two key priority areas to increase climate resilience and improve public health: water and sanitation. Due to the complex links surrounding these issues, the national and local government units (LGUs) need to take the lead in a multi-sectorial approach to resolving the health implications of climate change. When it comes to health impacts, it’s really the contribution of all of government and all of society. They have to keep the environment safe, that’s DPWH and DENR. Reinforcing this preventive approach is strengthening primary health care in the

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Philippines. Improving the services provided by barangay health centres and municipal hospitals should help ease the load on public hospitals, especially in the provinces. The administration of Benigno Aquino III was criticized for focusing too much on infrastructure building when the country is also in need of medical personnel on the community level. This lack of investment on human resources is a mistake President Rodrigo Duterte must avoid making for the well-being of all Filipinos. Vietnam, Thailand, and other ASEAN countries, they really improve their primary health care services. If people get sick in the Philippines, especially in urban areas, we immediately go to hospitals. That should not be because you’re clogging up the hospitals and it is too expensive. Other diseases can be treated at the lower levels. Need for “green hospitals”, or health facilities equipped to deal with environmental factors. “The health centres should already take the variables of temperature and humidity into consideration as they plan health programs. In some of our studies, we found that you can predict the onset of dengue if you keep track of rainfall and temperature patterns. The National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (NFSCC) emphasizes the formulation of proper climate change; (ii) improvement of climate sensitivity and increase in responsiveness of public health systems and service delivery mechanisms to climate change; and (iii) establishment of mechanisms to identify, monitor, and control diseases brought about by climate change, and improve surveillance and emergency

response to communicable diseases, especially climate-sensitive water-borne and vector-borne diseases. The Philippines is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change especially by natural disasters, which increase the frequency and intensity of heatwaves, floods, drought, and typhoons, reduce water availability and quality and increase the incidence of climate-sensitive infectious diseases. This issue becomes more complex as we anticipate the impacts of climate change to our existing health care delivery system and to the health of our population especially in the high-risk areas and the poor. The Philippine began to respond to climate change through a series of policy and legal initiatives. While response to date has focused on mitigation efforts especially in the energy-sector, the Philippine should pay greater attention to adaptation. Also it’s for the sake of Filipino citizen that will suffer the climate change that will lead to take a risk of our health and to lessen those infectious diseases in terms of health issues. Presently, some autonomous adaptation is taking place, but we need to consider a more pro-active adaptation planning in order to ensure sustainable development. The government also has a plan to lessen the effect of this natural disaster and that plan need to be implemented to be responsive to the needs of the Filipinos.

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EFFECTS OF RAPID POPULATION TO COMMUNITIES AND URBANIZING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS Lea Danielle Tolentino, Dianne Nicole Villaruel, Irish Kate Jewel Teope, Maria Jhonna Bonggay, Angelica Frias, Jan Weynard Quinto, Adonis Quinto

BS Social Work 1B

INTRODUCTION In the Philippines, population growth service oriented sectors, they often target on is rapid year after year. Large provinces gain small communities and laid back areas to more people along with the small ones. Rapid work on their platforms and give off their population could be an advantage or services to the public. Each sector has their disadvantage to a community. In urban areas, own goal bit for urbanizing purposes; they population growth could result to tend to prioritize areas with large overcrowding and overpopulation leaving geographical extensions and areas with large less space for shelter and livelihood. This populations. BS Social Work 1A could also result to higher demands of job opportunities which can be spaced out due to STATEMENT OF THE PROBEM an exodus of job seekers. For rural provinces, population growth could be open larger But how could society possibly adjust opportunity as investors could have an eye on the rapid population growth? Is this for large populated areas for franchise. really an advantage or much of a Lastly, larger population means assets disadvantage? How can private and public as well. So we can't really see population sectors cope up with urbanizing projects growth as a conflict in the social system we without having to favor large populated areas live in. and bigger provinces? How are they going to BS Social Work 1A Private and Public company and cope up and deal with small and rural areas? association sectors also lay thousands of What are the effects of rapid platform either to aide or to benefit from the bpopulation to communities and urbanizing rapid changes of population. For profit public and private sectors? oriented ones, they tend to target on While the many benefits of constructing franchise and businesses and organized and efficient cities are well creating opportunities on populated and large understood, we need to recognize that this areas to the advantage of reaching higher rapid, often unplanned urbanization brings demands for the products and service these risks of profound social instability, risks to sectors has to offer. On the other hand, for critical infrastructure, potential water crisis

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and the potential for devastating spread of diseases. Is this really an advantage or much of a disadvantage? Advantage Urbanization is by no means bad. It brings important benefits for economic, cultural and societal development. Well managed cities are both efficient and effective, enabling the economies of scale and network effects. As such, am urban model can make an economic activity more environmental-friendly. Disadvantage Growing population lowers standard of living. Rapid population declines social infrastructure. Creates the problem of unemployment How can private and public sectors cope up with these dilemmas? Methodology In order to answer the research questions, the researchers collected data from the online resources such us articles and journals. The researchers carefully selected the informationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s which served as basis in strengthening the result or the outcome of the present research and gathered data through searching for articles that are related to the current study which is all about the effects of rapid population to communities and urbanizing platforms of public and private sectors.

communities and urbanizing public and private sectors is, that it has many benefits of organized and efficient cities are well understood, we need to recognize that this rapid, often unplanned urbanization brings risks of profound social instability, risks to critical infrastructure, potential water crisis and the potential for devastating spread of diseases. Based on the data we have gathered regarding whether the rapid population growth is an advantage or much of a disadvantage. It was stated that the urbanization is by no means bad. It brings important benefits for economic, cultural and societal development. Well managed cities are both efficient and effective, enabling the economies of scale and network effects. As such, am urban model can make an economic activity more environmental-friendly. There may lots of benefits but in the other hand there is also disadvantage such as growing population lowers standard of living, rapid population declines social infrastructure and creates the problem of unemployment. Population affects the course of national development. Moreover, the data that has been collected results that private and public sectors cope up with these dilemmas where by it adjust to the rapid population growth by the help of modern institutions such as competitive markets, fair treatments on the environment, well-run government programs and flexible public policies.

RESULT

DISCUSSION

Based on the data that we have gathered, the effects of rapid population to

In this chapter, we will discuss the results of our study/research. Rapid

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population favors economic growth and expansion of private and public sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urbanization projects. With constant population growth, demands for products and services goes up. On the other hand, there are a lot of potential conflicts with regards to this. Overpopulation causes scarcity and over crowdedness. It also space out job opportunities and results to an unhealthy and polluted environment. These are all the latent factors with regards to the rapid population growth.

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

The Creative and Culture-Based Industries in Portugal and Philippines a Comparative Industry Geanne Fritz S. Manahan, Laarnie L. Malabayabas, Jane Kimberly J. Jose, Mary Gracie O. MaaĂąo, Elsie C. Historillo, Reena Marie O. Naranjo

BS Social Work 1B ABSTRACT This study describes the creative and large-scale to distribution of methods to cultural based industries in BarcelĂłâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and reach global markets. Philippines. It aims to know the comparison Keywords: Creative and Culture-based, of the two countries in terms of crafts and Comparative, Benchmark Folk Art City on how did they become one of the creatives cities in the world. The INTRODUCTION methodology is the study of a descriptive which the researcher chose to collect data Creative economy is an emerging from the online journals and articles. It concept that deals with creativity, culture, BS Social Work 1A evaluate the ideas and find more relevant data economics and technology. Vital to this about the creative and culture-based emerging type of economy are goods and industries of the Barcelos, Portugal and services that uses creativity and intellectual Baguio, Philippines. The result is designed to property as primary inputs. Cultural help national, regional and municipal policy Industries is the creation and, industrial makers identify local strengths and reproduction and mass distribution of cultural opportunities and benchmark their cities. It is works. Cultural Industries have incorporated, important to the country to have a in addition to adapting to technological improvements happened to their country in advances and evolving place of media in terms of Crafts and Folk art, the education society, sophisticated production processes through arts will encourage them to pursue and large-scale distribution methods to reach BS Social Work 1A the cultural and economic exchange between global markets. creative cities and creators to meet the The Philippines is a country that has standards with the basis of UNESCO results. b varied cultural influences. Despite all of these Based on the study, the creative and cultureinfluences, the old Asian cultures of Filipinos based industries will aimed at supporting the have been retained and are clearly seen in sector toward the development of an effective their way of life, beliefs and customs. and sustainable creative economy in country Wherever we go, a Filipino cultures is very and cultural industries have in corporate, in evident and has largely been appreciated and addition of adapting a technological advances even in many parts of the world. As culture and evolving place of media in the society, and health of their relationship is important to sophisticated production in process and have

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

understand as it impacts an individual’s worldview and decision- making process (Purnell 2005). In the most, Philippines is usually part of priorities countries which includes implementing better systems and learning of our result of pre-colonial cultures, colonial influences and foreign trades that intermixing together; gradually evolving into a uniquely Filipino identity. Barceló’s is known as a city and a municipality in Braga district in the Minho Province, in the North of Portugal. And this historical city is well known not only for its unique history but also for its landscapes pointed by harmony and tradition combined. This historic center us a must-visit place, with its important gothic medieval bridge, dating back to the 14th century, late gothic style, the parish church, a chapel of nossa Sen hora de Ponte, the palace of condes of Barceló’s which currently houses the archaeological museum, the pottery museum, the Gil Vicente Theater, the street of D. Antonio Barrosso, tower of Portal Nova, the church of Terco and the church of senhor bom Jesus Da Cruz.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aimed to determine the comparative industry of Creative and Culture-based industries in Portugal and Philippines. This research aimed to find out the following: 1. As a Creative City and Culture-based industries, how it was important to the country?

2. What was the having data in creative cities of UNESCO? 3. What makes a local strengths, opportunities and benchmark in the cities? METHODOLOGY This study is a descriptive which the researcher chose to collect data from the online journals and articles. In choosing information we evaluate the ideas and find more relevant data about the Creative and Culture-Based Industries of the Barceló’s, Portugal and Baguio Philippines. We explore the related issues to strengthen the results of this research study.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The cultural and creative industries have become increasingly prominent in many policy agendas in recent years. In prospecting the role of creative industries in economic development. As the researcher I found out that the economy of Philippines and Portugal as the Creative and Culture-Based Industries in terms of Crafts and Folk Art will aimed at supporting the sector towards the development of an effective and sustainable creative economy. As a Creative City and Culture-Based Industries how it was important to the country? And having the data of creative Cities of UNESCO? The result is designed to help national, regional and municipal policy makers identify local strengths and opportunities and benchmark their cities. It is important to the country because of the

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

improvements happened to their country in terms of Crafts and Folk art, also the education through arts of creativity strengthen, it encourage cultural and economic exchanges between Creative Cities and creators. Cooperating with cities from the Global South to foster mobility, creative development, nurture intercultural exchanges and best practices. According to the data of UNESCO, Baguio is the first city in the Philippines join the exclusive club. In the data of National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) they provide platform to quantify contributions of culture to development; expose people to different methodology, process and tools of building cultural statistics and the utilization of cultural statistics framework for defining contribution of culture to development; lastly, to push for appreciation of the rule of cultural statistics in strengthening Philippine creative economy. It provides a common evidence base at city level that illuminates the importance of culture and creativity and their contribution to improving economic development perspectives and resilience of the country. The said countries are able to meet the standards and the basis of the UNESCO results. CONCLUSION Based on the study, the following conclusions were drawn; 1. The researcher evaluate the ideas to find relevant data about the creative and culture-based industries of the

Barcelos, Portugal and Baguio, Philippines. 2. The said countries are able to meet the standards and the basis of the UNESCO. 3. Creative and Culture-based Industries will aimed at supporting the sector towards the development of an effective and sustainable creative economy in country. 4. Cultural industries have incorporated, in addition to adapting a technological advances of evolving place of media in the society, sophisticated production in processes and have large-scale to distribution of methods to reach global markets.

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

FEDERALISM:THE COMPARISON OF CULTURE AND ARTS OF PEARL OF THE ORIENT SEA AND LAND OF THE KINGS Apphia Monleon, Jorella Macaton, Emalene Evangelista, Lorre Jean Regio, Melanie Tapel, Chiechie Malangis, Rhea Manuba

BS Social Work 1B ABSTRACT This study is entitled ”Federalism: states and 7 union territories (including the The Comparison of Culture and Arts of Pearl National Capital Territory of Delhi) and New of the Orient Sea and Land of the Kings”. Delhi is the country’s capital. This study aims to identify the differences Philippine is a country proposing of and similarities of the two countries, having federal government while on the other Philippines and India in term of the culture hand, India is a country that is already and arts that these countries have. Since India implementing federal government. is already a federal country and Philippines is Comparing these two countries, drives the still proposing this kind of government, this researchers BS Social Work 1A to formulate questions (1) What study will discuss if the Federal form of are the differences between the culture and government will be helpful or useful if arts of a non-federal country and a federal Philippine the future will have it this form of country? (2) How does the form of government. government affects the art and culture of a particular country? And (3) Does implementing federal form of government in INTRODUCTION the Philippines will be helpful and effective? Federalism is a political power Although this topic is quite broad, the system divided by any central government researchers scrutinized the topic and tried to and many regional government. In a written explain and answers the listed questions constitution to propose the sharing of powers BS Social Work 1A above. and agreements between the states and the units claimed to be the provincial or regional METHODOLOGY government with the power to exercise b The researchers used observation and independence, except of some areas of documentation in collecting data. These management. research is a qualitative type of research Today, around the world, there are 24 because it used words to deliver the countries that has federal government and information gathered in some resources. It is one of this, countries is India. A country in also a narrative and descriptive type of the Southern part of Asia, located on the research as it introduced the background and subcontinent of India and was divided into 28 history of federalism and details with regards

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

of the countries that is already implementing federal form of government and the countries that has proposals in implementing federal government. RESULT As a result of this study, the researchers found out that, geographical location and features of a place can largely affects the way and how people in that place value the culture and traditions that they have. Like in the situation of the named countries, India and Philippines, their culture and arts are really rich, literature, theater, songs, dance and other forms are cultivated by the natives of each place. Because of the geographical form of Philippines and India, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hard for the government to unite and establish good relationship with its people but several individuals sees that Federalism can contribute to the progress of each region in the said countries. It can help the central government to enrich the ethnicity of each region since these country are composed of numerous islands and large land mass with different dialects and languages, cultures, form of arts and many more. This kind of government can preserve and maintain the traditions and customs that their ancestors cultivated and passed through their next generations. ANALYSIS The researchers discovered that the form of government that a Federal system has is useful when it comes to the geographical situation of the Philippines and India. Most especially that these two (2) countries are one of the developing countries around the world and while they are developing, preserving the particular culture of a certain region is quite

hard to do because of the modernization the federalism can brought. Also, we can see that India had already the federal government system in their country but on the other hand, federalism does not really affect the culture and arts of India negatively. However in the status of Philippines, where in having the federal form of government is being proposed and up until now is taking so time to be approved and implemented. According to research, implementing federal form of government here in the Philippines is useful because it will help and contribute in improving the culture and arts that our ancestors kept for a very long time.

DISCUSSION Federalism in the Philippines became a trending issue up until this moment. Giving the equal power of governance down to the different respective regions of the country. Dividing the funds, resources and other means that will probably support the economic status of a place. Having this kind of governance, will pave way on enhancing the culture, values and arts that a region possesses. In this research, the researchers discussed the advantages and disadvantages of implementing federalism here in the Philippine through comparing the same situation in the country of India. So this study were been connected to the Marinduque State College Development Agenda, MIMAROPA Research and Development Plan and the National Research and development Agenda. The development agenda of MSC and the

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

MIMAROPA Research and Development Plan where been proposed and discussed by Ms. Jean Makisig. These three (3) developmental agendas explains how the separated regions will be enhance and develop through the help of the new form of governance which is, Federalism. With these agendas, the researchers where been able to discuss the future of the Philippines when Federalism is implemented

Key Words: Arts, Culture, Federalism, India, Language, Philippines

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

FEDERALISM RELATED TO INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE GOVERNANCE

Michelle Go, Bea Patricia Supleo, Erika Anne Motol, Mharilyn Pine, Hannah Wayne Famarin, Sherrine Melaya, Marjorie Hizole BS Social Work 1B

ABSTRACT Background:

INTRODUCTION:

Federalism provides a technique of The environmental and social constitutional organization that permits conditions that indigenous communities action by a shared government for certain interact with the external environment are common purposes, together with autonomous characterized by a constantly increasing action by constituent units of government for degree of complexity. The interaction purposes that relate to maintaining their between different cultures can be considered BS Social Work 1A distinctiveness, with each level directly a multifaceted process of negotiation. It is responsible to its own electorate. It is a well acknowledged that the use of system of government that ensures Information and Communication constitutional division of powers between a Technologies (ICT) for indigenous cultural federal government and its federating units in preservation and revitalization can lead to such a way that these two sets of government several challenges. In this context, function in exclusive political domains for Indigenous Knowledge (IK) represents a the achievement of shared goals. Federalism critical resource that needs to be focused is well-suited for a country having a large towards specific processes and governance area, population and regional identities, activities. because BS Social Work 1Ait guarantees a considerable degree Purpose: of autonomy and exclusive political domain The purpose of the study is to point out the for the federating units. The regional and governance knowledge in the indigenous area ethnic identities are thus assured b and how can federalism as a form of preservation, protection and prosperity government can influence the system in the through self-governance. Federation is a indigenous governance. union of states or provinces. In a federation power is shared between federal government and provinces. Centralization of powers by the federal government undermines the accepted principles of federalism. In a highly

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

centralized federal system, the constituent provinces become resentful towards the domineering dispensation of the federal government. In terms of Indigenous Knowledge governance, the environmental and social conditions that indigenous communities interact with the external environment are characterized by a constantly increasing degree of complexity. The interaction between different cultures can be considered a multifaceted process of negotiation. It is well acknowledged that the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for indigenous cultural preservation and revitalization can lead to several challenges. In this context, Indigenous Knowledge (IK) represents a critical resource that needs to be focused towards specific processes and governance activities. The early efforts in knowledge management were on technologies to store, capture, and distribute knowledge, while the focus at present has shifted to make explicit, the tacit knowledge, but the development is more conceptual than practical. This study focuses on exploring the patterns of Indigenous Knowledge Management (IKM) and the supporting of a governance system of communities. Based on generic patterns of IKM, the goal of the research will be in developing an indigenous knowledge governance framework. Federalism is a constitutional division of power and it is suited for a country having a big land area. United States is a country who practiced federalism. Federalism is related to indigenous knowledge governance, this knowledge advocates the indigenous people in the provinces to adapt the world of

new technologies, to have communications and its main goal is to solve local problems. It could be easier to solve local problems of there is a division of power in each provinces. So, Federalism plays a great role to the provinces especially to those areas who have native inhabitants, Federalism can be applied in Philippines too, it is a way to focused more on the powers and economic growth per provinces and central power by which each provinces can promote their cultural identity and modernize their own area. And as we are the future social worker, we are willing to serve as their guide to solve local problems and advocate, being favor in federalism isn't bad, it is a way to change their way of living and also a way to have a better governance. METHODS: To gather informations and data, the IMRAD structure was used in the randomly selecting of article samples related to the Federalism and Indigenous Knowledge Governance. The Project and Digital Libraries of The Traditional Knowledge Digital Library Hence the indigenous communities are also for cultural revitalization and to sustain the knowledge system. They are using video and devices, knowledge management systems and technologies, to capture, disseminate and stock knowledge for future generations. The scope utilization for IKM brings opportunities as wand many researchers warn that the use revitalization efforts can bring with it a â&#x20AC;&#x153;colonialismâ&#x20AC;?. The scientific community focus on IK management as management rather than management of and

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

by a living. The early efforts in knowledge technologies to store, capture, and distribute the focus at present has shifted to make knowledge, but the development is more practical. For indigenous communities, know critical resource that needs to be focused processes and governance activities. On presence of the issues i.e. absence of legal protection of private data, lack of statistical expertise and Data/digital divide in indigenous are widening the gap and will increase the indigenous people. In particular, a generic governance indigenous knowledge management is necessary. RESULTS: A generic model of indigenous knowledge governance system. Methodology to develop frameworks and systems for indigenous communities. â&#x20AC;˘ Strategic map and action plan for knowledge assets management of indigenous communities that can be used for implementation of projects in indigenous communities which ensures sustainability and fairness in resource distribution and utilization. Discussion: To summarize, indigenous communities will be establishing a technologies for communications to solve their local problems, it could be better if the federalism is introduced by which there is a division of government. Philippines is now aware of the federalism, it has been introduced to us, and cultural differences can also affect the mindset of the citizens to adapt the federalism as a form of government. Indigenous communities have its own culture and tradition and it will be difficult for them to adapt the system. Advocacies and proper

education is a way to explain how a federal government works and this could be applicable to our profession to give answers to the problems of our society.

