Magazine: The bombing of Guernica (teachers)

Gernika The bombing of

The lies and truths of the event Gernika Peace Museum (2021)

Index

Acknowledgements: To all the colleagues from the Gernika Peace Museum who have contributed to the creation and improvement of the work.

Foru Plaza, 1 48300 Gernika-Lumo (Bizkaia) Tel. +34 94 627 0213 www.museodelapaz.org E-mail: hezkuntza.museoa@gernika-lumo.net Gernika-Lumo, 2021

Introduction to the Civil War

Chronicle by George L. Steer in Spanish

Introduction to the bombing of Gernika

Chronicle by George L. Steer in English

Luis Iriondo, a witness of the bombing

Herbert Southworth, historian and writer

Letter from the President of Germany

Civil War posters

George L. Steer, a war correspondent

Webography

2

This magazine is a complement to the game-research on the Bombing of Gernika that we have created at the Gernika Peace Museum.

"The bombing of Gernika" gameresearch: https://view.genial.ly/6166b45727f2b50 dcae15967/game-breakout-thebombing-of-gernika-research

"The bombing of Gernika" research-game

It consists of the following materials: The bombing of Gernika (Teaching guide) The bombing of Gernika magazine (teachers) The bombing of Gernika magazine (students)

Duration 10 h Modality Online Language Spanish Euskara English Link Research-game https://view.genial.ly/6166b4572 7f2b50dcae15967/gamebreakout-the-bombing-ofgernika-research

3

The Spanish Civil War ravaged Spain between the 17th of July 1936 and the 1st of April 1939.

By the time the Second Republic was proclaimed on the 14th of April 1931, the country was already quite polarised.

The situation worsened during the period of 1931-1936, leading to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. The war, which broke out as a result of the uprising of the army (under the command of General Francisco Franco)

INTRODUCTION TO THE CIVIL WAR

against the government of the Second Republic, ended in 1939 with the victory of the rebels. The victory of the rebels

Francisco Franco in a winter cloak, 1930.

led to the establishment of a dictatorial regime (Francoism) that lasted more than 35 years. .

3

"Today, civilians are the main victims of war. Only 80 years ago

The Spanish Civil War

such news would have been unbelievable: the human tragedy of war only affected young soldiers on the battle eld, far from the cities". © Gernika Peace Museum, "Memoritour: Anti-aircraft shelters".

Gernika, the symbol

The Spanish Civil War. © Gernika Peace Museum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=warwnmiZDuU

June 17-20, 1936. Chaos ensued in just four days. Spain was at war, divided into friendly and hostile territories. Eating, working, thinking, interacting with others and with one's surroundings were no longer commonplace. Suddenly peace disappeared and with it, life itself. © Gernika Peace Museum.

4 Gernika, the symbol. © Gernika Peace Museum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VRIpfMSfYA

Church of San Juan and surroundings after the bombing © The Documentation Centre on the Bombing of Gernika

The bombing of Gernika 1/2

INTRODUCTION TO THE BOMBING OF GERNIKA The people of Gernika experienced the stages of the war from the very beginning, although during the rst months the war campaign did not

drastically

alter

the

atmosphere in the town.

As the front approached, the direct effects of the war increased.

The bombing (1) © Gernika Peace Museum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ibfhbStESk

On 31st March 1937, Franco's

Gernika, the nerve centre of

army bombed Durango and

the region, held an important

fear began to spread among

agricultural

the population.

market every Monday. It was

The local authorities ordered

also known for its industrial

the construction of several

activity (from the end of the

anti-aircraft shelters. And so

19th and beginning of the 20th

the 26th of April 1937 arrived.

century) with a large number

It was Monday. Market day.

and

livestock

5

The bombing of Gernika 2/2

Victims and responsability of the bombing of …

The bombing (2) © Gernika Peace Museum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9QB_NFZ-Fo

Victims and responsibility © Gernika Peace Museum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFvsPe7rUiU

of weapon factories, jewellery

The air raid began at around 4

The

Gernika,

Gernika was practically razed

and silverware factories...

p.m. when the bells of Santa

which was carried out in three

to the ground and went down

María

phases

in history as the rst rehearsal

In

1937,

Gernika

had

a

church

tolled

three

destruction (the

of

dropping

of

population of 5,630 inhabitants

times to warn of the arrival of

bomblets, incendiary bombs and

of total war.

in addition to some 2,000

planes.

the

The

refugees and the large number

This was the beginning of the

population) was the work of the

recorded

of people who came to the

systematic

of

German Condor Legion and the

fatalities.

market. It is estimated that on

Gernika, which lasted for more

Italian air force acting under

26 April there were between

than three hours.

Franco's orders.

