Spring 2020
The magazine of Montana State University Extension
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Jason Stutzman Sara Adlington Millie Veltkamp Josie Evenson Mat Walter Jesse Fulbright Wendy Wedum Mandie Reed Roubie Younkin Adam Sigler LINE & INTERIM MANAGING EDITOR Sara Adlington CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Sara Adlington Alice Burchak Mary Alice Carlson Katelyn Andersen Frederick A. Peck Tommy Bass Mat Walter Tim Fine Kaleena Miller Taylor Lonsdale Melissa Ashley Roger DiBrito Amy Grandpre Clain Jones Kara Hurt-Avila Kathrin Olson Michelle Grocke Annie Bauer Brianna Routh THANK YOU TO OUR REVIEWERS Sam Haraldson Josie Evenson Jesse Fulbright Rose Malisani Mat Walter Nikki Bailey Shelley Mills Dara Palmer Kari Lewis Emily Standley Jeff Mosley Melissa Ashley
If you live in Montana, we live near you! Strong people fitness classes, master gardener courses, community foundation partnerships, weed identification, hands-on youth education... these are all a part of MSU Extension in your community. A local rancher has fewer aches thanks to his strength-training class. The corner of a main street intersection grows colorful with perennials where Master Gardener volunteers weeded and replanted. The community foundation awards a grant to fund community center improvements. A new invasive weed is identified when a smallscale farmer asks the Extension agent to investigate a new plant in his pasture. A youth checks off their list at the local feed store, buying for a 4-H project. Families gather for branding days.
Everywhere across the state, in all seasons, MSU Extension offers education and outreach. Extension agents evaluate local needs with the help of neighbors, commissioners, countywide health assessments and more. From this feedback and from direct and regular connection with people in the communities where they live, Extension agents work to remain a helpful and trusted neighbor. If you haven’t had the opportunity to visit with your local Extension staff, reach out with questions or consider joining an activity near you this spring. For information about what’s available, contact your local Extension office.
Cody Stone is the Executive Director of MSU Extension and has worked in Extension for over 20 years, primarily in leadership and youth development programs.
Copyright © 2020 by Montana State University. All rights reserved. Excerpts from this magazine may be reprinted with permission from the Managing Editor. Please provide appropriate credit to Montana State University Extension and supply copies of printed materials to the editor. Opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the university administration. Montana State University Extension is an ADA/EO/AA/Veteran’s Preference Employer and Provider of Educational Outreach. Common chemical and trade names are used in this publication for clarity of the reader. Inclusion of a common chemical or trade name does not imply endorsement of that particular product or brand of herbicide and exclusion does not imply non-approval.
featured contributor
Tommy Bass
With MSU since 2007, Tommy Bass is the Livestock Environment Associate Extension Specialist and an instructor for Animal Science 222, Livestock in Sustainable Systems. He provides education and technical assistance to agents, producers, and others regarding manure and nutrient management, matters of water quality-related to animal agriculture, and agricultural and food waste composting. Additionally, Tommy studies and provides outreach on alternative livestock systems and local meat supply chains, agro-security/biosecurity and agro-emergency preparedness.
Contents 04 Math Outside the Classroom 06 The Horsepower that is the Backbone of Agriculture 08 Featured Montanan: Rancher and Agriculture Advocate Dave Kelsey 10 The COVID-19 Health Pandemic 14 Does Your Iris Have a Beard? 16 Encountering Livestock on the Road 16 Yellowstone County Master Gardeners
14
18 Understanding and Finding Mental Health Providers 20 Avoiding Algae Issues in Stock Ponds 22 Palmer Amaranth (Pigweed) 24 Kids and Bicycles: Facilitating Mobility, Independence, and Health 26 Ask Steward: Are Home Soil Test Kits Accurate?
16
27 Upcoming Montana 4-H Fairs Calendar
Have an idea for a story or a question for Ask Steward or our Master Gardeners? E-mail: ExtensionMagazine@montana.edu Phone: 406.994.2502 Cover photo by Nina Zidak. A tractor is customized for planting potatoes. See article on p. 6. Lives & Landscapes is published quarterly by Montana State University Extension. Also available online at msuextension.org. To receive a free online subscription, or purchase a print subscription, visit: msuextension.org/magazine.
04
22
MONTANA MODELS
Math Outside the Classroom By Mary Alice Carlson and Frederick A. Peck
What do you remember about learning mathematics? Timed tests might come to mind – racing to recall facts; or maybe absurd problems asking when two trains traveling in opposite directions will meet, but never telling why the trains are on the same track. Perhaps mathematics was assuring – that something can be right and true, regardless of others’ opinions. Maybe you recall the pride of earning an A or the sense of defeat when a class made you feel as if you were not a “math person.”
F
Montana Models youth came from six Montana communities to investigate communitybased problems.
4
aculty at Montana State University and the University of Montana are collaborating with Montana 4-H in a project called Montana Models. Montana Models helps youth see that mathematics is more than memorizing facts, solving obscure problems, and making the grade. Participants use mathematics to answer questions that are significant to them and their communities. They learn their perspectives matter, and mathematics involves being playful, curious, and persistent – qualities many already possess and use in their daily lives. Most importantly, Montana Models helps participants see that a “math person” can be anyone who recognizes, develops, or uses mathematical tools to make the world a better place.
a publication of Montana State University Extension
Montana Models focuses on mathematical modeling, a process that uses mathematics to represent, analyze, make predictions, or otherwise provide insight into real-world phenomena. Modeling has longstanding importance in the mathematical sciences and is receiving increased attention in schools. It is interdisciplinary and prepares youth to use mathematics in every aspect of their personal, civic, and professional lives. Modeling tasks are different from problems in most textbooks. Even word problems, designed to help students understand applications of mathematics, are written with a question posed and methods prescribed. Modeling tasks start with problematic situations and broad aims, but without
clear questions or solution paths. Modelers, rather than textbook writers or teachers, pose questions and decide what mathematical tools are most appropriate. In the first year of the Montana Models project, youth from six Montana communities investigated diverse community-based problems including highway safety, recycling, and rural economic health. They engaged in research, networked with professionals and community members, and considered the ways math and statistics help communities understand and resolve local issues. For example, one team identified deer-human interactions as a significant community issue, and narrowed the problem to focus on deer strikes on a particular stretch of highway. Another team wanted to make a pedestrian crossing safer. They used statistics to investigate full-time resident, part-time resident, and visitor awareness of the crosswalk, garnering the attention of news outlets and the Montana Department of Transportation. Supporting youth engagement in modeling does not always involve big problems and complex mathematics. Modeling follows the pattern of what happens in creative human activities: Step 1: See something that is worth doing. Step 2: Do it. Step 3: Check to see if you have actually done it. Parents and teachers can nurture young people’s inclination to use math through everyday interactions, even when they are not explicitly about math or statistics. Here are three ways to support youth to use mathematics in everyday life: • Affirm youth’s problem-solving dispositions within and outside of mathematics. Youth solve problems across their lived experiences. They research strategies for video games, learn challenging music, or simply dive in and try something
new. These dispositions, and others, are useful in mathematics. Affirming youth as resourceful, persistent, and willing to take risks builds strong problem-solving identities that can translate to mathematical spaces. • Nurture curiosity about patterns and variability. Youth usually study mathematics in contrived situations. Textbooks use simplified contexts because complex, real-world situations can obscure specific mathematical ideas. Mathematical modelers do not have this luxury. They decide how to account for the complexities that make problems messy. Ask youth to consider how patterns and variability can both be present in a situation. For example, if the GPS predicts it will take six hours to reach a destination, ask youth to estimate their arrival time if the car stops for gas or visits a drive-through. • Encourage civic engagement. Montana Models participants were eager to make a difference in their hometowns. They also recognized the power of mathematics to inform and persuade. Youth who are not motivated to learn mathematics for its own sake may be willing to use mathematical tools to address significant community-based problems. Ask youth why they care about local, state, or national issues. Encourage them to consider who else might care and how multiple perspectives influence how one defines and addresses problems. Mary Alice Carlson, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Mathematics Education at Montana State University and Frederick A. Peck is an Assistant Professor of Mathematics Education at the University of Montana.