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM (4PS) IN ACHIEVING UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL Mac Jafet Manoos, Ivan Renzo Mulleda, Paul Vincent Onate, Kim Lodan Marang, Raquel Litrero, Charlene Sena

BS Social Work 1B ABSTRACT visualize to be achieved. This would serve as This study aimed to assess people a guide to public investment and which in a under the poverty line to have further while we are ensuring a cohesive concurrence understanding about the possible programs and integration on efforts towards the shared that would literally help them for their goal of inclusive socio-exclusive growth and survival needs. It also aimed to determine the a better life for Filipinos. factors that cause the issues or conflicts related to poverty. The data exposes that the INTRODUCTION one of programs implemented by our BS Social Work 1A government which is the Pantawid Philippines belong to the top poorest Pamilyang Pilipino Programs or 4Ps have country in Asia based on the different data contributed or help most of the people gathered every year. We may notice we are overcome or lessen the cases relating to the experiencing these situations that have been a poverty line. This also implies that through part of our life. We struggle for our survival globalization and the Sustainable because of this issue. Eradicating poverty in Development Goal implements programs that all its forms remains one of the greatest would supply people relating to their needs challenges facing humanity. As globally for their survival. Due to the large number of connected and united as one, we depend with cases in terms of poverty the Harmonized the help or aid of others. Through this they National RD Research Agenda focused on BS Socialhave Work developed 1A programs that give us the result and endeavors are geared towards solutions. The Sustainable Development and are utilized under the areas maximum Goals are a call to action to end poverty, economic and social benefit for people. It will bprotect the planet and ensure peace and provide central direction, prosperity everywhere. The focus of this leadership and coordination of the scientific agenda is on "universality", which means and technological efforts in the society or in that implementation must be ensured not the country. It corresponds to the foundation only in the Global South, but also on the for more exclusive growth; a trusted and entire planet. In the Philippines, 21.6% of flexible society and globally competitive the population lives below the national knowledge economy where technology poverty line in 2015. In the Philippines, the adaptation and stimulated change are

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

proportion of employed population below $1.90 purchasing power parity a day in 2015 is 7.8%. For every 1,000 babies born in the Philippines in 2017, 28 die before their fifth birthday. As of 2016, there were a total of 101.57 million Filipinos. 25.2% of the population lived below the national poverty line. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a human development measure of the national government that provides conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor, to improve the health, nutrition, and the education of children aged 0-18. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (Pantawid) at its core is about alleviating poverty through behavioral and social change. The Pantawid as a national poverty alleviation program (specifically, targeting the intergenerational transmission of poverty) identifies the family and the individual as the basic unit of change, or the microsystem. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1. What is 4Ps? 2. How does Sustainable Development Goals Related to poverty? 3. About how many percent live under poverty? METHODOLOGY They implement that households will receive cash grants if children stay in school and get regular health check-ups, have their growth monitored, and receive vaccines. Pregnant women must get pre-natal care, with their births attended to by professional health workers. Parents or guardians are required to participate in monthly

community-based Family Development Sessions to learn about positive child discipline, disaster preparedness, and womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights. RESULTS Started in 2007, the government expanded the program in December 2016 to reach a total of 20 million Filipinos belonging to 4.4 million households. The program benefits about 20% of the population, the majority of the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s poor. Nine million children are currently benefiting from the program, 1.9 million of which are in high school. The program has also achieved almost universal enrollment for elementary age children of 4Ps households. Social protection programs, Pantawid included, have cushioned the poor from the adverse impacts of various shocks the country experienced over the past six years. A study estimates that the program has led to a poverty reduction of 1.4 percentage points per year or 1.5 million less poor Filipinos. Based on the World Bank Group, household heads, spouses, and other adults are more encouraged to work and set up their own businesses. Over 1.5 million less poor Filipinos or an estimated poverty reduction impact of 1.4 percentage points per year. About 87% of 4Ps parents are now more optimistic about their situation and their childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s futures. Reduction in severe stunting among beneficiary children. Lower maternal mortality in the past five years because more mothers deliver babies in health facilities (7/10 live births). Drastic decrease in alcoholism in 4Ps households (spending on vices was lower by 39%). 4Ps beneficiaries

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

consume more rice and cereals than nonbeneficiaries. Relating to education, about 10.18 million children currently benefit from CCT, 1.9 million of which are in high school. Near universal school enrolment of elementary age children for 4Ps households (98%). About 6% higher gross enrollment rate for beneficiary high school students. Higher spending on education among 4Ps households (206 Pesos more per school-aged child per month vs non-4Ps). Decrease in child labor days (7 days less a month for 4Ps households). Over 333,673 graduated from high-school in 2015, 13,400 of which received honors. In the local economies, P households invest more in working assets (livestock, machineries) than non-beneficiaries. 4Ps households spend more on basic needs such as food, education and medicine that stimulate the growth of the local economy The 4Ps is currently the world’s fourth-largest CCT program based on population coverage. It complements the government’s other development priorities such as generating jobs and creating livelihood opportunities for the poor. DISCUSSION As a summarization, this research is helpful on the conflicts or issues that are connected to poverty. The gathered data featured or gathered by would further help in comparing and would also a guide were does the government funds went. On this we may say that this programs realty helps most of the people in needs financially. On this research I was been aware and know that government really focused on the conflicts and situation happens in our society. According to Sir

David Attenborough, “Surely we have a responsibility to leave for future generations a planet that is healthy and habitable by all species”. This says that we have our own agenda in this world but first we must manage it and enhance more of it so we can apply it effectively. We must first start with our self-first we must use our sense of humor to change our future. We can make change for our society because it not on our position if you are dedicated for it you can literally applies changes in your own life. We must do something great until we are still alive. This would also help us on our profession so we can really on the most specific problems suffering by our society. CONCLUSION As a conclusion this research inform us more about the programs that have been helping or aiding us and the possible help of our government in dealing with the poverty. I have notice that our government fined possible solutions to lessen those families’ people in the poverty line and to lower the cases in poverty. Through the help of their programs we were able or some were able to survive for everyday and live their life. This also let us know about the gathered data were does the taxes we pay were able to help other people or if does benefit other people. As we are a future social worker we can help to elevate our lifestyle into something new to help us improve and get up because poverty isn’t an excuse if we want to change our life. Globalization in a tool and a way to escape from poverty because we may be the chance our society and we must believe in positive way to succeed.

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

COMPARISON OF NEW CURRICULUM AND OLD CURRICULUM TO THE SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS IN MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE Joshua Lourenz Fronda, Dulce Cardona, Joan Fabrero, Christian Mark Villanueva, Mary Joy Mendoza, Maria Eloisa Mercene, Analyn Frias BS Social Work 1B

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

We are aware of the fact that the This research used qualitative method to Philippines were using the Old Curriculum determine the Comparison of New until Benigno Simeon Aquino III change the Curriculum and Old Curriculum to the Social educational system here in the Philippines. Work Students in Marinduque State College. We know that the old curriculum gave us the To further gather information related to the education that we had right now but we have Social Work 1A Comparison of New Curriculum and BS Old to know why we have the new curriculum and Curriculum to the Social Work Students in old curriculum. Marinduque State College, the researchers One of the issues nowadays when it used descriptive type of research. The comes to education is the new curriculum and research was conducted in the Marinduque the old curriculum. It is being compared to State College School of Liberal Arts where know whether there are some changes when the students are taking Bachelor of Science in it comes to different aspects. Problems can be Social Work. This study finds out the encountered by the old curriculum especially comparisonâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the Basic Education and K-12 those students who stopped schooling and Curriculum. The Basic Education just enrolled to college. Students cannot Curriculum (BEC) 2002 in order to raise the BS Social Work 1Aeasily and makes it hard because of the adapt quality of Filipino Learners and Graduates subjects and bridging. New curriculum and empower them for life-long learning. The students advance their study and knowledge. K-12 Curriculum 2012 is geared towards the b It prepares the student to become competitive development of holistically develop Filipino academically or not. On the other hand, with 21st century skills who is ready for people say that it only added to the year of employment, entrepreneurship, middle level schooling instead of entering college after skills development and higher education four years in high school. We still need to upon graduation. know the comparison of the old and new curriculum of the Social Work students in Marinduque State College. We are still in the process of the new curriculum while the old

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

curriculum is still with the first batch of K-12 program. We are aware and we all know the differences of the new and old curriculum but how can we compare it. We are still in an institution wherein the old curriculum is still finishing their studies and the first batch of the new curriculum is starting their new journey. The 2002 Basic Education Curriculum Reform objective is still in the K to 12 curriculum it was more focused and aiming for higher education and more recognized and gainful career for every Filipino graduate in the Philippines. According to DepEd, havenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t change the basic education that our young citizens must learn but it was enhance and more advance lessons just to have the high education for them and for their future. As you can see English, Filipino, and Math are still in K to 12 curriculum, Science dropped out from Grade 1 to 3 but the concept of science is still in other subjects like in Mother Tongue, English, Heath and Science. The Makabayan subjects was divert into other subjects that can easily be understood by the students, like in Araling Panlipunan, ESP and MAPEH. Unlike in the old curriculum, English and Filipino are the only languages that should be used in teaching in the pupils but now they are using the Mother-Tongue language as medium of instruction in Kindergarten up to Grade 3 Level, so that these children can easily understand their lessons to achieve a higher education. This study is not only to compare the comparison of the old and new curriculum but we also seek on how the new curriculum changes the Social Work studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perspective and learning compared to the Old curriculum. What are the thoughts and

realization between the two curriculums? Are they aware of the impact of the higher education and basic education? We are still in a process and we need to be aware in our education system here in the Philippines. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This research is conducted to determine the Comparison of New Curriculum and Old Curriculum to the Social Work Students in Marinduque State College. The present study attempted to investigate the following: 1. What is the difference between the Old Curriculum and New Curriculum to the Social Work Students in Marinduque State College? 2. What are the changes of the Old Curriculum to the New Curriculum in Marinduque State College? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Old Curriculum and New Curriculum to the Social Work Students in Marinduque State College? METHODOLOGY This research used qualitative method to determine the Comparison of New Curriculum and Old Curriculum to the Social Work Students in Marinduque State College. To further gather information related to the Comparison of New Curriculum and Old Curriculum to the Social Work Students in Marinduque State College, the researchers used descriptive type of research. The research was conducted in the Marinduque State College School of Liberal Arts where the students are taking Bachelor of Science in

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

Social Work. The respondents of this study are the Social Work students who are Old Curriculum and New Curriculum Students. The researchers used Focused Group Discussion in data gathering. The researchers used purposive sampling in determining the participants of the study. Only those students involved in the Old and New Curriculum considered in the study. The researchers also collected data from the online source such as articles and journals.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS Based on the findings of the study the result of the Comparison of New Curriculum and Old Curriculum to the Social Work Students in Marinduque State College concluded that the difference between the Old Curriculum and New Curriculum is the Old Curriculum was based on the 16-year study (starting in 1986). Implementation of RBEC was based on the executive order No. 46, which in turn was based on recommendations of the Philippines Commission on Educational Reforms (PCERF), created on Dec. 7, 1998. (Sec. of Education Raul Roco) The restructuring of the curriculum is part of an on-going effort to improve the quality of learning. We are focusing on the basics of improving literacy and numeracy while inculcating values across learning areas to make it dynamic. (Raul Roco) The 2002 BEC is a restructuring and not a sweeping change of the elementary and secondary curricula. (NESC and NSEC) The curriculum emphasizes the enhanced teaching of the four core subject

Filipino, English, Mathematics and Science. A fifth subject called Makabayan, which is envision to be a laboratory of life or practice environment integrated the other non-tool subjects. The New Curriculum not only for the development of each Filipino, but also for the overall social and economic progress of the country. Part of the Philippines Education For All Plan of Action 2015, is critical task number 5, â&#x20AC;&#x153;the expansion of basic education, targeting that by 2015, the Philippines has lengthened its cycle of basic education schooling to make it twelve years.â&#x20AC;? This study also finds that there are changes in Old Curriculum and New Curriculum. The Old curriculum aims for functional literacy; focuses on the development of reading skills and values of self-reliance and patriotism; focuses on setting of learning standards and teaching for understanding. It provides a personalized approach using special curriculum programs; also puts emphasis on interactive learning approaches and integrative teaching approaches which integrate competencies and values within and across the learning areas; provides a personalized approach using special curricular programs; develops readiness passion for work and lifelong learning; takes into consideration the various context and support system surroundings the Filipino learners. The New Curriculum aims for holistic development and acquisition of 21st century skills; considering every aspect of development of the learners so that graduates will be holistically developed, equipped with 21st century skills and prepared for

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

employment entrepreneurship middle level skill or higher education; considering the nature and the needs of learners it responds of the local and global needs.

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

Graduating Research of BA

Communication

103

4th SLA R&E Colloquium 2019

PINAY EMPOWHERMENT: ANALYSIS OF WOMEN ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT THROUGH PARTICIPATORY APPROACH Abegail Balahan et.al BA Communication 4

ABSTRACT This study identified the women economic empowerment in two aspects: economic advancement and power and agency. The government and different governmental and non-governmental organizations though have exerted effort in providing the women economic opportunities still the analysis of the economic aspects of Barangay Maligaya women has been overlooking. The researchers aimed to know if the women in Barangay Maligaya exercised their economic power inside their households. The paper used focus group discussion (FGD) through participatory rural approach (PRA) tools and survey questionnaire as a method of identifying the problems encountered in implementing economic empowerment to their households. The results of the study presented economic advancement and power and agency factors. The findings have shown that men dominates in generating income inside the household on the other hand, women consumes most of their time doing chores and taking care of the children. Although Barangay Maligaya women is economic dependent towards their husbands, still women controls the access to credit and financial services for their households. Furthermore, both have the power in

production assets and production and income generation decision. Women superiority over cash expenditures, savings and transfers, and childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s education is evident meanwhile the reproductive matters is given to men. Most of the women agree that they have perceived their economic roles but with the common livelihood from Barangay Maligaya such as farming, fishing and raising livestock needs more of the masculine power, the women has given minimal economic opportunities to actually earn and generate income towards their household. Based on the results of the study, it is in need to introduce suitable livelihood activities for the women and help earn money for their family. INTRODUCTION Women empowerment has indicated to be the primary aim and the essential stipulation for development stabilization. United Nations has considered that gender equality as well as women empowerment, tools to finally eradicating poverty, hunger and disease, and development that is maintainable. In this notion, critiques of demographers, social scientists and development practitioners is immersed on the empirical studies that explores about gender 104

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and women, demographics, and conditions which proves that poverty diminution and quality human well-being is parallel causing it to progress (Karen Oppenheim Mason & Herbert L. Smith 2003; United Nations System in The Philippines 2005). According to Global Gender Gap Report (2013), Philippines garnered the 5th position in Asiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s best country in closing gender discrepancy execution. It also places 10th on the Political Empowerment sub index and the only country in Asia and the Pacific that has completely secured the gender gap in both education and health. Moreover, civil society and other development organizations like UN Country Team in the Philippines teams up with government to practice conventional perspectives such as policies programs and projects (United Nations System in The Philippines, 2005). Nation builder and homemaker- this two roles assumed to be the great advantage of Filipina. Different from other Asian countries, they accomplish similar education (medicine and law among others), strive for employment and be active political participants (both voters and political candidates). However, though given much privileges they are still anticipated to be the traditional role as mothers and wives set by society, describing them to be basically weaker in all aspects: educationally, occupationally, and economically (Philippine Institute for Development Studies 2017; United Nations System in The Philippines 2005). Although equally giving education privileges same with males, they were supposed to be home oriented. They were meant to conceive man that she is flexible and

submissive. Women are expected to control the emotional aspects of the family. Their loyalty towards patriarchal society is visible on the fact that women though compelled to have gain more money than with her husband still the male part will always be called the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;breadwinner of the familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Filipinas domestic roles is usually greater than her economic role although studies found that most female who participated in the labor market increased (Philippine Institute for Development Studies 2017; Donna Lynne L. Demanarig & Javieska Acosta 2016). Even though World Economic Forum proclaimed Philippines to be the best performer in gender outcomes among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member-states, still it performs wide gender disparities in economic opportunities. Labor market discrimination against women are still present on the employment sector even if they have employment increase in service factors (banking, finance, insurance and business services subsectors). Despite the fact that Filipinas were part of political and economic sphere, they have always been concealed with their roles. They experienced difficulty in labor participation, vulnerable employment, rate, and wage. This report outlines several aspects to be observed, such as women who is well educated and has bigger potential income are still expected to do both full-time work and accomplish traditional home and child-care responsibilities. The efforts of the government and different governmental and non-governmental organizations have given emphasis on providing the women economic 105

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opportunities although the analysis of the economic aspects of Barangay Maligaya women has been lacking. The need to empower women in the economic aspects is essential for the growth of themselves and also to develop the community as a whole. Furthermore, as Golla, Malhotra, Nanda & Mehra (2011) stated that the measurement of economically empowered women relies in two aspects: the ability to succeed and advance economically (economic advancement) and the power to create and act economic decisions and activities (power and agency). Thus the researcher aim to analyze the economic empowerment of Barangay Maligaya women and to provide intervention that would help support their family and community as a whole. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To analyze the women economic empowerment of the selected respondents in Barangay Maligaya. 2. To know the factors affecting the economic advancement of the respondents in terms of: 2.1 Sources of income and income generation 2.2 Access to credit and financial services 3. To identify the factors affecting the power and agency of the respondents in terms of: 3.1 Control and decision 3.1.1 Productive assets 3.1.2 Cash expenditures, 3.1.3

savings and transfers 3.2 Reproductive matters and childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s education 3.3 Women economic roles and perception 4. To propose a possible intervention to improve women economic empowerment of Barangay Maligaya

METHODOLOGY This study conducted a trial participatory rural appraisal tool activity using Venn diagram. After the activity test, the team prepared materials needed for the tools that will be used on the community immersion. The researchers conducted community workshop about the economic empowerment of women in Brgy. Maligaya Boac, Marinduque. The use of focus group discussion (FGD) through participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools is prepared in gathering data. Venn diagram, Seasonal Calendar and Problem Tree analysis were utilized to measure the economic ability of women towards their households. The Venn diagram examines how a community is organized, both in terms of its internal organization and its relationships with the larger community beyond its borders. Additionally, Seasonal calendars are diagrams which highlights seasonal issues and changes throughout a year in the community. It also permits the team to study the process of changes during different seasons as conditions change in reality and in 106

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what particular activity and chores thus women are most active. Lastly, problem tree works so that the problem is figured out in more manageable chunks and poses present issues needed to come up a realistic intervention in the study (www.crs.org). This method was appropriate to the study for it will provide precise and much understanding towards the economic empowerment of women of Barangay Maligaya. After conducting these three activity kits the team leader then organizes the focus group discussion (FGD) and a survey is given by the facilitators for further results. The note takers then organized the findings and results of the activities.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Economic Advancement Income Source and Generation The figure presents that the basic source of income of Barangay Maligaya are farming, fishing and livestock raising. Farming is done almost twice in a year which also depends on the water system of its field. Ploughing of land (Araro/Kubota) starts in both November and April with also other related farming activities like planting (Pagtalok/Pagtanim), weeding of snails and grass (Gamasin/Bunutin ang mga kuhol at damo) and applying fertilizer (Paglagay ng abono). Havesting (Pag-ani) is accomplished 2-3 months after completing the other tasks. Fishing also depends on the cycle of the moon nevertheless is always done which is followed by selling in the exact seaside or the

nearby marketplace. Furthermore, livestock raising is a tasks acted the whole year. The results asserted that most of the heavy tasks in farming (Ploughing, Planting, Weeding, Applying fertilizer, and Harvesting) and in fishing (Catching) are executed by men. Although there is women participation, still the majority of the burden lies on men. Activities in livestock raising and selling of fish were solely given on womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s part and other related tasks like household chores is also included. Furthermore, the respondents stated that most of the tasks done with these livelihoods needs men for their physical strength. This signifies that Filipinos are firm believer that the essence of being woman is associated with home, husband and children making work their second option. Though having increased participation in society over the years, women remain imperceptible in the fields of agriculture. Furthermore, as they devote more time on domestic chores lessen their time in accessing income-producing activities which consequently made them depend on their male partner (Torres, 1987; United Nations System in The Philippines, 2005).

Access to credit and financial services Most of the organizations that help the women of Barangay Maligaya are private owned companies (Card, Card Plan International), government projects (Senior, 4Pâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, and Scholarship grants), and church. The least assistance given to the women comes from two LGUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (PhilHealth and 107

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Department of Social Welfare and Development) and Honorarium in barangay. Card bank Inc. is a private corporation which is devoted to empower women socially and economically though their capacity building services which includes financial, microinsurance, educational, livelihood and health which help them be a responsible citizen in the society. On the other hand, Department of Social Welfare and Development is placed on the least accessible organization that helps them empower economically. Inaptly, it has been indicated that the respondents have only trivial information towards this local government for 4Pâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (Pangtawid Pamilyang Pilipino Progam) and senior pension (Social Pension Program) are the programs implemented by DSWD to empower women across the communities in the Philippines.

power over her personal assets but also relies her decision towards her partner. Cash expenditures, savings and transfers The control and decision to cash expenditures, savings and transfers of barangay Maligaya. In the family majority of the respondents agree that the one who have the access towards financial aspects are women. Although most of the households are both partners of any financial organization and institution, still majority of the women has the power to access the services (savings, insurance and lending). This indicate that even though men are the ones who financially provide the needs of the family nonetheless women are still expected to control and decide any financial activities that is going in and outside of the household.

Control and Decision to Productive Assets The table shows the control and decision of a household in terms of productive assets. 3 out of 7 women stated that they have their own assets and property. 2 respondents indicated that their husbands owned a property while the other 2 have none. Moreover, the decision regarding with the use and sale of household assets and property both agreed with 2 respondents and 1 to both. The results indicated that the control and decision to productive assets depends to the one who owns the property and assets. However, the respondent who stated both is a woman who owns assets of her own. This shows that women have the control and

Reproductive education

matters

and

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

The control and decision of the household of Barangay Maligaya towards reproductive matters and childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s education of Barangay Maligaya. This shows that majority stated that both men and women decide when and how many children does a family want to have. Additionally, they have also stated that also both of them decides when to send their children in school. This results indicated that in terms of reproductive matter, the control and decision is imparted with the two. Surprisingly, although women is the one who bore the child they do not have the power and control to 108

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decide when it comes to reproductive matters. Furthermore, some of the respondents stated that men are the one to decide how many children they will have in the household. Women with low educational background, and is part of low to medium social class relies more on the decision making and behavior of male in terms of reproductive matters. Oppositely those women who applies modern methods are less to hold with their partnerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s decision than those who persists to use traditional method and never used the modern method (Speizer, Whittle & Carter, 2005). Women Economic roles and perception Most of the respondents stated that the women has the ability to earn and manage money and make economic decisions in the household. All of the respondents agree that it is appropriate for women to earn and manage household money. 4 out of 7 respondents claimed that it is appropriate for women to make economic decisions in the households while the respondents unanimously agree that it is appropriate for women to work outside the house. This signifies that women of Barangay Maligaya perceives and applies their economic roles. Majority of the respondents have their own jobs which includes business of livestock raising, a kagawad of Sangguniang Barangay and at the same time reseller of a local cosmetic product, baby-sitting, farming, fish selling and has carinderia business. Although their husbands produce income of their own, the

respondents has their own source of income to help their household. As cited by Taylor and Pereznieto (2014), the ability to achieve equal access and control over economic resources and provides assurance to increase this control over years is what defines women economic empowerment. It is also essential to empower women economically for it helps achieve sustainable development and fights vicious cycle of poverty where the community of Barangay Maligaya aims for. Although women of Barangay Maligaya stated that they have perceived their economic roles however, the opportunities to generate income inside the Barangay is limited or minimal. The minimal economic opportunities is due to the reasons: the available sources of income is too heavy or difficult for the women, has low educational attainment and has increased number of children. Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s no capital to start up a business because there is only limited resources inside the boundaries of Maligaya and if there is resources, the problem arises with the heavy tasks in farming and fishing is stated in the seasonal calendar wherein there is limited participation of women to these livelihoods available in the barangay. In the past, due to inevitable existence of poverty arises the problem of not affording to go to school which also became the problem of having low educational background. According to the respondents, family planning is not exercised within their times and because of this their husbands and partners are stopping them to ligate. Consequently, the disapproval leads to 109

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increased number of children which also resulted to having no time to find an appropriate job for them.

