CASE STUDY: THE RESTORATION OF EARTHQUAKEDAMAGED BUILT HERITAGE OF BOHOL AND CEBU
REYNALDO S. LITA Officer in charge Historic Preservation Division National Historical Commission
Church of Our Lady of Light (Faรงade) Loon, Bohol Built, 1855-1864
12 December 2010 (Photo by Ellen Samonte)
18 October 2013 (Photo by Leony Ongkingco)
Our Lady of Light Parish Church (Right side) Loon, Bohol Built, 1855-1864
22 February 2011 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
18 October 2013 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
Rizal Monument at the town square of Loon (Facade) Loon, Bohol Built, 1928
22 February 2011 (Photo by Candido Castro)
18 October 2013 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
Rizal Monument at the town square of Loon (Left side) Loon, Bohol Built, 1928
22 February 2011 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
18 October 2013 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
Immaculate Concepcion Parish Baclayon ,Bohol Built, 1727
7 September 2010 (Photo by Ar-bi Arciaga)
17 October 2013 (Photo by Benjamin Concepcion Empleo)
Immaculate Concepcion Parish Church (Right side of the bell tower) Baclayon ,Bohol Built, 1727
15 August 2008 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
17 October 2013 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
Immaculate Concepcion Parish Church (Right side) Baclayon ,Bohol Built, 1727
13 October 2010 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
17 October 2013 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
The Assumption of Our Lady Shrine-Parish Church (Faรงade) Dauis, Bohol Built, 1863-1879
15 August 2008 (Photo by Christine Dulnuan)
18 October 2013 (Photo by Benjamin Concepcion Empleo)
The Assumption of Our Lady Shrine-Parish Church (Rear) Dauis, Bohol Built, 1863-1879
14 August 2008 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
18 October 2013 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
Saint Augustine Church (Faรงade) Panglao, Bohol Built, late 19th century
15 August 2008 (Photo by Christine Dulnuan)
18 October 2013 (Photo by Benjamin Concepcion Empleo)
Church of San Pedro Apostol (Faรงade) Loboc, Bohol Built, 1734
15 August 2008 (Photo by Christine Dulnuan)
18 October 2013 (Photo by Ian Alfonso)
Church of San Pedro Apostol (Belltower) Loboc, Bohol Built, 1858
13 September 2007 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
17 October 2013 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
Church of the Holy Cross Maribojoc,Bohol Built, 1852-1872
13 October 2010 (Photo by Anthony Manding)
18 October 2013 (Photo by Benjamin Concepcion Empleo)
Church of the Holy Trinity Loay, Bohol Built, 1882
15 October 2008 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
20 October 2013 (Photo by Daryl De Leon)
St. Isidore the Farmer Church Tubigon, Bohol Built, 1886
22 February 2011 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
08 October 2014 (Photo by Friscian Panganiban)
Tubigon Municipal Hall Tubigon, Bohol
22 February 2011 (Photo by Reynaldo Lita)
18 October 2013 (Photo by Benjamin Concepcion Empleo)
A No
Name of structure
BOHOL Location
Significance
Built
Degree of damage
Cultural agency
1 2
Immaculate Conception Church Complex Our Lady of the Assumption Church Complex
Baclayon Dauis
NCT, NHL NCT, NHL
1727 1863
C C
NHCP NHCP
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Holy Trinity Parish Church Complex Pamilacan Watchtower Church of San Isidro Labrador Church of the Most Holy Trinity St. Paul Parish Church St. Anthony the Abbott Parish Church Rizal monument in Loon town plaza Rizal monument in Loboc town plaza Kuta Buildings of Corella St. Peter Church St. Monica Church St. Augustine Church Complex
Loay Baclayon Tubigon Talibon Inabanga Carmen Loon Loboc Corella Loboc Alburquerque Panglao
NHL ICP ICP ICP ICP ICP ICP ICP ICP NCT, NHL NCT NCT
C A C A C C C C B D A A
NHCP NHCP NHCP NHCP NHCP NHCP NHCP NHCP NHCP NM NM NM
15
Santa Cruz Church
Maribojoc
D
NM
16 17 18 19
Our Lady of Light Parish Church Sto. Ni単o Parish Church San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish Church Bohol Provincial Capitol
Loon Cortes Dimiao Tagbilaran City
D C B
NM NM NM NM
