Non Hetretopic Tower

NON HETEROTOPIC TOWER A

rooted

tower

in

the

Alpine

Region

Cover Image The Monroe, by Jory Brigham, a Moroccan style cabinet

6

THINKING TECTONICS about the architecture of extremes and alpine survival

Architecture is understood as being the responsive result of the extreme UHTXLUHPHQWV RI LWV VXUURXQGLQJV WKH ZHDWKHU WKH WRSRJUDSK\ DQG WKH VSHFL¿F social conditions shape architecture in a particular manner.

The knowledge gained in this exploration helps to develop a tectonic way of thinking as an awareness to take the appropriate decisions as an answer WR VSHFL¿F UHTXLUHPHQWV ZLWK WKH XOWLPDWH REMHFWLYH RI UHDFKLQJ DQ DOOLDQFH between design and construction.

Murtaza Mohammadi

7

Hochschule Luzern Lucerne University of Applied Science and Arts Engineering and Architecture BA Architecture - Bachelor’s Project WS15 Alpine Survival, thinking Tectonics Student: Murtaza Mohammadi Lecturer: Natalie Plagaro Cowee, dipl. Architect ETSAM, SIA, Herrliberg ZH Assistant: Matthew Howell Architect USI-AAM/SIA, Bern

8

08

I.

ABOUT TECTONICS

14

II.

TECTONICS OF EXTREMES Building with earth Case study: Kee Gompa, Spiti Valley

17

III.

TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION III.01 Tectonics of connection III.02 Tectonics of connection III.03 Tectonics of support III.04 Tectonics of support III.05 Tectonics of protection III.06 Tectonics of support III.07 Tectonics of connection III.08 Tectonics of support III.09 Tectonics of ventilation III.10 Tectonics of support III.11 Tectonics of connection III.12 Tectonics of connection III.13 Tectonics of protection III.14 Tectonics of movement III.15 Tectonics of protection III.16 Tectonics of connection III.17 Tectonics of connection III.18 Tectonics of connection III.19 Tectonics of support III.20 Tectonics of protection

59

IV.

TECTONIC MECHANISMS: A CASE STUDY

73

V.

THE SITE V.01 Site consideration V.02 Site analysis

87

VI.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS VI.01 Concept VI.02 In-Out space VI.03 Atmospheric energy VI.04 Sustainability and building physics VI.05 Detailing VI.06 Communicating architecture VI.07 Spatial requirement

9

10

111

VII.

DRAWINGS

131

VIII.

DETAIL OF DESIRE

139

IX.

ADVANCE OBJECTIVE

144

X

LIST OF FIGURES

151

XI

BIBLIOGRAPHY

11

12

I. ABOUT TECTONICS

As the world moves into the 21st century, into a single large global community, people have started to give up their local identity and acquire a more cosmopolitan mien. Businesses have expanded boundaries and economies have taken newer dimension leading to increased mobility among people. As a natural consequence architecture in this era has seen a drastic change. It, too, has DSSURDFKHG D JOREDO SODWIRUP ZKHUH MXVW QRW WKH style and aesthetic value of the buildings have become of an international standard but the entire design/construction process has evolved into one of a global character. The construction and the construing of buildings is, in succinctly, what Tectonics is all about.

The increased globalization and the related activity has led to the depletion of the natural resources and predicted scarcity of them in near future. In this hour of thoughtless construction it seems necessary to reconsider the basis on which architecture is conceived and being built. In a book ‘Towards an Ecology of Tectonics’, Prof. Anne Beim asks ‘How do we ensure a proper framework for creating a holistic, sustainable architecture that supports societal prosperity without compromising the living systems of the Earth, and by what means do we achieve building cultures that are more robust in view of future resource perspective?’

Figure 01 A still from the movie ‘Metropolis’ by Fritz Lang in 1927 The still talks about the change in philosophy as time tranVFHQGV DV ZH PRYH DKHDG ZH KDYH FRQĂ€LFWLQJ LGHDV

13

14

I. ABOUT TECTONICS

At this point it becomes eminent to describe and GH¿QH WKH FRQFHSW RI WHFWRQLFV LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG LWV RVWHQVLEOH RULJLQ 2QH RI WKH WZR GH¿QLWLRQ which is found in a dictionary, tectonics is – The design and internal structuring of a work of art, particularly in an architectural context. The Greek ZRUG IJİțIJȦȞ UHIHUUHG WR ZRRGZRUNHUV HVSHFLDOO\ FDUSHQWHUV MRLQHUV VKLS¶V FDUSHQWHUV HWF ZKR ZHUH PRVWO\ LQYROYHG ZLWK D MRLQLQJ SURFHVV 7ZR UHODWHG ZRUGV IJİȤȞȘ DQG Ä²Ä°È›Ä²È ÈžÈšÈ›È©È¢ NHHS RFFXUULQJ frequently along with tectonics and refer to material and method. After much study and research, Beim says ‘the concept of tectonics aims at bringing forth VRPHWKLQJ ± DOWKRXJK QRW EX\ MXVW DQ\ SURFHVV RI bringing forth. In the tectonic context the process of bringing forth is the result of a special knowledge, applied in a particular clever, skilful, cunning and crafty way. A process is initiated in a way that goes beyond what is customary, applying an elevated awareness and understanding.’1 The initial use of this word in such a light can be found in the books ‘Die Tektonic der Hellenen’ (Karl Botticher 1806-1889), ‘Der Stil in den technischen und tektonischen Kunsten’ and ‘Die vier Elemente der Baukunst’ (Gottfried Semper 1803-1879). The books essentially deal with the, classical, Greek architecture of antiquity. The authors felt that the Greeks having had superior NQRZOHGJH IRU LQVWDQFH UH¿QHG FODVVL¿FDWLRQV of orders, rules of proportions or as the divine FRPSRVLWLRQ RI DUFKLWHFWXUDO HOHPHQWV EH\RQG MXVW the mere construction principles led them to build such wonderful structures. This they described as Ä²Ä°È›Ä²È ÈžÈšÈ›È©È¢ DQG QDPHG LW µWKH WHFWRQLF¶

1: Towards an Ecology of Tectonics: The Need for Rethinking Construction in Architecture, 7th January 2015

Figure 02 Patek Philippe pocket watch for Spaulding & Co. The delicate intricacy of any detail makes it a timeless piece of art.