INTERVENTION: PROPOSED TRAINING AND WORKSHOP DESIGN

CONCLUSION The main sources of Barangay Maligayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s income are farming, fishing and livestock raising. Livelihood in fishing and farming has a minimal participation towards women while the livestock rearing and household chores are fully inclined with their roles. In terms of productive assets and reproductive matters and childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s education, the control and power are given to both men and women while cash expenditures, savings and transfers are granted to women. Majority of them agree that they perceived their economic roles well. Furthermore, the core problem the women of Maligaya are facing is the minimal economic opportunities which the researchers proposes a solution of livelihood training, workshop and seminar in order to empower the economic roles of women.

FOR THE LIVELIHOOD OF BARANGAY MALIGAYA WOMEN ACTIVITY DESIGN Title: EmpowHER you: LIVELIHOOD TRAINING WORKSHOP Proponent: Department of Social Welfare and Development Participants: Barangay Maligaya Women. -everything else follows-

Overall, the economic empowerment of women in Barangay Maligaya is evident but still needs further assistance for the sustainable development of the household and the community.

RECOMMENDATION Based on the findings, a proposed intervention was crafted.

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Undergraduate

Researches of BA Communication

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD SECURITY TO THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF BANGLADESH, CAMBODIA AND PHILIPPINES John Robert Reginio, Sherlie Sison, Nhea May Sapungan, Athena Krisha Mandalihan, and Excel Nikko Monteras BA Communication 1

ABSTRACT Climate change is a change in the pattern of weather and related changes in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, occurring over time scales of decades or longer. Climate change will affect the food security or the state of having reliable access to a sufficient or affordable nutritious food, all four dimensions of food security: food availability, food accessibility, food utilization and food systems stability. It will have an impact on human health, livelihood assets, food production and distribution channels, as well as changing the purchasing power and market flows. The Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and other livelihood of a certain country, will be affected by climate change. It is necessary to strengthen the resilience of rural people and to help them cope with this additional threat to food security, in order for them to survive through the challenges of Climate Change. Through this, the people will be primed for the things that might happen to their economy whether their GDP (Gross Domestic Product) or GNP (Gross National Product) decreases or increases. The economic growth is the amount of goods and services produced by the people over a period of time, which may affect the economic performance of a certain

country and its citizens. If the economic state of one country indicates more problems, people may possibly face jeopardy, all the aspects of living or livelihood will become more complex and alarming if they canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t adopt to the changes due to the climate change. Bangladesh, Philippines and Cambodia are some of the developing countries that might have struggles to survive when it comes to food security. This natural phenomena, will highly impact the economy and seen as a problem to the growth and development of the emerging countries. This research is important because it aims to know the relationship between the Climate Change, Food Security and how does it affects the Economic Growth of Bangladesh, Cambodia and Philippines. KEYWORDS: Climate Change, Agricultural Land, Water Sources, Food Security, Human Health, Security, Economic Growth, Adaptation INTRODUCTION Across 250 years, deforestation, combustion of fossil fuels, and production of agricultural yield causes the evident rise of carbon dioxide (CO2) and different greenhouse. Climate change has gained global awareness as it became as one of the 112

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most challenging problems in every country. Climate change is inevitable. It means that all shifting of weather conditions within the climate is a result of human activities or natural variations. The planet is protected by a layer of gases that act just like a glass wall (earth blanket) called the ozone layer. These gases are important in sustaining life on earth. The ozone lets the sun’s heat pass through while keeping it from escaping, which in turn brings life. However, too much green-house gasses reduces the volume of the ozone layer. This results into the unstable and extreme heat of the Earth’s atmosphere. Severe heat causes abnormality in the climate that affect countries in massive state. Climate change as defined scientifically, is a change within the mean values of climate measure by component such as; rain, temperature, over a long amount of your time typically fifty years, (climate change/global climate change/temperature change) is that the important change within the state of the climate of an area that may be known by change within the mean associated or within the variability of its properties that persist for an extended amount ineffably for decades or longer IPCC (2011). Temperature change is a phenomenon widely accepted as part of our reality. This implies that it is a matter of indisputable fact that can continuously be subjected to natural dynamism or changes. There are many assumptions that have been made from a wide range of climate model simulations for example, the scenario assumes that humans worldwide are likely to make more sustainable development choices if wider range of technologies for producing energy with greater efficiency will be used in

the future. Carbon emissions are forecasted to be increased from current rate of around 9 billion metric tons each year to around 12 billion tons each year until 2040, and after that it will again gradually decline to 5 billion tons each year by the year 2100. The main reason for this temperature increase is carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping “greenhouse” gases that human activities produce. The biggest source of added carbon dioxide is from people burning coal and other fossil fuels. Climatic change delivers negative impact on many things such as on herbs like Satu, Silajit, Bhase, Timur, Amala, Panch Aule, Ritha, Bel are deteriorating and transferring to higher altitude ranges whereas green grass has also deteriorated severely in the Himalayan region of Mustang. On the other hand, fast increase in greenhouse gasses have both positive and negative effects on people, society, and the environment-including plants and animals because many of the major greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere for tens to hundreds of years after being released, their warming effects on the climate persist over a long time and can therefore affect both present and future generations. Consequently, the rate of change today is unprecedented in human history. 21st Century ecosystems and their component species are faced simultaneously with fragmented landscapes and climate change, not allowing species to adapt to new conditions. Tracing this back into antiquity; Asian nation may be a playground country of oftentimes stirring natural disasters and these natural disasters became moniker to Asian nation, disasters like droughts, coastal erosions, flooding, tropical cyclone and storm surges. 113

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Food security is the state achieved when food systems operate such that â&#x20AC;&#x153;all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life. Food security exists when all people at all times have physical or economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. It is influenced by four key dimensions: availability of sufficient food; economic, physical and social access to the resources needed to acquire food; stability of this availability and access; and utilization, including nutrition, food safety and quality.

Northern China, the US, and India) due to widespread overpumping and irrigation.

The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing "when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life". Commonly, the concept of food security is defined as including both physical and economic access to food that meets people's dietary needs as well as their food preferences. Household food security exists when all members, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, healthy life. Food security incorporates a measure of resilience to future disruption or unavailability of critical food supply due to various risk factors including droughts, shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars.

Genetically Modified (GM) Food and Food Security

Things affecting includes:

food

security

today

Global Water Crisis - Water table reserves are falling in many countries (including

Climate Change - Rising global temperatures are beginning to have a ripple effect on crop yields, forest resources, water supplies and altering the balance of nature. Land Degradation - Intensive farming leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of soil fertility and decline of agricultural yields. Greedy Land Deals - Corporations and Governments buying rights to millions of areas of agricultural land in developing countries to secure their own long-term food supplies.

Food security is not just a poverty issue; it is a much larger issue that involves the whole food system and affects every one of us in some way. Issues such as whether households get enough food, how it is distributed within the household and whether that food fulfils the nutrition needs of all members of the household show that food security is clearly linked to health. Economic Growth We define economic growth in an economy as an outward shift in its Production Possibility Curve (PPC). Economic growth is measured by the increase in a countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total output or real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP). The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country over a period of 114

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time. Therefore an increase in GDP is the increase in a country’s production. Growth doesn’t occur in isolation. Events in one country and region can have a significant effect on growth prospects in another. For example, if there’s a ban on outsourcing work in the United States, this could have a massive impact on India’s GDP which has a robust IT sector dependent on outsourcing. Most developed economies experience slower economic growth as compared to developing countries. For example, in 2016, India had a growth rate of 7.1% while the American economy was only growing at 1.6%. This statistic can be misleading because India’s GDP was $2.264 trillion in 2016, while the US was $18.57 trillion. It would be more appropriate to compare their economic growth rates during similar periods in their history. Economic Growth is not the same as Economic Development. Development alleviates people from low standards of living into proper employment with suitable shelter. Economic Growth does not take into account the depletion of natural resources which might lead to pollution, congestion & disease. Development, however, is concerned with sustainability which means meeting the needs of the present without compromising future needs. Why is economic growth important? Economic growth is one of the most important indicators of a healthy economy. One of the biggest impacts of long-term growth of a country is that it has a positive

impact on national income and the level of employment, which increases the standard of living. As the country’s GDP is increasing, it is more productive which leads to more people being employed. This increases are the wealth of the country and its population. Higher economic growth also leads to extra tax income for government spending, which the government can use to develop the economy. This expansion can also be used to reduce the budget deficit. Additionally, as the population of a country grows, it requires the growth to keep up its standard of living and wealth. Economic growth also helps improve the standards of living and reduce poverty, but these improvements cannot occur without economic development. Economic growth alone cannot eliminate poverty on its own. Factors that Affects Economic Growth The following are the six causes of economic growth and the key components to improve and upsurge the growth an economy. Improving or increasing their quantity can lead to growth in the economy. 1. Natural Resources The discovery of more natural resources like oil, or mineral deposits may boost economic growth as these shifts or increases the country’s Production Possibility Curve. Other resources include land, water, forests and natural gas. Realistically, it is difficult, if not impossible, to increase the number of natural resources in a country. Countries must take 115

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care to balance the supply and demand of scarce natural resources to avoid depleting them. Improved land management may improve the quality of land and contribute to economic growth. For example, Saudi Arabia’s economy has historically been dependent on its oil deposits. 2. Physical Capital or Infrastructure Increased investment in physical capital such as factories, machinery, and roads will lower the cost of economic activity. Better factories and machinery are more productive than physical labor. This higher productivity can increase output. For example, having a robust highway system can reduce inefficiencies in moving raw materials or goods across the country which can increase its GDP. 3. Population or Labor A growing population means there is an increase in the availability of workers or employees, which means a higher workforce. One downside of having a large population is that it could lead to high unemployment. 4. Human Capital An increase in investment in human capital can improve the quality of the labour force. This would result in an improvement of skills, abilities, and training. A skilled labour force has a significant effect on growth since skilled workers are more productive. 5. Technology

Another influential factor is the improvement of technology. Technology could increase productivity with the same levels of labor, thus accelerating growth and development. This means factories can be more productive at lower costs. Technology is most likely to lead to sustained long-run growth. In Cambodia Cambodia is one of the poorest countries and ‘least developed country in the Southeast Asia. Historically, it experienced a hard time in the hands of Pol Pot. According to History.com, “Pol Pot was a political leader whose communist Khmer Rouge government led Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. During that time, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Cambodians died of starvation, execution, disease or overwork”. This is the reason why people of Cambodia had a hard time recovering from what they experienced. During that time, highly-skilled workers were killed, and the majority of the Cambodians were trained as farmers only. The livelihood of the majority depends on Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, yet there are still isolated areas in Cambodia who are unable to gain a safe and nutritious foods and support. According to studies, climate change is seen as one of the serious threats that countries may face, either advanced or developing, and will possibly affect the development of the economy of Cambodia. The impacts of climate change on the economic growth of Cambodia Fluctuations of a changing climate are currently occurring and this is one of the problems that the world has been facing for 116

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decades. If these continues, climate change may affect the entire economy of many countries. According to the IPCC 4th Assessment Report, ASEAN countries are expected to be seriously affected by the adverse impacts of climate change since most economies are relying on agriculture and natural resources. It is a global environmental issue, which may affect the growth of each countries. Cambodia is one of the developing countries in Asia that may suffer from the effects of climate change. This area is more likely prone to natural disasters. According to the UN Agency (Xinhua, 2018), the rising temperatures of climate change will decrease the GDP of Cambodia. The agency said in a statement that “reduced labor productivity is caused by workers slowing down or becoming fatigued due to higher temperatures - will be the main cause of GDP loss, accounting for 57 percent of the economic loss and damage caused by climate change in the country in 2050, citing a macroeconomic report titled "Cambodia Climate Economic Growth Impact Model.” On the report of the Asian Development Bank, in 2009, Southeast Asia will more likely to suffer from climate change than any other country, then this will extremely affect the economy of the countries in Asia. According to Dene-Hern Chen of “The Cambodia Daily”, climate change will adversely affect the country’s manufacturing and tourism sectors, because Cambodia mostly focus on hydro-power, based from the report by the British (U.K.based Overseas Development Institute) and Cambodian (Cambodia Development Research Institute) researchers.

Hydroelectric power creates energy from flowing waters like rivers, and in addition, such energy prices already negatively affect the various sectors in Cambodia, but this hydro-power infrastructures are also vulnerable to climate change due to severe storms triggered by high temperatures and may negatively contribute to global warming. Crop yields, reduced trees, less water access and low fish catch are the adverse effects of hydro-power dams. Due to higher temperatures, heavy rainfall, the elevated carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and more causes, triggered by the activities instigated by man and natural occurrences, this may reduce the productions in forestry, agriculture and fisheries of Cambodia. Due to intense heat and rising sea levels, the local farmers in Cambodia are already facing problems destroying their crops. Based from Khmer Times, in 2018, intense and high temperatures will continue to affect the economic performance of Cambodia. In addition, “a hotter climate will result in reduced worker productivity, decreasing the GDP growth rate by an average of 0.3 percent every year between 2016 and 2050”, and stated that if this problem continue to impact in Cambodia, this will “reduce the country’s GDP by almost 10 percent by year 2050.” Because of higher temperatures, workers become more exhausted and this will be the primary reason of the GDP loss. According to the study, “the economic loss in Cambodia would be significantly higher than in other Southeast Asian Nations”. As stated by the Ministry of Agriculture, there are almost 235,000 hectares of rice plantations that were affected by drought, from 16 provinces in Cambodia. 117

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The sector of agriculture contributes 45 per cent GDP in 1993 and around 32 per cent in 2011. In contrast, industry’s share of GDP rose from just under 13 per cent in 1993 to 21.5 per cent in 2011.The area of land under cultivation has increased significantly in recent years, from 596,000 hectares in 2008 to 930,000 hectares in 2011, and is expected to reach 1,000,000 hectares in 2013. The economy of this state sustained an average growth rate of 7.7% between 1995 and 2018, making it among the fastestgrowing economies in the world. Poverty continues to fall in Cambodia. According to official estimates, the poverty rate in 2014 was 13.5% compared to 47.8% in 2007. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Cambodia was worth 22.16 billion US dollars in 2017. The value of GDP in Cambodia represents 0.04 percent of the world economy. GDP in Cambodia averaged 5.73 USD Billion from 1960 until 2017, reaching an all, time high of 22.16 USD Billion in 2017 and a record low of 0.51 USD Billion in 1972. The effects of climate change in the food security of Cambodia Climate change is defined as the seasonal changes and a natural phenomenon that occurs for a long period of time, and it is commonly associated with Global Warming. Earth’s current climate is changing differently, fast, very unusual and has shifted unevenly over the years. Researches proved that it is caused by human activities such as the exploitation of the environment, and natural resources done globally. These changes results to extreme drought, intense heat, floods and more. Natural calamities that happened within the past years were very

unusual. It has shaped the Earth’s landscape but only brought adversities to humans and affected their livelihood at a massive state. It also bring dreadful changes on the environment, society, people, and the future generations which may cause more ecological problems in the future. In recent years, people of Cambodia experienced natural disasters like severe drought, floods, cyclones and more where some studies reveals that it may have a drastic impact on agriculture which may eventually affects the food security, wherein 70% of the population depends on Agriculture. The population suffered from undernourishment in 2004-2005. Micro nutrient deficiencies are highly widespread in the country, because of the limited supply of water. This unpredictable change of weather and water supplies, a change of climate together with a low adaptive capacity are challenging the livelihoods of the rural people who are heavily dependent on natural resource and farming for survival. Base from an article, reduction of productive assets, as a result of indebtedness, leads to chronic food insecurity. On the other hand, The Life and Nature Project (LNP) supports deprived people to dealt with climate change and improve their food security and livelihoods. According to a study about the food security in Cambodia, “it has not experienced drastic food insecurity yet, as most people are farmers and their livelihoods dependent on agriculture. Agriculture has maintained food availability in the country; however, there is a proportion of the population living in rural areas who are incapable to obtain sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. Landlessness, 118

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internal migration, rapid population growth, lack of education and skills, limited access to natural resources and agricultural land, poor health and infrastructure leave the people with inadequate employment opportunities, low capabilities and low productivity which in turn bring deeper poverty. Therefore, people are insecure, excluded and vulnerable to food deprivation.” According to a study, food insecurity and poverty are interconnected. Cambodia is a self-sufficient state when it comes to rice production, and people grow crops and staple foods to provide their needs. The fish production is already diminishing and under threat. Many people from the rural area have inadequate land to produce crops. As stated, many rural people also depend on casual low-wage labor or informal-sector enterprises to make income with which to buy at least part of their food needs, and the food security of poor rural people can often depend mainly on income from such activities. Bangladesh Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of global warming and climate change. This is due to its unique geographic location, dominance of floodplain, low elevation from the sea, high population density, high levels of poverty, and overwhelming dependence on nature, its resources and services. The country has a history of extreme climatic events claiming millions of lives and destroying past development gains. Variability in rainfall pattern, combined with increased snow melt from the Himalayas, and temperature extremes are resulting in crop damage and

failure, preventing farmers and those dependent from meaningful earning opportunities. In a changing climate the pattern of impacts are eroding our assets, investment and future. This stands for families, communities and the state. Global warming and climate change threatens settlements and the number of people displaced from their land due to riverbank erosion, permanent inundation and sea level rise which are increasing rapidly every year. Resources and efforts of government and people are quickly drained addressing the impact of one event when another hazard strikes. Impacts of global warming and climate change have the potential to challenge our development efforts, human security and the future. According to the International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, “Using the Ricardian regression model, indicated that farmers’ current net incomes are sensitive to climate. Seasonal temperature has a more pronounced effect on net incomes than seasonal rainfall. Farm and household characteristics including the availability of extension services, farm size, and access to irrigation and farming experience were positively associated with net incomes, while clay soils were found to hurt net incomes. Subsequent estimates of marginal impacts revealed that crop net income is more elastic to changes in temperature than rainfall but with signiﬁcant seasonal and spatial variations in impacts. The impacts of climate change projected by two AOGCMs namely, BNU-ESM, CanESM2 reveal that net crop income in Bangladesh would increase in the range of US$25-84 per hectare. The distribution of net 119

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income impacts indicated that different climatic zones will not be equally affected by future changes in climate.” The challenge Bangladesh now faces is to scale up to these investments to create suitable environment for the economic and social development of the country and to secure the well-being of the people, especially the poorest and the most vulnerable groups including the women and the children. Each changes that climate change due to Bangladesh, affect the agriculture (crops, livestock, and fisheries). Although agriculture now accounts for only 20% of GDP, over 60% of the people depend on agriculture directly and indirectly for their livelihoods. The higher temperatures and changing rainfall patterns, coupled with increased flooding, rising salinity, in the coastal belt and droughts are likely to reduce crop yields and crop production. IPCC estimates that, by 2050, rice production in Bangladesh could decline by 8% and wheat by 32% (against a base by year 1990).

Philippines The Philippines is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including sea level rise, increased frequency of extreme weather events, rising temperatures and extreme rainfall. This is due to its high exposure to natural hazards (cyclones, landslides, floods, and droughts), dependence on climate-sensitive natural resources and vast coastlines where all major cities and the majority of the population reside. The

Philippines lies in the world’s most cyclone-prone region, averaging 19–20 cyclones each year, of which 7–9 make landfall. Sea levels in the Philippines are rising faster than the global average, increasing the hazard posed by storm surges and threatening permanent inundation of low-lying areas. A rich yet increasingly depleted natural and marine resources base supports livelihoods through fisheries, agriculture, forestry, energy, mining and tourism and provides critical ecosystem services such as shoreline protection, flood control, soil stability and habitats for biodiversity. Until recently, the impact of climate change on the Philippine’s agriculture sector had not been adequately measured and quantified. This major research activity, led by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in collaboration with the Philippines National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), undertook that task by developing and using appropriate analytic tools for analyzing the effects of climate change on food production .Climate change will impact Philippines’ ability to feed its people. Farmers and their families bear the greatest brunt of food insecurity and malnutrition in the country as prolonged droughts and extreme precipitation affect their crop yields. Climate change is altering production systems and compromising food security and nutrition for millions of people in the Philippines, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO).José Manuel Fernandéz, FAO’s country representative in the Philippines, said that amid an annual population growth rate of 1.5 per cent, the Philippines now have an 120

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estimated 105 million people, the 13th biggest population in the world. This means a bigger threat to food security in the country. “Due to climate change, crop yields are expected to decline by 25 per cent in tropical countries like the Philippines. Catches of main fish species are also expected to decline by 40 per cent,” Fernandez said during the 5th Farm Tourism Convention in Iloilo City, Philippines early this month. He noted that globally, the total production should increase by about 60 per cent by 2050 to produce enough food for the world’s growing population. José Manuel Fernandez, Philippine representative of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, speaking to farmer participants during the 5th Farm Tourism Conference in Iloilo City early this October. Farmers bear the greatest brunt Ironically, Filipino farmers who labor in the fields to produce food bear the greatest brunt of food insecurity and malnutrition. Ludovico Gagante, a farmer from the island province of Guimaras in central Philippines, used to harvest crops three to four times in a year. The harvest from their one-hectare land is usually more than enough for his family’s consumption. However, with climate change, one successful cropping season is even hard to achieve. “There’s either too much heat or too much rain that ruin our crops,” he said in vernacular. Prolonged heat results to the proliferation of pests, destroying their crops. If not the heat, there’s also too much rain drowning their plants. With the uncertainty of a fruitful harvest, the 47-year-old farmer has been forced to wear too many hats at the same

time—as a construction worker, labourer, helper, among others. Most of the time, his earnings from these jobs are still not enough to feed his eight children. Gagante is not alone in this struggle. Farmers across the Philippines have been suffering extreme weather events due to climate change. There’s either too much heat or too much rain that ruins our crops. Ludovico Gagante, farmer, Philippines From September 22 to 30, heavy rains and flooding damaged 917 hectares of rice lands in the province of Negros Occidental in Western Visayas region. The disaster affected around 800 farmers in the six towns of the province, data from the Department of Agriculture Regional Field Office 6 (DA-RFO VI) showed. The damaged amounted to PhP11.4 million or over US $222,000. The Western Visayas region, the third biggest rice producer in the country, also suffered from the long-term drought in the past years. The El Niño phenomenon which hit the region from October 2015 to May 2016, affected some 90,000 farmers in the provinces of Iloilo, Capiz, Antique and Guimaras. The eight-month drought damaged crops in more than 80,000 hectares farmland which resulted to more than PhP2 billion or US$40 million in losses. The drought has also affected farmers and crops in the provinces of Quezon, Camarines Norte, Samar, Laguna and Mindoro. Statement of the Problem 1. What are the impacts of climate change in the Global South countries like Bangladesh, Philippines, and Cambodia and to their economy?

