Lives & Landscapes Magazine - Fall 2020

Fall 2020

The magazine of Montana State University Extension

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Sara Adlington Brianna Routh Josie Evenson Adam Sigler Jesse Fulbright Jason Stutzman Michelle Grocke Millie Veltkamp Inga Hawbaker Roubie Younkin Mandie Reed LINE & INTERIM MANAGING EDITOR Sara Adlington CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Sara Adlington Laurie Kerzicnik Jared Beaver Holly Miner Josh Bilbao Jeff Mosley Alison Brennan Dara Palmer Josie Evenson Abiya Saeed Adriane Good Mat Walter THANK YOU TO OUR REVIEWERS Katelyn Anderson Molly Masters Jared Beaver Brianna Routh Alison Brennan Jackie Rumph Dave Brink Lee Schmelzer Edward Dunbar Juli Snedigar Brenda Freeman Emily Standley John Fraley Cecil Tharp Michelle Grocke Marsha Voremans Ben Hauptman Roubie Younkin Tyler Lane

Supporting our Neighbors Now more than six months into the 2020 pandemic, MSU Extension educators continue to offer a variety of programs based on local needs. One need which has affected us all is to monitor and take care of our mental health, which MSU Extension offers resources for.

Mental health and stress are linked. Small amounts of manageable stress can be good for us to improve resilience and move forward. However, a great deal of stress, or chronic stress over a long period of time (as in a pandemic), can become a source of mental health problems. More discussion about caring for our mental health helps increase acceptance to seek treatment for depression, anxiety, and other mental health concerns.

change to distanced visits during the pandemic has increased the ease of using telehealth and web services in our rural state. MSU Extension offers the MontGuide “Understanding and Finding Mental Health Providers in Montana” as well as a website with multiple resources to seek support for effectively managing your stress and improving your mental health: https://msuextension. org/wellness/stress-management/.

Our local Extension offices have staff members trained in Mental Health First Aid, who are able to guide someone to resources and support in a crisis.

MSU Extension is here to support Montanans in many ways, and we look forward to our next opportunity to serve you, our neighbors.

Health centers and services exist across Montana, and the Cody Stone is the Executive Director of MSU Extension and has worked in Extension for over 20 years, primarily in leadership and youth development programs.

Copyright © 2020 by Montana State University.

All rights reserved.

Excerpts from this magazine may be reprinted with permission from the Managing Editor.

Please provide appropriate credit to Montana State University Extension and supply copies of printed materials to the editor. Opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the university administration. Montana State University Extension is an ADA/EO/AA/Veteran’s Preference Employer and Provider of Educational Outreach.

Common chemical and trade names are used in this publication for clarity of the reader. Inclusion of a common chemical or trade name does not imply endorsement of that particular product or brand of herbicide and exclusion does not imply non-approval.

featured contributor Jared Beaver

Jared Beaver has been the MSU Extension Wildlife Specialist since April, 2020, covering research, teaching and Extension responsibilities. He holds degrees from Wake Forest University, the University of Tennessee, and Texas A & M University. Much of his work has focused on population ecology and habitat management of large mammals, particularly game species.

However, he strives to blend wildlife research with applied management by identifying conservation opportunities which have direct relevance for private landowners and wildlife biologists responsible for conserving and managing wildlife.

04 Featured Montanan: Pat McVay 07 Grazing Cover Crops in Late Fall or Winter 09 Hunting in Grizzly Country 11

Meal Planning: Easy, Cost-Effective Ways to Eat Healthy

13 Pheasant 4-H Project 16 Save Money with Wool Dryer Balls 16 Master Gardener Spotlight: Alice Siebecker and Jeanne McCormick 17 Ask Steward: How Should Gardeners Prepare for Fall Weather?

18 Stress Management and Social Connection in a Pandemic

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20 Uninvited Fall Guests 23 2020 Cold, Flu, and COVID-19 Season

07 Have an idea for a story or a question for Ask Steward or our Master Gardeners?

E-mail: ExtensionMagazine@montana.edu Phone: 406.994.4602 Front cover photo by Grand Teton National Park, edited by Jason Stutzman. See article on page 9.

Back cover photo by Allison Kosto. Lives & Landscapes is published quarterly by Montana State University Extension. Also available online at msuextension.org.

To receive a free online subscription, or purchase a print subscription, visit: msuextension.org/magazine.

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a publication of Montana State University Extension

FEATURED MONTANAN:

Pat McVay

By Josie Evenson He has been called a legend, a visionary and a pioneer; however, the word that best describes this man is volunteer. Hollister “Pat” McVay lived to be 100 years old, passing away on May 18, 2020. During his life, McVay accomplished many things and his greatest achievements were those done in the spirit of contribution. He dedicated his life to the service of others.