10,000 and 12,000 people.

bombing

stra ng

of

the

civilian

Basque

Government

1,654

direct

+info www.museodelapaz.org

6

Reconstruction and Reconciliation of …

Seminario Bombardeos en Euskadi…

Euskadi…

Reconstruction and reconciliation © Gernika Peace Museum https://www.youtube.c om/watch? v=VcNDo9CIZ4w

X. Irujo in Seminar: Bombings in the Basque Country © Gernika Peace Museum https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=x8xUHGy3Fio

Gernika, the story © IDEM https://www.yo utube.com/wat ch? v=Zd5qr_chPSU

GERNIKA THE STORY . Documentary …

Photograph from the air a few days after the bombing of Gernika. © The Documentation Centre on the bombing of Gernika

7

Luis Iriondo, a witness of the bombing Speech on the 60th anniversary of the Bombing of Gernika The Mark of Man © Gernika Gogoratuz https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Cf7CPGIqnc&t=7s

Gernika, the 27th of April

see us as we were. Because they

Perhaps from their height they

sleep in our bed. We no longer

1997 "Sixty years ago, we had

were at the top and we were at the

saw us like ants desperately

had a home. We had no home.

an

in

bottom. If they had been at our

eeing. And we could not speak

Gernika. Many of us were still

level, all of us at the bottom, they

to each other. Men and ants

kids and some men came to us

would have seen that we were just

cannot talk to each other. And

from other lands, who did not

like the kids in their country, in

they poured down on us a rain of

know us and whom we did not

their village, like their children or

know.

their little brothers and sisters.

And they destroyed our village.

They didn't even hate us

And that the women were like their

And that night we could no

because we had done nothing

women. But they didn't see us like

longer dine in our house or

against them, but they didn't

that.

unexpected

visitor

(...)” +info

http://www.bombardeo degernika.org/descargas /luis_iriondo.pdf

re, shrapnel and death.

8 Novel by Luis Iriondo

The mark of men. Passages from the documentary of Gerni…

Gerni…

I offer you, who still carry the wounds of the past in your hearts, my open hand in a plea for reconciliation. http://www.bombardeodegernika.org/descargas/luis_iriondo.pdf

+info

The Mark of Man © Gernika Gogoratuz https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Cf7CPGIqnc&t=7s

Letter from the President of the Federal Republic of Germany 60th anniversary of the bombing of Gernika

9 Letter from the German President to the people of Gernika © Gernika Gogoratuz http://www.bombardeodegernika.org/descargas/luis_iriondo.pdf (pag. 14-15)

Bust of George Steer in Gernika © Gernika Peace Museum

George L. Steer War correspondent http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Prensa/Cor responsales/Extranjeros/Extranjeros.htm

Gernika, the story © IDEM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zd5qr_chPSU

75 Aniversario Bombardeo de Gernika: famosa crónica de Steer

http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Prensa/Corresponsales/Extra njeros/Steer/Steer.htm Busto de George Steer en Gernika ©Museo de la Paz de Gernika

Lectura de la crónica del bombardeo escrita por George L. Steer y publica en el prestigioso periódico The...

Eitb

https://www.eitb.eus/es/videos/detalle/858759/cronica-bombardeo-escritasteer--gernika-75-aniversario/

10

THE TRAGEDY OF GUERNICA TOWN DESTROYED IN AIR ATTACK

Article from The Times in which George Steer's article on the bombing of Gernika was published. © Documentation Centre on the bombing of Gernika https://issuu.com/museodelapazdegernika/docs/times28_april_37_p17-18

unloading on the town bombs weighing

from

1,000lb.

downwards and, it is calculated,

EYE-WITNESS’S ACCOUNT From Our Special Correspondent BILBAO, April 27 1937

more than 3,000 two-pounder

Guernica, the most ancient town

low from above the centre of the

of the Basques and the centre of

town to machine- gun those of

their

the civilian population who had

cultural

tradition,

was

aluminium incendiary projectiles.

The ghters, meanwhile, plunged

completely destroyed yesterday

taken refuge in the elds.

afternoon by insurgent air raiders.

The whole of Guernica was soon

The bombardment of this open

in ames except the historic Casa

town

lines

de Jontas with its rich archives of

occupied precisely three hours

the Basque race, where the

and a quarter, during which a

ancient Basque Parliament used

powerful

to

far

behind

eet

of

the

aeroplanes

sit.

The

famous

oak

of

consisting of three German types,

Guernica, the dried old stump of

Junkers and Heinkel bombers and

600 years and the young new

Heinkel ghters, did not cease

shoots of this century, was also

13

untouched. Here the kings of Spain

long heaps of red impenetrable

motorized

used to take the oath to respect

debris.

personal direction of the Minister

the democratic rights (fueros) of Vizcaya and in return received a promise of allegiance as suzerains with the democratic title of Señor, not Rey Vizcaya. The noble parish, church of Santa Maria was also undamaged

except

for

the

beautiful chapter house, which was struck by an incendiary bomb.

police

under

the

of the Interior, Señor Monzon, and Many of the civilian survivors took the long trek from Guernica to

Bilbao

in

antique

solid-

wheeled Basque farmcarts drawn

his wife continued rescue work till dawn. (...)