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2. How does the climate change make a change to the food security of Bangladesh, Philippines and Cambodia? 3. Are there significant relationship between the Climate change and Food security to the economy of Bangladesh, Philippines and Cambodia? 4. Through this study, what is the state of (GDP) Gross Domestic Product and GNP (Gross National Product) of Bangladesh, Philippines and Cambodia to their present year? / Through this study, did the research determine the state of GDP and GNP of Bangladesh, Philippines and Cambodia with its recent years? 5. In general, what are the factors that humans do that triggers the climate change that affects the Climate Change and their Economic Growth? METHODS This is a correlational study that aims to know the relationship between the climate change, food security and the economic growth of Cambodia, Bangladesh and Philippines. Using archive data and secondary sources from the internet, the information are gathered to find the results. The information was mostly in the year of 2015- 2019, to provide the new updates and information. There are tables of data taken from the GNP and GDP of Cambodia, Philippines and Bangladesh, that will be interpreted to know answer the questions of this study.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I.

In Bangladesh

With 140 million people, Bangladesh is one of the world's densest nations and also one of the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. People in Bangladesh live precariously close to the risks of cyclones, floods and droughts and more than 100 million people live in rural areas. Two-thirds of the country is less than 5 meters above sea level and in an average year, a quarter of the country is inundated. Bangladesh has achieved recent gains in the areas of economic growth and population control that reversed by climate change. The fourth report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that Bangladesh experience heavier monsoons and that the melting of Himalayan glaciers will cause higher river flows and severe floods. Rainfall will become heavier and more erratic while droughts will increase in frequency. Resulting to severe and natural hazards, like droughts, tropical cyclones, flood, landslides, river erosion, battered the country to become intensive and triggered by climate change. Due to river erosion, and rising sea levels, land and homes of the people got destroyed. The same with the different repercussions to the economy and the development of the country, due to its unusual geographic location, dominance in floodplains, low elevation from the sea, high population density, high levels of poverty and overwhelming dependence on nature. The poor and vulnerable in Bangladesh are constantly adjusting to 122

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climate change by raising their houses above the flood level or changing crop types. The Government of Bangladesh has invested more than $10 billion during the past 35 years to make Bangladesh less vulnerable to natural disasters. Despite these efforts, the direct annual cost of natural disasters over the last 10 years is estimated to be between 0.5% and 1% of Bangladesh's GDP (UNDP). The economic impacts of future climate change are expected to be larger and can even reverse the recent gains in the areas of economic growth and population control. By this Bangladesh benefits from a long history of designing and implementing various types of adaptation activities (both policies and capital investment) especially as they pertain to floods and cyclones. Over the last three decades, the Government has invested over $10 billion (at constant 2007 prices) to make the country more climate resilient and less vulnerable to natural disasters. Since the 1970s, the Government of Bangladesh with the support of development partners, has invested in: - Flood management schemes to raise agricultural productivity in low lying areas - Flood protection and drainage in urban areas - Coastal embankment projects to prevent tidal flooding and incursions of saline water - Cyclone shelters - Disaster management projects. - Building cyclone shelters.

- Irrigation schemes to enable dry season crop. - Agriculture research programs to develop saline, drought and flood adapted high yielding crop varieties. - Coastal 'greenbelt' projects. Recognizing the increased future vulnerability of its development objectives to climate change, the Government of Bangladesh prepared the National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) in 2005. This was followed by the adoption in 2008 of the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) prepared by the Ministry of Forests and Environment in consultation with all relevant stakeholders. The BCCSAP is the main basis for the Government's efforts to combat climate change over the next ten years. The plan lays out a 10-year program to build the capacity and resilience of Bangladesh to meet the challenges of a changing climate change. The plan envisions a financing need of about $5 billion during the first 5 years through 2014. The government of Bangladesh has recently established a Climate Change Fund from its own resources with an initial capitalization of $45 million. To complement this initiative and to ensure donor harmonization, development partners in Bangladesh have agreed to establish a Multi Donor Trust Fund for Climate Change. The latter will be administered by the World Bank with a proposed initial contribution of about $100 million.

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Gross National Product in Bangladesh increased to 10690.64 BDT Billion in 2018 from 9872.56. BDT Billion in 2017. Gross National Product in Bangladesh averaged 5535.53 BDT Billion from 2003 until 2018, reaching an all, time high of 10690.64 BDT Billion in 2018 and a record low of 2483.46 BDT Billion in 2003. II.

In Cambodia

More than 70 per cent of Cambodians depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The sector provides the largest source of income for Cambodians, although its share has decreased as industry and services expand. Prior to its first national election in 1993, Cambodia was a closed economy with heavy restrictions on foreign investment. However, over the last two decades the country has increasingly liberalized its economy, and investment has flowed to the textiles, construction, tourism and agriculture sectors. While the agriculture sector’s performance has improved steadily, the industrial sector has seen more significant growth. The agriculture sector’s contribution to GDP fell from 45 per cent in 1993 to around 32 per cent in 2011. In contrast, industry’s share of GDP rose from just under 13 per cent in 1993 to 21.5 per cent in 2011.The area of land under cultivation has increased significantly in recent years, from 596,000 hectares in 2008 to 930,000 hectares in 2011, and is expected to reach 1,000,000 hectares in 2013 (see Table 2.). In addition to rice, Cambodia also produces maize, peanuts, sesame, cassava, mug bean, soya bean, and sweet potato to supplement rice consumption and supply foreign markets. Rising demand for organic

produce has also opened new opportunities for Cambodian farmers. Cambodia is also a large producer of freshwater fish, thanks to the Ton Sap Lake and Mekong River. Per capital fish consumption in Cambodia varies from region to region; the national rate is between 25 and 30 kilograms per year. For fishing households, the consumption is up to 80 kilograms per year.2 .The fish catch has increased from 471 tonnes in 2008 to 668 tons in 2011. Driven by garment exports and tourism, Cambodia's economy has sustained an average growth rate of 7.7% between 1995 and 2018, making it among the fastestgrowing economies in the world. ... Poverty continues to fall in Cambodia. According to official estimates, the poverty rate in 2014 was 13.5% compared to 47.8% in 2007. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Cambodia was worth 22.16 billion US dollars in 2017. The GDP value of Cambodia represents 0.04 percent of the world economy. GDP in Cambodia averaged 5.73 USD Billion from 1960 until 2017, reaching an all, time high of 22.16 USD Billion in 2017 and a record low of 0.51 USD Billion in 1972. III.

In the Philippines

It has been widely shown for most countries that high productivity growth in the agricultural sector is a key driver of structural transformation to promote long-term economic growth. Historically, low agricultural productivity growth has hindered economic growth and employment creation in the Philippines, where agriculture—which accounts for one-third of employment— remains a key sector. Climate change has the 124

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potential to disrupt crop productivity, and in turn affect domestic agricultural production, consumption, and food security. Moreover, the global impact of climate change could stimulate changes in international and national commodity prices that ultimately have negative effects on both Philippine agriculture and the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overall economy. Although climate change is commonly known to lead to more frequent and more extreme adverse weather conditions, such a droughts and floods, it is also responsible for shifts in weather patterns. Without proper scientific guidance as rainfall, humidity and average temperatures change, farmers are left confused as to when to plant crops, affecting food security. Combating climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) foresees that throughout the century, climate change impacts will slow down economic growth, make poverty reduction more difficult, further erode food security, and prolong existing poverty traps and create new ones. For major crops like rice, corn and wheat, climate change without adaptation is projected to reduce production when the temperature increases by 2 degrees Centigrade. All aspects of food security are potentially affected by climate change, including food access, utilization, and price stability. Likewise, the IPCC reports that due to the sea-level rise projected throughout the century and beyond, coastal systems and lowlying areas will increasingly experience adverse impacts such as submergence, coastal flooding, and coastal erosion.

The UN recently projected that up to a quarter of global food production could be lost by 2050 due to the combined impact of climate change, land degradation and water scarcity. At the same time, the global population is projected to increase to about 9.5 billion. In the Philippines, the major impacts of climate change are sea-level rise due to rising temperatures; more frequent and intense floods; stronger and more frequent typhoons causing landslides and flooding of coastal areas; and longer and more intense droughts with more El NiĂąo episodes. In countries where the economy is heavily based on agriculture, such as the Philippines, modernizing agriculture is the most efficient poverty-reduction measure. Yet agricultural expansion for food production and economic development come at the expense of soil, water and biodiversity conflicting with other global and national goals. Food insecurity is caused by a combination of factors resulting in dramatic increases in food price and food scarcity. The causes of food insecurity are multiple, but a major factor is climate change, most notably the adverse weather events that have diminished grain stocks and led to greater price uncertainty. These trends show no signs of abating, and it seems very likely that in the future, climate change will increasingly diminish food security and widen the gap between the rich and the poor. Preventing a deepening food crisis and lessening the potential for wider social and geopolitical unrest will require swift action and strong political will to reduce greenhouse gas 125

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emissions. It will also require policies to protect the millions of people facing poverty and hunger, and changes to agricultural practices worldwide. But from the reports of the GNP and GDP in the Philippines the data shown that the Gross National Product in Philippines increased to 2790598.07 PHP Million in the fourth quarter of 2018 from 2784498 PHP Million in the third quarter of 2018. Gross National Product in Philippines averaged 1646779.54 PHP Million from 1998 until 2018, reaching an all ,time high of 2790598.07 PHP Million in the fourth quarter of 2018 and a record low of 944320 PHP Million in the second quarter of 1998. I. Conclusions and Outlook We conclude that climate change has a big effect to the food security of the Philippines including the biodiversity; increasing the temperatures and the climate upheavals disturb the ecosystems, modify the conditions and cycle of plant reproduction. The scarcity of resources and climate change are changing life habits and migratory cycles of animals. On humans; human beings are not spared by these upheavals. Climate change is affecting the global economy and it is already shaking up social, health and geopolitical balances in many parts of the world. The scarcity of resources like food and energy gives rise to new conflicts. Also, on the weather where more droughts and heat waves, more precipitations, more natural disasters like floods, hurricanes, storms and wildfires, frost-free season etc., that will definitely destroy the agriculture and production of every Filipino.

When it comes to Bangladesh which is included in the Global South result to larger impact and reversion in gaining economic and population control. However, lifestyle of people in Bangladesh are more adaptive on what the current situations arise in their present and for the future. The people in this country have become aware of the changes that might occur in their country, like whatever the calamity. They can still maintain the food securities and keep their economic growth. In Cambodia, they have different cases of poverty and famine, from these they have become vulnerable and have the different techniques and practices that help them cope with the different changes of the climate change. The people from these country have the balance for their food security and economic growth, that no matter the things that will happen from the effects of climate change they can survive it. From these, we proposes that each of the government should also prioritize the agricultural projects, for them to have the productions of foods even in times of calamities, also the programs to educate people, from the massive effects of the climate change should be known and the things that they should do to lessen or avoid the destructive effects of this kind of phenomena, (1) enhance and providing accurate information of natural disasters prediction in the area which helps farmer to prepare their agricultural production before natural disasters happen and providing support during and after natural disasters happened. (2) Agricultural production should be recovered after natural disasters happen 126

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and farmer should be encouraged to invest more on agricultural production through establishing agricultural insurance services. (3) Therefore, the susceptibility of Cambodia to climate change and the food security need to be addressed to the citizens and in national.

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THE COMPARISON OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE PHILIPPINES AND CHINA BASED ON UNESCO'S RECOGNIZED ELEMENTS Chienevieve P. Piguerra, Mariel M. Roldan, Jerico E. Villanueva, Quezel DP. Saguid, and Hanna Belle R. Marquez BA Communication 1

ABSTRACT The focus of this study is to compare the intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines and China based on the recognized elements of UNESCO. This study used descriptive type of research. Comparative analysis was also utilized in tabulating the data gathered. This aims to determine the status of the ICH of the two countries in terms of the five domains namely oral tradition, performing arts, social practices, knowledge about the universe and traditional craftmanship. The researchers gathered data from a book entitled Pinagmulan and from other websites online. In the light of the findings, the researchers found out that Philippines’ Hudhud Epic Chant and China’s Hezhen Yimakan Storytelling were completely the same in terms of the purpose, type of language used (ethnic), and the theme of the tradition. When it comes to performing arts, China’s Peking Opera showed superiority due to its obtainability at present times than the Philippine Zarzuela. Furthermore, the social practice of China which is the Dragon Boat Festival depicts exciting and interesting activities than the Punnuk of the Philippines. In terms of the knowledge about the universe, the Tau’t Batu Cosmology of the Philippines and the Twenty-Four Solar Terms of China are similarly alike because they both based their behaviors in accordance with

astronomy. Moreover, the traditional craftsmanship of China which is the TimberFramed Structure has more relevance due to its earthquake-resistant ways than the Torogan of the Philippines which only highlights its artistry due to the classical okir motifs. From this, it can be concluded that China’s Intangible Cultural Heritage is more preserved than the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Philippines.

Key words: Intangible Cultural Heritage, UNESCO

INTRODUCTION Culture are behaviors that we used to do and practice in which we inherited from our ancestors. It’s a factor that binds one person from another in a particular race. It plays an important role in reflecting the identity of one country and just like what was stated by an anonymous author, “culture is a way of life of a group of people are behaviors, beliefs, values and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.” With the emergence of culture, Intangible Cultural Heritage came into life. 128

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Intangible Cultural Heritage includes traditions or living expressions inherited from our ancestors and passed on to our descendants, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge as well as skills to produce traditional crafts (ich.unesco.org). In the advent of globalization, it is important to understand the different intangible cultural heritage of different countries for us to be able to maintain cultural diversity. According to UNESCO, knowing the Intangible Cultural Heritage will help “with intercultural dialogue and encourages mutual respect for other ways of life.” Some Intangible Cultural Heritage are seen in different parts of the world just like in the continent of Asia which is composed of forty-eight countries. Two of these countries are the Philippines and China that are rich in various intangible cultural heritage that includes five domains such as oral tradition, performing arts, social practice, knowledge about the universe and traditional craftmanship. With this, the researchers conducted a study about the comparison of the intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines and China based on the recognized elements of UNESCO. This will determine if a country really preserves and cultivates the specific culture that they have. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1. What is the comparison of the oral tradition of the Philippines and China?

2. What is the comparison of the performing arts of the Philippines and China? 3. What is the comparison of the social practice of the Philippines and China? 4. What is the comparison of the knowledge about the universe of the Philippines and China? 5. What is the comparison of the traditional craftsmanship of the Philippines and China? METHODS This study used the descriptive type of research. It was used to describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how, when or why the characteristics occurred, rather it addressed the “what” question. It involve the utilization of qualitative research methods in addressing the research questions. Manuel and Medel (2012) define descriptive research thus: Descriptive research describes what is. It involves the description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of the present nature, composition or the processes of phenomena. The focus is on prevailing conditions, or how a person, group, or thing behaves or functions in the present. It often involves some type of comparison or contrast. Qualitative methodology was appropriate for this study because, as Rossman and Rallis (1998) have noted, “there are few truths that constitute universal knowledge; rather, there are multiple perspectives about the world”.

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This research design was used for this design was fitted for the study conducted. It answered the question “what” in the statement of the problem that tackles about the comparison of the status of intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines and China. To determine the comparison of the status of intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines and China, the researcher based from the related literature found from the different websites online and books related to the topic. The researcher chose to gather data from the different sounded articles from the different websites since it was convenient for them. The researcher gathered data connected with the study. Through searching online, the researchers had been directed to specific websites. Moreover, the book entitled Pinagmulan had been used to collect and consolidate information that would help complete the information needed. Results and Discussion 1. Oral Traditions Based on the data gathered, Philippines and China’s oral tradition both deals with agricultural matters. However, they differ on the narrators because Philippines’ Hudhud Epic Chant is narrated by women while the narrators of China’s Hezhen Yimakan storytelling are masters from their clans and families. The data also showed that if the elders or masters of these oral traditions died, there would be no one who will narrate and pass the knowledge to the next generation.

2. Performing Arts The finding revealed that the Zarzuela in the Philippines and Peking Opera in China both consider music as a significant element of the performing arts. But in terms of preservation of performing arts, China has a better way in doing so because the Peking Opera is still presently performed in the areas of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. On the other hand, Philippine Zaarzuela is rarely performed nowadays yet it can still be seen in some cultural events. 3. Social Practice From the data, it was discovered that Punnuk and Dragon Boat Festival as a social practice of the two countries, takes place on the river. Thus, they seem to give importance to a river as a site for ritual and celebration purposes. It can also be reflected that there is more excitement in celebrating the Dragon Boat Festival because it requires lots of enjoyable activities than the Punnuk since it is only done by pulling a rope. 4. Knowledge about the Universe The results present that Tau’t Batu and the Twenty-Four Solar Terms believes in the power of heavenly bodies in their everyday living. The main difference of the two is that the latter only focuses on the sun while the former highlights the essentiality of the sun, moon, and stars. 5. Traditional Craftsmanship 6. It can be gleaned that Philippines and China has architectural touch in their traditional craftsmanship. The two were creatively made however they differ with their purpose. The 130

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Torogan is for the datu and serves as a place for family gatherings in Maranao. In contrary, Timber-framed structures are made to convey the wisdom and craftsmanship of Chinese people. CONCLUSION The researchers found out that Philippines’ Hudhud Epic Chant and China’s Hezhen Yimakan Storytelling were completely the same in terms of the purpose, type of language used (ethnic), and the theme of the tradition. When it comes to performing arts, China’s Peking Opera showed superiority due to its obtainability at present times than the Philippine Zarzuela. Furthermore, the social practice of China which is the Dragon Boat Festival depicts exciting and interesting activities than the Punnuk of the Philippines. In terms of the knowledge about the universe, the Tau’t Batu Cosmology of the Philippines and the Twenty-Four Solar Terms of China are similarly alike because they both based their behaviors in accordance with astronomy. Moreover, the traditional craftsmanship of China which is the Timber-Framed Structure has more relevance due to its earthquakeresistant ways than the Torogan of the Philippines which only highlights its artistry due to the classical okir motifs. From this, it can be concluded that China’s Intangible Cultural Heritage is more preserved than the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Philippines.

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GLOBALIZATION & THE MINING INDUSTRY: THE MARCOPPER MINING COMPANY AND ITS EFFECT TO THE ISLAND OF MARINDUQUE Rjay Montenegro, Darren Ricohermoso, Jayran Largado, James Ivan Lacap, Anna Marie Bungabong and Anelyn Mazo BA Communication 1

ABSTRACT

The mining industry in the Philippines is controversial again after former Environment Secretary Gina Lopez ordered the closure of about 23 mining operations and cancellation of a total of 75 mineral production sharing agreements (MPSAs) in watershed earlier in year 2017. Philippine has been engaged in the mining industry since then, many foreign countries tried to enter the country to operate mining industries. This study aims to investigate the effects brought by the disaster happened during the regime of Marcopper Mining Corporation in the island of Marinduque. The study reveals that the incident happened left a huge impact on the ecological means in the province. Furthermore, the disaster caused a nightmare to the residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s security and livelihood. Primarily, the destruction of Boac River and the surrounding bodies of water became toxic after the 1996 disaster. The rate of health concerned victims increased due to

the mine tailings that were spilled up to the local streams and rivers. Keywords: Mining, Environment, Livelihood INTRODUCTION Globalization has far-reaching effects of our lifestyle. It has led to faster access to technology, improved communication, and innovation. Apart from playing an important role in bringing people of different cultures together, it has ushered a new era in the economic prosperity and has opened up vast channels of development. However, globalization has also created some areas of concern, and prominent among these is the impact that it has had on the environment. Globalization has featured extensively in the debates in the environmentalism, and green activists have highlighted its far-reaching effects. Activists have pointed out that globalization has led to an increase in the consumption of products, which has impacted the ecological cycle. Increased consumption leads to an increase in the production of goods, which in turn puts stress on the environment. 132

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- The Philippines is the 5th Most MineralRich country in the world for gold, nickel, copper, and chromite. It is home to the largest copper-gold deposit in the world. The Mines and Geosciences Bureau has estimated that the country has an estimated $840 billion worth of untapped mineral wealth, as of 2012. - All the regions (except NCR and ARMM) in the country allowed mining operations. ARMM ceased issuing permits due to the ongoing peace process between the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the national government. - About 30 million hectares of land areas in the Philippines is deemed as possible areas for metallic minerals. About 9 million hectares of land areas is identifies as having high mineral potential, according to MGB. - The Philippines metal deposit is estimated at 21.5 billion metric tons and non-metallic minerals are at 19.3 billion metric tons, as of 2012/ - According to MGB, there are 236,000 workers in the mining industry in 2016. - The mining industry’s contribution to the country’s GDP is at 0.6% in 2016. - The contribution of minerals and mineral products to the country’s total exports is at 4% and 0.3% for non-metallic mineral manufacturers in 2016.