Spring 2020
5
AGRICULTURE TECH
The Horsepower that is the Backbone of Agriculture By Mat Walter DAMON BUNTING
Today's harvesters, implements and tractors are descendants of steam-powered ancestors. They are now specialized, and even self-driving, tools designed to lessen risk and improve efficiency.
The tractor has been the epitomized image of the American farmer for over 100 years. There is no denying that without its invention, agriculture around the world would most certainly not be what it is today. There was a time when field work was done with nothing but a team of mules and a plow, on dozens of acres at a time. Then came the first petroleum-powered tractor, and a farmer could put hundreds of acres into production. Soon after came the great diesel-powered models that are a direct relation to what we use today, farming thousands of acres at a time.
I
n 1892 John Froelich brought into production the first petroleum-powered tractor, bucking the trend of steam-powered equipment that still relied on horse and mule teams to move through the field. Froelich’s tractor would pave the way for the modern tractor. What eventually became known as the Waterloo Boy Model R boasted an astounding 20 horsepower, a feat that revolutionized production agriculture in America and Europe. Today’s common riding lawn mower can produce between 17-20 horsepower at a tenth of the size and weight. From there, more advancements included rubberized wheels, hydraulic components to maneuver implements, the creation of the power take-off (PTO), four-wheel drive and a continued expansion of power and size. Todays tractors are so advanced that they “practically” drive themselves. Regardless of color or brand, current tractors have led the agricultural industry to produce millions of acres of crops annually. Across America, the tractor continues to be a partner in farm operations. In the field, 30 to 40-year-old tractor models work
6
a publication of Montana State University Extension
beside those straight off the assembly line. Our oldest tractors spend their retirement providing power to grain augers and irrigation pumps. They maneuver feed bunks and cut grass, while their descendants pull 50-foot grain drills through the field planting this years’ crop. Where once a 20 horsepower tractor was a marvel, we now regularly see 500 and 600 horsepower tractors in the field. There was a time when having an enclosed cab on a tractor was considered the pinnacle of success and wealth. Now a tractor with a cab, satellite radio, air conditioning, heat, PTO and hydraulics is the base standard. Today the advancements of our machines are determined internally. In 1996, global positioning system (GPS) components were introduced into the tractor. Before, a field was laid out using generationsold markers; usually a fence post or a tree. With the implementation of GPS, it set into motion the ability for a farmer to create a field layout down to the inch. The greatest skill a farmer could have behind the wheel of a tractor was driving in a straight line un-guided.
With the use of GPS, that straight line was visualized on a screen in the cab. Later came the advent of autosteer, a function that allowed driving in a straight line to be as easy as pushing a button. Eventually that technology was integrated directly into the cab console. This is how tractors have essentially learned to “drive themselves,” and we as human components in the cab act as “triage” in the event that a problem occurs in the field. The use of GPS increased efficiency, and allows the use of every square inch of an available field when we plant, spray and harvest.
At the end of the day, when we see these machines out in the field, pulling implements or harvesting crops, there is more there than just a set of tires and a diesel engine. There is a masterwork of technological advancement, created over generations. It continues to provide the backbone of an industry that feeds the world. Mat Walter is an MSU Extension agriculture agent in Lewis & Clark County.
Below left: An older model tractor still works well to cut alfalfa. Below right: Custom spray rigs on today's tractors allow acres of crops to be sprayed in very little time.
(LEFT): SHELLEY MILLS
(RIGHT): AMY BOWSER
But the technological advancement of agriculture machinery does not begin or end with the tractor. Every advancement made to tractors, harvesters and implements has been to improve efficiency and cut loss. When planting, it was standard practice to check the seed drill as you made your way down the field to ensure that seed was constantly moving from the seed box, through the opener, into the soil. There was no worse turn of events than to plant hundreds of acres and learn you had a plugged opener. Today a slew of monitors support our planting drills to warn of malfunctions while planting. Seed plates and meters space seed accordingly in rows. Fertilizer openers apply starter fertilizer at the same time as seed. Hydraulic functions allow us to unfold the “wings” of drills and disks to better transport from one field to another. These advancements have allowed us to use larger implements, and plant more and more acres.
Combine harvesters have also become just as advanced over the years. When using a combine harvester, every missed kernel of grain begins to add up, and eventually equates to lost dollars. If the grain in the hopper of a combine is too dirty or cracked: lost dollars; or, if the moisture content is too high, we find ourselves with storage issues and again, a loss of dollars. The cabs of combines are now equipped with many monitors to better keep grain clean and flowing, monitor moisture, protein and test weights to keep track of what is going into the bin at home, and into the truck to go to the elevator. For every advancement that can improve the quality of the grain coming out of the combine and into the bin saves farmers hundreds of thousands of dollars annually.
Spring 2020
7
Featured Montanan: Rancher and Agriculture Advocate Dave Kelsey By Sara Adlington Dave Kelsey speaks for agriculture with a distinctive voice and a clear message. This charismatic rancher’s friendly tone invites you to hear his passion: the importance of agriculture in Montana, both as an industry and as a way of life.
“I
’ve been involved in agriculture all of my life, it’s all I’ve ever known,” said Kelsey.
He has ranched in Stillwater and Carbon counties for 42 years, all the while advocating for agriculture and youth ag education. His advocacy and passion was built over a lifetime. Kelsey grew up knowing both 4-H and FFA, with inspiration from his dad and his high school vocational agriculture instructor. His leadership development experience as a State FFA Officer helped formulate a desire to teach high school Vo-Ag and continue teaching through 4-H and other organizations.
8
a publication of Montana State University Extension
He graduated from Montana State University (MSU) with a degree in Agriculture Education, and taught Vo-Ag for several years before returning to agricultural production in Molt, where he and his wife still raise dryland grains, hay and cattle. In addition to their own children, they helped raise youth through the 4-H program. “My wife Karen and I were 4-H leaders for over 25 years. Working with youth in 4-H and FFA has been important to us to watch as the future leaders of Montana evolve into a budding career in agriculture or an agriculture related field.”
BOB ZELLAR/BILLINGS GAZETTE
FEATURED MONTANAN
(RIGHT): COURTESY OF DAVE KELSEY (LEFT): KELLY GORHAM/MSU NEWS SERVICE
Kelsey wants to help youth see viable jobs in the industry. Some students do that at MSU’s annual John Deere Ag Expo, where 1,500 high school and middle school students attend leadership workshops, explore career options, and tour MSU research and academic facilities. PATRICK MANGAN
“My advocacy work fills me up with the satisfaction of seeing students succeed and benefit from work we’ve done on various committees. One of the activities I’m most proud of is chairing the committee that worked hand in hand with President Cruzado to bring the John Deere Ag Expo back to MSU. President Cruzado has proven to be an excellent supporter of agriculture, Extension and the land-grant university system. We can’t thank her enough for what she has done for the state of Montana.”