COURTESY OF JOSIE EVENSON

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orn in Oklahoma to a farming family in March of some training in the service, they asked him to take over 1920, he began a life that would inspire and influence the shooting program. His decision to lend a hand led to the lives of thousands. At two months old, his family a lifetime of volunteering, thus continuing his legacy of returned to his mother’s home state of Montana and service to others. moved to a homestead south of Great Falls. At the age of six, while living on the homestead, his grandfather By the 1950s, hunting had become very popular and gave him a .22 caliber rifle, with little instruction other there were increased hunting accidents, often involving than to be careful. Growing up in Montana provided firearms. At that time, Montana had no formal education McVay the opportunity to develop a love for the outdoors or training programs for hunters. McVay learned of other and a passion for adventure. He especially loved the states implementing training programs and wrote to the thrill of hunting big game all over the National Rifle Association for materials state. During his teenage years and the to implement his own gun safety Great Depression, his family moved to program. When the materials arrived in Washington state where he attended Nothing was ever the mail, he used them to instruct youth high school. In 1933, his father passed in a junior indoor shooting program on accomplished away, causing hard times for the family. the safe and ethical use of firearms. In He moved out at the age of 16 to without enthusiasm. 1957, the Montana Legislature passed find work to support his family. He a law creating the hunter education eventually returned home and finished program. McVay is on record with high school, all while working odd jobs Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks (FWP) to contribute. McVay trained as a machinist for the U.S. Air as the first official hunter’s education instructor and he Force and after the attack on Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in was the first to certify students in hunter’s education. He the U.S. Army and served two years in the Pacific Theater volunteered his time and expertise for the next 62 years, from 1945 to 1946. After the war, he found work at the teaching more than 1,600 people, certifying both youth Grand Coulee Dam in Washington and then in 1952, and adults in hunter’s education, as well as training new transferred to the Hungry Horse Dam located in Flathead instructors. With his love of the outdoors and his passion County, Montana. In an interview with the Hungry Horse for safety, he taught generations of hunters the safe and News, he stated, “I started the first generator at Hungry ethical use of firearms.

Horse.” McVay lived the rest of life on his ranch in the Flathead Valley.

In the early 60s, he also volunteered as a 4-H leader in Flathead County, where he taught youth about hard When he moved to Hungry Horse, he was very interested work and dedication to their 4-H projects. Eventually, in a local indoor shooting program. The kids were shooting he became the beef barn superintendent for the Flathead but receiving little instruction, and because McVay had County Fair, serving in this role for many years, aiding Montana's first certified hunter education class is pictured in 1957. Pat McVay is in the back row, second from left.

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McVay’s service to others didn’t stop with hunter’s education or the 4-H program. He also served on the Cayuse Prairie School board and was a board member for the Federal Employee’s Credit Union, now called Parkside Federal Credit Union, for many years. Through all his years of volunteering, he was never paid monetarily for his service. However, in an interview for a 4-H video in 2017, McVay mentioned that he was rewarded in many ways. He said, “a lot of kids have started [in 4-H] at nine and go right through to nineteen and you build a relationship and a feeling towards those kids that they won’t forget, and neither will you.” In the same interview, he said, “I think they [the kids] taught me more probably than I ever taught them.” In a 2012 interview with Montana FWP, he said, “I’ve got a whole stack of pictures, and the kids come up grinning like a watered mule, and they’ll hand me the picture of their first critter, and I really like that.” He also said, “I think working with these kids has made it pretty enjoyable growing old.”

In 2017 when he was asked what advice he would give to volunteers, he gave quite a list, including “praise the kids; you have to believe in what you’re doing; nothing was ever accomplished without enthusiasm;” and his motto “a minute was never wasted that was spent with a child.” Pat McVay’s life was full of adventure and accomplishments. He left a legacy to inspire others to teach, mentor, and lend a helping hand when it is needed. His story encourages all of us to find something we believe in and then find a way to help that cause. He is a true inspiration for dedicating our lives to the service of others.

Josie Evenson is an MSU Extension Agent in Richland County, and Pat McVay was a lifelong mentor to her in 4-H and shooting sports.

TOP AND BOTTOM: COURTESY OF JOSIE EVENSON

youth in showcasing their 4-H beef projects. From his involvement in 4-H and hunter education, McVay saw a need for a shooting program within 4-H. In 1984, he developed and implemented a 4-H shooting program in Montana. He traveled across the state training adults as instructors in 54 of Montana’s 56 counties, and also spent many years on the firing line instructing approximately 2,000 4-H youth on shooting fundamentals and safety.

a publication of Montana State University Extension

Grazing Cover Crops in Late Fall or Winter

By Jeff Mosley

MARC KING

Cover crops are non-cash crops planted to improve a field’s soil health, limit soil erosion, and suppress weeds and other pests. Cover crops also can provide livestock forage. More and more livestock owners in Montana are using cover crops as pasture in late fall or winter, preferably after a hard freeze when the temperature drops below 28F for more than two hours.

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over crops for livestock grazing in late fall or winter are best comprised of simple mixtures containing three to four species. Optimal mixtures include one cereal grain/grass species that comprises 50-70% of the mix, one legume as 20-40% of the mix, and one or two brassicas that comprise 10-30% of the mix. Seed cost is an important consideration when designing a cover crop mixture. Seed costs exceeding $50 per acre typically are not financially sustainable. Cover crops for grazing in late fall or winter in Montana can be planted in either spring (mid-March to mid-May) or late spring/early summer (mid-May to mid-June). Cover crops planted in late spring/ early summer are usually restricted to irrigated fields because most spring-summer rainfall in Montana occurs before July 1.

Cereal Grains and Grasses Preferred cereals for spring planting are awnless varieties of spring barley, spring wheat, and spring triticale. Preferred cereals and grasses for planting during late spring/early summer are Proso millet, sorghum-sudangrass, or forage

corn. Proso millet is better for grazing than foxtail millet (also called Siberian millet) because the roots of Proso millet grow deeper, and in contrast with foxtail millet, Proso millet is not toxic to horses. Proso millet is better than pearl millet because it produces more forage under Montana conditions.

Legumes Forage field pea is the preferred legume for spring planting.