The mining industry’s gross production value declined in the last 2 years. From Php. 208.2 billion ($4.2 billion) in 2014 to only Php. 100.6 billion ($2 billion) in 2016, according to MGB. - The Mining Act of 1995 allows foreign ownership of mining assets and exploration permits. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the foreign investors’ participation in mining activities in 2004. - Mining tax is low at 2% for metallic and non-metallic minerals. During the Aquino administration, a mining reform bill was drafted to increase revenues of the government. In the bill, companies will either pay 10% tax on gross revenues or 45% to 55% on adjusted tax on mining revenues plus a percentage of windfall profit, whichever is higher. - As of September 2016, there are about 40 metallic mines and 62 non-metallic mines operating in the country. - There are a total of 1,473 mining applications under process in the country as of 2016, according to the MGB. - As of August 2016, mining companies have already committed Php.13.1 Billion for the development of their host and neighboring communities under their Social Development and Management Programs, the MGB reported. - Mining Companies have allotted a total of about Php.19.1 Billion for the implementation of approved projects and 133

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programs under their Environmental Protection and Enhancement Programs. - From 2011 to 2013, the mining sector committed to reforest about 34,000 hectares, under the National Greening Program. By December 2015, more than 47,000 hectares have been reforested. Mining is the process of removing ore from beneath the earth’s surface. There are two (2) types of mining that are traditionally used, appropriate to the nature of the deposit. Open pit mining is used when a shallow layer of material covers the ore. Heavily machinery is used to lift off earth and uncover the minerals. When the ore is far enough down when open pit mining is not practical, the more traditional underground method is used. Shafts are driven into the ground to remove the material and bring it to the surface. Once removed, the ore-bearing rock is ground up into powder and mixed with water and chemicals into slurry. Compressed air is pumped through the mixture causing the copper to hold to the bubbles. The bubbles are then skimmed off the surface and the minerals can be used. The rest of the mixtures, or tailings, are waste. In 1969, the Marcopper Mining Corporation began mining operations on Marinduque Island. Placer Dome, a Canadian company, co-owned (40%) and managed the corporation. The Mt. Tapian site was the first mining location on the island. Here, open the pit mining was used to produce copper concentrate. Until 1972, Marcopper disposed of its waste on the land. This changed in 1975 when a blanket permit was given to

Marcopper, which allowed them to dump mine tailings into Calancan bay at the rate of 2.5 tons per second. The amount of tailings produced from mines in Marinduque is high because the ore is low grade, containing only 0.44 percent copper. This means a large amount of rock has to be removed and ends up as waste. (Hamilton-Paterson 1997). For over 30 years, the Marcopper Mining Corporation has been operating on Marinduque Island in the Philippines. The mine operations there have caused innumerable troubles; serious health and environmental problems have placed the community at risk. The island of Marinduque is a very poor are and relies heavily on agriculture and fishing. Mining in the area has polluted waterways, killed fish, and flooded agricultural fields. Not only was the supply of water shrinking, but it was also contaminated. People were being poisoned indirectly through the fish and water, but also, workers were dying from direct contact with the mining operations. One (1) man, who worked 10 years as a driver for Marcopper died at the young age of 39 due to lung cancer. Doctors reported it was caused by the “red dust” he encountered at work everyday. His terminal illness was compensated by a month’s wages (HamiltonPaterson 1997). Despite these negatives, Marcopper employs about 1,000 people, mostly from the island. The corporation also provides $30 million a year for local goods and services, as well as the electricity for the province (TauliCorpuz). Still, this island remains one of the 134

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poorest parts of the country. The government of the Philippines supports multinational corporations and actively seeks to bring their investments, like mining, into the country. Things like The Mining Act of 1985, which allows a mining company to own 100% equity, and lax environmental regulations, are in existence to attract companies. Marinduque has tried to get their voices be heard, but their claims against Marcopper are largely ignored. The struggle between development and the environment is apparent here, and is a problem being faced more and more frequently in developing nations. From 1975 to mid-1991, Dome dumped some 200 million tons of tailings via surface disposal into Calancan Bay. The shallow bottom is covered by approximately 80 sq. km of tailings including a 5 km. long causeway of exposed tailings. Throughout this period, Placer Dome denied the dumping hurt the fishermen, who relied on the bay as a livelihood (KASAMA 1998). Not only was waste entering Calancan Bay, but in order to drain rainwater from the mining pit, a tunnel was built from the mine to the Boac River. (Hamilton-Paterson 1997)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aims to provide answers to the following questions: 1. How does Marcopper Mining Corporation affect the province of Marinduque ecologically?

2. How does the Marcopper Mining Corporation affect the livelihood of the residence of the province? 3. What are the threats brought by the Mining Corporation to the residence safeness and security? 4. What were the actions taken by the Provincial Government to hold Mining and such practices?

5. What are the necessary actions needed to save the province from the nightmare brought by the mining Corporation? METHODOLOGY The researcher used the analytic descriptive method to gather data for providing answers to study’s objectives. The researcher conducted an interview with Mr. Enrico L. Nuňez – Municipal Agriculture Officer (MAO) from Municipality of Mogpog, (one of the affected areas of mine-tailings spiels during the nightmare that happened decades ago). The information contained in journalistic and academic accounts has also been consulted. The researchers also gathered data from some of the survivors and witnesses during the reign of Marcopper Mining Corporation through random sampling. RESULTS and DISCUSSION 135

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(Question 1) How does Marcopper Mining Corporation affect the province of Marinduque ecologically? The Marcopper Mining Corporation left a very disastrous history to the Philippines. Since it started operating in the year 1969, it brought harm to the residents and to the whole province of Marinduque. On March 24, 1996, the drainage tunnels of Marcopper Mining Corporation’s open pit ruptured and spilled millions of tons of mine waste that smothered the Boac River in Marinduque, and inundating villages and killing marine life. The incident saw 2 to 3 million tons of mine waste spoiling into the Boac River. It caused flash floods that buried villages. About a third or 20 out of 60 villages had to be evacuated with approximately 20,000 affected. (Question 2) How does the Marcopper Mining Corporation affect the livelihood of the residence of the province? Livelihood After the incident happened, the agricultural and marine life got severely affected. The “Fishing” as a primary source of income by the residents was affected. Fisher folks were affected due to the spoliation of mine tailings. Three-Fourth (3/4) of their income decreases as the incident arouses. The residents along the Coastal areas became the primary victims of it.

The government estimated that the toxic tailing waste killed Php.1.8 million worth of freshwater and marine life and Php.5 million milkfish fry. The27-kilometers Boac river, which was the main source of livelihood for those who did not work for Marcopper, was declared unusable by the government officials. The farmers were also affected by the incident where in their income decreases gradually from about one-third 1/3 of their regular earnings. The leakage and the spoliation of mine tailings to irrigation has been the reason why their crops and livelihood dragged down.

(Question 3) What are the threats brought by the Mining Corporation to the residence safeness and security?

On April 17, 1996, Department of Health (DOH) report said that residents may already be harbouring quantities of Zinc and copper beyond tolerable limits. Nine (9) residents among 10 were found to have Zinc in their blood more than 200% above safe levels. Water samples also revealed dangerous levels of contamination i.e. 1,300% above the human tolerable level of 0.5 micro-grams, per 1/1000 liters of water. Residents complained of skin irritations and respiratory problems which could have been caused by poisonous vapors such as hydrogen sulphide and nitrous oxide from mine wastes. 136

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(Question 4) What were the actions taken by the Provincial Government to hold Mining and such practices? On October 4, 2005, the Provincial Government of Marinduque sued Marcopperâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parent company, Placer Dome, for $100 million in damages. Placer dome was purchased in 2006 by Barrick Gold, who has joined the lawsuit. As of 2017, the provincial government had been preparing to file a new case against Pacer Dome and Barrick Gold for environmental damage in the municipality of Mogpog and Boac. (Question 5) What are the necessary actions needed to save the province from the nightmare brought by the mining Corporation? Individuals are expected to participate on enhancing Environmental relation and advancement. Everyone are encourage to be part of incorporating environmental matters as a basic part of short â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and long â&#x20AC;&#x201C; range planning for all projects and operations. Complying with all applicable environmental laws, regulations, and prescribed standards and criteria, and ensuring that its contractors do likewise.

Promoting and where feasible, implementing new or more effective practices for environmental protection, compliance, and emergency response. Taking reasonable measures to ensures that Marcopper Mining Corporation is responsive to the environmental needs of the communities in which they operated. RECOMMENDATION The government must provide programs that will surely help people to be reminded on what mining can bring. The government must provide programs that will bring back what was lost in the environment such as tree planting and green projects Providing projects that will help the affected people that lost their livelihood because of mining. Creating laws and regulations that will help our environment to be protected and free from mining. Conducting programs and seminars that will give information to the residents on what are the effects of mining and for them to be aware and knowledgeable when it comes to mining.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE AGRICULTURAL RICE FESTIVALS OF PHILIPPINES AND THAILAND Chester Marie Historillo, Charmaine Magalang, Marjorie Mabolo, and Crizhela Janda BA Communication 1

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the differences and interrelations of Agricultural Rice Festivals of Philippines and Thailand. The researches uses descriptive method in presenting gathered data in order to describe the characteristics, analyze, classify and tabulate the data on comparing the two variables. The collected data was obtained through journals, articles and online sites, websites that is relevant in the study. The findings revealed that the Philippines, primarily an agricultural country, rice festivals are held from January to October each year to mark planting and harvesting. The month of April is “Panagyaman Rice Festival Month” pursuant to Presidential Proclamation No. 606 issued in 2004 to honor Filipino farmers and their families. “Panagyaman” is the Ilocano term for thanksgiving. Rice festivals are held in many provinces: Ani Festival in Ilocos Norte, Sinanggiyaw in Cebu, Pahiyas in Quezon, Pasalamat in Negros Occidental, and Pagdiwata in Mindoro. On the other hand Thailand’s agricultural ice festival and The Akha Rice Festival, New Rice Festival, Royal Ploughing Ceremony and Role of the Lord of the Harvest. Philippines and Thailand are doing the feast for thanksgiving usually

with weeklong celebration. The celebration of the Agricultural Festival is mainly about bountiful harvest and good harvest. There has been differences in the two countries when it comes to their Agricultural Rice Festival. The Philippines along with their celebration, they performed street dances and festive activities. The state was also included in the celebration in Thailand, they offered other plants and stuff in order to give appreciation to the festival. INTRODUCTION Rice (Oryza), one of oldest crops cultivated by humans, is the staple food for two-thirds of the world’s population. It is one of the world’s most important and productive staple foods, with highly diverse uses and varieties. For most people living in Asia, rice is indispensable and it has shaped the cultures, diets and economies of thousands of millions of people. It has a role in alleviating poverty and malnutrition providing food security. As a matter of fact, this plant is native to tropical and subtropical Southern Asia and Southeastern Africa. (Crawford & Shen, 1998) Originally, rice was probably cultivated without submersion, it can grow in diverse environment, and it grows faster and more vigorously in wet and warm conditions. Rice is a grass “autogame” a crop that’s grown more easily in the tropics. 138

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Philippines is a tropical country where culture and food interweave and there is one central table staple that identifies us from other cultures: rice. The Philippines is widely known as one of the biggest consumers of rice in Asia. This can be attributed to the strong cultural ties of rice in Philippine society. Rice, whether raw or cooked, is present in just about every household and is the most common Filipino Food. Philippines is one of the world’s biggest producers of rice. The presence of long mountain ranges and the archipelagic arrangement of the islands in the Philippines make the cultivation of rice ideal in central Luzon (the biggest island in the country where the capital region of the country, Metro Manila, is located). In the Philippines rice is much more than food, it is sustenance with historical and numerous cultural values that are deeply woven into the Filipino culture. In Thailand, there are about 3,500 varieties, ranging from wild rice, local varieties, and breeds newly created by man. Growing rice been the way of life of Thai farmers since ancient times. It not only feds people throughout the land but also plays a very significant role in the history, culture, society and economy of the Thai nation. Their lifestyle is sifted, molded and forged in the cradle of a rice civilization to give rise to exquisite cultural traditions and customs between man and to an immense diversity in its genetic strand. Since, rice holds a special position in the hierarchy of living things and objects as it is a provider of life to make sure the rice spirit is content special ceremonies are performed during planting and harvesting.

In an agricultural society, rice as a cereal id the stuff of life and the source of traditions and beliefs; it has played an important role in Thai society since time immemorial, providing a strong foundation for the evolution of all aspects of society and culture. Statement of the Problem This study is sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the Agricultural Rice Festivals in the Philippines and Thailand? 2. What are the differences and the interrelations of the Agricultural Rice Festivals in Philippines and Thailand? 3. How do Philippines and Thailand celebrate the Agricultural Rice Festivals? METHODOLOGY This paper is a comparative study that examines the differences and interrelations of Agricultural Rice Festivals of Philippines and Thailand. The researches uses descriptive method in presenting gathered data in order to describe the characteristics, analyze, classify and tabulate the data on comparing the two variables. The collected data was obtained through journals, articles and online sites, websites that is relevant in the study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Philippine’s Agricultural Rice Festivals In the Philippines, primarily an agricultural country, rice festivals are held from January to October each year to mark planting and harvesting. The month of April is “Panagyaman Rice Festival Month” pursuant to Presidential Proclamation No. 139

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606 issued in 2004 to honor Filipino farmers and their families. “Panagyaman” is the Ilocano term for thanksgiving. Rice festivals are held in many provinces: Ani and Mannalon in Ilocos Norte, Sinanggiyaw in Cebu, Pahiyas in Quezon, Pasalamat in Negros Occidental, and Pagdiwata in Mindoro. April commemorates the Panagyaman Rice Festival, the national celebration of successful rice harvest. Panagyaman is an Ilocano term that means thanksgiving, commonly referring to a good harvest that deserves to be celebrated. The harvesting activity every month of April thus historically begins a slew of festivities and fiestas across the country during the months of May and June. Presidential Proclamation No. 606 which was signed in 2004, first recognized the successful implementation of hybrid rice production and irrigation development programs. It is also meant to express the government’s appreciation and gratitude for the patient work of the farmers in planting our staple food, without which the nation and its people cannot possibly subsist. Rice festivals have been celebrated in our country since the beginning of time.

name of their Patron Saint, Ani festival serves as a thanksgiving celebration of Dingras farmers for their bountiful lands and abundant harvests. Generally, the celebration starts on Sunday and ends on a Friday. Ani celebration fills in as a thanksgiving festivity of Dingras ranchers for their plentiful grounds and rich harvests. It is one of the highly anticipated festivals in Ilocos Norte along with Burgos Town Festival, Dulang Food Festival, Calesa Festival, Gameng Festival, Mannalon Festival, and others. The Ani Festival is a major attraction in the region due to its weeklong celebration programs. Generally, the celebration kicks off with Dingras Night or Bless Dingras Night wherein a Thanksgiving mass is held. The highlight of Ani Festival is the series of dance parades featuring ethnic dances of Dingras, Komedya Ilokana, Choir competition, dance competition and food fest. This takes place on the streets of Dingras. The Dingras dancers are famous for their graceful interpretation of ethnic dances and colorful costumes.

Ani Rice Festival in Ilocos Norte The Ani (“harvest”) festival is celebrated in March in the rice granary town of Dingras, Ilocos Norte, in a festive way. Agriculture has been the primary way of life in Dingras prior to the arrival of Spanish colonizers. The Ani Festival is an annual event in the municipality of Dingras. Unlike most Philippine festivals that celebrate in the

Sinanggiyaw Festival in Cebu Sinanggiyaw Festival is a fun celebration being held every 4th of October in Dumanjug, Cebu, Philippines. The 140

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“Sinanggiyaw Festival” has its meaning derived from the traditional Cebuano words. The “Sinanggi” which means fruitfulness of harvest and “Sayaw” means dance and also giving honor for Saint Francis of Assisi. On celebration, the people in town are always preparing a colorful costume, a wonderful parade and an entertaining dance. The festival basically features a festive mood showcasing the fertility of its land and abundance of the town’s farm products. Locals are displaying their agricultural products and some of the harvests, like rice, corn, coconut, camote and banana. The street dance is focusing on three aspects, the planting, the harvesting and lastly, the thanksgiving to their patron for such a bountiful harvest. During the event they have an exhibit of wood crafts, handy crafts, garments and other agricultural products. The contestant’s are most likely young people, by which makes the youth aware of the importance of agricultural resources, and becoming more involved in helping to take good care of our nature. The original settlers celebrate thanksgiving to nature and creator for the abundance of nature. With the coming of Christianity, this thanksgiving celebration or ritual is being transformed into the religious aspects of Christian celebration. Sinanggiyaw is one of the oldest celebrations in the province and one that is being modeled by other towns in the province. Pahiyas Festival in Quezon

Every year, May 15th is marked in the calendar as a day of merriment in Quezon. The streets of historic Lucban come to life

and vibrant colors as people adorn their houses with local agricultural harvests – fruits, vegetables, rice grains, rice stalks, flowers and ferns. The Pahiyas festival honors San Isidro Labrador –the patron saint of farmers, peasants and laborers. Pahiyas is all about tradition and rituals that give thanks for bountiful harvests. The highlight of the Pahiyas Festival comes after the town’s procession where the spirited tradition of ‘Kalas’ takes place. The term literally means to romp away the harvests and decorations from the houses as a symbol of joy and merriment. Indeed, the Pahiyas Festival has become one of the most-sought after festivals across the Philippines, luring in locals from nearby towns and even tourists from other countries. The decorations are elaborate and all the homes are adorned with the most intricate elements, made from rice wafers, of all things. The Pahiyas has evolved through the years to include many activities. Moreover, it is no longer limited to the town's church but has become a part of every home. Now, all the houses are decorated with fruits, vegetables, rice stalks, rice grains, flowers and all sorts of agricultural harvests. The harvests are specifically displayed in front of the house so that the parish priest could bless them as he would pass by during the procession. Residents of Lucban also make a colorful, leaf-shaped rice wafers, locally known as “kiping.” The dyed kiping is usually sewn together to form a wreath and these wreaths are arranged into a two- or three-layer chandelier, called an “aranya,” which are hung on the windows. Different leaves are also used to add flavor to the 141

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kiping. There are also those who produce a variety of tastes and textures by using other ingredients like coffee, cocoa and banana leaves. Every house and family try to outdo one another in their decorations. There's an annual competition for the most colorful, most creative and most attractive décor. Once a winner has been declared, these edible decorations are thrown away to the huge crowd as free treats. Some houses also cook the kipings into rice ships. The festival's highlight is a street procession featuring the image of San Isidro Labrador and his wife, Sta. Maria dela Cabeza. The santa's image carries a basket full of triangulo biscuits, given to the children present during the procession. Adding interest to the procession are giant papier mâché figures of a local farmer and his wife. After the procession, the townspeople enjoy a joyous sharing of food. The locals believe that in having this kind of celebration and merry-making, they would be blessed with another bountiful harvest during the following season. Pasalamat in Negros Occidental La Carlota City in the southwestern part of the central Negros Island lies at the foot of sacred Mt. Kanla-on, the highest peak in Central Visayas. It is home to one of the oldest and most prominent sugar mills in the province, producer of the fierce fighting cocks, dreamland for nature lovers. The rich cultural heritage of La Carlota is manifested through the celebration of the Pasalamat Festival, which falls every last week of April nearest to Labor Day.

Pasalamat Festival is an age-old ritual and is based on the tradition of giving thanks to gods of elements and agriculture god after a bountiful harvest. The city takes on a festive atmosphere during the week-long celebration, which culminates with a Mardi Gras-like parade of floats and caricatures. Dancers flirtatiously move to the rhythm created by the drumbeaters using carabao leather drums and percussion instruments made out of indigenous materials. The Pasalamat Festival is one of the grandest celebrations of La Carlota City, Negros Occidental. One of the main attractions of the festival is the street dancing competition where everyone can dance to the original Pasalamat Samba beat played live by the Pasalamat drumbeaters. The rhythmic beat of the percussions, will surely make you sway your hips, thud and stomp your feet. Multicolored costumes made from home-grown resources worn by the merrymakers also attract tourists. Through the festival, it brings the people of La Carlota together thanking the God Almighty for all the blessings received, giving them hope in spite of struggles and the gift of life. Thailand’s Agricultural Rice Festivals The Akha Rice Festival It is time for the rice harvest in Thailand, and to the Akha that means the celebration of the How Shui Dza (New Rice Festival). This celebration of Rice, the staple element of the Akha diet, for they celebrate 142

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all of their harvest. Coffee, tea, corn, tomatoes, vegetables and fruits are part of the celebration. The harvest is a time of plenty and though every year has its difficulties for the Akha, this is joyful time. The culture of Akha is rich and colorful one, with many festivals in a year. One of these is the Akha Rice Festival, a time of thanksgiving for the harvest. During this time, friends and family gather around a traditional feast of spicy minced pork, steamed pumpkin, bitter greens with peanut salsa, picked vegetables, pork and potato soup and of course the highlight which is the fresh new rice.

Mongkhon). The tradition has Hindu and Buddhist origins and is intended to honour farmers and bless the plants and ceremonial start to the new growing season. It’s more than just a religious ceremony – this ritual is a State-sponsored event involving highly-placed civil officials. The Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives takes on the position of Lord of the Harvest; four single female Ministry officials are appointed Celestial Maidens to assist him. (For the past few years, the Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn has taken the lead in the ceremony.)

New Rice Festival

With half of Thailand’s people still dependent on farming for a living, the Royal Ploughing Ceremony is an important yearly event that honors the bond between the King, the government, and the farmers who sustain the country.

The Thai people consider their ancestors blessing very important for ensuring a bumper crop. So, before harvesting, families offer rice to their ancestors, expressing their gratitude to them. As family members are reunited during the New Rice Festival, grandparents and parents teach their offspring to follow their ethical codes. The Thai show their respect for their ancestors in a special way. Their culture is a rich and colorful one, with many festivals in a year. One of these is the New Rice Festival, a time of thanksgiving for the harvest. During this time, friends and family gather.

Royal Ploughing Ceremony Royal Ploughing Ceremony Day is officially known as 'Wan Phra Ratcha Phithi Phuet Monkhon Lae Charot Phra Nangkhan Raek Na Khwan', though the festival is also known simply as 'Farmer’s Day' (Wan Phuet

In its present form, the Ceremony is composed of two separate rituals: The Cultivating Ceremony, or Phraraj Pithi Peuj Mongkol. here, the Lord of the Harvest blesses the rice paddy, seeds, and ceremonial items to be used for the Ploughing Ceremony the next day. The King oversees this ceremony, also supervising the blessing of the Lord of the Harvest and the four Celestial Maidens. He also gives a ceremonial ring and sword to the Lord of the Harvest to use in the next day’s ceremonies. This ceremony is performed in the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, within the Grand Palace complex. (For a more complete look at the Grand Palace complex, explore our Grand Palace Walking Tour). The Ploughing Ceremony, or Phraraj Pithi 143

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Jarod Phranangkal Raek Na Kwan. Held the day after the Cultivating Ceremony, the Ploughing Ceremony takes place at Sanam Luang, a plot of land near the Grand Palace. Role of the Lord of the Harvest The Lord of the Harvest performs several rituals that are supposed to predict the conditions in the rice season to come. First, he chooses one of three cloth garments â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the longest one predicts little rain for the coming season, the medium one predicts average rainfall, and the shortest one predicts a lot of rain. Afterwards, the Lord of the Harvest initiates the ploughing of the ground, accompanied by sacred bulls, drummers, umbrella bearers, and his Celestial Maidens bearing baskets filled with rice seed. After the bulls have ploughed the earth, the beasts are presented with a choice of seven foodstuffs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; their choices will predict what crops will be plentiful for the season to come.

culture. They practiced the celebration with a prior thanksgiving to the abundance of a good harvest and they both offer their festivity to the patron and God. There has been differences in the two countries when it comes to their Agricultural Rice Festival. The Philippines along with their celebration, they performed street dances and festive activities. The state was also included in the celebration in Thailand, they offered other plants and stuff in order to give appreciation to the festival. A key feature of these festivals are the celebration of natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bounty harvest. This is the way were people give thanks to the farmers and also to God who supply their foods and along with it are the farmer themselves express their gratitude to nature and livestock.