Kelsey also serves on the MSU Animal and Range Science Advisory Committee and the Southern Montana Agricultural Research Center Advisory Board at Huntley. In 2016 he was selected by the Billings Area Chamber of Commerce as the Ag Advocate of the year, and in 2014, he received the National Association of Agricultural Educators Outstanding Cooperation Award in recognition of his support of youth education in agriculture. He is also on the board of directors of the Northern International Livestock Exposition (NILE). Kelsey also supports the electrical cooperative community, as he is the secretary-treasurer of the Yellowstone Valley Electric Cooperative, the Montana Council of Cooperatives, and the Northwest Public Power Association.
Kelsey also personally supports youth ag education and said, “We work hard to provide and support scholarship opportunities for students wanting to achieve a degree and career in agriculture. My wife and I sponsor an agricultural education scholarship annually.”
Taking his messages about agriculture and electrical energy to the next level, into lobbying, has been a natural progression. He speaks on behalf of ag issues, funding for MSU, agriculture research, Extension funding and electrical energy issues.
In partnerships and networks, Kelsey and his message thrive. His work on numerous committees and boards, informed by his knowledge of both ranching as a business and teaching about agriculture, have earned accolades over the years.
“So much of what affects us on all of these topics is done through the legislative process and we have to be involved with that to protect ourselves and way of life,” said Kelsey. His commitment to personally ensure a positive future for agriculture in Montana will surely be a part of his legacy. He recommends that adults get involved in their local community and support both youth education and leadership activities to help develop youth into future leaders, locally and beyond.
In 2019, as the Montana Extension Advisory Committee chairman, he was recognized as an honorary Extension professional for extraordinary service and contributions to MSU Extension over almost 20 years. “Dave Kelsey is a strong advocate for MSU Extension. He has been a critical member of the Montana Extension Advisory Council since 2002. We are incredibly lucky to have him champion the work of Extension across the state. Dave truly rides for the brand in every way,” said Cody Stone, director of MSU Extension.
“Agriculture is the number one industry in Montana and we need to highlight that whenever and wherever we can,” said Kelsey. “We all need to be proud of the great accomplishments and work we have done in agriculture in Montana.” Sara Adlington is an MSU Extension editor.
Spring 2020
9
COVID-19
THE COVID-19 HEALTH PANDEMIC
What Is It And What Can I Do To Stay Healthy? By Michelle Grocke, PhD and Brianna Routh, PhD, MPH, RD
W
hat are Coronaviruses? Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that may cause illness. In humans, several coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections, ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). SARS-CoV-2 is the name given to the novel virus (i.e. a new strain of coronavirus) that was first detected in late 2019 in Wuhan, China.
What does COVID-19 mean? COVID-19 (which stands for “coronavirus disease of 2019”) is the name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the disease caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Since COVID-19 is a new disease, researchers continue to find more information to help understand what it is, how it spreads, and how to treat it. Many agencies such as WHO, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and others are tracking the spread of COVID-19, reporting on individuals diagnosed, recovered, and those who have passed away from complications. The Montana Department for Health and Human services offers an online summary page with a state and global map of cases, Montana information updates, and links to WHO and CDC webpages. These summaries of confirmed cases may increase as more people are becoming infected and more people are being tested. It is important to note that many people around the world have not been tested or do not have access to a COVID-19 test, so reported case numbers are likely lower than actual current cases.
10
a publication of Montana State University Extension
Mild and Severe Symptoms of COVID-19* (Table 1) *Please note that as more is learned about this virus, there may be updates to symptoms.
Mild Symptoms of COVID-19 § Fever (temperature of at least 100 degrees) § Tiredness § A new, continuous dry cough (felt in the chest and less-likely to accompany a stuffy/runny nose) § Lack of sense of smell § Lack of sense of taste § Aches and pains
Additional Severe Symptoms of COVID-19 § Difficulty breathing § Persistent pain or pressure in the chest § Bluish lips or face § Sudden mental confusion § Inability to arouse
Did you know soap breaks down the protective envelope around this virus? Proper hand washing means any virus on your hands goes harmlessly down the drain. Remember to 1) RINSE hands (warm or cold water), 2) LATHER AND SCRUB hands for 20 seconds away from water, then 3) RINSE soap off hands. When water isn’t available, hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol can be used.
How does COVID-19 spread? COVID-19 largely spreads through droplets generated when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through droplets of saliva or discharge through the nose (human-to-human contact). A recent study shows that the virus can survive in the air in droplets for up to three hours after being coughed. The virus can also live on different surfaces for hours, if not days (the virus can live on copper for up to four hours, cardboard for up to 24 hours, and up to three days on hard surfaces such as stainless steel or plastic). The virus also does NOT appear to be killed by hot or cold temperatures. Although research has not suggested that COVID-19 can be transmitted through food itself, we do know that wiping food containers with disinfectant and washing hands can limit risk of infection.
Even if you do not show any of these symptoms, you may still be infected. Researchers have confirmed some individuals can be asymptomatic, meaning they are virus carriers, but produce or show no symptoms. In fact, research suggests as many as 6 in 10 people with COVID-19 may not be aware they have the disease, unknowingly spreading it to others.
Given that it is very contagious, disease experts estimate that each person suffering from COVID-19 might infect between 2-3 other people, which is twice as many as the seasonal flu (which typically infects 1.3 new people for each patient).
Aren’t these symptoms similar to the seasonal flu? While some symptoms of COVID-19 might be similar to those of seasonal flu, COVID-19 is very different. Importantly, no one has immunity from COVID-19, and there is currently no vaccine. COVID-19 is more contagious than the flu, since it has a longer incubation period and can spread from asymptomatic people. It is also more life threatening (since there is no vaccine, no proven treatment, and severe cases often require hospitalization). Who is at risk for COVID-19? Anyone of any age is currently at risk for getting COVID-19. It does, however, appear that older adults (60+) and those with pre-existing conditions (i.e. chronic lung disease or asthma, diabetes, heart disease or heart failure, autoimmune disease) are at higher risk for experiencing more severe symptoms. Toddlers and infants under one year old may also be at more risk than older children to develop severe symptoms. Older children have been less frequently reported to have severe symptoms, but still may be at risk for getting and spreading the virus.
How do I stay healthy and not put others at risk? Especially since individuals without symptoms (and who feel fine) can spread this virus, it is important that everyone does their part to keep themselves, their families, and communities healthy. The World Health Organization recommends that everyone follow these five actions to help slow the spread of COVID-19 in communities:
MSU EXTENSION
How do I know if I or a loved one has COVID-19? Current research suggests that the incubation period (the time between catching the virus and beginning to have symptoms) can be anywhere between 1-14 days. It appears that approximately 80% of those infected have mild symptoms. If you experience mild symptoms (see Table 1), the current recommendation is to stay home for at least 7 days (to avoid spreading the virus to others) and everyone who lives with you is advised to stay home for at least 14 days (to determine if they may have gotten the virus as well). Data suggests that approximately 20% of those infected go on to experience additional, more severe symptoms. If you experience any such symptoms (see Table 1), first, CALL your local doctor/clinic, so they are aware of the situation, and can take necessary precautions if a visit is needed.
§ Wash your hands often § Cough into your elbow § Don't touch your face § Keep a safe distance from other people (6 feet is recommended) § Stay home if you can What is “Social Distancing” and why should I do this? Social distancing is leaving physical space (at least 6 feet) between people to avoid spreading illness. Examples of social distancing that allow one to avoid larger crowds or crowded spaces are working from home, closing school (or switching to online classes), and using technology to visit friends and family instead of meeting in person.