15

16

I. ABOUT TECTONICS

$UFKLWHFW .DUO &KULVWLDQVHQ WKURZV OLJKW RQ WKLV VXEMHFW ZLWK the help of three parameters which he places along the three sides of a triangle. They are Material, Technique and Form.

He argues that ‘It is possible to imagine a great many things in relation to concrete physical architecture, but it is impossible to imagine the absence of a material, a concrete substance. Furthermore, this concrete material presents itself as a concrete form. Meanwhile for this form to be able to lay claim to the name of architecture, it must have been brought about by means of technical processing, or at least intentional handling. That is surely the way it is’. He further illustrates that, ‘however, not everything we produce is fundamentally tectonics.

-it is possible to imagine that the same form is produced in “another� way than that which belongs to it or its material.

-it is also possible to imagine the same form produced in another material that the one which belongs to the form and the way it is produced. ÂżQDOO\ LW LV SRVVLEOH WR LPDJLQH WKDW DQRWKHU IRUP LV SURGXFHG in the same material as the one which belongs to it and the way its material has been produced.

We can conclude that a tectonic approach is one where material, the way of production and form are interrelated LQ RQH VSHFLÂżF ZD\ RQO\ $Q KRQHVW XVH RI PDWHULDO DQG WKH process, will only create a true architecture.

Figure 03 THE IPE CLASP, by Jory Brigham An honest and true use of material for the right purpose leads to synergy, which emerges in the form of design 17

18

II. TECTONICS OF EXTREMES Building with Earth Case study: Kee Gompa, Spiti (4166m) A building type found in Himachal Pradesh, a northern state in India. It is concentrated in the upper reaches of the state in the Lahaul and Spiti districts, which are located in a cold-desert area with very hot days and chilling nights. Precipitation usually only occurs in the form of snowfall with almost no to very little rainfall. This dryness of the ORFDO FOLPDWH LV UHĂ€HFWHG LQ WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKLV construction typology which consists of thick mud walls with small openings in order to insulate the interior from the harsh outside climate.

Spiti valley is a desert area where timber is scarce and mud is the main locally available construction material. The buildings there are therefore made of rammed earthen walls and timber is solely XVHG IRU ÀRRUV DQG URRIV DV ZHOO DV IRU GRRU DQG window frames. Natural stones are also scarce and are thus only used for foundations. This construction technology which is predominantly used for residential houses and temples is still being practiced though it shows high seismic vulnerability.

Location: India Climate zone: Cold desert Earthquake zone: 04 Construction period: 14th Century Materials: Rammed Earth, Stone, Wood

Figure 04 The tectonics of opening a fenestration in a mud wall, the opening is carefully treated to serve the purpose of sunshading, rain protection, religious connotation while making sure that the construction technique is indigenous to the location

19

20

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

21

22

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF CONNECTION Stacking

Wooden logs are stacked with notches near the end, to allow the receiving of the wooden logs on top and bottom

Figure 05 Corner treatment of a timber house, stacked with thick heavy logs.

23

24

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF CONNECTION Overlapping

$ VSOD\HG VFDUI MRLQW LQVXUHV D VWURQJHU FRQQHFWLRQ DV FRPSDUHG WR D EXWW MRLQW GXH WR LQFUHDVHG frictional forces between the timber elements.

A slight variation is observed in this region with deeper overlap with straight edges in the timber elements. This apart from lengthening the member also adds a tectonic value.

Figure 06 Lap joint as observed on an elevation of a house.

25

26

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF SUPPORT Clamping

Vertical members are attached onto horizontal timber boards to prevent relative movement. A VPDOO ZRRGHQ EORFN LV SOXJJHG LQ WR ¿[ WKH ZKROH system together.

Figure 07 Vertical rails to hold the timber boards

27

28

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF SUPPORT Stacking

Granaries in the alpine region need to be protected from damp and rodent infestation for long term storage. An ingenious construction logic includes the elevation of the entire facility on timber piers.

An additional stone slab is also inserted to prevent damp from creeping up and its mushroom shape hinders rodents to climb over it into the granary.

Figure 08 Toadstool like legs on which the granary rests to prevent rodent infestation.

29

30

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF PROTECTION Stacking, Hooking

Stone slates are stacked to make roof shingles.

The combined effect weight and the metal hook keeps them in place.

Figure 09 Stone slates laid down making the roof.

31

32

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF SUPPORT Clamping

The connection of the crown post and the tie beam UHTXLUHV FDUHIXO WUHDWPHQW VLQFH WKLV MRLQW FDUULHV high loads. An interesting detail is a clamping PHFKDQLVP ZKHUH WZR WLPEHU SURMHFWLRQ SOXJV LQWR the tie beam, and holding the truss in place.

Figure 10 Timber truss supporting the roof above

33

34

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF CONNECTION 6WDFNLQJ 3UR¿OLQJ

Alternate assembly of the timber beams at the corner to form a stacked wall. The interlocking connection also prevents relative movement of the components.

Figure 11 Corner treatment of a house with walls made of timber blocks

35

36

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF SUPPORT Tension

A horizontal timber beam transfers the load from the roof to the timber brackets which are supported on the stone wall. The network of timber members on the roof are under constant tension force which is counteracted by the compression force on the bracket.

Figure 12 Roof over barns in Bosco Gurin.