20 21 22
Punta Cruz Watchtower Loay Watchtower Balilihan Watchtower
Maribojoc Loay Balilihan
1822 ND 1887 1858 1873 1887 Pre-war Pre-war 1865 1768 1885 18941897 18521872 1755 1892 1750 1860, 1911 1796 ND 1840
C B C
NM NM NM
NCT NCT, NHL NCT NCT NCT NCT NCT NCT
B No
CEBU Name of structure
Location
Significance
Built
Degree of damage C
1
Basilica Minore del Sto. Niño
Cebu City
NHL
1740
2
Magellan’s Cross
Cebu City
NHL
1735, 1740
A
3
Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral
Cebu City
Marker
1735
A
4
Fort San Pedro
Cebu City
ICP
1689
B
5
Museo Sugbo (Carcel de Cebu)
Cebu City
Marker
1565
B
6
St. Catherine of Alexandria Parish Church
Carcar
Marker
1871
A
7
Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Zaragoza Church
Sibonga
ICP
1860
A
8
San Guillermo de Aquitania Church
Dalaguete
NHL
1802
B
9
St. Michael the Archangel Parish Church
Argao
Marker
1733
A
10
Nuestra Señora Patrocinio de Maria Church
Boljoon
NHL
1783
A
11
Saint Peter & Paul Church
Bantayan
Marker
1839
A
12
St. Michael the Archangel Church
Samboan
ICP
1842
B
13
Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church
Pardo, Cebu City
ICP
1893
B
14
St. Francis of Assisi Church
Dumajug
ICP
1854
A
15
Malabuyoc Watchtower
Malabuyoc
ICP
ND
A
Cultural agency
NHCP
ON EARTHQUAKES AND OLD BUILDINGS
Source: A.C. Ong Consulting Inc. (2014)
Dauis Church Dauis, Bohol
Bohol corals Panglao Church
Source: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (2014)
Anatomy of a coral stone masonry
Source: Reynaldo A. Inovero (2014)
Historic buildings are not necessarily weak because they are old, or have been built with masonry. Earthquakes target the weak points of the buildings. These areas are those poorly constructed, erroneously repaired, and subjected to various stresses in the past.
Source: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (2014)
PRE-RESTORATION WORK
Baclayon Church Baclayon, Bohol
Source: Geotech Mercantile
1. Scanning of walls. Using 3D laser scanning technology, this documentation method provides a threedimensional virtual scaled model of the damage to the structure. In the absence of architectural documents, the churches being several hundred years old, the results of these tests also provide the as-built plan of each structure.
Baclayon Church Baclayon, Bohol
2. Clearing of unnecessary debris
Source: Anthony Vincent Manding, Immaculate Conception Parish
Unusable and unsafe materials, such as rusty reinforcement bars, are removed and segregated in order to clear paths and roads and provide access for the retrieval process.
Loon Church Loon, Bohol
Source: National Museum, Bohol
3. Retrieval and documentation of usable loose stone blocks, object sand elements Stone blocks, church objects, coral blocks with carvings, ceiling paintings and other usable materials are labelled and classified by section, location, and type of material. These materials are essential to the rebuilding process.
Baclayon Church Baclayon, Bohol
Source: Anthony Vincent Manding, Immaculate Conception Parish
4. Storage and security of retrieved and documented objects. The labeled and documented materials are temporarily stored in a safe place.
Sto. Nino Basilica Cebu City
Source: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (2014)
5. Installation of shoring, braces and scaffolding To conform to safety requirements and prevent further collapse of the structure owing to aftershocks and strong rain, shoring and bracing supports are installed.
Dauis Church GPR
Source: UPNIGS (2014)
6. Geological/soil and vertical structure assessment These scientific tests, including soil boring and ground penetrating radar tests, determine the geological integrity of the area and the soil bearing capacity of the damaged site. The findings will influence basic conservation decisions, such as whether reconstruction can or cannot take place and what interventions are necessary in order to strengthen the soil foundation.
Dauis Church Dauis, Bohol
Source: A.C. Ong Consultancy Inc. (2014)
7. Detailed engineering study This study assesses the structural condition of the structure, especially its foundation, and helps determine the prerequisites of restoration such as retrofitting.