Spring 2020
11
COVID-19
Figure 1: What does "flattening the curve" (slowing the spread) look like? Adapted from Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
DAILY NUMBER OF CASES
Slow Acceleration of Number of Cases
Outbreak with No Intervention
Reduce Peak Number of Cases and Related Demands on Hospitals and Infrastructure
Outbreak with Intervention
Reduce Overall Number of Cases and Health Effects
NUMBER OF DAYS SINCE FIRST CASE
Keeping space between you and other people and staying at home (i.e. social distancing), are two community isolation measures that can slow the spread of the virus (i.e. flatten the curve). While people will still keep getting sick, slowing the spread of the virus can help medical providers and hospital facilities continue to be prepared as more people get seriously sick (i.e. having enough face masks, gloves, beds, and ventilators). How can I stay well while at home? While staying at home and practicing ‘social distancing’ are likely changing the usual daily routine, it is very important to still take care of nutritional, physical, mental and social health. Be kind to yourself! Good Nutrition and Food Safety • Plan ahead and consider non-perishable, frozen, dried, or canned food options to reduce grocery store visits to once a week or less.
12
a publication of Montana State University Extension
• Wash your hands before preparing or eating foods. • There is currently no cure for COVID-19. Supplements or foods claiming to be a cure could be dangerous. • Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and children who participate in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs will continue to have access to food even if programs may look different. Get Enough Exercise • Just because you are at home does not mean you should stop exercising. • Regular exercise can help boost immunity, improve mental health, and keep you fit and strong. • Children and adolescents should get at least one hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day.
Strategies for Mental Wellness • Practice meditation (even just 5 minutes per day) – it has numerous mental and physical health benefits such as reducing stress levels and blood pressure, while helping boost the immune system. • Try to get sufficient sleep (7-9 hours per night for adults) on a consistent sleep schedule. Basic Steps for Beginning Meditation to Combat Stress • Find a quiet, comfortable place to relax your body. Pay attention to your breath as it moves in and out, letting thoughts and feelings go as they arise. Spend five full minutes just noticing your breath, and then stretch and breath normally. Notice a clarity of mind and a calm, connected feeling to the present moment. For more specific steps, Psychology Today hosts information online about beginning meditation practice during social distancing. How can I keep relationships well with others while at home? Parenting • Keep a flexible, but consistent routine. • Online only play dates and friend gatherings. • Talk openly and honestly with kids based on their level of understanding. • Keep it positive if possible and know that you are enough. • Acknowledge that children may also be stressed from uncertainty.
• Stress can fuel undesirable patterns, so be sure to keep communicating and problem solving together. Telehealth If you are in need of medical assistance while staying home to help reduce the spread of COVID-19, one suggestion is to try telehealth. Telehealth is the use of audio-video equipment to link patients and providers located at different sites. Ask your health providers about telehealth appointments, or Montana has both a Western Montana Telehealth Network (to learn about specific services, please call (406) 751-3067) and an Eastern Montana Telemedicine Network ((406) 657-4870 or 800-332-7156). Using telehealth can ensure getting necessary care while also keeping you from accidentally getting infected with COVID-19. Utilizing telehealth also helps lower the risk of infection for medical professionals, allowing them to stay healthy to care for others. Remember, we are all in this together. Local Extension agents are still working to provide programs remotely for local communities, health and wellness specialists provide Wellness Wednesday posts on the MSU Extension website and Facebook page with additional resources, and MSU Extension has resources on a COVID-19 website for Montanans.
MSU EXTENSION
• Adults should get at least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300 minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity, or 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity. • If you are unsure of what to do at home for physical activity, go outside for a walk or follow along with physical activity videos, free online at numerous sites.
Michelle Grocke, PhD, is an assistant professor in Health & Human Development at MSU and the Health and Wellness Specialist for MSU Extension. Brianna Routh, PhD, MPH, RD, is an assistant professor in Health and Human Development at MSU and the Food and Nutrition Specialist for MSU Extension.
Partnering • Make plans together to intentionally balance time spent on work and household obligations, downtime, and date activities to reduce stress and meet social needs.
Spring 2020
13
GARDEN
Does Your Iris Have a Beard? By Kaleena Miller That spike in the flower garden, with curved, ruffled-petal tongues of color at the top, is an iris. These hardy, herbaceous perennials are named after the Greek goddess of rainbows. They are one of the first to bloom in Montana’s spring, peaking in June.
W KEITH WELLER, USDA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG UGA1322084
14
ith over 300 species in the genus Iris, shade helps keep flower colors from fading in the most familiar to us fall into the tall, the heat. They perform best in very well-drained, bearded category (Iris germanica). The beard is neutral to slightly acidic soils. In absence of ideal named for soft hairs along the center of the soil, amend it with organic matter or build raised falls (the outer, hanging petals). Iris species are beds for irises. Consistent drainage all year is separated into two major groups, rhizomatous important for irises, this will ensure optimal and bulbous. Claiming to be one of the oldest growth. When planting, loosen soil with a garden garden flowers, irises come in nearly fork to a depth of about 12 inches, then every color, including blue, mix in several inches of compost. yellow, pink, orange, and Beware of adding too much even black. Seemingly nitrogen as that can trigger endless varieties provide the iris to focus growth options for height and on leaves at the expense bloom periods. The of flowers. Set irises smallest cultivars can five to nine inches be eight inches tall, apart. They will grow with the largest ones from the end with the reaching almost 48 leaves, so point that inches. One native end in the direction of iris in Montana, Iris intended growth. Lightly missouriensis, showcases cover the rhizomes with a light blue to deep violet soil and water the entire BE color and only requires bed. It’s easy to make the 9 9 CC 36 AM 50 ACD moisture in spring. Irises are mistake of planting irises too G5 R ONA O LD, S OD. AULT COLLEGE, BUGWO known for being rugged, reliable deeply, where they won’t thrive. and easy to grow in Montana. Their The rhizomes of these plants should be six-petal formation contains three outer, hanging partially exposed to the elements. petals called falls and three inner, upright petals The best time to dig irises for planting is after called standards. Their roots are rhizomes from bloom in late July or early August, allowing which flowers regenerate annually. Not all irises enough time for establishment before winter. can be considered good: Yellowflag iris, Iris If you receive bare rhizomes or irises in a pseudacorus L, is a Priority 2A noxious weed in container earlier in the year, plant them as soon Montana and its large yellow flowers can be as convenient. It’s better to get them in the spotted in riparian or riverbank areas where ground rather than wait until the ideal time. they are difficult to control. When considering bulbs, pay close attention to Planting and Siting Tips shipping dates. Aim to get bulbs in the ground Most irises will grow best with full sun for six to before frost, by early October. eight hours a day. In very hot areas, afternoon
a publication of Montana State University Extension
Disease and Pests Irises should be planted in an area with good air circulation to help prevent disease problems. Bacterial soft rot is the most serious iris disease. Soft rot causes rhizomes to become mushy and have a disagreeable odor. Remove any yellowing leaves promptly to help prevent disease spread. If there are signs of rot in the rhizome, dig it and remove the affected parts. Manure can also encourage soft rot, so make sure it is aged for at least one year before incorporating. Iris leaf spot, caused by a fungus, is a common disease. Remove all leaf and other debris in fall, since diseases and insects often overwinter on old foliage. Iris borer is the most serious insect pest of iris. Iris borer overwinters as eggs in spent leaves. If vertical streaks are seen in the leaves, then look for these pests and squash them.