Forage field peas may lose some top growth during freezes, but they can continue growing after temperatures fall as low as 10F. Forage soybean is the preferred legume for planting in late spring/early summer. Late-season frost does not damage soybean plants as long as they are mature (i.e., 95% of pods have turned brown). Chickpea is another cold-tolerant annual legume, but chickpea seed is usually too expensive to use as a cover crop.

Brassicas Collard and canola are the preferred brassicas for late fall and winter grazing in our state. Both species can be planted

Cover crops in Sweet Grass County.

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either in spring or late spring/early summer. Collard will produce more leaf mass and a larger taproot if planted after the last frost in spring. Radish and turnips are sometimes used for early fall grazing, but they are much less cold-hardy than collard and canola. For example, radish and turnips are usually killed by air temperatures below 25F, while collard often survives down to 0F. Cold-hardy cultivars of canola can withstand temperatures as low as 10F. Cover Crop Yields and Stocking Rates Cover crop production varies across Montana. Dryland fields of cover crops produce about 1,000 to 2,000 pounds per acre of dry matter forage in the 11-14 inch annual precipitation zone, versus 3,000 to 4,000 pounds per acre in the 15-18 inch precipitation zone. Irrigated sites typically produce 5,000 pounds or more per acre.

Appropriate stocking rates per acre vary from one to two cows per month (or the equivalent weight of weaned calves, sheep, goats, etc.) in the 11-14 inch annual precipitation zone, three to four cows per month in the 15-18 inch precipitation zone, and five or more cows per month in irrigated fields.

Cover crops in Sweet Grass County.

High Stock Density Grazing The most effective way to graze cover crops is to use High Stock Density Grazing (HSDG). HSDG confines livestock within smaller areas, at higher than normal densities, for brief time periods. Portable electric fence can be used to subdivide cover crop fields into smaller areas (sometimes called paddocks). Grazing periods of one to three days per MARC KING

paddock work best at stock densities of 30,000 pounds or more live-weight of livestock per acre. For example, stock density would be 30,000 pounds live-weight per acre in a 10-acre paddock stocked with 250 cows that average 1,200 pounds live-weight [(250 cows × 1,200 pounds per cow) ÷ 10 acres = 30,000 pounds live-weight per acre]. If the 250 cows remained within the 10-acre paddock for three days, the stocking rate would be 2.5 cows per acre per month [(250 cows × 0.10 months) ÷ 10 acres = 2.5 cows per acre per month].

Cautionary Grazing Practices The preferred species and mixtures discussed above potentially can cause several livestock disorders, including bloat, nitrate poisoning, prussic acid poisoning, selenium poisoning, goiter, and grass tetany. However, risks are very low when grazing occurs after a hard freeze in late fall or winter. For extra caution: 1) wait to begin grazing until seven days after the field experiences its hard freeze; 2) make sure livestock are not hungry or thirsty when turned into the field; 3) move livestock into the field in the afternoon rather than morning, and 4) provide livestock iodized salt.

Additional Resources

https://landresources.montana.edu/soilfertility/ https://animalrangeextension.montana.edu/forage/ index.html

Jeff Mosley, Ph.D., is the MSU Extension Range Management Specialist.

a publication of Montana State University Extension

Hunting in Grizzly Country

By Jared Beaver

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s hunters, we put ourselves inherently more at risk of a dangerous bear encounter. We’re more active in low light conditions, trying to remain hidden, move quietly, sound and smell as much like game as possible, and we are in the field when the bears are most active and calorie loading for the winter (hyperphagia).

So, what can hunters do to be more bear aware during the hunting season?

Avoid Hunting Solo First and foremost, the best thing one can do during hunting season is hunt with others. Research shows that traveling in groups can reduce the likelihood of a dangerous bear encounter. However, for many this isn’t an option. If you must hunt alone in bear country, let someone know your plans and have a way to check in and send an emergency signal.

Be Alert and Spatially Aware When in Bear Country Spend more time looking for fresh bear sign (e.g., tracks, scat, overturned rocks, tree markings, and concentrations of preferred bear foods). If you notice signs of bear activity or presence of a carcass

or scavenging birds, use extreme caution and try to avoid the area. When possible, avoid pushing straight through areas without a clear line of sight, and give thick and shady areas a second look.

Keep a Clean Campsite Properly store food in bear-proof containers, hard-sided vehicles, or hang food away from camp at least 10 feet high and 4 feet away from a vertical structure.

Cook food and strain and toss water at least 100 yards from the downwind side of the tent. Do not bring anything into the tent that has a scent and do not sleep in clothes you cooked in. In bear country, open spots with long, clear lines of sight are best for setting up camp. If the camp is more accessible, a portable electric fence surrounding camp is also an option.

Make Some Sacrifices to Maximize Safety Many hunters know the last hour of daylight as that magical 'golden hour.’

However, coming back to camp after dark or tracking an animal shot at last light is difficult enough without having to worry about bears. Butchering and packing an animal at night is a bad combination and just adds an element of danger. When

GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK

Grizzly bear populations across Montana are rapidly growing and expanding into historic ranges. This expansion increases the likelihood of human-bear conflict, especially during hunting season, because while there are many well-documented safety practices for recreating in grizzly country, being visible and making as much noise as possible isn’t the best approach for a hunter. At least not a successful one.

Above, both youth and adults can play the double ball stick game and learn social skills and expectations that also apply to life outside of the game.