8. Materials characterization
Source: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (2014)
Samples of church walls are collected and tested in the NHCP laboratory to determine the properties of the materials that will then provide the basis for arriving at the appropriate combination of materials to be applied in restoring the structure.
Dauis Church Dauis, Bohol
Partnerships
Source: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (2014)
Baclayon Church, July 2007
Baclayon Church: Rapid assessment and documentation, 17 October 2013
Baclayon Church: Shoring support of the portico and bell tower
Baclayon Baclayon Church: Church: Ongoing restored restoration bell tower, work, March March 20162016
Baclayon Church: Rapid assessment and documentation, 17 October 2013
Baclayon Church: Shoring support of the bell tower
Baclayon Church: Ongoing restoration of the bell tower, March 2016
Baclayon Church: Shoring support for the interior walls
Baclayon Church: Shoring support for the interior walls
Rapid assessment, 17 October 2013
Baclayon Church: Shoring support for the interior walls
Baclayon Church: Dismantling and storage of the pipe organs
Baclayon Church: Rapid assessment and documentation, 17 October 2013
Baclayon Church: Shoring support of the walls of the left transept
Immaculate Conception Church, Baclayon: CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
1727 Church construction Historical data from Regalado Trota Jose’s Visita Iglesia Bohol: A Guide to Historic Churches
Immaculate Conception Church, Baclayon: CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
1768 Watch tower Historical data from Regalado Trota Jose’s Visita Iglesia Bohol: A Guide to Historic Churches
Immaculate Conception Church, Baclayon: CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
1850 Baptisery Historical data from Regalado Trota Jose’s Visita Iglesia Bohol: A Guide to Historic Churches
Immaculate Conception Church, Baclayon: CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
1853 Mortuary chapel Historical data from Regalado Trota Jose’s Visita Iglesia Bohol: A Guide to Historic Churches
Immaculate Conception Church, Baclayon: CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
1872 Convent Historical data from Regalado Trota Jose’s Visita Iglesia Bohol: A Guide to Historic Churches
Immaculate Conception Church, Baclayon: CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
1875 Portico Historical data from Regalado Trota Jose’s Visita Iglesia Bohol: A Guide to Historic Churches
Immaculate Conception Church, Baclayon: CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
1893 G.I. Roofing Historical data from Regalado Trota Jose’s Visita Iglesia Bohol: A Guide to Historic Churches
Immaculate Conception Church, Baclayon: CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
20th Century Various Repair Works by the parish and stakeholders
Historical data from Regalado Trota Jose’s Visita Iglesia Bohol: A Guide to Historic Churches
Immaculate Conception Church, Baclayon: CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
2013 After the earthquake Drawings by NHCP Architectural Section
LESSONS FROM THE 1948 EARTHQUAKE
The province of Iloilo suffered the same fate as Bohol Province when an earthquake hit Panay Island on 25 January 1948. Approximately 53 church structures were damaged by the calamity.
Jaro Belltower before and after The 1948 earthquake
Source: Mill Hill Missionaries (1948)
Jaro Belltower before and after The 1948 earthquake
Source: Veritas (Truth), (1948)
Oton Church, 1935 Oton, Iloilo
Source: Mill Hill Missionaries
Oton Church, 1948 Oton, Iloilo
Source: Mill Hill Missionaries (1948)
Oton Church, 1948 Oton, Iloilo
Based on the post-earthquake documentation of 1948, the remains of Oton Church may have been restored and the collapsed transepts and faรงade reconstructed.
Source: Manila Bulletin (1948)
Oton Church, 2011 Oton, Iloilo
Source: NHCP (2011)
Lambunao Church Lambunao, Iloilo
Source: Manila Bulletin (1948)
http://lingganay.blogspot.com/2007/02/lambunao-church.html
HISTORIC PRESERVATION VALUES The past, the present, and the future together formed one unity which inspired humanity to continue its creative efforts.
Source: John Warren. Context: New Buildings in Historic Settings
Seven degrees of conservation interventions 1. Prevention of deterioration 2. Preservation of existing state 3. Consolidation of the fabric 4. Restoration 5. Rehabilitation 6. Reproduction 7. Reconstruction Source: Fielden, Bernard M. Conservation of Historic Buildings. London: Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, 1982.