SARA ADLINGTON
General Care When feeding established iris, do not let fertilizer touch the rhizomes. Remove old blooms and stalks promptly after flowering to allow the plant to devote energy to growth rather than seed. Removing old blooms and stalks also encourages repeat flowering on reblooming iris (though a rebloom is not likely in Montana). Fertilize in early spring and be careful to not overwater irises; too much soil moisture can cause rhizomes to rot. Water consistently and deeply, especially during summer drought. After hard frost in fall, cut flower stalk to the ground and remove any foliage that appears spotted or yellowed and dispose of all debris in the trash. Every three to five years, dig up, divide, and replant healthy rhizomes in fresh soil. You don’t need to dig too deeply compared to other perennials to access the rhizomes. To keep track of flower color for relocating, label stems prior to digging. One idea is to write on a leaf with a felt tip pen. Each rhizome clump grows outward from the center, and the old rhizomes die. Since rhizomes keep extending and branching, save the youngest ones.
Learn more about growing irises and perennials in Montana from your local Master Gardeners, or look online for regional American Iris Society clubs.  Kaleena Miller is an MSU Extension agent in MadisonJefferson Counties.
Irises growing in a flower bed.
Spring 2020
15
By Melissa Ashley
ALLISON KOSTO
Encountering Livestock on the Road
A CLOSER LOOK
Montana has an extensive network of rural roads, and encountering a herd of livestock shouldn’t be a surprise when driving the backroads. Many roads in Montana pass through land used for cattle and sheep ranching. To ensure adequate grazing, ranchers must move livestock to different pastures throughout the year. Rotating livestock to greener pastures can include traveling down rights of way. As a motorist, there are several things to do to ensure the safety of all involved when you encounter a cattle or sheep drive.
By Dara Palmer and Amy Grandpre
Yellowstone County Master Gardeners
ADRIANE GOOD
16
It’s a good thing when a Master Gardener program grows well beyond expectations. This is something Amy Grandpre, the Yellowstone county Urban Horticulture Assistant, knows something about. Grandpre has been the Master Gardener Coordinator for Yellowstone county since its inception in 1994. She has watched the program grow from nine participants to more than 230.
W
hen a group of volunteers grows to this size, the challenge becomes how to make meaningful connections within such a large group. Some may think the 8-week course would create such an environment, but experience has shown that once the course is finished, most participants don’t stay connected. Some may think the volunteer projects will bring participants together, and to an extent they do, but only a few, not the collective group. Grandpre has had great success developing, and keeping, a tight-knit group of volunteers by finding activities that bring them together socially. She said “Luckily, I had some monies left over after program expenses.
a publication of Montana State University Extension
It became my goal to use this money in a way that benefits the participants, the program and the community.” Her solution was Yellowstone County ‘Master Gardeners on the Town.’ ‘Master Gardeners on the Town’ meets once a month at various coffee shops, ice cream parlors and specialty shops. Starbucks, City Brew, Spinners, Cold Stone Creamery, Dairy Queen and Candy Town in Billings have all been hosts. Guests are welcome to join. “This has become a fun way to get out of the classroom/project setting to hang out with each other. Plus, it’s a great way to introduce new people and local businesses to the Master Gardener program to find ways to participate,” said Grandpre.
Slow down! Slowing down doesn’t mean coasting to half the posted speed limit. Even 10 miles per hour is often too fast when cattle and sheep are on the road. Going slow will help avoid vehicle-livestock collisions. Ranchers take precaution to avoid damage to vehicles and their cattle by placing a flagger or signs on one or both ends of the herd. A flagger or sign warns to slow down and could look something like a slow-moving vehicle waving a flag out the window or a patrol car with flashing lights. Be Cautious Be aware of surroundings. Know there are more than just livestock to look out for on a drive; there are also riders and often cattle dogs. It is easier to be cautious when moving slowly or stopped. Be aware that you are dealing with live animals and stay in the vehicle. Although you may want to get out to talk to a rider, take a photograph, or help in some manner, you may likely add to the rider’s stress if you are outside of the vehicle on foot.
Ask A Rider Roll the window down and ask a rider for guidance. They can direct the best way through or around the herd; they may even help you through if needed. If there is no oncoming traffic, don’t be afraid to cautiously and briefly change lanes, or if necessary, drive on the shoulder. If a majority of the herd is gathered to one side of the road, drive through the lowest populated side, regardless of designated driving lane. When approaching the cattle drive from the front, drive slowly, wait, or pull off the road; the livestock will filter by with little inconvenience. If you approach the back of the livestock, drive slowly and ask a rider the best way to navigate the herd. Often the herd can be strung out with slower livestock in the back and faster moving livestock in the front. Be sure to pass the entire herd before accelerating. If livestock are simply crossing the road, stop and wait instead of trying to drive through.
Do Not Harass the Livestock Do not honk or cause a riot out the window to get livestock to move. Livestock and horses have little traction on asphalt and may slip and fall when spooked. Do not bump livestock with a vehicle to get them to move. If bumped, they may kick and as a result, remove a headlight or damage the vehicle. Enjoy it Soak in this glimpse into the western way of life. Celebrate America’s and Montana’s roots in agriculture and be delighted to experience a cattle drive firsthand, and maybe even take a picture or two from inside your vehicle. Melissa Ashley is an MSU Extension agent in Rosebud and Treasure counties.
AMY GRANDPRE
As one of the largest Master Gardener groups in Montana, the Yellowstone County Master Gardener Association hosts many events throughout the year, including the Mystery Night at the Library, the Master Gardener fall picnic, the annual Christmas party, and advanced educational opportunities. Grandpre’s efforts to engage volunteers and keep them coming back for more is exactly what is needed to grow and sustain a Master Gardener program, maybe even in a community like yours. For information about the Yellowstone County Master Gardener Association visit: http://www.ycmgamt.com/index.html. Dara Palmer is the MSU Extension Horticulture Master Gardener Coordinator and Amy Grandpre is the MSU Extension Horticulture Assistant in Yellowstone County. Yellowstone Master Gardeners enjoying coffee and conversation.
Spring 2020
17
MENTAL HEALTH
Understanding and Finding Mental Health Providers By Kara M. Hurt-Avila, Michelle Grocke, Alice Burchak, and Katelyn Andersen Anxiety. Depression. Mood disorders. These health conditions are more common than you may think. But to make mental health improvements, where do you go? What types of mental health providers are there? If there aren’t any mental health providers in your area, what other resources are available? Taking care of your mental health is a sign of courage, not weakness. There are people in the community to turn to for support.
I
f you are experiencing uncomfortable feelings or having concerning thoughts, it is never too early to talk to a professional. Listed below are different types of mental health providers who can provide high-quality assistance. These providers have master’s or doctoral degrees, supervised clinical experience, and state licensure. Counselors, social workers, and psychologists are all able to diagnose and treat mental, behavioral, and emotional concerns. They can provide standard talk therapy and may have specialized training in other types of therapy. They are also able to bill insurance or Medicaid for services. Counselors Professional counselors are Licensed Clinical Professional Counselors (LCPCs) or Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists (LMFTs). Counselors serve individuals and groups, and are able to serve clients with all levels of severity of mental health concerns from normal life, short-term stress to mental health crises. Social Workers Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSW) help people cope with and solve problems in their everyday lives. Social workers tend to emphasize the importance of social systems of support to enhance social functioning. Psychologists Clinical psychologists provide mental health services and can administer psychological assessments used to diagnose cognitive, developmental, behavioral, and mental disorders.