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hunting in bear country, forgoing a few minutes of daylight or waiting until morning to finish tracking an animal may not be ideal; on the other hand, a little extra caution allows for an enjoyable and safe hunt.

Communicate with Other Hunters Often in the field, we may come across fellow hunters or have friends who hunt in the general area. In these cases, sharing detailed information on when and where grizzly bears have been seen and/or fresh sign has been observed can be invaluable and may very well save someone’s life.

The graphic below illustrates how to maintain bear safety in your campsite.

Carry Bear Spray Regardless of the activity, when in bear country, carry bear spray and make sure it’s within reach and that you’re familiar with how to use it. Research has shown pepper spray to be a proven and valuable deterrent tool against bears. Use a weapon only as a last result. Attacks often happen quickly and in close range and wounded bears may intensify and prolong the attack. If you have to kill a grizzly in self-defense, or experience an attack, leave

the scene and report the incident immediately to local authorities. A bear encounter can be reported to a regional Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks bear specialist.

Unfortunately, regardless of safety precautions, encounters do occur. If you encounter a bear, stop and assess the situation. The bear’s behavior - not the species - should first determine how you respond (i.e. is the bear is aware of you or not? Is it threatening, curious, or fleeing?). Do not run or approach the bear. As a last resort, if physically attacked by a surprised/agitated grizzly, lie face down, covering your neck and head with your hands and arms and remain still until the bear is gone. If you have a backpack, leave it on to protect your back.

At the end of the day, if you let paranoia rule decisions, hunting in grizzly country is going to be a miserable experience. By staying alert, and exercising caution and a lot of common sense, hunting in grizzly country can be a rewarding and exhilarating experience.

Jared Beaver is the MSU Extension Wildlife Specialist.

BEAR WISE WYOMING (WYOMING GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT)

a publication of Montana State University Extension

A nutritious meal should include food from all five food groups, which is easy to follow using the USDA MyPlate guidelines.

MEAL PLANNING

Easy, Cost-Effective Ways to Eat Healthy

By Holly Miner

BIGSTOCK

When schedules get busy, it is easy to fall into a routine of preparing the same meals over and over again, or resorting to eating pre-packaged foods. Few people have time at the end of a long day to decide what to make for dinner, grocery shop, and make the meal. Meal planning in advance can reduce the pressure by facilitating more efficient grocery shopping and removing the need to think creatively about dinner at the end of a long day.

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lanning meals ahead of time allows you to account for busy days and prep food on days that are not as full of activities. Meal planning may seem daunting, but here are a few steps and ideas for getting started: 1. Start by planning a few days per week, then work up to planning a week of meals.

2. Complete an inventory of food on hand.

3. Grab a notebook to get started, or use a computer spreadsheet, or mobile phone meal planning app.

4. List each day of the week and consider time constraints on different days.

5. Planning to prepare extra portions to guarantee leftovers is a great approach for easy lunches or dinners on the busiest days.

6. Plan easy-to-prepare meals and leave more labor-intense meals for less busy days.

§ Vegetables and fruits add color and nutrients and should cover half the plate. § Beans, lentils, eggs and cheese, as well as lean meats, are all good sources of protein. § Half of the grains should be whole grains. § Low fat dairy products (such as low-fat yogurt or 1% milk) contain all the nutrients but not the fat of whole milk and are one easy way to reduce overall fat intake.

Meal planning can be helpful in a variety of ways, from simplifying shopping and saving money, to increasing family time.

Simplify Shopping Meal planning makes shopping easier with a detailed shopping list, focused on what is needed. Review the recipe for each planned meal to create the list. Consider writing the list with items organized according to the store layout. The grocery list is simpler if you can use the same vegetable, protein, or grain for more than one meal.

Reduce Costs Plan meals around promotions, coupons, or items on sale at the local grocery store.

Shopping at farmers’ markets or growing vegetables are other ways to include fresh foods that may cost less. A shopping list also reduces impulse buying.

Reduce Stress and Save Time Preparing food ahead of time makes mealtime on busy days less stressful. For example, if tacos, sloppy joes, or hamburger casserole are all on the menu, prepare all the meat ahead on the weekend by browning and adding onions. Cool and package the cooked meat per meal, then when you make each, add spices or other ingredients. This greatly reduces time in preparation and cleanup. To avoid foodborne illness, these prepared foods should be used within a few days or frozen for use later in the week.

Another time saver is to make a casserole or lasagna ahead of time and freeze. This is a great way to have a nutritionally-balanced meal ready to go quickly. Consider making two casseroles at the same time, eat one right

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A nutritious meal should include food from all five food groups.

CHOOSEMYPLATE.GOV

away and freeze the other. A frozen casserole is easy to prepare by taking it out of the freezer to thaw the day ahead, then bake as normal with the temperature reaching 165° when tested with a thermometer.

Help Provide Tasty and Nutritious Meals Meals can be more enjoyable if they include a variety of textures and temperatures. A hot main dish, cool salad, and a roll would provide hot/cold/warm foods as well as soft and crispy components. Side dishes are a fun way to add color, texture, and nutrients. Lettuce salads can hold a variety of vegetables or fruits. Spinach salad with mandarin oranges, strawberries or raspberries is a delicious addition to any meal. Add variety to leafy green salads by adding different combinations.

Encourage Family Time Involve family or others in the household in the meal planning process. Ask younger family members what their favorite meals are and try to work those into meal planning. When children and adults participate in food choices, planning, purchasing, and preparation, it can

increase the fruits and vegetables they eat. Consider birthdays, special events, or theme nights. If your family likes tacos, plan for Taco Tuesday every other week.