37

38

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF VENTILATION Skewed

A slight rotation of the wooden block creates an opening in the timber wall which allows for ventilation.

Figure 13 Ventillation detail in a house.

39

40

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF SUPPORT Overlapping

The point where the force diverges requires a special treatment to distribute the load. Timber beams from various directions converge at a point, partly overlapping, partly resting to support the great frame.

Figure 14 Internal view of the roof above a stone tower in Tessin

41

42

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF CONNECTION Stacking, Plugging

Small wooden pieces inserted between the layers of timber beams create a breathable facade. The VLGH MDPEV RI WKH ZLQGRZ SOXJ LQWR WKLV ERDUGLQJ like structure to make an opening.

Figure 15 A traditional house in Bosco Gurin.

43

44

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF CONNECTION Riveting

A door is constructed by assembling timber boards one above the other with a vertical stud element behind, which connects the whole frame together.

The whole unit is held together by riveting the boards in the front with the ones in the back.

Figure 16 An entrance door to a house in Bosco Gurin

45

46

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF PROTECTION Compression

:RRGHQ ERDUGV RI WKH EDOFRQ\ UHVW RQ SURMHFWLQJ timber beams which is supported by the brackets below

Figure 17 Balcony in an old structure, the assemblage of different elements creates an interesting space.

47

48

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF MOVEMENT Skewed, Plugging

The blades on a water wheel are arranged in a circular manner near the periphery, which when struck with water produces a rotating motion in the wheel, The axle rests within a stone masonry on one side while on the other it turns a grinding machine.

Figure 18 Water driven mill to grind grains.

49

50

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF PROTECTION Hooking

Stone pieces kept vertical on the roof prevents sliding of snow off the roof and falling down on pedestrians. Moreover snow collected on roof also has insulating properties. These stone blocks are ¿[HG XVLQJ D KRRNLQJ GHYLFH PDGH IURP PHWDO strips.

Figure 19 Snow retention strategy on roofs, by having vertical stone pieces.

51

52

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF CONNECTION 3OXJJLQJ 3UR¿OLQJ

Wooden boards are inserted into horizontal grooves made on timber elements hung on walls.

7KLV FUHDWHV DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ SUR¿OH PDGH E\ VLPSOH sliding of boards.

Figure 20 Wooden mantel over doorframe.

53

54

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF CONNECTION 3UR¿OLQJ

7ZR EHDPV UXQQLQJ RUWKRJRQDOO\ DUH ¿[HG WRJHWKHU XVLQJ D GRYHWDLO MRLQW 7KLV HVWDEOLVKHV D GLDORJXH between the two elements which is articulated in WKH IRUP RI D SUR¿OH

Figure 21 A door set into the entrace of a storage space.

55

56

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF CONNECTION Clamping

A clamping mechanism which resembles a mortice DQG WHQRQ MRLQW ZLWK WZR IDVWHQHUV 7KH FODPSLQJ system prevents relative movement between the two timber beams.

Figure 22 Base of a house where the two orthogonal beams meet.

57

58

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF SUPPORT Hooking

5DIWHUV DUH ¿[HG WR WKH ZDOO ZLWK WKH KHOS RI VPDOO wooden blocks which acts like hooks to avoid horizontal displacement of the beams

Figure 23 Close-up view of a timber roof construction.

59

60

III. TECTONIC MECHANISMS OF THE ALPINE REGION

TECTONICS OF PROTECTION Stacking, Overlapping

The tectonic expression of the roof is in accordance with the surrounding landscape. The stone slates are stacked which gives a countinous expression of the mountains around

Figure 24 The stone slabs forming the roof, are massive blocks stacked on timber purlin. the texture of the stone is such that it seems a part of the landscape when seen from below.

61

62

IV. TECTONIC MECHANISMS: A CASE STUDY

63

64

IV. TECTONICS AND STEEL

Mies went to the United States in 1938 as a director for the architecture department in Armour Institute, later renamed as Illinois Institute of Technology. His designs were a rationale approach towards structural expression.

7KH ¿UVW EXLOGLQJ ZKLFK KH GHVLJQHG WKHUH ZDV WKH ‘Minerals and Metal Building’ which was within the IIT campus. The building explicitly highlights the steel sections used as a load bearing elements.

Over the course of time he experimented with various strategies to construct with steel untill he built the S.R Crown Hall at IIT in 1956.

7KH FROXPQ IUHH RSHQ SODQ RI WKH PDLQ ÀRRU RI Crown Hall demonstrates Mies’ innovative concept RI FUHDWLQJ XQLYHUVDO VSDFH WKDW FDQ EH LQ¿QLWHO\ adapted to changing use. Its expansive size of ¶ [ ¶ IHHW LQ ÀRRU DUHD ZLWK D FHLOLQJ KHLJKW of 18 feet, allows individual classes to be held simultaneously without disruption while maintaining creative interaction between faculty and students.

Figure 25 Outside perspective of S.R Crown Hall, IIT

65

66

IV: TECTONICS AND STEEL

The roof of the building is suspended from the underside of four steel plate girders. The girders are themselves supported by eight exterior steel columns, spaced at 60 foot intervals. The interior is divided by free-standing oak partitions that demarcates spaces for classes, lectures and exhibition. The steel girders, eight in number, are welded steel plates forming an H section and go over the roof. The roof is hung from these girders and the interior space is maintained column free.

0LHV¶ LQWURGXFWLRQ RI SURMHFWLQJ VWHHO PXOOLRQV DW WKH quarter points of each bay, the surface between two girders, engenders a new and unexpected quality from the separate identities of the elements LQYROYHG 7KH VWUXFWXUDO IUDPH DQG LWV JODVV LQ¿OO become architecturally fused, each losing a part of its particular identity in establishing a new architectural reality. The mullion has acted as a kind of catalyst for this change.