18
a publication of Montana State University Extension
Psychiatrists Psychiatrists are medical doctors (M.D. or D.O.) who specialize in the medical treatment of psychological disorders. They can prescribe medications and perform a full range of medical tests to provide a picture of the patient’s physical and mental state. They guide patients with medication management as part of treatment. Psychiatrists typically do not engage in talk therapy. Overcoming Barriers to Services The process of seeking mental health services can sometimes be challenging, but there are a few strategies to overcome barriers. Regardless of location, it is recommended to call your health insurance or Medicaid to request a list of approved providers, as some may offer distance counseling services. –Few Providers in Rural Areas Beyond private practice mental health providers, look for community health agencies with mental health services (Montana Mental Health Centers, https://tinyurl.com/MTMentalHealthCenters). Some federally-qualified health centers employ mental health providers (https://findahealthcenter.hrsa.gov). Your primary care provider may also be a valuable resource for referrals. If there are no nearby licensed providers, consider seeking services from a clergy member, a respected leader in the community, or a life coach; however, it is important to consider that person’s qualifications and training.
Helpful Resources 1. 211: Montana 24-hour helpline, Visit www.montana211.org for information and resources. 2. Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 1-800-273-8255 (TALK) 24-hour crisis intervention if you or someone you know are having suicidal thoughts. 3. Crisis Text Line: Text ‘MT’ to 741741. 24/7 text-based crisis counseling. 4. Montana Chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI): Visit http://www.namimt.org/ for support, resources, and advocacy for Montanans with mental health concerns. 5. Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services (DPHHS): Visit https://dphhs.mt.gov/amdd/mentalhealthservices for statewide comprehensive Medicaid and public mental health resources.
–Travel/Transportation If traveling to see a mental health services provider is a barrier, there are alternatives. If you have Medicaid, call the Medicaid Transportation Center at 1-800-292-7114 to see if you qualify for travel assistance benefits to help get to mental health appointments. Some licensed providers offer distance counseling services, which are often provided via technology (video conferencing). Typically such professionals must limit services to people living in the state in which they are licensed. –Long Waitlists If you call for an appointment and there is a long wait for services, make and keep the first available appointment. In the meantime, seek community-based services. Peer support groups are available: • The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) can be helpful in managing mental health concerns before a first appointment with a provider. • The Recovery Line offers peer support by phone at 1-877-688-3377 (www.montanawarmline.org).
• Many local MSU Extension agents are trained to be able to identify, understand, and respond to mental health concerns. They are a part of your community, are passionate about serving community needs, and can help with referrals for care.
MSU EXTENSION
6. MSU Extension Health and Wellness: http://www.msuextension.org/wellness/
Mental Health Crises If you or someone you care for is in a crisis or feeling suicidal, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 or text ‘MT’ to the Crisis Text Line at 741741. Trained crisis counselors can help manage a crisis or can connect you with referrals or emergency services. Also, you can call 911 and ask for a Crisis Intervention Trained (CIT) officer. CIT officers are knowledgeable about mental health crises and trained to handle mental health concerns with care. This story was adapted from MSU Extension MontGuide MT201905HR, authored by Kara M. Hurt-Avila, PhD, LCPC, Assistant Professor, Health and Human Development; Michelle Grocke, PhD, Assistant Professor, MSU Extension Specialist; Alice Burchak, MSU Extension Agent in Toole County; and Katelyn Andersen, MSU Extension Agent in Ravalli County.
Spring 2020
19
ALGAE
Avoiding Algae Issues in Stock Ponds By Tommy Bass In recent years, the algae that shows up in the ponds and reservoirs people visit and use has caused them to take a closer look. This concern is valid because when blue-green algae are present, harmful algal blooms (HABs) are possible (more information at the DPHHS website: hab.mt.gov). HABs produce toxins that can sicken or kill animals that enter or drink the water. Cattle deaths from HABs have been documented in Montana, making this issue of particular concern to livestock producers who rely on stock ponds to water their animals.
A MONTANA STATE HAB PROGRAM
n important strategy for reducing the risk of algae blooms is to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus transport into surface water. While dissolved and particulate nutrients are carried into water by natural processes, excessive nutrients increase algae growth. Nutrients originate from various sources, including lawns and landscaped environments, agricultural lands, and contributions from wildlife, livestock, and even human wastes.
where livestock congregate. When corrals and pens are due for renovations, consider moving them further uphill. Many old facilities were built in coulees for shelter and access to natural water sources; however, with modern watering technology, corrals and pens can be relocated uphill from these areas and provide cleaner, healthier water in tanks and troughs. Once clean water enters livestock environments, it is then considered wastewater.
When planning conservation opportunities associated with livestock and water, the following philosophy can be helpful, “Keep clean water clean and avoid direct contact.” The first part is in regard to diverting stormwater away from pens, corrals and heavy use areas to keep them as dry as possible. This has benefits in overall animal health and foot health for all livestock, particularly horses and cattle. For livestock headed to market, clean cattle are often regarded more favorably and may bring better prices. Less mud in corrals and pens also improves the comfort and safety of workers and working horses. From a water quality standpoint, drier livestock environments reduce potential for contaminated runoff from these areas.
The second part of the livestock and clean water philosophy, “avoid direct contact,” refers to the benefits from limiting or excluding manure and confined animal contact with surface water and well heads. In confinement areas, such as seasonal feeding, lambing and calving lots, animals should have no direct contact with surface waters. This is different from pasture and rangeland scenarios where some strategic access to streams as part of a managed riparian grazing plan can be an important part of a sustainable system.
Best management practices to, “Keep clean water clean,” include diverting stormwater from corrals, pens and heavy use areas through the use of berms, ditches, or grassy swales. Additionally, gutters can be added to barn and shed roofs to divert rain and snowmelt away from these areas
Cattle congregating near an earthen stock pond can rapidly degrade the water quality in the pond to the detriment of the animals’ health and the quality of the resource. Strategies that encourage livestock to enter, drink, and move away from
MONTANA STATE HAB PROGRAM
20
a publication of Montana State University Extension
After a harsh winter and spring, winter pastures can look like a bare lot. Compared to natural and vegetated areas, bare and/or compacted soils are more prone to runoff during rain events, causing soil and nutrient loss. There are practices that can alleviate the impact on these areas, improve their utility for the next season, and reduce pollution potential. During the times these pastures or large corrals are occupied, feed bunks or hay feeders should be periodically moved around the pasture. Rotational grazing strategies and pen/pasture rest periods can be implemented for all seasons. Dragging high use areas with a chain harrow can break up and spread manure around the pasture and distribute nutrients, encourage grass regrowth, and improve soil quality. Simple management steps year-round can result in better water quality, more efficient use of ranch infrastructure, healthier livestock, and improved overall productivity. These investments in conservation can help preserve the water quality and utility of earthen stock ponds and other resources, especially near the end of summer when water and grass resources become more scarce. 
MONTANA STATE HAB PROGRAM
the watering area are good for animal health and water quality. Aside from the point of access, a vegetated or riparian buffer around the rest of the pond or stream will allow nature to filter out nutrients, sediment, and other pollutants. There are several best management practices (BMPs) that encourage cattle to spend less time loafing near water sources. A few strategies include providing minerals and supplements, water tanks, shade, or windbreaks on higher ground away from ponds and streams.