Children can be great helpers in the kitchen to wash vegetables, set the table, toss salads, and cut fruits such as bananas or strawberries.

Meal planning doesn’t need to be complicated or all encompassing, start out slowly and build up to a weekly menu. Remember if the meal plan doesn’t work, then try again. Find items that family members like and are enjoyable to prepare. Celebrate your success. Providing nutritious meals for the family and making mealtime less stressful is a great way to keep everyone happy and healthy!

For more information about MyPlate or to create your own MyPlatePlan visit: https://www.choosemyplate.gov/ resources/MyPlatePlan

Holly Miner is the MSU Extension Family and Consumer Sciences and 4-H agent in Big Horn County.

a publication of Montana State University Extension

Pheasant 4-H Project

By Adriane Good

COURTESY OF ADRIANE GOOD

In the fall of 2018, 4-H members in Pondera County embarked on a brave new project: raising ring-necked pheasants for wild release. While the project brought with it some challenges, it also had some wonderful success. This learning experience for 4-H members resulted in the development of a deeper appreciation for wild birds and more detailed understanding of the habitat requirements and life cycle of pheasants.

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he project began with several conversations with Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks (MTFWP) personnel.

Even when domestically-raised, pheasants are classified as wild game. Therefore, our conversations with MTFWP at the onset of this project were critical to ensure we had correct documentation to possess and release the birds.

Thanks to these meetings, we learned of the Upland Game Bird Enhancement Program – a program that reimburses landowners for pheasants if they provide public access for hunting. In 2019, we connected with three landowners who enrolled in the program and were approved for a total of 400 birds. In 2020, there were no applicants for the Upland Game Bird Enhancement Program in north central Montana; however, we were able to locate landowners who were generously willing to buy pheasants without being reimbursed.

In the first year, eight members signed up for the project.

The members were split into two groups and raised a total of 400 pheasants with one group based in Conrad and one

in Valier. In the second year, five members participated in the project and the two groups raised a total of 300 pheasants.

A fortunate relationship developed with East Slope Kennels and Game Birds, owned by Tony Fowler, and located nearby in Conrad. We purchased freshly-hatched chicks from Fowler, as well as most of the feed. This allowed the 4-H members to pick up their chicks directly, which provided invaluable opportunity to remove chicks from the hatching cabinet and tour the farm to get a better understanding of how to raise the birds. As we worked through the project, Fowler served as a tremendous resource and provided 4-H members with information and advice whenever questions arose.

The first year of the project required constructing brooding facilities and flight pens for our pheasants. This required purchasing heat lamps, feeders and waterers, chicken wire, netting, and other fencing supplies. We were able to offset costs through an award from the Department of

Pheasant project members hold their eight-week-old pheasants.

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Natural Resources and Conservation mini-grant program and donations from the Pheasants Forever Gallatin Valley Chapter and private donors. DeVoe’s Builders Services, BTI Feeds, and CHS Cut Bank Group also helped support the project financially by donating feed and giving discounts on supplies.

In 2020, we again had some predator problems, this time with owls. After one of the groups of chicks went to the outdoor pen, 4-H members discovered that owls like to eat young pheasants. The owls would pace outside of the pen and opportunistically grab chicks too close to the exterior of the pen and eat them through the wire, leaving just the head of the young birds in the pen. After speaking with MTFWP, the members were told the best option would be to modify the pen’s construction to limit the owls’ ability to remove chicks. Again, the 4-H members adapted quickly and successfully adjusted the pens so that only three more chicks were lost to the owls.

Like in the beginning of many 4-H projects, there were learning curves with the pheasant project. In our first summer raising chicks, we quickly learned – with the help of an uninvited weasel – that pheasant chicks tend to be on the bottom of the food chain. The first night after one group of chicks went in their outdoor pen, the weasel decided to join them. The weasel killed over In two years of the pheasant raise-and-release project, 100 pheasant chicks that night. This was a problem we Pondera County 4-H members have released approximately had not predicted. We knew we would have some death 400 pheasants into the wild. In that time, the 4-H members loss, just like with any livestock, but we did not expect made a positive contribution to wildlife populations in to lose more than half the chicks in one night. The 4-H Pondera County, and they gained an appreciation for how members adapted and overcame adversity by removing challenging it is for pheasants to survive in the wild. We the remaining chicks and moving them to a different pen, are eagerly looking forward to continuing this project for in town and elevated, making it a much more difficult years to come and hope members from other counties target for predators. join in the learning and fun!

Adriane Good is an MSU Extension Agent in Pondera County.

ALL PHOTOS COURTESY OF ADRIANE GOOD

a publication of Montana State University Extension

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Save Money with Wool Dryer Balls

By Holly Miner

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ool dryer balls are all natural, free of chemicals, perfumes and dyes. The balls reduce drying time by quietly bouncing between clothes and allowing air to circulate more efficiently. Dryer balls absorb moisture from clothes, and the moisture in the balls keeps the air in the dryer humid longer, thus, lowering the build-up of static electricity in clothing.

Wool dryer balls also soften clothes without leaving pills on clothing. The wool balls should last for years. The number of balls used depends on preference. Balls need room to move in the dryer, so a full load of clothes

may not dry as efficiently as a medium-sized load. Start by using three balls and add more if needed; more than six and they are hard to keep track of at the end of a drying cycle.