7KH PDLQ ÀRRU LV OLIWHG DERYH JURXQG DQG LV DFFHVVHG E\ D ÀRDWLQJ VWDLUFDVH 7KH EDVHPHQW is partly under ground with a long band of glazing near the ground for natural lighting.

Figure 26 &RQVWUXFWLRQ GHWDLOV VKRZLQJ VWHHO SUR¿OHV

67

68

IV: TECTONICS AND STEEL

The most prominent feature of his was the corner treatment. He was very careful to note the change in direction of the wall and took utmost care in making that transition right. The image on the right is the corner of the IIT Crown Hall building, where WKH WZR VWHHO VHFWLRQV FUHDWH D WHFWRQLF MRLQW

Figure 27 The crown hall at IIT has a unique corner where an exterior steel section is hung on to the mainframe to give it a more prominent impression

69

70

IV. TECTONICS AND CONCRETE

The village of Linescio lies in the secluded Rovana Valley in Ticino, surrounded by groves of chestnut WUHHV DQG WHUUDFHG ÂżHOGV +HUH RQO\ NP IURP Locarno, it feels as if one were in a different world. Some of the existing stone houses stand empty, but the core of the village is still Intact, with buildings distinguished by their granite walls and roof coverings. The peace and original character of this location spurred the architects to use the present 200-year-old stone house as a holiday residence and to preserve as much of the existing fabric as possible, complementing it with an unusual new structure.

From the outside, the only visible changes are the glass door to the garden and the new concrete chimney stack. Internally, however, a house within a house has been constructed, with a homogeneous, monolithic concrete volume inserted inside the existing walls, a structure that opens to the south and west by means of high, folding wooden shutters. Conceived for summer use, it was possible to do without heating, new windows and insulation and to leave the outer facade in its existing state. To create a more generous spatial impression internally, the timber LQWHUPHGLDWH ÀRRU EHWZHHQ WKH VLPSO\ DSSRLQWHG living room and the hayloft above was removed.

Figure 28 Plan and section of the summer house in Linescio by Buchner & Brundler Architekten

71

72

73

74

IV: TECTONICS AND CONCRETE

The 6m-high resulting space, which extends up to the ridge, accommodates the living and dining DUHDV ZLWK D ÂżUHSODFH DV ZHOO DV WKH :& DQG D gallery level where one can sleep. Everything has been worked with the greatest attention to detail: the chimney and the staircase, the reveals and Âż[LQJV RI WKH VKXWWHUV 7KH FRQFUHWH ZDV EURXJKW in layer by layer through the opened roof, with the existing walls acting as permanent shuttering.

On the inside, the untreated exposed concrete surfaces bear the bold texture of the formwork.

In the extension, too - a timber-laced beam structure, formerly used for drying chestnuts - all new elements are consistently made of concrete: WKH EDWKWXE DV D UHFHVV LQ WKH ÀRRU DQG WKH kitchen worktop with a sink integrated as a single cast form. The plastic, evocative qualities of the exposed concrete intensify the archaic character and the calm atmosphere of this stone house.

Figure 29 Interior view of the main hall, facing the hearth (Pg 68) Figure 30 Interior view of the main hall, facing the valley (Pg 69) Figure 31 The rustic appearance of the shell merges with the natural landscape quite nicely, and only when one enters the house realizes the unique renovation strategy (Pg 70)

75

76

V. SITE

77

78

V. SITE CONSIDERATION

Situated at 1‘506m of altitude, Bosco Gurin is the highest village in Ticino, the southern Canton of Switzerland and it is located in the natural environment of Maggia Valley. It was founded in the 13th century by settlers, the Walters, who had crossed the mountains arriving from the northern alpine region Valais. The inhabitants have preserved their traditions and language through the centuries and speak the German dialect “Ggurijnartitsch”. Their imported culture is still visible by the vernacular architectural typologies (granaries, housing schemes, stables, etc) typical from the northern Valais area.

This municipality in the district of Rovana, Vallemaggia, the Swiss canton of Ticino. The community is located in the upper (western) Talhälfte of Val di Bosco 35 km northwest of Locarno on the border with Italy. It has a total area of about 2212 ha, with a population of 53 people (2013 census). Until the beginning of the 20th century they survived almost isolated. The geographic isolation strengthened the independent living habits and traditions of the village. The village was buried by avalanches a number of times.

79 Figure 32 Location of Bosco Gurin and its distance from the major city.

80

V: SITE CONSIDERATION

)RU D ORQJ WLPH WKH PDMRU RFFXSDWLRQ ZDV DQLPDO husbandry and the processing of milk into butter and cheese as well as from agriculture (potatoes, U\H DQG KHPS (YHQ WRGD\ WKH YDVW PDMRULW\ RI workers (36 of 39 workers) because of the great solitude in the village. Agriculture since the 1970s, lost much of its meaning.

Most people are now working in service occupations (tourism) and commerce. Have HFRQRPLF VLJQLÂżFDQFH LQ WKH VHFRQG KRPHV no longer permanently inhabited houses and in converted farm buildings (rustic), their share amounted to 85.3 percent of early 2015. In addition, there are two more group homes, some restaurants and a hotel at the village entrance.

Hikers revitalize summer tourism, the user of the 2 chair lifts, 4 ski lifts, 30 km ski slopes and a 5 km long cross-country ski winter tourism. The community is through the postal bus line CevioBosco / Gurin connected to the network of public transport.

Figure 33 Site map of the town with importance given to the terrain

81

82

V: SITE CONSIDERATION

Some of the attractions today include, the village church, Walser Museum, The Oratory Madonna della Neve, The oratory of San Rocco, Various elevated granary, and several Walser houses.