This Festival is an ancient royal ritual which is held to mark the traditional beginning of the rice growing season. Conclusion This study was conducted to compare the Agricultural Rice Festivals that exist in the Philippines are Ani in Ilocos Norte, Sinangginaw in Cebu, Pahiyas in Quezon and Pasalamat in Negros Occidental. While the Agricultural Rice Festival in Thailand are Akha Rice Festival, New Rice Festival and Rice Ploughing Ceremony. Furthermore, the celebration of the both Agricultural Rice Festival in Philippines and Thailand was usually practice with a thanksgiving and performed rituals that was part of their 144

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PHILIPPINES AND SOUTH KOREA: IDENTITIES, HERITAGE AND NATIONALISM Dianara A. Medina, Ruth R. Ormido ,Jay-Ann M. Basul, Hazel Anne R. Tagle, Juniel V. Dela Pena, Jerome P. Jalayahay BA Communication 1

ABSTRACT The main goal of this research is to identify the differences and similarities in terms of food identities, food heritage and food nationalism between Philippines and South Korea. This has been achieved through searching the important information that related to the said study. Based on the result, the researchers find out that the kimchi in South Korea did not originally use garlic or chilli pepper but as the time pass by they used Chilli pepper as common ingredient of this dish compare to the adobo that never changed its ingredients even Philippines have been colonized. By this we conclude, that the adobo and kimchi, which is the well-known dish in the Philippines and South Korea, differ on ingredients but both preserved the original taste in a period of time. In fact they both improve the taste for the next day.

Keywords: identify, food, heritage, identities, nationalism, adobo, kimchi

INTRODUCTION Food is edible or potable substance (usually of animals or plant origin), consisting of nourishing and nutritive components such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, essential mineral and vitamins, which (when ingested and assimilated through digestion) sustains life, generates energy, and provides growth, maintenance, and healthy of the body. (Dictionary) Nowadays, many people confuses about the identity of Filipino food. While other countries prepare their dishes the way they are supposed to taste, Filipinos cook their food in a manner that it can be accepted. (FFE Life and Lifestyle Staff). For Filipinos, adobo is everything they want to taste. Its original flavors of vinegary and saltiness are adjustable especially for foreigners. Thus, the identity of Filipino food is perceived to have been “lost” as it blends in and adapts to the tastes of others. While for Koreans their Kimchi is definitely zesty and spicy—take it or leave it. Some foreigners may not like the taste and smell of it, but kimchi stays true to its flavours. Kimchi is a bit part of the national identity and is therefore served with pretty much every meal in South Korea. It usually made from fermented cabbage and 145

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chilli, and it’s fair to say it’s a bit of an acquired taste for travellers. (Dave Owen). According to Kwon Mee-yoo, (2017), Kimchi-making is one of the major food cultures of Korea, has been designated as intangible cultural property. Kimchi is an inextricable part of Korean cuisine. It is a side dish made from vegetables seasoned and fermented with various condiments such as red pepper powder, garlic and “jeotgal” (salted seafood). It has been a staple on Korean dining tables, with origins dating back to the early period of time. Historically, kimchi has evolved to feature various local ingredients. As seen in early records, kimchi did not originally use garlic or chilli pepper. Chilli pepper is now a common ingredient of the vegetable dish, but it was introduced to Korea in the early 17th century by Portuguese knowledge. This kimchi making has been passed down through the generations and it recognisable as an intangible cultural heritage. While, in the Philippines has mixed heritage. They have been colonized by the Spanish taken over by the Japanese, the American, and even the Chinese. They also have Malay heritage before all the others came in the picture. This being said, when it comes to food there really is quite variety. But then again there are of course authentic Filipino foods which are the Kaldereta, Sinigang use tamarind as its main ingredients, the Pancit Palabok, Lechon and lastly the Adobo. Filipino all over the world loves this dish. As a matter of fact, the Filipino people think of Adobo as their national dish. The protein for this dish can either be chicken or pork. The sauce is made

from vinegar and soy sauce with bay leaf, garlic and peppercorns. Individuals decide what, when and how to eat, or at least have preferences. Mouth is considered the “gateway to the body” and “the act of consuming food may represent the basic lows of identity, conformity. National food serves of course the former function of reinforcing equal, intimate and solidaritybased relations among members of national community. For A. D. Smith, food and eating can be considered as one of the most important nexus of national identity: Every human being has to eat several times a day, every day, as long as he (she) lives, and every human society has its own food preferences and way of eating. Kimchi in Korea is considered as the Korean culinary symbol not only by the Koreans themselves, but also by many foreigners while in Philippines the Adobo is considered as the national food.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study takes the objective to identify the differences and similarities of the food in the Philippines and South Korea, according to their identities, heritage and nationalism. This study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What are the food identities, food heritages and food nationalism in the Philippines? 2. What are the food identities, food heritages and food nationalism in the South Korea? 3. What are the comparison of food identities, food heritages and food nationalism between South Korea and Philippines? 146

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METHODOLOGY The researchers used internet to get a grip of the information based on the differences and similarities of the food in the Philippines and South Korea in connection with their identity, heritage and nationalism. These countries are chosen by the researchers to be explored because they are rich in cultural food and the researcher’s wants to find out what is the sameness between these two homelands because they both have an interesting look and taste when it comes to their foods.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION For many people, adaptability is perhaps what blurs and confuses the identity of Filipino foods. While other countries prepare their dishes the way they are supposed to taste, Filipinos cook their manner that it can be accepted. For Filipinos adobo is everything they want to taste. Its original flavors of vinegary and saltiness are adjustable especially for foreigners. Thus, the identity of Filipino food is perceived to have been “lost” as it blends in and adapts to the tastes of others. Compare to the taste of the kimchi in South Korea that is definitely zesty and spicy. Some foreigners may not like the taste and smell of it, but kimchi stays true to its flavours. It usually made from fermented cabbage and chilli, and it’s fair to say it’s a bit of an acquired taste for travellers. According to Kwon Mee-yoo, (2017), Kimchi-making is one of the major food cultures of Korea. The tradition also has been passed down through the generations, still exists and many Koreans take part in kimchi-

making routinely, so we did kimchi-making is recognisable as an intangible cultural heritage. While, in the Philippines has mixed heritage. And food has been really quite variety. But then again there are of course authentic Filipino foods which are the Kaldereta, Sinigang use tamarind as its main ingredients, the Pancit Palabok, Lechon and lastly the Adobo which is the well-known dish in Philippines. Filipino all over the world loves this dish. As a matter of fact, the Filipino people think of Adobo as their national dish. National food serves of course the former function of reinforcing equal, intimate and solidarity-based relations among members of national community. Kimchi in Korea is considered as the Korean culinary symbol not only by the Koreans themselves, but also by many foreigners. Kimchi is a bit part of the national identity and is therefore served with pretty much every meal in South Korea. And they deliberated Kimchi as their national food, while in the Philippines the Adobo is considered as their national dish.

CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK The researchers conclude that the Philippines and South Korea have a differences based on their food identities, food heritage and food nationalism in which foreigners are being interested on their different cuisine especially their well-known food which are adobo and kimchi. The researchers recommend to other researchers to conduct another method in finding and searching the differences and similarities between Philippines and South 147

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Korea according to their food identities, food heritage and food nationalism.

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IDENTIFICATION OF THE MINDANAWONS HISTORY, ARTFORMS, AND CULTURES Kathleen Kaye H. Mondilla, Laica Mae L. Mampusti, Erika Mae S. Salum, Erika Jane O. Senoc, Reylyn M. Loto BA Communication 1

ABSTRACT The research entitled ‘Identification of the Mindanawons History, Artforms and Cultures’ aimed to determine the different ethnic groups in Mindanao as well as their artforms and cultures. This study also aimed to determine its history, the different religions, and religious practices and to know the reasons why Mindanao is still slowly developing in terms of economic issue. This study uses a descriptive type of research to gather the needed information to attain the success of the study. The researchers found out that Mindanawons had a very unique style of art and they commonly uses raw materials from their land rather than buying materials outside the region. Their arts and crafts serves as a representation of their cultures and beliefs. The researchers also found out that cultural diversity and having differences in religions and ethnic groups affects their daily lives, social interactions, beliefs, attitudes, and as well as their religious practices and livelihoods. Also the problem on peace and political conflicts

plays a major role on the sluggish development of the region. Mindanawon’s are commonly misunderstood. The real Mindanawon is deeply cloaked under nonMindanawon’s prejudices. Introduction Mindanao is the second largest and the southernmost island in the Philippines. It is divided into six regions namely the Zamboanga Peninsula, Northern Mindanao, Caraga Region, Davao Region, SOCCSKSARGEN, and the BARMM. It is the only area in the Philippines with a significant Muslim presence. Mindanao is dubbed as “The Land of Promise” which it is also known for having a rich biodiversity and natural resources. The land is indeed possesses an incredible wealth from nature, but also has a dark moments of truth. The island has the biggest total land area of 120.8 thousand square kilometers and has become a “gateway to opportunity” for Philippines and International investors. It is also the source of major agricultural resources like pineapple, corn, coffee, copra, and abaca. There are three major ethnic groups in Mindanao, they are the Lumad, 149

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who mainly resides in Zamboanga Peninsula, Moro/s from BARMM, and the Christian settlers from Northern Mindanao. Among the six regions in Mindanao, Roman Catholic is still the dominant belief or religious affiliation. The second dominant religion is Islam, followed by Evangelical, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni Cristo and Seventh Day Adventist. From Spanish era up to the present, Mindanao remains underdeveloped compared to Luzon. Issue on political conflict, racism and the problem on peace has been the main factors of the slow development of the island in relation to the fact that they differs in cultures and beliefs. Their identity is clouded by many issues such as land ownership, differing religious and cultural practices, ethno-centricities, marginalization, insurgencies, killings, bombings, kidnappings among others that are often highlighted by media. Mindanawonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s is not just the people who originated in Mindanao but also it refers to the people who made themselves one with the rest of those who are living there. Mindanawonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s have endured many tragedies throughout history, but always stood firm and strong. Inhabitants of Mindanao will bend, but will never break against the many adversities of life and nature. Their strength is shown in their endurance, despite difficult times and hardship.

they will cope with faith, ruther than fight against it. They will never tolerate oppression and betrayal. Mindanawon are brave people, courageous, they have innerpeace and a common love for peace. Faithfulness to the family is a tradition that is characteristics of Mindanawon society. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This chapter deals with the four major questions that is aimed to be answer; 1. Who are the Mindanawon? What are their characteristics? 2. What is their religions and cultures? 3. What is the history of Mindanao? 4. What is the different artforms and artworks in Mindanao? METHODOLOGY Research Design: This study is a quantitative type of research which it aims to determine the history, cultures, traditions and different artworks of the Mindanawon. The researchers get additional informations on the internet and other reliable online sources to make this study more credible and convincing and to get an accurate answer for the research questions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mindanao has been misinterpreted by many Filipinos because of the peace issue on the region. But what many people didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know is that they are also independence loving and peaceful people. They will go along with the forces of politics and nature,

The Mindanawons and their Characteristics The Mindanawons are the Lumad, Moro, Christian settlers, Bukidnon, Dumagats, Tedurays, Maguindanawon, Illongo, Waray, Boholano, Cebuano, Ilocano, 150

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Ata Manobos, Maranao, Agusan Manobos, Talaan Digs, Higaunon’s, Tiboli, Bilaan, Saranggani, Tausug, Yakan’s, and Iranun’s. These people is known for being a brave one, courageous, and they have daring optimism. Mindanawon’s like to share their love of life that is shown by their wonderful smiles and unique sense of humor. They can make joke about their good and bad fortune and they will laugh at their own mistakes. Also they are known for their spirit of generousity that is extended in whatever way possible. Religions and cultures of Mindanawon The evolving religions in Mindanao are the Roman Catholic, Islam, Evangelical, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni Cristo and Seventh Day Adventist. Muslims had a belief that “there is no god but god, Mohammed is his messenger”. They believed that Mohammed is the last messenger of God. They also practice faithfully five religious duties and one of those is the Sakah, in which they give about two and a half percent of their one’s earning throughout the year during Ramadan. The History of Mindanao The history of Mindanao is diverged early from that of the nest of the Philippines simply because of geography and more specifically its proximity to centres of Arab influence. Islam was introduced in Sulu in the early 1300, and was soon brought in Cotabato and Lanao area. The different art forms and artworks of Mindanao The major artforms in Mindanao is carving, weaving and metal works. One of the famous artwork in the region is

Sarimanok created by the Maranao’s. They believe that it is a symbol of good fortune, so they put it on top of bamboo poles placed at the center of Muslim village. Muslims also produces weaponry swords and decorative containers in brass and silver. Maranao art is very distinctive and they are the largest manufacturers of brass. Their designs serves as significant cultural symbols. CONCLUSION Based on the result of the study, the researchers concluded that there are a lot of ethnic groups in Mindanao. They have different religions, culture and traditions. Although there is more Muslim settlers in Mindanao rather than the rest islands of the Philippines, Roman Catholic still is the dominant religion in the region. Their crafts and artworks are very unique, creative and beautiful and their culture can be greatly seen upon it. Despite of having a lot of differences in many terms, Mindanawons always stand for their own beliefs and they do not tolerate oppression and betrayal. The Mindanawons still continue to be resilient amidst the difficulty brought by the poverty. They are also hopeful and yearning for peace. They are capable of understanding and respecting the richness of their respective culture and tradition. This is precisely the unifying identity that binds them together, seeking unity despite of their diversity. Mindanawons are not fighting against each other, they are fighting with their life to protect their motherland.

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Echo Session about Pinoy Media Congress 2019

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HOW TO SPOT FAKE NEWS by Karen Davila, a talk from 13th Pinoy Media Congress

FACT-CHECKING THE ELECTIONS Rowena Paraan, Head of Bayan Mo i-Patrol Mo

Shernie Ces L. Largado

Gail Antonette L. Rey

This presentation aims to raise the

This presentation tackles about fact-

awareness about identifying fake news in

checking, which is an act of determining if a

todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s media, focusing on the online space

non-fictional text is true and correct. Fact-

in the Philippines as gained from the 13th

checking is not a new thing rather it existed

Pinoy Media Congress talk by Mrs. Karen

long enough in journalism. The talk from the

Davila. It points out the effects of fake news

13th Pinoy Media Congress focuses on the

and social media on how we perceive reality.

news regarding candidacy in the Philippines

The

contains

for the upcoming election. The presentation

guidelines and examples of prominent fake

contains what fact checking monitors and its

news that happened in the past years. It

methodology and ethics when fact-checking.

introduces a website that verifies the

The aim of fact checking is to improve

legitimacy of news from the internet. Its main

familiarity with emerging good practice in

objective is to improve the media literacy of

fact-checking globally, raise awareness of the

young Filipinos through learning how to be a

cognitive biases that can get in the way of

critical reader or viewer.

factual understanding and to improve critical

presentation

generally

analysis skills.

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REAL OR REEL? PRODUCING A FILMS FOR A MILLENNIAL AND GEN Z MARKET Kriz Gazmen, Creative Director, Black Sheep

REACHING MORE LEARNERS THROUGH MEDIA Mary Joy C. Molina

Syy-Jay M. Mabunga The presentation aims to inspire

This presentation discussed by the

future film makers about producing films that

organizer Rina

is timely and Millennial and Gen Z can relate

Knowledge Channel Foundation Inc. Pinoy

since they are the majority of film market.

Media Congress (PMC) encourages students

The Creative Director of Black Sheep Mr.

to be at the forefront in keeping an eye on the

Kriz Gazmen point out that a film must be

media and the government as we continue to

"fresh" and "fearless" because films or

hold the line and uphold the democracy in the

movies nowadays are very relatable and it has

country. This presentation focuses on our

a big impact to the viewers. The movies, Exes

society today, we do have different issues

Baggage, Alone/Together under Black Sheep

that every individual is very conscious about.

really got the taste of the market. Millennials

First, the globalization nowadays is very

and Gen Z market want a film that has

complex at all. Second, the aspect of

different story which they can rely on. The

globalization is technology. We all know that

aim of this presentation is to serve as an eye-

some of the concept of a society is

opener

practitioners

technologically advanced. in the situation of

especially those who are in the film

every learner, technology has a big part to

production to create a film that is fresh,

reach their wants and needs. From the issue

fearless and relatable.

of reaching more learners through media. It

every

media

L. Bautista, President,

would be a great help to use media at all, media is very glamorous for every individual. 154

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Media is very important for every learner because media is a huge help to browse some information through different social media platforms, and truly believe that media plays an important role to reach different learners to expand the broad stage of knowledge that everyone have.

MANAGING SOCIAL MEDIA Ralph Mar Gutierrez

The attachment of people in social media particularly the millenials and gen z are rampant nowadays. This issue discussed by Karen Davila is awakening most especially to those netizens who are unaware of their behavior in the social media. The internet world today is dangerous and risky where users are now hypersensitive and easily offended. Most people also use social media as their walking diary but some use it as their leisure time. This issue provides a brief and short explanation on how people can prevent being addicted, attached, and being affected by social media.

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Thesis of AB English 4

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Liturgical Reading of Selected Lectors and Commissioned Readers of the Immaculate Conception Parish: Basis to Improve Reading Skills. Hayden Semilla AB English 4B

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to know the liturgical reading performance of selected lectors and commissioned readers of Immaculate Conception Parish in terms of: Stress, Expression, Fluency, Pronunciation, External Appearance (Body Posture, Eye Contact etc.) Furthermore, the study intended to know the common errors of the readers. The respondents of this study were the 190 attendees of the English mass and Propopulo mass held at the Immaculate Conception Parish in Mataas na Bayan, Boac, Marinduque. In accordance to the study, the researcher utilized a questionnaire and a liturgical reading rubric that the respondents used to rate the performance of the selected readers. The finding of the study revealed that the selected lectors and commissioned readers are doing their duties well. However, as mandated by the church, they have to undergo honest evaluation about their performance from time to time; this is to remind them of their human weaknesses. As for the readers, they must humbly accept these criticisms, and aspire in improving their service to God and His Church. It should be remembered that the responsibility of the lectors and readers is to make sure that the interpretation of the scripture upholds with the plain sense of the text, the authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s clear intent that they are

able to read the text to speak to everyone. Marcheschi et., al (2010) Therefore, an intervention must be employed to improve their liturgical reading skills.

INTRODUCTION Liturgical reading/liturgy of the word inside catholic mass. (PREAPARES THE FAITHFUL FOR THE WORTHY RECEPTION OF THE EUCHARIST AND THE SACRAMENTS. The Importance of good ministers of the word in the liturgy: 1. It is their task to read the lessons of the scriptures (but not the gospel) at when there is no psalmist, he will recite the psalm between the readings; 2.

he will announce the intentions at the prayers of the faithful and he will direct the singing at the participation of the faithful in the worthy reception of the sacraments.

God himself is speaking to his people through them. Interpretation of the scripture upholds with the plain sense of the text and the authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

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clear intent, and the enabled the text to speak to everyone. Marcheschi et.,al (2010) Expectations of the Church  “truly suited to perform this function”  “should receive careful preparation” (in forms of trainings like workshops and programs conducted by the parish) Policies and Guidelines for Lectors

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1. What is the Liturgical Reading performance in terms of the following aspects? 1.1

Stress

1.2

Expression

1.3

Fluency

1.4

Pronunciation

1.5 External Appearance (Body Posture, Eye Contact etc.) 2. What are the common errors of the readers in their performance? 3. What intervention could be proposed to improve the readers’ performance.

METHODOLOGY

mass last August 22, 2018, September 2, 2018, and September 9, 2018. There were five readers rated; three lectors; and two commissioned readers. Only their performances in reading the 1st Psalm, and 2nd Reading in the said masses were rated by the respondents.  Research Design: Both Qualitative and Quantitative method of research was employed in this study.  Research Locale: This study was conducted in Immaculate Conception Parish at Mataas na Bayan, Boac Marinduque.  Research Instrument: To gather the needed data, the researcher prepared a questionnaire and a Liturgical Reading rubric which was validate by experts. (mattern and yattes 1995, handbook from lectors, policies and guidelines for lectors)  Data Gathering Procedure: After securing all the permissions needed, the questionnaires were distributed to mass attendees.  Data Analysis Procedure: The researcher tallied and tabulated which variable in the questionnaire got the highest and lowest rating and then it was analyzed. The results were validated by an expert.

The respondents of this study were the 190 attendees of the English mass held at the Immaculate Conception Parish in Mataas na Bayan, Boac, Marinduque. The lectors and commissioned readers rated in this study were those scheduled in the Wednesday English Mass and Propopulo 158

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ď ś Statistical Treatment: The following statistical treatment was employed in analyzing and interpreting the data. P = F/N Where: P = Percentage, F = Frequency N = Total number of respondents

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the assessment of the liturgical reading of the selected lectors and commissioned readers was positive. However, stated that from time to time there should be an honest evaluation, not only about their performance of the lectors, but also about their motivation and spirituality. The minister, must be humble and realistic enough to accept some criticisms. Raas 1999

honest evaluation about their performance from time to time; this is to remind them of their human weaknesses. As for the readers, they must humbly accept these criticisms, and use them to aspire in improving their service to God and his Church. Let us remember that it is their responsibility to make sure the interpretation of the scripture upholds with the plain sense of the text, the authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s clear in-tent, and that they enabled the text to speak to everyone. Marcheschi et., al (2010) Therefore, an intervention must be employed to improve their Liturgical Reading skills.