BIGSTOCK

Laundry products can be costly and a household expense that really adds up over a year. Wool dryer balls may be one solution to reduce spending on laundry products. Use of wool dryer balls can also reduce the amount of time needed to dry clothing, reducing energy costs while helping save on softening supplies.

Wool dryer balls are made from sheep’s wool or other sources such as Alpaca. Montana has several places that sell wool dryer balls, with prices around $7-9 per dryer ball. With a quick internet search, one can find wool dryer balls made in Montana to help support local wool growers.

Holly Miner is the MSU Extension Family and Consumer Sciences and 4-H agent in Big Horn County.

MASTER GARDENER SPOTLIGHT

Alice Siebecker and Jeanne McCormick TOP: JEANNE MCCORMICK, BOTTOM: TOBY DAY

By Josh Bilbao Any successful Master Gardener program is only as good as the volunteers who dedicate their time and passion to it. Because of that, the Gallatin County Master Gardener program is in great hands.

Many volunteers contribute to make this program a success, but two individuals really stand out.

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lice Siebecker and Jeanne McCormick, both Level 3 Master Gardeners, have taken to heart the intended purpose of the Master Gardener program. They have shared their talents and expertise in our communities and have taught many individuals a bevy of garden-related topics.

Their list of involvement in Gallatin County is not a short one. They were crucial members in the formation and success of the Southwest Montana Master Gardener Association.

They have had their hands in numerous volunteer projects and clean up days, most importantly, the planting and maintenance of annual flower beds at the Story Mansion.

a publication of Montana State University Extension

ASK STEWARD

How Should Gardeners Prepare for Fall Weather?

By Abiya Saeed Fall weather in Montana comes on hard and fast. Many gardeners struggle with where to begin and how much to do at the end of their growing season. Fortunately, Montana State University Extension has a new Horticulture Specialist on staff to help us answer these questions. Abiya Saeed, who prefers Abi, joins Montana State University from Colorado State Extension. She brings with her a wealth of knowledge, particularly regarding pollinators and pollinator conservation.

Abi, how should gardeners be preparing their beds as they begin harvesting and cold weather sets in?

They planned, implemented and maintained the Plant Select garden that was located at the Bozeman Public Library. That garden has since been moved to the Gallatin County MSU Extension office and is thriving. The most important contribution to the program is that these two excellent volunteers co-teach the Level 1 Montana Master Gardener course.

Their sharing of expertise and knowledge as professional gardeners has been a privilege for students who have been lucky enough to take the course with them.

Without the dedication and sacrifice of Siebecker and McCormick, the Master Gardener program in Gallatin County would not be where it is today. These two individuals have made a tremendous impact on the program. We cannot say it enough: thank you Alice Siebecker and Jeanne McCormick for all that you have done for the program!

Josh Bilbao is an MSU Extension Agriculture Agent in Park County.

Montana has such a short growing season, compounded by varying growing conditions around the state. I would recommend fall to be the time to prepare garden beds for spring planting so you are ready when the weather gets warm. Soil testing and adding compost, organic matter and other amendments can help garden beds be ready for spring.

What is the best way to overwinter some perennial plants?

For overwintering perennial beds and preparing for the snow, it’s a good idea to mulch over perennial beds with weed free straw, about 4-6 inches deep. Straw mulch will eliminate the risk of weeds.

This will keep the crown and root from freezing during very cold weather and keeps plants dormant during the occasional warm snaps. It will be important to wait until after the first hard freeze before mulching to keep the plants from being smothered. Because of dry weather, be sure to maintain watering through the fall and taper water to the end of the season so plants can harden off. Hardening off allows the plants to slow their growth, thicken cell walls, store vital nutrients and generally prepare for cold weather.

What is the best way to remove and store bulbs for next year’s planting?

Tender bulbs and rhizomes that can be especially susceptible to cold conditions, such as caladium, calla Lillie, dahlias and begonias should be the first plants to be dug out and stored. Wait until the first hard frost before digging the plants, cut the stems with 2-4 inches above the soil remaining. Remove any excess soil from the roots. Be gentle with the roots so that you don’t cause nicks or scratches on the bulbs. Do this on a warm fall day, around 50 degrees, to keep from shocking the bulbs if the weather is too warm. It is important that if you find any damaged or oozing bulbs to remove them from storage. Bring the bulbs indoors and store them in a place that is going to be above 60 degrees and allow the bulbs to set out for 2-4 weeks so they dry out. Once bulbs are dry, store them in a place with a steady temperature between 40-50 degrees in paper bags or boxes. Using paper bags/ boxes allows the air to circulate around the bulbs. If you are packing bulbs in a box, be sure to use newspaper or straw to promote air circulation.

Abiya Saeed is the new MSU Extension Horticulture Specialist.

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Stress Management and Social Connection in a Pandemic

By Alison Brennan Reflecting on the months that have passed since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, several words may come readily to mind: stress, uncertainty, and anxiety. With a bit more effort, another set of words emerges: resilience, learning, and creativity. Amid the challenges of this dynamic situation, neighbors, family, friends, and colleagues have demonstrated inspiring adaptability.

Our human capacities for reflection, problem-solving, and social connection are major assets as we confront the reality that this pandemic is going to persist. As we continue managing our lives during this pandemic, we can enhance our well-being through intentional stress management and creative approaches to maintain social connection. Hopefully, this article will give ideas and practical suggestions to support resilience on the long road ahead.