After the controversy produced by a highrise scheme suggested for the small village of Vals, also in the Alpine region, and due to the ³SODFHOHVVQHVV´ FKDUDFWHU RI WKH SURMHFW 7KLV 7KHVLV 3URMHFW GHPDQGV WR EH D WKLQNLQJ H[HUFLVH and experimental design based on the research IRU D URRWHG SURMHFW 7KH ³1RQ KHWHURWRSLF 7RZHU´ avoids being an imported generic artefact; on the FRQWUDU\ URRWHG LQ LWV FRQWH[W LW ¿QGV LWV JRYHUQLQJ inspiration in the local conditions: a unique light, a special structure, a material, the local traditions.

Figure 34 7KH WRZQ FKXUFK DQG WKH KRXVHV DURXQG LW DV VHHQ IURP WKH VWUHDP ÀRZLQJ south of the site at a lower altitude

83

84

V: SITE CONSIDERATION

Figure 35 Areal view of the location, with the site located on the barren patch towards the north

85

86

SITE ANALYSIS

7KH $OSLQH UHJLRQ LWV GHÂżQLWLRQ JHRJUDSK\ climate and the understanding of its orogeny is a vital part of the design. Also the activities linked to the livestock farming, feeding, pastures and transhumance in Switzerland along with the use of the Alps for property, social behaviour and seasonal transhumance is an important design strategy.

9HUQDFXODU DUFKLWHFWXUH LQFOXGLQJ VSHFLÂżF typologies (peasant house, granary, barn etc.), construction and materials also add character to the design. Another important resource to consider is the engineering infrastructure of the region.

Dams (Verzasca Dam), bridges (Engineer Robert Maillart), hydroelectric power stations etc.

The site is in a temperate region, with the climate being cold and wet most of the year. Even in the driest of the month it rains a lot, while the average temperature is about 5 °C. During the winter months of December and January the mountain opposite the site casts shadow almost all day long OHDGLQJ WR HYHQ FRROHU FOLPDWH 7KH PDMRU ZLQG blows from North-East along the valley. Use of thick insulation is advised in this cold climate but it leads to overheating issues during summer months and a balance has to be achieved.

Figure 36 (top) Amount of solar energy falling on the town Figure 37 (bottom) Sun path at the site- with potentially shaded winters

87

88

V: SITE ANALYSIS

7KH PDMRU IRUP RI SUHFLSLWDWLRQ LV VQRZ EXW GXULQJ summers there is rain as well. The plot is situated north of the village church on a slope across WKH URDG 7KH VWHHS VORSH SUHVHQWV PDMRU construction and design challenge as well as the avalanche prone area demands a sound structural system. The total area is 600m2 with ground coverage area 130m2. Near the west of the plot is D GHQVH YHJHWDWLRQ RI ¿U WUHHV ZKLFK H[WHQG DOO WKH way up the slope and forms a barrier against the avalanches.

Figure 38 (top left) Sunshine duration Figure 39 (centre left) Daily global radiation Figure 40 (bottom left) Daily temperature Figure 41 (top right) Precipitation

89

90

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

91

92

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

CONCEPT MODEL Idea and Thesis

A study of the historic, climatic and geographic conditions of the site as well as its local materials and building technologies was carried out, based on which a concept model which expressed the intervention decision and which integrated certain LGHQWLÂżDEOH IHDWXUHV RI ZKDW WKH SURMHFW ZRXOG develop into was developed.

The layout of the town is similar to any other mountain settlement including that of, for instance, Spiti valley in India or Sanaa in Yemen with small cuboidal housing with traditional construction methods. The slope of the land encourages stacking of blocks to create interesting spaces between blocks and also within. This feature encourages people to take part in public activities.

Based on the study plaster cubes were casted with stone chips as aggregate material, along with casting of cement cubes with white pebble as DJJUHJDWHV 7KH REMHFWLYH ZDV WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH materiality of the texture, atmosphere of the place at a very conceptual level. To also demonstrate the relevance of massing during design evolution.

93 Figure 42 & 43 Conceptual massing model

94

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

IN-OUT SPACE The poetics of construction

Some parts of the programme are thought to be intermediate spaces between inside and outside.

They are protected spaces, but not necessarily heated. The search for a tectonic approach lead to considering the importance of rhythm, dimensions, proportions, distances, materiality of the construction elements and the way each of VXFK HOHPHQWV DUH FDUHIXOO\ MRLQHG WRJHWKHU A system was developed for an In-Out space ZKLFK ERWK IXO¿OV WKH WHFKQRORJLFDO UHTXLUHPHQWV (protecting from climate but allowing ventilation) DQG JLYHV WKH SURMHFW LWV RZQ LGHQWLW\ RU WHFWRQLF expression. An appropriate material and construction system, a clear rhythm, the way the HOHPHQWV DUH DVVHPEOHG WKH ¿OWHU RI OLJKW DQG DLU the light and shadows it produces, the proportion and number of voids, are important components for a careful design.

7KH ¿UVW LGHD ZDV JHQHUDWLRQ RI D ZDOO V\VWHP gabion system, which solved both the structural problem as well gave a strong architectonic idea of rocks being held together. Later iterations led to production of jali walls which is light construction DQG LWV ÀH[LELOLW\ DOORZV WUHPRUV WR SDVV WKURXJK

95 Figure 44 *DELRQ ZDOO V\VWHP WR DOORZ ¿OWUDWLRQ RI OLJKW FRQFHSWXDO PRGHO

96

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY Material and texture

The aim is to design a surface which is in relation with the construction system and which contributes WR WKH DWPRVSKHULF HQHUJ\ RI WKH SURMHFW RU VSDFH Ruskin, Viollet-Le-Duc, Le Corbusier and Wright represent different approaches in the use and the expression of materials. Either defending the uniqueness of craftsmanship, its traces of the material’s inherent properties in case of Ruskin or claiming the introduction of machines for the FUHDWLRQ RI DUWL¿FLDO VXEVWDQFHV DQG SUHIDEULFDWLRQ of unites which would increase uniformity and quality in the case of Le Corbusier, a variety of approaches regarding materials and its expressions have developed along the history of architecture.