Source: NHCP (2014)
Sta. Barbara Church Sta. Barbara, Iloilo
Source: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (2014)
Earthquake damage
Sta. Barbara Church Sta. Barbara, Iloilo
Tigbauan Church, Iloilo
Leon Church, Iloilo
Source: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (2014)
Cathedral of Ica Peru (2007 Earthquake)
There is a need to develop less-invasive alternative retrofitting techniques by adapting traditional and historical methods and materials in order to increase safety in existing earthen buildings. Simple interventions to connect wall to roof may have minimized the damage in the Cathedral of Ica, Peru. Source: Getty Conservation Institute
San Agustin Church Intramuros, Manila
Before the 1880 earthquake
Source: Regalado Trota Jose and Pedro Galende,, San Agustin
After the 1880 earthquake
1880-Present
Jaro Belltower Jaro, Iloilo City
1948-1990
Source: National Historical Commission photo collection
1991
1992
2014
Dingras Church Facade Dingras, Ilocos Norte
2008
Source: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (2008) and Joel Aldor (2014)
2014
Source: Manila Archdiocesan Archive
Source: NHCP (2008)
Authenticity does not require a significant place to be frozen as it is. The outstanding values of a place could be sustained dynamically, so long as its stories remained credible and truthful. - Joan Domicelj Am, “Authentic? Nara revisited...� Essays in Honor of Jukka Jukilehto (Rome: ICCROM, 2009).
Old buildings are for the living. The continued use and development of old buildings is fundamentally sustainable.
Source: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (2014)
Things to do after an earthquake (1) Organize an in-depth assessment of damage with estimates of costs of restoration; (2) Establish priorities for the program of restoration and repair; (3) Execute structural repairs using teams of architects trained in preservation, as well as engineers, historians, and archaeologists; (4) Set up multidisciplinary teams to propose projects for repair and reconstruction of damaged buildings, making certain that the engineers' work is integrated into the architectural/historical methodology in accordance with the conservation standards; (5) Evaluate alternative schemes balancing risk and vulnerability against degree of intervention and loss of cultural values; (6) Present plans for public approval and support; and (7) Execute structural repairs. Source: Fielden, Bernard M. Between Two Earthquakes. London: Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, 1982.
Status of Structural Conservation Projects (as of 15 May 2016)
Completed (2015) Bohol Cebu Sub-total Total projects
2 2
On-going
To start in 2016
6 11 17 26 sites and structures
4 3 7
Structural Conservation Projects Heritage sites and structures Church complexes (churches, convents, bell towers, parochial schools, casa tribunal, plaza) Military structures (fortification, watch towers) Public buildings (government offices, museum, school) Monuments Total projects
Projects 17
3 3 3 26
Summary of conservation funds Year 2013
2014
2015 2016
Conservation work Pre-restoration (retrieval work, coordination with stakeholders, clearing operations) Pre-restoration work (scientific tests, shoring of walls, temporary facilities, detailed engineering studies) Conservation work (1st phase)
Source of fund NCCA
Funds (M) 4.0
TIEZA
80.3
NHCP
500.0
Conservation work (2nd phase) NHCP Total conservation funds (as of January 2016)
227.5 811.8
P500 Million NHCP Budget
Structural conservation: 86.5 %
Movable objects: 10%
Miscellaneous expenses: 3.5%
Structural conservation
Church complexes: 81.6% Public buildings: 6.4% Military structures: 8.8% Monuments: 3.2%
Summary:
Manpower
Methods
Challenges of Conservation
Message
METHODS
Materials
MATERIALS
MANPOWER 1,300 jobs Local
National
30%
70%
METHODS
Source: National Historical Commission photo collection
MESSAGE
“In the process we attempt, sometimes in vain, to reconcile different views. We also receive flak from parties we fail to please, and little praise from those we satisfy. But we take all these in stride not because we are immune to unfounded criticism---we are not---but because of an overriding commitment to preserve our heritage. In the end this is what heritage work is all about: we look back in the past with an eye to the future, and that future is larger and more important than all of us combined."
Maria Serena I. Diokno Reflections on Heritage", Journal of Philippine Local History & Heritage, Vol. 2 No. 1.