SIEGEL, D., & ROCK, L. CREATED THE HEALTHY MIND PLATTER, GRAPHIC: MSU EXTENSION AND BIGSTOCK

SLEEP TIME: Getting enough sleep, both in quality and quantity. PHYSICAL TIME: Moving the body; exercise. FOCUS TIME: Focusing closely on tasks "in a goal-oriented way." CONNECTING TIME: Connecting with people, pets, and nature. TIME IN: Quiet reflection on thoughts, feelings, and experiences. DOWNTIME: Non-focused time, allowing the mind to relax and wander. PLAYTIME: Activities

purely for enjoyment; being creative or spontaneous.

a publication of Montana State University Extension

The Healthy Mind Platter, created by Dr. Daniel Siegel and Dr. David Rock, is a helpful guide for self-assessing lifestyle factors for better stress management. The Healthy Mind Platter represents core elements of mental well-being.

A summary of each of these essential daily activities is provided. Notice that ideal amounts of essential activities are not listed, as this will vary between individuals. As you look at these activities, think about areas in which you excel and areas that need more time and attention.

Journaling your activities can be a helpful approach for examining current stress management techniques. Keep in mind that your activity journal should reflect your typical routines and daily activities. After at least three days, examine the balance of activities. Consider potential ways to alter or shift daily activities to achieve a balance that is more beneficial for your well-being.

When considering areas to shift, using the “SMART Goals” approach could help implement a plan for change. Once you have attained one goal using the SMART approach, restart the process with a new goal. In this way, you can achieve the broad, holistic goal of stress management through a series of incremental successes.

The Importance of Social Connection Connection to other people is a core element of mental wellness within the Healthy Mind Platter. Social connection decreases stress hormones such as cortisol and increases brain chemicals such as dopamine and oxytocin, resulting in reduced anxiety, improved mood, and feelings of safety.

Social isolation is associated with low mood, elevated stress and increases in substance use, especially high-risk alcohol consumption. Unfortunately, pandemic-related constraints make social connection challenging. We will need to continue to find ways to remain socially connected while observing physical distancing, mask mandates, and other realities of this pandemic.

SMART

Stress Management Brenda Freeman, PhD, a licensed clinical professional counselor and state specialist for University of Nevada Extension, makes an important distinction between coping and stress management. Freeman describes coping as “short-term, in-the-moment strategies” for reducing stress, such as deep breathing, listening to music, and going for a walk. Stress management refers to “long-term, lifestyle issues that have to be addressed” to effectively manage stress and promote well-being. Stress management entails personal assessment and adjustment of factors such as sleep, nutrition, and exercise. At the beginning of this pandemic, our initial efforts to contend with major changes were most likely coping strategies.

In the coming months, stress management is going to be important.

Specific: pinpoint a clear, tangible, narrowly-defined goal Measurable: define the goal in measurable terms so you can evaluate progress and achievement Attainable: select a goal that is challenging but realistic and manageable; consider potential barriers, and create a plan for addressing those barriers Relevant: pick a goal that aligns with your needs, values, and long-term objectives Time-based: identify the time frame, with a clear and realistic target date for reaching your goal

MSU EXTENSION

People are resilient, creative and have been able to maintain connection.

Here are a few ways in case you find them beneficial: • Handmade greeting cards with handwritten messages—I received two in the first months of the pandemic, and the positive impact on my mood was profound.

• Online gaming using phone apps or group video game programs such as the Jackbox Party Packs.

• Scheduled video check-ins with friends and/or family.

• Meeting with a friend for a walk in a park or along a trail that is conducive to physical distancing. As the months get colder, crosscountry skiing or snowshoeing could take the place of walking.

• Spending more time interacting with animals. If you don’t have animals, offer to take a friend or neighbor’s dog for a walk.

Interacting with dogs, horses, cats, etc., can create some of the same positive effects associated with human social interaction, but with lower risk of COVID-19 transmission.

The approaches and activities described within this article may help lighten your load during the long road of this pandemic.

Additional Resources MSU Extension: Stress Management

https://msuextension.org/wellness/stress-management/index.html

MSU Extension: Montana Ag Producer Stress Resource Clearinghouse

https://msuextension.org/wellness/stress-management/mt_farm_ stress_clearing_house/index.html

SMART Goals: How to Make Your Goals Achievable

https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/smart-goals.htm Alison Brennan is the MSU Extension Mental Health Specialist.

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20 ALL PHOTOS BY LAURIE KERZICNIK

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Uninvited Fall Guests

By Laurie Kerzicnik Insects and other arthropods intersect our lives daily. When they make their way into homes in fall, they are most often uninvited. Fall home invasions are nothing out of the ordinary for insects; they are just seeking shelter and protection from winter. Wall voids and interior walls provide optimal temperatures for residing. Knowledge of these insects and their behavior can help to reduce fear and unnecessary pesticide use within the home.

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ome of the common invaders include seed bugs (western conifer seed bugs, boxelder bugs, and tuxedo bugs), false chinch bugs, root weevils (crusted root weevils, strawberry root weevils, and black vine weevils), cluster flies, spiders, and millipedes. Insects are frequently added to the list each year with new establishments and changes in behavior and climate. Any small opening around the house can provide access for an insect, including holes in screens, underneath doors, and small cracks in the foundation. Many insects bask in the sun on south- and west-facing walls of buildings in late summer and early fall.

Our common fall home invaders are mostly harmless to humans and pets and do not transmit diseases. Spiders can bite but typically only bite if threatened or if trapped in clothing, shoes, etc. After these home invaders enter the house, most eventually enter a semi-dormant state.