Figure 45 A renovated hotel in Alpine region, explicitly expressing the materiality of the structure

97

98

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Figure 46 Interior perspective of concept rooms, highlighting the effect of light and shadow.- model

99

Outside to Inside: 1. European larch boards (22mm) 2. Vertical spacers (30mm) 3.

Timber board (16mm) 4. Insulation (240mm) 5. Insulation (100mm) 6. Timber block (16mm) 7. Schulerholzbau Platte - Spruce and ZKLWH ¿U PP +RO]EDX 3ODWWH PP 'RXEOH H FRDWHG JODVV (10,15,10 mm)

100

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

SUSTAINABILITY & BUILDING PHYSICS

7KH VXEMHFWV WR EH FRQVLGHUHG ZHUH 1. Compactness of the building shape in relation to the façade development for active and passive solar energy as well as dimension of fenestration and mass/void ratio balance related to orientation and views and its consequence.

2. Mass activation of interior spaces as latent heat storage and avoidance of cladding of massive elements. This is achieved by having a central concrete core which is massive in nature. This acts like a thermal buffer, and also is used as a transport medium for heat.

3. Striving for compactness and continuity of ZDUPWK EDUULHU LQVXODWLRQ LQ ÀRRU SODQ DQG section, also strategic orientation of rooms and its layout for energy performance. Thus keeping the DERYH IDFWRUV LQ PLQG WKH ORZHVW ÀRRUV ZHUH NHSW for public use with possibility of heat generation WKURXJK NLWFKHQ DQG FRZ VWDEOH ZKLOH WKH ÀRRUV above were for private use which limited heat loss.

4. Optimization in the positioning, amount and dimension of infrastructure and circulation was achieved by having the plumbing and HVAC shafts installed within the concrete core.

5. Protection against excess of warmth and LQVXODWLRQ DJDLQVW FROG ZDV PDMRUO\ DFKLHYHG E\ WKH use of openable windows and concrete core acting like a thermal mass.

6. Natural ventilation at small scale (in a room with the use of window) and at a large scale (in the building through the use of sky lights and roof openings).

7. Façade design regarding the four different orientation. The use of timber boards placed YHUWLFDOO\ RQ WKH RXWVLGH SURPRWHV ÀRZ RI DLU easily taking away humidity or condensate which may have formed on the outside, this ensures protection of the timber boards.

Figure 47 Detail of sky window - careful attention being paid to avoiding insulation breaks and thermal bridges

101

102

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

DETAILING The poetics of construction

Tectonics becomes the ART OF JOINING, giving architecture a certain identity through the way Structure, Building Technology and Material are connected. An intention beyond a simple answer to gravity will be achieved through the detailing.

The work of detailing requires a precise vision of the intended appearance of the building. To FUHDWH WKH EXLOGLQJ DV D FRKHUHQW ZKROH DOO PDMRU decisions within the design process follow strictly the same conceptual logic. So detailing involves the selective presentation and suppression of information at the service of a larger understanding of the building, guided be a clear intention. Hence, good detailing will be as precise and straight as possible, always trying to enhance the coherence and power of expression of the architecture.

Figure 48 Initial design of facade with tight relation between the different elements to give a unity of image, a tectonic expression - using stone PDVRQU\ DV LQ ÂżOO EHWZHHQ WZR FRQFUHWH 8 VKDSHG FROXPQV

103

104

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

COMMUNICATING ARCHITECTURE Speaking to the soul

One of the most important way of communicating architecture is through a visual imagery. The perspective shows the most attractive space.

It shows the qualities of the space such as dimension, proportion, light, shadows, structure (load bearing or space), materials. It arises a feeling. The image shows a space or part of the entrance lobby, focusing on a special feature- the rammed concrete walls. In relation to Adorno’s text, the best compliment about its beauty can be felt in “silence”.

While the outside perspective is not a “technical information”. It gives information about a SDUWLFXODU DVSHFW RI WKH SURMHFW LWV UHODWLRQ WR the surroundings, its volume, the material, the proportions and qualities of the façade, atmospheric energy.

105 Figure 49 Final exterior perspective

106

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Figure 50 Interior perspective of the lobby/reception - once again highlightLQJ WKH PDWHULDOLW\ RI UDPPHG FRQFUHWH MX[WDSRVHG DJDLQVW ZKLWH ¿U timber boards

107

108

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

SPATIAL REQUIREMENT Area statement

The program includes a variety of uses which require different climatic conditions so as a gradation of privacy. A special attention will be given to an appropriate distribution of the different parts, using responsive thermal zoning: Up, Down, Below, Above, Around, Nearby The program includes dichotomies such as . spaces of transition / space of destination, . spaces of public gathering / spaces of isolation and retreat, . semi-protected areas / protected areas . facilities for farming / facilities for visitors The Farming Facilities include granary, hay storage and stables for cows. The rooms are not heated, they should be properly ventilated and are protected from strong winds, snow and rain.

The insulated Visitors Facilities include the gathering Gallery/Entrance, sleeping cells (single room and/or dormitories) and washrooms, seminar rooms, workshops and a refectory. A strong synergy amongst the two parts of the programme should be used in order to enhance the qualities of the parts.

The unconventional mixed programme together with other local governing inspirational forces, should be taken as an opportunity for deriving D VSHFLÂżF WHFWRQLF ZKLFK WUDQVFHQGV WKH PHUH appearance of the technical and the generic.

Should we say, as Kenneth Frampton refers to, Architecture of Resistance?