Tommy Bass is an MSU Extension Livestock Environment Associate Specialist.
Harmful algal blooms may resemble pea soup, wet paint, or grass clippings and may appear as blue/ green discoloration on the water, along rocks, and on the shore.
Spring 2020
21
PALMER AMARANTH
Palmer Amaranth (Pigweed) By Tim Fine BILL JOHNSON/PURDUE UNIVERSITY
Montana is ranked on some popular lists. The people of the state take pride in some lists and others are things that need to be addressed. One list to boast about is being one of only nine states in the continental United States that has yet to have a confirmed infestation of Palmer amaranth.
P
almer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) is a weed in the pigweed family that is native to the southwestern U.S. Agricultural producers there and in Mexico have been dealing with the plant for some time, and it has recently begun to spread. It is now considered a significant weed pest for many row crop producers. It has steadily marched across the U.S. and the only states without known infestations (as of the date of publication) are in the extreme northwest and northeast. Biology When the weed first emerges, it can be difficult to distinguish from other common pigweed family weeds. Palmer amaranth, however, grows quickly and gets taller than most other weeds in the same family. Several traits have allowed this highly invasive weed to grow well in agricultural operations. • The plant is dioecious, meaning it produces both male and female plants. This forces the plant to outcross and genetically diversify very quickly. This is a concern because this trait allows the plant to quickly develop herbicide resistance. Many Palmer amaranth infestations in the U.S. are known to be resistant to multiple herbicide Modes of Action.
22
a publication of Montana State University Extension
• It is a prolific seed producer. In areas where Palmer amaranth has competition (when growing in crop fields), the plant is known to produce up to 100,000 seeds. Where there is no competition, seed production can jump to 500,000 seeds per plant. These seeds are very small and very hard to clean out of grain crops, such as millet, that also produce smaller seeds. • It develops very rapidly. Under ideal conditions, Palmer amaranth can grow two to three inches a day. This means that even if plants are not herbicide resistant, delaying an application may allow the plant to simply “outgrow” treatment options. At one site, Palmer amaranth grew to more than six feet tall in a span of two months. In the corn belt region of the U.S., it has been shown to reduce corn yield by as much as 91 percent (Massinga et al.), and as much as 79 percent (Bensch, et al.) in soybeans. • There is no real discernible period of emergence. Many weeds that agricultural producers currently try to control have specific, defined periods of emergence. This is not the case with Palmer amaranth. It can emerge at any point, which means mitigation methods must be applied throughout the growing season, and season-long scouting is a must.
Identifying the Weed Because Palmer amaranth is almost indistinguishable from other pigweed species, scouting and identification is critical. Some characteristics specific to this weed should be noted when scouting: • The absence of hair. Redroot pigweed and smooth pigweed both have fine hairs on their stems and leaf surfaces, Palmer amaranth does not. • Petiole length. The petiole is the stem that connects the leaf blade to the main stem. In Palmer amaranth, the petiole will be longer than the leaf blade itself. Pull the petiole and leaf from the plant, fold the petiole from the base of the leaf, if the petiole extends longer than the leaf blade, it is Palmer amaranth. • Palmer amaranth will have a rosette appearance when looking down at the plant. Palmer amaranth’s growth pattern has been described as looking like a poinsettia as opposed to the more stalk-like structure of other weeds in the family.
While Palmer amaranth has yet to rear its ugly head in Montana, it is probably just a matter of time before it arrives. It is imperative that everyone be on the lookout. The adaptive nature of the plant and its ability to out-compete any vegetation make it a potentially disastrous plant. Tim Fine is an MSU Extension Agriculture Agent in Richland County.
(Left) From left, inflorescences of Palmer, Powell, redroot, smooth, and waterhemp. (Right) A Palmer amaranth petiole bent back over the leaf blade, demonstrating the length of its petiole.
(LEFT) AARON HAGER/UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS (RIGHT) PERDUE EXTENSION
• Seed head structures. Waiting until a Palmer amaranth female has produced seed is not recommended. However, where there are escapes and/or infestations that were previously unnoticed, the structure of the seed head can be a distinguishable characteristic. Palmer amaranth seed heads can reach to three feet long and have stiff, sharp bracts that make them prickly to the touch.
This highly invasive and very destructive weed has caused some agricultural producers in parts of the U.S. to give up crop production all together. This has been especially true in cotton-producing areas. The most concerning infestations to Montana have been found in nearby North Dakota in 2018 and 2019. The most important aspect of these infestations is how the weed established there. In 2018, North Dakota confirmed the weed in five counties, and in 2019, in an additional three counties. Alarmingly, the 2018 infestations were confirmed to have come from mundane sources: migratory birds carrying seed; a used combine that was purchased out-of-state and brought to North Dakota; an alternative out-of-state feed source for livestock; custom combining; and grain cleaned out of railroad cars. All the 2019 infestations, however, were confirmed to have come from small grain seed that was unknowingly contaminated with Palmer amaranth and seeded into crop ground.
Spring 2020
23
BICYCLES
Kids and Bicycles: Facilitating Mobility, Independence, and Health By Taylor Lonsdale and Roger DiBrito JOURNEYS FROM HOME MONTANA
Helmet fitting: https://www.nhtsa. gov/sites/nhtsa. dot.gov/files/8019_ fitting-a-helmet.pdf NHTSA’s Cycling Skills Clinic Guide: https://www. nhtsa.gov/sites/ nhtsa.dot.gov/ files/811260.pdf
The mid-summer morning sun breaks over the Sapphire Mountains and lights up the Bitterroot Valley. A 12-year-old boy pedals down a gravel road to the neighbor’s field where he will move irrigation lines. It’s a five-mile round trip he makes twice a day for a summer job. Since age 5, both he and his sister have loved to ride bicycles around the property on dirt paths. Now in middle school, they ride about a mile to the bus stop at the end of their road. The fresh air and views wake up their senses and help them prepare for school.
R
esearch has demonstrated the benefits of physical activity prior to learning. The ride home gives them time to process the school day. Experiencing the benefits of being outside and physically active before and after school may teach them ways to cope with stress that will be a critical skill for other phases of life. Children are all capable of such bicycle journeys, and as parents or mentors, we can facilitate kids discovering the safe cycling skills. This requires us to understand a child's ability to ride a bicycle and his/her ability to judge situations and make decisions. Abilities vary with age, but we can evaluate them by giving kids space and making observations. A good strategy is to identify routes and then ride with kids, letting them lead, acting as a safety net, not the guide. Let mistakes happen in a safe environment. These small mistakes are the foundation of learning to problem solve. Ensure that you are modeling the behaviors you want children to learn and ask questions about the ride after getting home. The fundamental skill needed for riding a bike is balance. Tools for learning balance have evolved and while many of us learned using training wheels, today’s balance bikes
24
a publication of Montana State University Extension
are a far better tool. Balance bikes can be purchased, but another option is to remove the pedals and lower the seat of a standard bike. Young children can start by walking atop a balance bike. Before long they will be coasting, turning, and stopping. Transition to a pedal bike is easier with a mastery of balance, and keeping the seat low during the transition allows children to put their feet down as they did on the balance bike. Learning to ride a bike may naturally come with scrapes, bruises, and maybe some tears. Developing riding skills is key to avoiding injury, but children also need a properly-fit helmet to help avoid head injuries. The helmet should be snug but not tight, cover the forehead, and stay in place when the child moves (see link below). Children should be taught that light-colored clothing, lights, and reflectors help them be seen. In his National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA) research, Kenneth Cross found that in most car-bicycle crashes, the vehicle driver “did not see the bicyclist” or when he did see the bicyclist, did not have enough time to avoid the crash. Being visible is a key to being safe.