Some might emerge on warm, winter days, but most do not survive the winter inside the home. Some spiders can potentially stay longer. Their presence in the house does not necessarily indicate that they are harming nearby plants in the yard.

a publication of Montana State University Extension

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Western Conifer Seed Bugs (A) Western conifer seed bugs feed on the seeds of pine and Douglas-fir trees. They are often mistaken for the kissing bug species (assassin bugs) that can vector Chagas disease, which we don’t have in Montana.

Garden Millipedes Millipedes feed on decaying plant material. They can mass migrate into buildings following wet weather events in the fall but will only survive for a day or two inside the home without moisture.

Boxelder Bugs (B) Boxelder bugs occur every fall. Sometimes it is baffling why they are around without boxelder trees in the yard, but they also feed on the seeds of maples, ash, and several fruit trees. They can stain lighter fabrics if smashed.

Preventing Home Invaders It is best to make the house inhospitable on the outside before fall, especially south- and west-facing areas. The following tips can help to keep insects from entering the house:

Tuxedo Bugs (C) Tuxedo bugs are one of our newest guests, and hundreds of these insects can be present at a time. They feed on plants in the mint and figwort families (like white mullein) and seem to prefer buildings adjacent to weedy areas or abandoned lots.

§ Install door sweeps at the base of exterior doors. § Seal all cracks in the siding. § One point of entry is the meeting of the foundation and siding of a building. Caulk or fill this juncture. § Seal utility openings where pipes and wires enter the foundation or siding. § Avoid storing firewood next to and inside the house. Many home invaders like to rest in firewood piles. § As a last resort, chemical treatments can be used in the form of barrier sprays in late summer/early fall to kill insects on the outside of the building. § The base of doors and windows should be treated. § Apply materials to a two- to six-foot-wide band along the soil around the foundation and two to three feet up the foundation walls. § Pyrethroid insecticides (active ingredients permethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, esfenvalerate or cyfluthrin) are preferred because they are effective at low temperatures. Always read and follow the product label to ensure you are using the correct pesticide product safely and effectively.

False Chinch Bugs (D) False chinch bugs enter buildings in search of moisture and humidity. When not aggregating on buildings, they are sap-feeding insects and feed on weeds such as flixweed, plants in the mustard family, turf, kochia, and pigweed.

Aggregations can be in the hundreds.

Root Weevils (E–H) We have several different species of root weevils, ranging in size from one-sixteenth to one-quarter inch. As their name implies, the immature weevils feed on the roots of several ornamental plants. Fortunately, the damage is minimal. As adults, they chew small notches on the outside edges of leaves.

Cluster Flies (I) Cluster flies look like a larger house fly. There can be hundreds of flies congregating on the sunny sides of buildings in late fall and entering through attics and higher areas. Unlike most flies, they do not breed in decaying organic matter. Rather, they are parasites of earthworms.

Spiders During late summer and early fall, it is normal for spiders to enter buildings and homes. This includes hobo spiders which are prevalent in Montana basements, lower levels of buildings, and window wells from August through November. Common misunderstandings about the hobo spider have caused unnecessary concern. There is no conclusive evidence that the hobo spider is harmful to humans.

After they have already entered the home, use the vacuum to remove unwanted insects. Limit the use of insecticides inside the home. Very few are labeled for this use, and effective contact with the insect is challenging.

Laurie Kerzicnik is an MSU Extension Associate Specialist and Insect Diagnostician.i4

a publication of Montana State University Extension

2020 Cold, Flu, and COVID-19 Season The Montana influenza season, or flu season, typically lasts from December to March. Both the flu and COVID-19 are contagious infections that cause respiratory disease, and both can present as a wide range of illness from asymptomatic (no symptoms) to severe symptoms, even death.

HEALTHPARTNERS.COM

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owever, since these two illnesses are caused by different viruses, there are some differences. Whereas the flu tends to come on suddenly (anywhere from 1-4 days after infection), COVID-19 symptoms can be more gradual (anywhere from 2-14 days after infection). Although symptoms can appear similar, the flu usually causes a mild, dry cough, whereas COVID-19 cough symptoms are more severe and include shortness of breath. COVID-19 is also often accompanied by a new and sudden loss of taste or smell.

Since a cold, the flu, or COVID-19 are all transmitted through respiratory droplets or small particles, the same healthy habits work to stop the spread of each: 1. Practice good hand hygiene, washing hands often with soap for 20 seconds or more. Hand sanitizer (60% alcohol or higher) can be used when soap and water are not easily accessible.

2. Cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue and/or your elbow.

3. Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth to spread fewer germs.

4. Avoid close contact with people who are sick.

5. Stay home when you are sick and limit contact with others.

6. Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces at home, work or school.

7. Wear a clean, non-surgical mask when you cannot keep distance from others. Masks should cover both the nose and mouth with snug fit against the face.

8. Stay healthy: get plenty of sleep, be physically active, drink plenty of fluids and eat nutritious food. *Whereas there is no vaccination for COVID-19, influenza vaccinations are available-even at some drive-up clinics, county public health offices, and pharmacies.

Montanans are impacted during the winter months with a variety of viruses. Often these viruses do not cause severe complications.

However, all viruses can result in complications, such as pneumonia, sepsis, secondary bacterial infections, and more.

Sources: Centers for Disease Control and the Montana Department of Health and Human Services.

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