Figure 51 Initial design proposal of the entrance gallery - the key detail being the sandwiching of stone masonry in concrete U shaped columns

109

Major zones

110

Spaces

Area in sq.M

Area calculation

Site area Ground coverage Built up area

600 130 960

Entrance zone

Entrance gallery Cow stable Foyer Lobby

68.5 36.2 27.2 11.6

Research zone

Workshop Seminar room

23.2 12.1

Cheese room

Kitchen Storage

11.1 13.8

Utility rooms

Technical room Laundry / storage House keeping

16.6 24.5 4.7

Public spaces

Main dining room Main kitchen Roof deck

32.2 29.9 58.4

Private spaces

Dormitory 1 Dormitory 2 Dormitory 3 Dormitory 4 Family suite 1 Family suite 2 Family suite 3 Family suite 4

32.1 32.1 32.1 32.1 33 33 30.7 30.7

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

The program includes a variety of uses which require different climatic conditions so as a gradation of privacy. A special attention will be given to an appropriate distribution of the different parts, using responsive thermal zoning: Up, Down, Below, Above, Around, Nearby. The program includes dichotomies such as . spaces of transition / space of destination, . spaces of public gathering / spaces of isolation and retreat, . semi-protected areas / protected areas . facilities for farming / facilities for visitors The Farming Facilities include granary, hay storage and stables for cows. The rooms are not heated, they should be properly ventilated and are protected from strong winds, snow and rain. The insulated Visitors Facilities include the gathering Gallery/Entrance, sleeping cells (single room and/or dormitories) and washrooms, seminar rooms, workshops and a refectory. A strong synergy amongst the two parts of the programme should be used in order to enhance the qualities of the parts.

The unconventional mixed programme together with other local governing inspirational forces, should be taken as an opportunity for deriving D VSHFLÂżF WHFWRQLF ZKLFK WUDQVFHQGV WKH PHUH appearance of the technical and the generic.

111 Figure 52 Area statement

112

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

After assimilating the various factors the design concept evolved from the organics of the site.

For any form of growth to occur in nature, a body needs two important aspects- nutrients and support. A tree for that matter has roots which go GHHS LQWR WKH VRLO WR Âż[ WKH ZKROH WUHH DQG DOVR supply nutrients through its extensive network. The concept is a metamorphological representation of this tree system. Just as a tree rises from the JURXQG VRDULQJ KHLJKWV MXVW DV D FU\VWDO JURZV from a seed and sparkles in many of its faces, so does this tower.

The topography of the landform gives way to its steady base, a structural system rising from the ground, like a pedestal. Atop which rests the light timber structure housing the different activities.

Just as in a tree the phloem, which carries the nutrients up, is a natural extension of the root system – likewise a central core in the tower acts like a transport medium rising from the base. This tower gives way to various spaces within, like for sitting, standing or sleeping. The core is essentially a thriving place.

113 Figure 53 Final concept model - growth from the ground

114

VII. DRAWINGS

115

116

VII. DRAWINGS

117 Figure 54 Site map

118

VII. DRAWINGS

119 Figure 55 *URXQG ÀRRU SODQ ZLWK VXUURXQGLQJV

120

VII. DRAWINGS

Figure 56 (left) Basement plan - cheese room and technical room Figure 57 (right) )LUVW ÀRRU SODQ UHVWDXUDQW DQG NLWFKHQ

121

122

VII. DRAWINGS

Figure 58 (left) 6HFRQG ÀRRU SODQ 'RUPLWRULHV Figure 59 (right) 7KLUG ÀRRU SODQ 'RUPLWRULHV

123

124

VII. DRAWINGS

Figure 60 (left) )RXUWK ÀRRU SODQ IDPLO\ VXLWV Figure 61 (right) )LIWK ÀRRU SODQ IDPLO\ VXLWV

125

126

VII. DRAWINGS

127 Figure 62 Terrace plan

128

VII. DRAWINGS

Figure 63 (left) East-West section facing south, strong emphasis is laid on the concrete core Figure 64 (right) Front elevation (north facing)

129

130

VII. DRAWINGS

131 Figure 65 Longitudinal section through the tower

132

VII. DRAWINGS

Figure 66 A model showing the relation of the tower with the buildings below, especially the church (not to scale)

133

134

VIII. DETAIL OF DESIRE

135

136

VIII. DETAIL OF DESIRE

Desire of a Kasten Fenster (Box Window) Windows in many Alpine regions have a purpose to enhance daylight inside during winters and preventing the summer sunlight from penetrating deep into the interior space . This clear strategy leads to evolution of various window types. Kasten Fenster RU ER[ W\SH ZLQGRZ ZLWK LWV SURMHFWLQJ VLOO OLQWHO DQG MDPE LV DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ ZLQGRZ W\SH ZKLFK SUHYHQWV excessive daylighting, apart from creating an ideal architectural space for sitting next to a window and HQMR\LQJ WKH YLHZ RXWVLGH

Figure 67 A sectional view of the detail desired. Kasten Fenster are located on HDFK ÀRRU RI WKH EXLOGLQJ

137

138

VIII. DETAIL OF DESIRE

The use of timber panels, (compressed laminated timbers) gives a possibility of placing them over each other with loads being carried by the boards itself. This creates a deep shelf like structure where one can sit and catch a glimpse of the outside world through the narrow slits of the vertical WLPEHU ORXYUHV SODFHG RXWVLGH 7KHVH ORXYUHV ÂżOWHU the light coming in to create a mystic space.

This box window is thus a pragmatic solution to the site conditions, but at the same time adds an aura to the ambient character of the space.

Figure 68 An isometric section of the fenster in relation to the total building facade, showing the material and the immaterial character of the space

139

140

VIII. DETAIL OF DESIRE

Figure 69 Interior atmospheric quality of the detail, the relation of the fenestration with respect to the room and its occupants.

141

142

IX. ADVANCED OBJECTIVE

143

144

IX. ADVANCED OBJECTIVE

FACADE DESIGN

7KH PDMRU ERRVW WRZDUGV VXVWDLQDELOLW\ FRPHV IURP the use of natural materials for construction rather than by synthetic ones. Keeping this in mind as well as the local architecture of the place, wood has been extensively used for the superstructure.