Regular gatherings of the lectors for socialization, spiritualization and evaluation. Encouragement to form an organization to support each other to defend their interests and to make their presence felt in the parish. On-going formation: Voice training should be continued; biblical history; explanation of various biblical books; specific issues regarding their ministry. On-going spiritual formation: This can be done through bible meditations, bible sharing or prayer sessions.

CONCLUSION Based on the results of the study, the selected Lectors and Commissioned Readers are doing their duties well. However, as mandated by the church they have to undergo 159

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Semiotic Analysis of The “Pagtatagpo” Kimberly Militar AB English 4B

ABSTRACT

This study utilized the semiotic approach by de Saussure, in exploring the sign of saints present in the “Pagtatagpo”, a unique traditional devotion drama of Mogpog, Marinduque that depicts the melancholic meeting of Mater Dolorosa and Señor Nazareno. The researcher aimed to determine the signified and signifier of signs of the saints. The signifier of signs was extracted from the four categories of respondents (Recamadera/Recamadera, Nobicio/Nobicia, Local Viewers/ Devotees and Tourists). This study revealed that the signifier and signified of signs have no logical connection between. The category of respondents does not ensure the awareness or the accurate knowledge about the sign. Keywords: Pagtatagpo, Semiotic, de Saussure, Sign, Signifier, Signified, Saints, Mogpogueño

INTRODUCTION In Mogpog, Marinduque, a distinctive ritual is done every Holy Monday called “Pagtatagpo”. It is one of the Mogpogueňos’ devotions which depict the sorrowful encounter of Mater Dolorosa and her suffering son, Señor Nazareno. It is participated by the Mogpogueños, in a meeting of the mother and son, accompanied by other saints close to their hearts.

Meanwhile, saints have signs that can be interpreted in numerous and different meanings; thus, this problem led the researcher to explore the Mogpogueños’ faith and beliefs on signs present at ‘Pagtatagpo’ with the use of semiotic analysis. Signs can be any mark that reveals what is normally concealed such as meaning. It conveys message; however; there can be variations of interpretations and the problem is whether what an individual thinks, sees and interprets is the accurate meaning of signs. Akpan I. et al (2013) cited that in principle, sign may exist as an accessory in the communication. It supports the knowledge that the interpreter may have in either communicative contents or communicating intensions. Signs can be in a form of image as according to Eco as cited by Selva (2015), it that conveys messages and trying to say something but the question of the reliability of perception of anyone. On the other hand, sign as a material aspect can be a letter, image, shape, motion, etc. that serve function to signify or the one produced by the material aspect that is signifier, and the conceptual aspect that is pointed by the material aspect is signified. In this study, the researcher utilized semiotics by Ferdinand De Saussure, where 160

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he introduced the two inseparable elements of sign, the signifier and signified meanings. According Bouzida (2014), semiotics is concerned with the general properties of sign language and other signal forms like image, it is obvious that semiotics is the science of signs that allowed to categorize number of perspectives and paved the way to other cultural phenomena that raised the study of signs.

3) What is the implication of the study to the language and society?

METHODOLOGY •

Research Design :

Descriptive Design & Qualitative Analysis •

Research Locale:

Mogpog, Marinduque STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1) What are the signifier and signified of signs of saints present in ‘Pagtatagpo’? •

Saint Peter

•

Saint John

•

Saint Bartholomew

•

Saint Matthew

•

Señor Nazareno

•

Saint Salome

•

Saint Veronica

•

Saint Magdalene

•

Saint Jacobe

•

Mater Dolorosa

2) What is the relationship of signifier of signs provided by the respondents to the existing signified meaning? 2.1 Recamadera/Recamadero 2.2 Nobicia/Nobicio 2.3 Local Devotees 2.4 Tourists

•

Research Instrument:

Questionnaire and Interview Method thru convenient sampling

PRESENTATION ANALYSIS

DATA

AND

28 respondents each and a recamadero reveal that the saints have signs that stand for something as confirmed by Eco, as it has something to do with their attributes, life and martyrdom. According also to Chandler (2014), signs can be in a form of images and objects which became signs after people invest them with the meaning. Anything can be a sign as long as someone interprets it as 'signifying' something, referring to or standing for something other than itself. We interpret things as signs mostly unconsciously by relating them to familiar systems of conventions. It is this meaningful use of signs which is at the heart of the concerns of semiotics. Meanwhile, the respondents were able to name the signs however, they interpret symbol in various ways and not all of them correspond to the true meaning of the signs. 161

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As revealed by the findings of the study, the sign of saints can be considered as signs since they stand for something about the saint. However, the signifier and signified meaning do not correspond with each other. The respondents provided their perceived sign of saints; however, they supported each sign by its representation in different and numerous meanings. Based on the findings of the study, there is no relationship between the signified and signifier of signs since the respondents mostly gave their interpretation of signs as according to what they experienced and heard about such sign. Most of the interpretation was based on the real life situation of nature of such signs since it includes the idea of farming, grass cutting, wiping of tears and immorality. However, the stated perceptions above directly show that there is no relationship between signifier and signified of signs, it is in confirmation of the study conducted by Valdez (2015) where she stressed that signifier of signs does not actually correspond to the signified of signs since the interpreter relies alone in their knowledge and experience. Overall, classification of everyone according to their devotion who owns and responsible of taking care of saint was not an assurance to master the signified meaning of signs, as well as Nobicia/Nobicio who were engaged into church fellowships mostly. While the devotees, local viewers and tourists picture their devotion although it is mixed reactions and interpretation towards the sign. However, it can be inferred based on the findings of the study that there is a relationship between the signifier and the

signified of signs. The respondents interpreted the signs with what they know about the sign or by what insight they have. On the other hand, their devotion was not affected at all of the existing signified meaning of signs. Regardless of knowing the signified or the abstract meaning of signs, they were still there, participating and reenacting the Pagtatagpo of the Mater Dolorosa and Señor Nazareno and portraying their dedication. Implication of the Study to the Language and Society As the findings of the study inferred, this implies that the society is involved in shaping one’s intellect as how respondents perceive the signs and give meaning to it. Majority of the responses show the day-today happenings or common interpretation present in a society. The result of the study revealed its implication to the language, signs as it plays to communicate also serves as language. The findings of the study show the implication to the society, signs of saints are perceived by the different society members regardless of rank or hierarchy; hence, it creates impact to the society in a way of the respondent’s interpretation primarily based on their individual views about the signs.

CONCLUSION Based on the findings of the study, the respondents were perceptive of the signs as they were able to distinguish each saint and their signs; however, it can be inferred that respondents’ category does not affect their interpretation to the signs of the saints. Their 162

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category does not secure them for knowing the exact meaning of signs. Meanwhile, a conclusion can be drawn that the respondents’ devotion was not affected at all and it was still there for the saints and it is just that they were unaware of the true meaning.

•

traditional ‘Salubong or Pagtatagpo’ may also be employed.

RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the findings of the study, the proposed recommendations are the following: •

The Roman Catholic religion may emphasize the sign of saints and what it aims to be communicated is highly recommended.

•

The Roman Catholic parishioners may attend seminars helpful in developing deeper devotion.

•

The Mogpogueños may appreciate more what signs aim to communicate and what signs stand as proposed.

•

Recamadero/Recamadera may do background check of the story of their saints to foster their faith.

•

The students, as young people, as devoted of saints, may be encouraged to be familiar with each sign of saints.

•

Researchers, by the use of this type of analysis, may apply this also in various ways including religion.

•

Future researchers may explore the demographic profile of the respondents and its relationship with their interpretation.

•

For further studies, a comparative analysis of the Holy Monday

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STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF MARINDUQUE MARCH Ella Sophia Malco AB English 4B

INTRODUCTION In the Philippines there are many provincial hymns/marches, and each hymn/march appears very unique from one province to another. Starting from the process of how it was created, up to the process of when it was finally officialized. Particularly, the provincial march of Marinduque, which mirrors the foundation (pillars) of the identity of the province itself, its culture, geography, beauty and its natural resources that every Marindukanon can be proud of. (Provincial Ordinance No. 23 series of 2000) Music has long been an effective way to communicate to the masses, and lyrics have played a massive role in delivering this communication. The meaningful interpretation of lyrics suggests that lyrics can impact action. -Ransom (2015)

phonological level of the march? 3. How do the major features in the lexical category enhance the meaning of the march? 4. How do the major features in the phonological level enhance the meaning of the march? 5. What are the major stylistic devices that the Marinduque March contains? 6. How do these major stylistic devices affect the meaning of the entire march? 7. What is interpretation?

the

implication

its

Stylistic - It is the (linguistic) study of style. Leech & Short (1981:11) â&#x20AC;&#x153;It is the analysis of the verbal choices of the writer based on its linguistic evidences.â&#x20AC;?

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METHODOLOGY

Data analysis procedure MAJOR LEXICAL CATEGORIES

HISTORY (MARINDUQUE MARCH)

MAJOR LEXICAL CATEGORY (WORD CLASSES)

MAJOR PHONOLOGICAL LEVEL

MAJOR STYLISTIC DEVICES

Note: The analysis made was validated by the writer/composer of Marinduque March (Mrs. Norma R. Soldevilla)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION General Observation in Marinduque March  Simple vocabularies were used.  Formal and descriptive words were used in describing Marinduque.  The writer used polite words such as halina th

(let us) as evident in the 4 stanza.  Metaphor and apostrophe were used twice.

ENHANCEMENT

(MAJOR WORD CLASSES)

NOUNS

STYLISTIC ANALYSIS

PERCENTAGE

(68.1%)



Nouns contains the information (informationcarrier).



Thus, it has properly introduced the topic/main idea in communication and indeed, created a vivid imagery of what was described all throughout the march.

(It only proved the analysis of Adane (2012), writers use nouns to focus into more of describing and showing the readers what/who is being talked about, to create a descriptive and more picturesque look.)

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MAJOR PHONOLOGICAL LEVEL (GENERAL OBSERVATION)



Five (5) stanzas & each stanza contains

unstructured number of syllables, ranging from seven to twelve.



has rhyme schemes creating its rhythm.

STANZAS

RHYME SCHEME

A-A-A-A

B-B-C-B

III

D-D-D-D

E-D-B-B-B

B-B-A-A

EFFECT ON THE MARCH

(MAJOR FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE) Metaphor (1st stanza) Isla kang hiyas ng bansa

four (4) lines. 

MAJOR STYLISTIC DEVICES

Metaphor (5th stanza) O Marinduque aming mutya

Apostrophe (5th stanza) O Marinduque aming mutya

Considering that a jewel is a valuable stone, the term hiyas (jewel) signifies the characteristics of Marinduque, as a highly valued and admired province endowed with its God-given beauty and abundant natural resources.

Explicitly comparing Marinduque to a mutya (talisman) creates a perception that the province should be maintained and taken care of, because it is providing something good and beneficial to Marindukanons. 

created a more poetic imagery



emphasized the province as the one being talked about and described in the march.



It placed the subject (Marinduque) to a form that is relatable and more imaginable to the readers.

IMPLIUCATION OF ITS INTERPRETATION

Marinduque March firmly holds the identity of the province itself. The role it plays could not be surpassed by other songs because it introduces everything about the endowed features of the province. Its history is enrooted in it, along with the beliefs, culture and traditions of its people. How Marindukanons perceived their province affects how others will perceive it. In this way, it creates an impact…

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1.The elicited linguistic features allows an elaborate comprehension as to how it contributed to the whole quality of the text. 2. It also helps in the interpretation of the whole literary text, for further understanding the manner as to how it was written by the writer. 3. The interpretation made (through stylistic analysis) furnishes internalization in the mind of Marindukanons. That is, whenever Marindukanons would sing the march, they will be able to visualize the imagery it evokes and determine why the writer described it as it is. Marindukanons ought to appreciate the message and advices embedded by its writer to treasure and cherish by heart the bestowed beauty offered by the province of Marinduque.

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AB ENGLISH STUDENTS FUNCTIONS OF CODESWITCHING AND TEACHERS PERCEPTION IN THE SCHOOL OF LIBERAL ARTS Ma. Realyn J. Arriesgado AB English 4A

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

The study aimed to determine the reasons and agreement to Eldridge’s functions of code switching of the Bachelor of Arts in English students in the School of Liberal Arts. This qualitative and quantitative research used survey questionnaire as the tool to gather needed data. The findings of the study revealed that most of the students use code switch in accordance to Eldridge’s functions of code switching. These functions are: equivalence, where 51.65% of the students code switch because the required item in the target code is simply unknown; floor-holding, with 51.65% students to avoid stopgap during conversation; conflict, with 47.25% students to make the term in the target code less painful; and reiteration, with 52.75% students to elucidate what they have said in the target code using their native code. Students also agree with the reasons that, they code switch to make themselves feel more comfortable when communicating with their teachers or friends/classmates, and because they sometimes experience mentalblock in expressing their thoughts in the target code. Moreover, the study also revealed that teachers of ABE students are not in favor with code switching of their students. They believe that code switching should not be encouraged inside a classroom full of students majoring in the English language.

The use of two languages at the same time got the norm in the modern world. Speakers of such communities often use two languages when talking, shifting between two languages. This fact is recognize as codeswitching/ code-switching/ code switching. According to Johansson (2013) code switching is defined as a phenomenon that exists in bilingual societies where people have the opportunity to use two languages to communicate. as resources to find better ways to express their thoughts. From this, code-switching (CS) in classroom instruction has recently received much attention among Filipino scholars; the debate on whether learners should be allowed to use their native language in the second language class; and whether teachers should or not code-switch (native language to target language) in second language instruction which has been and continues to be a topic of importance in the field of ELT. Teachers’ insights and impressions are worthy of consideration. Teachers’ perception to students’ code-switching should be taken into account because if their perception is negative, it may influence their perception toward the students who codeswitch and help them be more motivated to learn and master the language.

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Many researchers have paid attention to the functions and role of code-switching in EFL and ESL, although not much research has been conducted in English medium classes in countries where English is a second language. Moreover, there is a few study investigating both teachers’ and learners’ attitudes toward code-switching in English medium classes in the Philippines. Considering these circumstances, this present study investigates code-switching in the classes where English is used as a medium of instruction. Hence, the researcher would like to determine the different functions of code switching of the learners inside the English medium class and to know teachers perception to code switching and to students’ code switching during lectures.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study aims to determine the functions of students’ code-switching in English medium class in the School of Liberal Arts and the teachers’ perception toward the use of code-switching by the students in the classroom. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following problems: 1. What are the levels of agreement of the students toward Eldridge’s functions of code switching?

a. What are the degree of agreement/disagreement of the teachers towards students’ code switching? 1. What is the implication of the results of the study to language communication?

METHODOLOGY The study combines both qualitative and quantitative research approaches in an effort to obtain accurate outcomes and sufficient information from the respondents. This study was conducted at Marinduque State College in the School of Liberal Arts where the Bachelor of Arts major in English is offered. Purposive sampling was used to select the respondents which were the enrolled AB English students A.Y. 2017-2018, and AB English faculty members. Respondents

Male

Female

Total

AB English students

ABE Faculty members

2. What are the reasons of the students for code switching? 3. What are the perceptions of the teachers toward code switching of students in the class?

Total:

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For the purpose of this study, the researcher used two separate sets of questionnaires for the teachers and for the students. The questionnaire designed for the teachers consists of two parts: 1) Background Information; 2) Open Ended Questions Concerning the Study. The first part deals with the participantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; background and comprises four personal questions; whereas, the second part of the questionnaire is composed of openended questions designed to encourage a full meaningful answer using the subject's own knowledge and/or feelings. The questionnaire designed for the students differs from the teachers. The first one deals with the studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; background and comprises three items; while, the second part deals with the participantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; functions of code switching in the classroom and the reasons for code switching. There are four items determining the functions of code switching and six items determining reasons for code switching. In order to investigate the functions of codeswitching, Eldridgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (1996) framework was employed in developing the questions as the conceptual framework. Eldridge (1996) on studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; use of code switching found four functions: 1) Equivalence â&#x20AC;&#x201C; using equal lexical units from L1 in target language; 2) Floor-holding â&#x20AC;&#x201C; filling the gaps with L1 use; 3) Reiteration â&#x20AC;&#x201C; conformation, underling, or clarification of message not understood;

4) Conflict â&#x20AC;&#x201C; management of clash use of language. The questionnaire was designed in a form of a 5-Likert scale from â&#x20AC;&#x153;Strongly agreeâ&#x20AC;? to â&#x20AC;&#x153;Strongly disagreeâ&#x20AC;?. The study used statistical treatment by dividing the frequencies by the total number of respondents and then multiplying by one hundred to get the percentage. đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;

Formula: % = đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; Ă&#x2014; 100 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Perception of the Teachers toward Students Code Switching in the Class ď&#x192;&#x2DC; Teacher A Teacher A does not tolerate code switching inside her class, for she believes that it will not develop the linguistic and communicative competence of the students. And according to her, if communicative competences are to be developedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;code switching should not be encouraged and let the learners develop their competencies in two or more languages. ď&#x192;&#x2DC; Teacher B Teacher B believes that if AB English students code switch, this only shows that they are not comfortable using the language they are supposed to master. But she also considers that code switching helps the students express their thoughts. Then again, according to her, she noticed students unable to explain lessons or ideas because many do not really comprehend what they have read whether in English or Tagalog. ď&#x192;&#x2DC; Teacher C 170

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Similar to teacher A and B, teacher C also do not agree and appreciates students code switching. He mostly prefers students to use straight English or straight Tagalog during discussions. And for him, the input of the code switching is becoming the norm that should not be, and students should be more persistent in mastering a second language.  Teacher D On the other hand, teacher D believes that it is okay to code switch as long as they can express themselves. He also share the good input of code switching on understanding.  Teacher E In the same way with teacher D, teacher E said that her perception towards students code switching depends on the subject or course of the class. She does not have any major concern about the issue except if it is part of the established rules to speak in a certain language alone. For instance, some groups of students are not allowed to speak and communicate with their classmates using their first language. In some aspects, she believes that code switching weakens mastering of language especially if the students is just learning, but it also enhances their expression.  Teacher D On the other hand, teacher D believes that it is okay to code switch as long as they can express themselves. He also share the good input of code switching on understanding.  Teacher E In the same way with teacher D, teacher E said that her perception towards students code switching depends on the

subject or course of the class. She does not have any major concern about the issue except if it is part of the established rules to speak in a certain language alone. For instance, some groups of students are not allowed to speak and communicate with their classmates using their first language. In some aspects, she believes that code switching weakens mastering of language especially if the students is just learning, but it also enhances their expression.

Degree of Agreement or Disagreement of the Teachers towards Code Switching of Students. Table 5. Levels of Agreement of the Teachers towards Code Switching of the Students.

Implications to Language Communication Students code switch for different purposes and for different reasons. One may code switch because he/she wants to avoid the stop gap in communication, while the other code switch because they have been influenced by the people around them. It seems that most students have a difficult time using the target code alone; they often use their mother tongue just to avoid the stop gap in communication. Therefore, the students’ 171

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need to challenge themselves to express their thoughts using only one language which is English. Everyday practice makes everything perfect; this means that if students use their target code regularly and focused more on widening their vocabulary, it would be easy for them to have conversation without fearing of stop gap. Teachers and researchers in English as a second language have, on the whole, been concerned to minimize code-switching in the classroom, taking it that the switching either indicates a failure to learn the target language or an unwillingness to do so. They do not encourage students to code switch; the reason for this is, presumably to maximize the amount of time spent using the target code, and thus, improve learning efficiency. The progress in the second language is facilitated if only one code is used in the classroom, asserting that the teacher’s exclusive use of the target code counteracts the ‘pull’ towards the native code. Students mastering the target language English are expected not to code switch all the time. Defining, describing or looking for other alternatives of the term may help the students minimize code switching.

CONCLUSION Based on the findings of the study, students’ code switching functions as equivalence, the required item in the target code is simply unknown; floor-holding, serves to avoid stopgap during conversations; conflict, to make the term use less severe or painful; and reiteration, to clarify what they have said in the target code using their L1. In addition, their reasons for code switching is to make themselves feel more comfortable when communicating with their teachers or

friends/classmates and they feel their ideas will easily be understood if they use two languages at the same time. However, teachers do not agree with the students’ code switching during discussions. They mostly prefer students doing their best to express themselves in the target language alone, than using two languages at the same time. And since they are majoring the English language, students are expected to use the target language more than any languages.

RECOMMENDATIONS In view of the foregoing summary of findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are hereby presented:  Teachers may be aware of the cases when their students code-switch so that they could guide them to speak more of the target language.  English Speaking Policy may be implemented so that ABE students will maximize their competencies in the language.  Monitor for “today” may be observe from time to time to check whether the students’ code-switching is minimized. The observation committee may also give feedbacks to the teachers.  The students may explain and clarify difficult vocabulary and unknown term by giving definitions and synonyms in English.  Researchers in the field of language are encouraged to conduct similar study but different in setting. Further 172

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research on this issue may include increasing the sample population, conducting individual interviews, and classroom observations.

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AB English Echo Session

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Linguistic Society of the Philippines International Conference John Earl Manlisis AB English 4B

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Linguistic Society of the Philippines International Conference Rizalyn Magno AB English 4B

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LingCon 2019: A National Student Conference on Linguistics Vince Justin Rolan S. Madriaga AB English 4B

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5th International DANUM Conference Dela Salle Lipa Mr. Arwin Jones Epa.