Regular bike maintenance is important for safety and before each trip children should learn to check the ABCs (air, brakes, chain). Tires should have enough air to be firm, brakes should readily stop the bike, and the chain should be lubricated and not too loose. Many bicycles use quick releases for the wheels, which should be checked to ensure they are tight and firmly closed. “Stop at the Edge.” Teaching children to stop before entering the roadway is fundamental to their safety. Stop at the edge of the driveway, sidewalk, or pathway. Look left. Look right. Look left. Look back behind. Teach them that looking is about seeing, not just turning their head. Ask them what they saw. Proceed onto the roadway only after conducting a complete and comprehensive search in all directions.
Many communities host events to teach bicycle safety skills and create a space for children to practice. They are often called Bike Rodeos and may be hosted by schools, law enforcement, local clubs such as Kiwanis, or Extension (see link to Cycling Skills Clinic Guide). Taking the steps to teach a child to ride and allowing them to pedal to school or a friend’s house demonstrates trust and belief in a child. Bike rides are a great family activity. A lifetime of cycling can yield a lifetime of fun, health, and independence. Taylor Lonsdale is a dad, cyclist, and engineer. Roger DiBrito is a grandfather, cyclist, and educator.
Stopping and looking before entering the roadway is fundamental to safe biking.
(LEFT): JOURNEYS FROM HOME MONTANA
(RIGHT): JOURNEYS FROM HOME MONTANA
Intersections are a common place for car-bicycle crashes. Look back behind for a right-turning motorist and look through intersections for left turning motorists. Talk with a child about the importance of communicating with other road users. This means more than eye contact. We must receive cues, a smile or wave, to be certain they have seen us. Do not rely on traffic control lights or signals. Do not enter a
crosswalk until it is clear all drivers acknowledge you are ready to cross. Help children understand how to communicate what they plan to do. Teach them to step back if they don’t feel safe to cross. Teach them to signal by pointing in the direction they plan to turn. Help them learn they need to be visible and predictable, following the rules of the road. Cyclists have the same rights and responsibilities as other roadway users. Ride on the right side of the road.
Spring 2020
25
ASK STEWARD
Ask Steward
Your questions, our answers.
Have a question? E-mail: ExtensionMagazine@montana.edu Phone: 406.994.2502
MSU EXTENSION
Many seed catalogs and garden stores offer home, or do-it-yourself, soil test kits, and spring is a good time for soil sampling. Unfortunately, few home test kits provide correct information to make fertilizer decisions. Their value depends on how the soil sample is prepared, the actual tests used, how results are presented, and the accuracy of results compared to lab results. Most soil test kits combine the “raw” soil sample with water or a reagent (chemical) to make a slurry. In contrast, soil testing laboratories dry, sort, grind and sieve soils to remove rocks and residue. Test kits generally measure nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and soil pH. These are appropriate basics, though a laboratory test can also measure salts or other nutrients, such as iron, which may be important. Some soil test kits don’t include the correct phosphorus test for Montana’s typically high pH soils. The Olsen P test is accurate for soils with pH 6 or greater, while the Bray or Mehlich tests are accurate for soil pH less than 7.3. MSU fertilizer guidelines are based on Olsen P values. Particularly important is the quality and shelf-life of the reagents mixed with the soil to perform each test. Laboratories have standard practices to ensure materials are not out-of-date. Just like using outdated milk, using reagents that are not fresh might have undesirable results.
26
a publication of Montana State University Extension
Many test kits provide results with a word-based rating of “low,” “medium” or “high”—or “deficient,” “adequate” or “surplus”—rather than a unit value, such as parts per million or pounds per acre. Fertilizer rates are essentially impossible to determine from these ‘qualitative’ ratings. Laboratories report actual test concentrations and fertilizer recommendations based on decades of university field trials that relate fertilizer rates and soil test values. An article in Crops & Soils, which is published by the American Society of Agronomy, compared results from four test kits with laboratory test results. Only the by-far most expensive and elaborate kit provided options for testing soil phosphorus based on soil pH and results very similar to laboratory results. The simpler, less expensive, kit results differed moderately or even greatly from laboratory results. Test kits can be cheaper and more convenient than using a lab, but the savings may not be worth lowaccuracy results. More information on soil testing for the home gardener is available at the MSU Soil Fertility Extension website at http://landresources.montana.edu/soilfertility/ home-gardening.html and from the MSU Master Gardener program at https://mtmastergardener.org/. Answered by Clain Jones, MSU Extension Soil Fertility Specialist, and Kathrin Olson-Rutz, MSU Land Resources & Environmental Sciences Research Associate.
MSU EXTENSION
Are home soil test kits accurate?
Plains
Ronan
Sept. 2–5
Choteau
Boulder
Aug. 4–8
Stanford
July 13–19
Bozeman
Aug. 5–9
Aug. 5–7
July 21–25
Aug. 7–15
Billings
July 21–25
Glasgow
Jordan
Sidney
Aug. 12–15
Culbertson
July 23–26
Plentywood
Circle
Terry
Aug. 4–7
Broadus
Aug. 6–9
Ekalaka
Aug. 19–22
Miles City
Aug. 7–8
Ask your local MSU Extension office for more information or visit montana4h.org.
Aug. 12–16
Baker
Aug. 20–23
Wibaux
July 27–Aug. 1
Glendive
4-H MEMBERS: Aug. 3–8 FAIR BOARD DATES: Aug. 5–8
Aug. 13–15
July 15–18
Forsyth
Aug. 6–8
July 24–Aug. 2
Hardin
July 19–25
Roundup
Red Lodge
July 12–18
Columbus
July 27–31
Livingston
Lewistown MAIN FAIR: July 21–25 OTHER EVENTS: July 14-20
Aug. 13–14
July 16–19
July 28–Aug. 1
July 30–Aug. 2
Dodson
Lodge Pole
Aug. 12–15
Chinook
Harlowton
Big Timber
HORSE FAIR: July 28 INDOOR & 4-H FFA: July 30
Townsend
Aug. 27–30
Fort Benton
July 15–19
Aug. 13–16
White Sulfur Springs
July 10–11
Great Falls
July 15–19
Shelby
Havre
Scobey
Upcoming Montana 4-H Fairs—Summer 2020
Sept. 2–6
Dillon
Aug. 12–16
Twin Bridges
July 30–Aug. 1
Butte
Aug. 18–23
July 22–26
Helena
June 25–27
Deer Lodge
Aug. 5–9
Missoula
July 21–25
Hamilton
July 30–Aug. 1
Superior
Sept. 3–6
Kalispell
July 7–10
Aug. 27–30
Aug. 15–23
Browning
Eureka
CUT ALONG DASHED LINE
MSU Extension Communications & Technology P.O. Box 172040 Bozeman, MT 59717-2040
Presort Standard U.S. Postage PAID Permit No. 69 Bozeman, MT 59715
MSU Extension @msuextension @MSU_Extension msuextension
Enjoy Lives & Landscapes online and order your print subscription from msuextension.org or by calling (406) 994-3273.
MSU Extension
Email us at extensionmagazine@montana.edu.
Trusted yard and garden knowledge at your fingertips. Visit store.msuextension.org and type 'yard and garden' in the search menu. You can find up-to-date information on growing flower and vegetable gardens, managing water use and soil health, caring for landscape plants and more.