Since the terrain is prone to avalanches, concrete has been employed for the lower parts for stability and weather protection. The sandwhich wooden element consists of a double insulation layer bound by wooden cross laminated boards. European larch and white spruce combined wood plates (Holzplattenbau) form the load bearing wall, with timber boards on the outside for weather protection. Massive wood blocks as columns VXSSRUW WKH ÀRRUV 7KH ZKROH V\VWHP UHVWV RQ concrete base.

Double glazed sliding windows with U-value 1.1 KDYH EHHQ XVHG LQ GRUPLWRULHV WULSOH JOD]LQJ Âż[HG window with U-value 0.9 have been employed in the lower levels and the rear portion. The concrete core acts like a thermal storage which takes absorbs heat through the skylight, windows and the exposed southern side. This trapped heat can later be used to warm the interior spaces.

Beds and furniture have been placed in niches in this core for the same reasons. Primary heating is through warm water tubes below the wooden ÀRRULQJ LQ VFUHHG $IWHU D OD\HU RI YDSRXU UHWDUGHU a 20mm sounds insulation follows supported over wooden plates forming the ceiling below.

Figure 70 A sectional isometric view of the facade, showing the various layers of construction

145

146

IX. ADVANCED OBJECTIVE

FACADE DESIGN

From inside to outside of facade section: 1. Compressed laminated timber (Holzblock platte), VSUXFH ZKLWH ¿U - 35mm 2. Compressed laminated timber (Holzblock platte), VSUXFH ZKLWH ¿U - 35mm 3. Timber block - 16mm 4. Insulation - 100mm 5. Insulation - 240mm 6. Timber block - 16mm 7. Vertical timber spacers, for ventillation - 30mm 2LO FRDWHG ODUFK KRUL]RQWDO ERDUGV ¿QDO H[WHULRU ¿QLVK PP 9. Double glazed sliding window - 12mm e-coated glass, 10mm inert gas, 12mm e-coated glass (net U-value < 1)

)URP WRS WR ERWWRP RI Ã&#x20AC;RRU VHFWLRQ 1. Parkett 30mm 2. Zementos 80mm 3. Moisture retardant 4. Sound insulation 60mm 5. Holzbau platte 35mm 6. Timber beam 150mm 7. Timber boarding 30mm 8. Holzbau platte 35mm; Holzbau platte is FRPSUHVVHG ODPLQDWHG WLPEHU RI ZKLWH ¿U DQG spruce

147 Figure 71 Section of the facade

LIST OF FIGURES Cover image www.pinterest.com/intricate_detailing, 01/08/2015 Figure 01 www.imdb.com/utopia, 01/08/2015 Figure 02 www.splauding.com/patek_philipe, 01/08/2015 Figure 04 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 05 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 06 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 07 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 08 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 09 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 10 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 11 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 12 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 13 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 14 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 15 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 16 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 17 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 18 Mohammadi, Murtaza

148

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 19 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 20 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 21 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 22 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 23 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 24 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 25 Mies van der Rohe - The Built Work, Carsten Krohn Figure 26 Mies van der Rohe - The Built Work, Carsten Krohn Figure 27 Mies van der Rohe - The Built Work, Carsten Krohn Figure 28 Buchner & Bundler Architekten Figure 29 Buchner & Bundler Architekten Figure 30 Buchner & Bundler Architekten Figure 31 Buchner & Bundler Architekten Figure 32 Google earth Figure 33 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 34 Sarupria, Saket Figure 35 Google earth Figure 36 http://meteonews.ch/en/Weather/G2661439/Bosco_Gurin, 1/10/2015

149

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 37 http://meteonews.ch/en/Weather/G2661439/Bosco_Gurin, 1/10/2015 Figure 38 http://meteonews.ch/en/Weather/G2661439/Bosco_Gurin, 1/10/2015 Figure 39 http://meteonews.ch/en/Weather/G2661439/Bosco_Gurin, 1/10/2015 Figure 40 http://meteonews.ch/en/Weather/G2661439/Bosco_Gurin, 1/10/2015 Figure 41 http://meteonews.ch/en/Weather/G2661439/Bosco_Gurin, 1/10/2015 Figure 42 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 43 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 44 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 45 Alpine Chalets Figure 46 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 47 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 48 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 49 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 50 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 51 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 52 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 53 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 54 Mohammadi, Murtaza

150

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 55 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 56 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 57 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 58 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 59 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 60 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 61 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 62 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 63 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 64 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 65 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 66 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 67 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 68 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 69 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 70 Mohammadi, Murtaza Figure 71 Mohammadi, Murtaza

151

152

BIBLIOGRAPHY Beim, Anne: Towards an Ecology of Tectonics: The Need for Rethinking Construction in Architecture, Edition Axel Menges, Stuttgart/London 2014 Christie Mill, Robert: Resorts: Management And Operation, Second Edition (English) 2 2nd Edition: John Wiley & Sons Inc Detail: Concrete, Institut fur internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, Munchen 2011 Detail: Massive Construction, Institut fur internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, Munchen 2012 Detail: Solid forms of construction, Institut fur internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, Munchen 2011 Detail: Roof, Institut fur internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, Munchen 2013 Detail: Wooden construction, Institut fur internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, Munchen 2013 Detail: Facade, Institut fur internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, Munchen 2015 Ford, Edward R.: The Details of Modern Architecture, MIT Press, 1997 Gschwend Max: Bauernhauser der Schweiz. Schweizer Baudokumentation, Blauen,1998 Gschwend Max: Die Bauernhauser des Kanton Tessin. Verlag G.Krebs AG, Basel 1982 Smith, Korydon: Introducing Architectural Theory,Routledge, New York, 2012

153