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AB English

Literary Critism

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Semotic Reading of Sagisa Kultura: Tudlo and Cultural Educationâ&#x20AC;? Edelyn Solsona AB English 4A

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Deconstruction of Eros Atalia’s take on Filipino Contemporary Literature Maggie Gamo AB English 4A

Panimula Dekonstruksyon ay isang paraan ng pagaanalisa ng teksto na ipinakilala ni Jacques Derrida ng France noong dekada’60. Ito ay isang uri ng ng teoryang pampanitikan kung saan ang karaniwang istraktura ng kwento ay hindi sinusunod. Natural nitong pinapadaloy ang kamalayan at kaisipan ng isang tao at gayon din ang mga pangyayaring hindi karaniwang pinag-uusapan. Lumilikha ito ng serye ng mga pangyayaring magkakaugnay subalit winawakasan naman ng mga hindi sukat akalaing pangyayari. Salungat ito sa mga nakagawiang siklo na nakakahon . Ito rin ay may layuning ipakita ang iba’t ibang aspekto na bumubuo sa tao at mundo. Pinaniniwalaan kasi ng ilang mga pilosopo at manunulat na walang iisang pananaw ang nag-udyok sa may akda na sumulat kundi ang pinaghalu-halong pananaw na ang nais iparating ay kabuuan ng pagkatao at mundo. Bilang isa sa nagpapahalaga sa Malayang pagsulat ang Marinduque State College ay nagsagawa ng isang pantas-aral ng isa sa mahusay at tanyag na manunulat na si Ginoong Eros Atalia ang inimbitahan upang magbahagi ng kaniyang nalalaman ukol sa malayang pagsulat at kung paano uunawain ang kasalukuyang wika ng literatura mula tweet,wattpad,fb,at IG. Siya ay iginawaran bilang Author of the Carlos

Palanca award-winning novel na pinamagatang “Ang ikatlong Anti-Kristo”. Hindi lamang isa o dalawa ang kaniyang naisulat na aklat kundi ito ay ang mga: Wag lang di makaraos,Ligo na u, lapit na me,PEKSMAN(mamatay ka man) nagsisinungaling ako,Tatlong Gabi tatlong Araw, It’s not that complicated at marami pang iba. Bahagi rin sa pagtalakay na ito ay ang Panitikan ng Pilipinas na pangunahing tumutukoy na umiiral, umuunlad, at namamayaning uri at anyo ng katutubong panitikan. Subalit nakakasama rin dito ang panitikang nililikha at ginawa ng mga Pilipinong nasa labas ng sariling bansa, sapagkat inakdaan ang mga ito ng mga Pilipino, o ng may-lahing Pilipino sa malawak na nasasakupan ng paksa. Paraan ng paglikha ni Ginoong Eros Atalia sa pagsulat ng kuwento -Dekonstruksyon,ito ay ang paraan niya ng paglikha ng kuwento na hinahayaan niyang dumaloy ang nilalaman ng kaniyag isipan upang makalikha ng kuwento. At dahil sa kakaiba niyang paraan ng paglikha ito ay nagdudulot at nag-iiwan ng magandang kuwento para sa mga mambabasa.

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Sa bahaging ito matatalakay kung ano Anarconomy ng Cyber World na inilahad ni Ginoong Eros Atalia.

•

Nagkakaproblema expression’ ang henerasyon?

•

Ito rin ba ang dahilan kaya lumikha sila ng sariling espasyo sirkulo at diskurso?

•

Ito rin kaya ang nagbunsod ng antiliterature/counter literature/alternative literature?

Ano nga ba ito? •

Ito ay ang bagong alternatibong mapagkukunan ng mga produkto at serbisyo na hindi komersyal. Kadalasang libre na nililikha at ipinamamahagi sa mga network sa pamamagitan ng anarchic principle. Hindi sumasang-ayon sa “supply and demand” na hanggat maraming tao taong ginagamit, mas nagiging importante ito.Sa pag-aaral ng mga eksperto, ang mga responsible sa ganitong trend ay may pambihirang sense of altruism, kasi sila ang lumilikha ng kanilang kakailanganin at nangangailangan ng kanilang nililikha. At ipinamamahagi nang kung hindi libre ay halos libre. Nakakaramdam kase ng sense of accomplishment ang mga ito.

“self expression is the new entertainment” •

-Copenhagen Institute for future Studies

•

Kung ganoon, nagiging iba na ang pagtingin ng mga kabataan sa iba’t ibang virtual realities, isang espasyo o lugar na nagbabahagian at nagsasalo na may hindi na susulat na patakaran kung paano makikibahagi at makinabang.

•

Ang impormasyon (na kadalasan na tingin ng kabataan ay libangan o entertainment” ay bumabaha, nagtatampisaw at nagpapakalunod ang kabataan.

ba sa ‘selfmga naunang

Ano ang nagawa ng virtual reality sa tunay na mundo? O, ano ang nagawa ng tunay(?) na mundo sa virtual reality, ano na ang reality?

Disentralisasyon at Demokratisasyon •

Nabawasan ang kapangyarihan ng mga taste-setter, cannon, editors,teachers at kritiko

•

Maaari, limitado o hindi maaaring tumanggap o mag-post ng reaksyon, puna, likes at iba pa mula sa iba.

•

Hindi na hinihintay ang printed version para mabasa ng marami dahil maaari naming ilagay na sa on-line.

•

Nagkikita/Nagkakatagpo sa isang virtual reality ang may magkakatulad na interes sa iba’t ibang genre, organisasyon at school of thought. Konklusyon

•

Sa pamamagitan ng teoryang Dekonstruksyon ito ay ang pampanitikanna kung saan ang karaniwang istraktura ng kwento ay hindi sinusunod. Sapamamagitan ng teoryang ito ang isang tao ay 200

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nakakalikha ng mga pangyayari na magkakaugnay at nagwawakas ng magandang kuwento. â&#x20AC;˘

Sa bilis ng panahon at pagyabong ng teknolohiya nawawala na ang pagpapahalaga at interes ng mga kabataan tungkol sa literatura.At dahil dito mas binibigyang pansin ng mga kabataan ang pag gamit ng mga umuusbong na gadyet at teknolohiya na patuloy na binubura ng mga ito ang isipan ng mga kabataan para sa malikhain na pagsulat at pag-isip ng

â&#x20AC;˘

mga mga ideya na makakapagyabong at patuloy na pag-unlad ng Literatura sa bansa.

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New Hitoricism and the SAS/SLA Creative writing output 2008-2018: Saling Awit, Saling Tula Olivia Larraquel AB English 4A

ABSTRACT Ang Saling Awit at Saling Tula ay prinesenta ni Bb. Marieneth Malubag sa Buwan ng Pampanitikan na may temang “Tertulyang Pampanitikan: Malikhaing Marindukanon”. Ang saling awit at saling tula ay patungkol sa iba’t-ibang awit at tula tungkol sa Marinduque maging ang pasyon. Ang proyektong ito ay ginawa ng mga magaaral sa Paaralan ng Malayang Sining bilang pagtugon sa natanggap na NCCA grant. Ito ay sinalin at tinanghal ng mga piling estudyante ng Marinduque State College (MSC). Nagkaroon din ng pagkakataon na itanghal at iparinig ang mga ito sa iba’t-ibang okasiyon na ginanap sa MSC. Pinakita rin dito ni Bb. Malubag ang mga larawan habang ginagawa ang saling awit at saling tula. Ang saling awit at saling tula ay patungkol kung saan ikinu-kwento ng mga tagapagtanghal ng pakanta at pa Ang mga ito ay isinalin ng mga piling estudyante ng SLA. INTRODUCTION National Commission of Culture and Arts (NCCA) ay isa sa institusyon na nagbibigay ng pagkakataon sa mga nais gumawa ng papel na makakatulong at makakapagpayabong sa kultura ng Pilipinas. Isa sa mga nabigyan ng grant at pagkakataon

ang isang proyekto mula sa tatlong mag-aaral ng Paaralan ng Malalayang Sining, Marinduque State College na kasalukuyang kumukuha ng Bachelor of Arts Major in English. Ang nasabing proyekto ay pinamagatang Saling Awit Saling Tula. Ang mga nagawang piyesa ng mga mag-aaral ay itinanghal sa iba’t-ibang programa na isinagawa sa kolehiyo. Noong ika-12 ng Abril idinaos ang Buwan ng Pampanitikan na may temang “Tertulyang Pampanitikan: Malikhaing Marindukanon”. Dito ibinahagi ni Bb. Marieneth Malubag ang naging proseso habang ginagawa ang saling awit saling tula hanggang sa matapos ito.

METHODS Upang maisagawa ang proyekto, ginamit ng mga mag-aaral ang sari-saring tula, awit at pasyon na dito nagmula at dito lamang matatagpuan sa lalawigan ng Marinduque. Nagtulong-tulong ang mga piling mag-aaral upang isalin ang mga ito sa wikang Filipino sapagkat ang mga nakalap na materyal ay nakasulat sa lenggwahe ng Marinduque Tagalog. Matapos isalin ay itinanghal naman ito ng piling mag-aaral at nagkaroon din ng recording upang 202

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makapagproduce ng mga CD at recorded audio.

may lumitaw na di kawasa. Ang ama ng paraluman may itak na bagong hasa.

At nang akmang susugurin nitong amang nagagalit. Ang dalawang magkasuyo sabay na tumalaon sa tubig. At nang sila ay lumitaw ay magkahawak sa bisig. Ang nasabing sumpa'y pakakasal daw sa langit.

Awit Marinduque Originated Alamat ng Dalawang Puting Gansa Di umano isang gabi sa ilalaim ng isang ilang-ilang.

Mula noon may alamat sa nayon ng munting ilog. sumasalung sa agos. At masayang naglalaro sa talutot at alindog Yan ang magkasintahang naging tapat sa pag-irog.

May dalawang magkasuyo patungo sa kabukiran. Ang dalawang magkasuyo sa lilim naglalambingan. Duon sa munting ilog patungo sa kabukiran.

Samantalang ang dalaga'y nakahilig na payapa, Sa bisig ng kanyang kasing isang tapat na binata. At sa gitna ng halaman

Translated Piece Noong isang gabi Sa lilim ng ilang- ilang May dalawang magkasintahang Patungo sa kabukiran Ang dalawang magkasintahaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;y Sa lilim naglalambingan. Doon sa munting ilog Patungo sa kabukiran. Samantalang ang dalagaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;y Nakahilig ng payapa. Sa bisig ng kanyang kasing Isang tapat na binata. At sa gitna ng halamanan May lumabas na bigla. Ang ama ng paraluman May itak na bagong hasa. 203

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At nang akmang susugurin Nitong amang nagagalit. Ang dalawang magkasiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;y Sabay na tumalon sa tubig At nang silaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;y lumitaw Ay magkahawak sa bisig Ang sinambit na sumpaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;y Pakakasal raw sa langit. Mula noon may alamat Sa nayon ng munting ilog May dalawang gansang puti Sumasalunga sa agos. At masayang naglalaro Sa talulot at alindog Yan ang magkasintahang Naging tapat sa pag- irog. LAHAT NG BAGAY

DALAGANG PARANG Nagagalak yaring dibdib kung kamalas ko ang dalagang bukid. Sa ningning ay walang kapares at sa ganda'y kaakit-akit sa pag-ibig. Sa sipag ay di mapintasan lalo na kung sa pamamahay. Maghapon na sa arawan sa pagtatanim ng palay Dalagang parang uliran sa kagandahan nakadamit balintawak watawat ang taglay. Gayon din naman s'ya nating dapat tularan Na s'yang maglilingkod magmamahal sa bayan,

Ang lahat ng bagay sa mundo'y napaparam. Kung mayrong lungkot may'ron ding kaligayahan. Ang katulad ay bulaklak na sariwa pa ang tangkay. Lumilipas din ang bango kinabukasan.

Translated Piece Puso'y natutuwang labis sapagkat kapareho ko ang dalagang bukid Sa kinang ay walang katulad Maging ganda'y nanghahalina ng pag-ibig

Translated Piece LAHAT NG BAGAY

Sa sipag ay wala kang masasabi lalo't higit sa gawaing pambahay. Buong araw na sa initan

Ang lahat ng bagay sa mundo'y nawawala. Kung mayrong lungkot may'ron ding kaligayahan.

sa pagtatanim ng palay. Dalagang epitomyo ng kagandahan

Ang katulad ay bulaklak na sariwa pa ang tangkay.

ang damit ay may watawat na tangan.

Lumilipas din ang bango kinabukasan.

Na buong pusong maglilingkod at magmamahal sa lupang sinilangan.

Gayundin nama'y ating dapat tularan

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ISANG BUONG DAYAP Ako'y namamasyal sa tabi ng dagat. Ako'y nakakita isang buong dayap. Pagdating sa bahay aya aking biniyak. Ang nilalaman don pusong naghihirap. Ang buto pa nito'y aking itinago. Pinagtaguan ko'y kaban n'ya ring puso. Nang aking tukuyin may ugat may puno. May dahon may sanga kaban n'ya ring puso. Ako'y nalulungkot kahit nagsasaya. Ang kalungkutan ko'y dalamhati't dusa. Sa maghapong araw na di makikita. Paglubog ng buwan, ako'y masama na. Sasama na ako sa paglubog ng buwan. Sa libis ng bundok ligingang mapanglaw. Pagdating ko doon kita'y tatawagan. Nasaan ka irog kay tamis mong magmahal. Translated Piece Ako'y namamasyal sa tabi ng dagat. Ako'y nakakita isang buong dayap. Pagdating sa bahay ay aking biniyak. Ang nilalaman doon pusong naghihirap. Ang buto pa nito'y aking itinago. Pinagtaguan ko'y ang kanyang balat. Nang aking tingnan may ugat may puno. May dahon may sanga ang kanyang balat. Ako'y nalulungkot kahit nagsasaya. Ang kalungkutan ko'y dalamhati't dusa. Sa buong maghapong na di ka nakita Paglubog ng buwan, ako'y sasama na. Sasama na ako sa paglubog ng buwan. Sa tabi ng bundok lugar na mapanglaw.

Pagdating ko doon kita'y tatawagan. Nasaan ka irog kay tamis mong magmahal. Tula Marinduque Originated TANAWIN Nagpumiglas muna ang paslit bago niya tuluyang naihagis sa tubig. Mula sa Bangka, nakahanda siyang tumalon sakaling manganib na malunod ang anak na mauliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t muliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;y lumutang-lumubog, at muli, siya ang paslit na inihagis sa tubig. Sa gayong pagtanaw, nananariwa sa alaala ng kahapong ilang ulit niyang nainom ang alat ng dagat bago natutuhang ikampay ang sariling mga bisig, tulad ng anak na ngayon pa lamang inaangkin ang katawan ng hangad na manatili sa ibabaw. Translated Piece Mula sa kamay ng mapagmahal na ama Nagpupumilit kumawala ang bata Ibigay lang ng buo ang tiwala At sa tubig, tuluyang inihagis ng akma Mula sa bangka, nakahanda sâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;yang tumalon Sakaling manganib sa agos ng alon Ang minamahal na anak na lumulubogumaahon Na di nagbabago mula noon hanggang ngayon Muling naging sariwa sa kaniyang pagtanaw Mga hirap na dinanas noong mga araw

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Ilang ulit natikman ang nag-aapaw Na alat ng dagat na kulay bughaw Yaong mga pangyayari ang nagpatunay Bago matutuhan ang tamang pagkampay Ng kaniyang mga bisig at mga kamay Tungo sa matamis na tagumpay Tulad na lang ng kaniyang mahal na anak Na ngayo’y inaangking mayroon nang pakpak – Ang hirap ay pilit lamang na hinahamak Upang manatili sa ibabaw, walang palpak

KUNG PAANO PA MAARING MAUNAWAAN ANG DIYOS Nang sa wakas ay mapasakamay ko ang pinakamalaking tinapay Na nakita sa isang panaderya, hindi ako nagkasya sa basta na lamang pagtitig kaya’t pinaglakbay ko ang kanang palad sa kabuuan nitong pinagaspang ng mga kumpol ng asukal. Pagkatapos, makailang ulit kong nilanghap ang bango ng mga munti nitong pagkasunog. Magandang tingnan ang tinapay bagaman walang tiyak na hugis anupa’t napag-iisip pa ako ng ilang di-tiyak na hugis na maaari nitong maging anyo. Kaylaki nito sa aking mga kamay ngunit walang pinagkaiba sa karaniwang tinapay na kailangang pagpira-pirasuhin upang magkasya sa buka ng bibig. Kaya’t pinagpira-piraso ko ang tinapay. Nahulog sa kalsada ang pinakamaliit na piraso. Naisip ko lang, basta bigyan siya ng tinapay. Ibinukas niya ang isang kamay

para tanggapin ang tinapay. Sandali niya itong tiningnan, at tulad ko, dinama, inamoy, at pinira-piraso bago itinapon sa kanal. Translated Piece Dahan dahan kong inilahad ang aking kamay upang ito ay abutin. Ang pinakamalaking tinapay sa huli’y napasaakin, Pinakamalaking naroroon sa panaderya, Pinakamalaking sa akin napunta. Inilibot ko ang aking paningin sa kabuuan nito, Ngunit sa pagtingin lamang ay di ako makontento. Kaya’t pinaglakbay ko aking kamay, Sa palad ay dinarama ang mga kumpol ng asukal. Pinagagaspang nito ang malaking tinapay, At mas nag aanyayang ito ay tikman. Pagkatapos ay makailang ulit rin, Ang amoy nito kung aking langhapin. Sa bawat sulok ay may mumunti pang pagkasunog, Na sa bango pa lang tila na’y nakakabusog. Sa aking muling pagsulyap sa kabuuan nito, Aking unti-unting napagtanto, Na ang hugis nito tila di sigurado, Walang tiyak na korte, walang tiyak na anyo. Sa aking isip ay binubuo, Mga imaheng puwedeng anyo, Nitong tinapay sa palad ko, Upang mas maraming maengganyo rito. Kay laki nang tinapay na ito, Higit na malaki sa mga nakikita mo. Ngunit tulad ng iba pang tinapay na karaniwan Ito’y pagpipira-pirasuhin muna bago matikman. Kaya’t iyon nga ang aking ginawa, 206

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Ang tinapay ay hinati-hati ko pa. Kamalas-malasang nahulog ang isa, Pinakamaliit, nahulog sa kalsada. Naisipan ko na siya ay bigyan, Kaya ang nangyari ngaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;y ganoon na lamang. Ang kanyang kamay ay kanyang ibinuka, Ang mga palad niyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;y naghihintay na. At tulad ko, ginawa niya isa-isa, Tiningnan, inamoy at kanyang dinama, Ang tinapay ay pinaghati-hati rin niya, Sa huli itoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;y tinapon, sa kanal napunta. UNANG GABI Lumilibot sa loob ng bahay ang usok mula sa takuring pinagpakuluan ng pangkape para sa makikipaglamay Sa silid, nilalaro ng magpipinsan sa harap ng kandila ang kani-kaniyang anino. Tanghalan ang dingding Para sa mga likha nilang hugis na walang katawan samantalang sa labas ng silid, ang mga katawang gumagalaw sa pingkian ng mga kubyertos at ingit ng mga gamit na hinahawan sa sala. Hinihintay ng lahat ng bangkay. Hindi matapos-tapos ang pagsasalansan Ng tinapay sa mga bandehado. Hindi malinis-linis ang alabok Sa matatandang mesa at upuan. Translated Piece Sa pagpasok ng silid, usok sa ere ang iyong madadatnan Mula sa takuring pangkape na pinagpapakuluan Kapeng sinamahan ng tinapay na siyang panlaman sa tiyan Para sa mga taong sa lamay ngayo'y magdadagsaan

Sa kabilang dako ang magpipinsan ay namamangha Sanhi ng liwanag na nagdulot ng aninong nalikha Mga pinagdikit na kamay sari sari ang nabuo Na siyang dahilan ng kanilang ngiti at pagka engganyo Atensyon mo'y kukuhain sa paglibot ng paningin Senaryong tila lahat ay may kanya-kanyang gampanin Bibig ngayo'y di pangunahing dahilan ng ingay sa paligid Kundi kalampag ng mga kasangkapan na pansamantalang isinantabi sa gilid Sa dami ng kailangan intindihin, lahat ay seryoso't malungkot na nag iintay Sa pagdating ngahal sa buhay na isa ng malamig na bangkay Ngunit pagluluksa ay naiisantabi sa gawaing walang katapusan Paghanda ng pagkain at pag alis sa alikabok na nagmarka na sa mesa at upuan Pasyon Marinduque Originated Ang paghihinaw ni Pilato ng kamay At sa gayong pagtatalo Nang hukom at pariseo Sa katakutang totoo, Hinatulan na nga rito Ang Poong si Hesukristo. Lumuklok kapagkaraka Sa silyang natatalaga At bago humatol siya, 207

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Alipala’y nagpakuha Ng tubig at naghinaw na. At nangusap ng ganito: Aniya ay lalabas ako Sa dugo nga niyang tao, Ano mang nasang totoo.

Walang kibo’t walang imik Itong Poong mapagtiis Ay aba taong malupit, Buksi iyang iyong dibdib At sa aral ay making. Translated Piece

Ako’y di nakaalam Yamang inyong kalooban Patayin na kapagkuwan Si Barrabas ang kalagan Si Hesus siyang mamatay. Sumagot ang mga lilo Anila’y oo na hayo At ako naming totoo, Hanggang sa aming inapo Dugo’t buhay niyang tao. Sukdulang sa ami’y inigay Ang ano mang kaparusahan Dahilan sa taong iyan, Kami ay may kalooban Kaya iyo nang hatulan. Ang sabi at pagkabadya Ni San Huan Ebanghelista Si Hesus nang itaboy na, Ni Pilato sa kanila Nangatuwa kapagdaka. Dinuhapang na nga rito Ang poong si Hesukristo Ng mga ganid na tao, Taksil na mga hudyo Pawang kampon ng demonyo. At kanilang hinubaran Niyong kalamideng balabal At sampu ng damit naman, Hinalinan nang kairal Na kaukol at kabagay.

Hukom ay nakipagtalo Laban sa mga pariseo And kinalabasan nito Ang Poong si Hesukristo Ay hinatulang totoo Nang minsan ay niluklok na Sa upuang nagtatalaga At bago humatol siya Ay kaagad nagpakuha Ng tubig at naghugas na At nagsalita ng ganito Sabi niya’y lalabas ako Sa dugo nga niyang tao Ano mang naising totoo Ako ay hindi nakaalam Yamang inyong kalooban Patayin na ng agaran Si Barrabas and pakawalan Si Hesus ang mamatay Sumagot ang mga taksil Sabi nila’y oo At ako naming totoo Hanggang sa aming apo Dugo’t buhay niyang tao Sukdulan sa aming binigay Ang ano mang kaparusahan Dahil sa taong iyan Kami ay may kalooban Kaya iyo ng hatulan Ang sabi at pagkasalita Ni San Juan Ebanghelista 208

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Si Hesus ng palayasin na, Ni Pilato sa kanila Kaagad ay tuwang tuwa Dinuhapang na nga rito Ang Poong si Hesukristo Ng mga malupit na tao Taksil na mga hudyo Mga alagad ng demonyo At kanilang hinubaran Niyong kalamideng alampay At sampu ng damit naman Hinalinan ng kairal Na kaayon at kabagay Walang kiboâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t walang imik Itong Poong mapagtiis Ay aba taong malupit Buksan iyang iyong dibdib At sa aral ay makinig

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