+info

http://poieinkaiprattein.org/kidsguernica/picasso-s-guernica/news-report-bygeorge-steer-for-the-times-about-guernica-1937/

Books on the bombing of Gernika https://issuu.com/museodelapazdegernika/docs/hoja_vitrina

by oxen. Carts piled high with such household possessions as could

be

saved

from

the

con agration clogged the roads all night. Other survivors were

At 2 am today when I visited the

evacuated in Government lorries,

town the whole of it was a horrible

but many were forced to remain

sight, aming from end to end. The

round the burning town lying on

re ection of the

mattresses or looking for lost

ames could be

seen in the clouds of smoke above

relatives

the mountains from 10 miles away.

units of the re brigades and the

Throughout the night houses were

Basque

falling until the streets became

and

children,

while

14

foreign

Conferencia Angel Viñas 3/3

correspondents

and

Spanish representatives of the foreign press in Bilbao on the night of 26-27 April 1937, the Gernika event would not have appeared as we know it today.

The

newspaper

articles

Presentation by Angel Viñas of the new edition of The Destruction of Guernica by Herbert Southworth © Gernika Peace Museum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhBMegCrbX

"From the earliest stages of its development, the story of the

Herbert R. Southworth Writer, journalist and historian who specialises in the Spanish Civil War

destruction of the Basque town of Gernika is rst and foremost a matter of press dispatches, all due

to

the

initiative

of

correspondents. It can be said that without the presence of

Gernika

story

can

of

the

prior

publication of the news concerning the bombing by the foreign press. (...)

-The

messages

of

the

foreign

journalists who visited Gernika after

that

in uenced the development of the

consequence

be

classi ed into three groups: -Journalistic reports sent by correspondents from Bilbao or

the nationalists took the town on 29 April. (...)"

SOUTHWORTH, Herbert R.: The Destruction of Guernica: Journalism, Diplomacy, Propaganda and History, Ed. Ruedo Ibérico, 1977, p. 27.

+info https://dedona.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/tapaprologo.pdf

from listening posts on the Basque border in France. (...)

-The reports, communiqués and speeches published

rst by the

Spanish national press, and then by other countries, as a

Photo of the cover of the book Herbert R. Southworth, Bizitza eta Lana/Life and Work @Gernika Peace Museum https://issuu.com/museodelapazdegernika/docs/i._h erbert_r._southworth__bizitza_eta_lana

15

Enrique Moradiellos habla de Tánger

Guernica! Guernica! A Study of Journalism,

Diplomacy, Propaganda and History Herbert R. Southworth https://books.google.es/books? id=1R304lcSa4kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+destruction+of+Guernica+H+South worth&hl=es&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20destruction%20of%20Guer nica%20H%20Southworth&f=false

https://www.museodelapaz.org/docu_fondos.php https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGlbgisIWlY

The Febus Agency interviews Enrique

Bibliography of Herbert R. Southworth https://issuu.com/museodelapazdegernika/ docs/bibliografia_southworth

Moradiellos, writer and historian, about Tangier and Herbert R. Southworth, writer and president of Radio Tangier International.

Southworth

Fund

at

the

Documentation Centre on the Bombing of Gernika https://www.museodelapaz. org/docu_buscador.php

https://www.museodelapaz.org/docu_fondos.php

16

Carteles de la Guerra. 1936 - 1939

ideological

weapon

can

be

phagocytised by the events of

found in the 1917 revolution.

1936-1939, remain anonymous.

Art and War (Posters of the Spanish Civil War) claims the art

"Art and war. Posters of the Spanish Civil War": an exhibition at the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya

of the poster in wartime, as well as its authors, some of whom,

+info

https://www.museunacional.cat/es/guia-tematicaarte-y-guerra-carteles-de-la-guerra-civil-espanola

Civil War poster (1936-1939) https://historiana.eu War posters. 1936 - 1939 © UNED Documents

Civil War posters Propaganda during the Civil War (1936-1939)

The popular and ephemeral art of the poster in times of war has mainly a propagandistic function: it aims to mobilise the masses, to convey a political message, to provoke a social reaction without renouncing

the

aesthetic

component. The main precedent for the use of poster art as an

17

Article 1

Article 4

"A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE

What questions do these

POSTER (some traces between

posters from the Civil War

the Belle époque and today)".

evoke? (Historiana)

https://www.unizar.es/artigrama/pdf/30/2monogra co/03.pdf

https://www.brandeis.edu/library/archives /spotlights/specialcollections/2010/spanish-civil-warposters.html

Article 5

Article 2

Spanish Civil War in Poster

Art of the Spanish Civil War:

Collection (Brandeis University)

Political Propaganda and the

https://historiana.eu/collection/spanish-civil-warposters

Modernist Avant-Garde https://elrincondeschlosser.blogspot.com/2018/01/ propaganda-en-espana-los-carteles-de-la_19.html

Article 6

Article 3

"Art and war. Posters of the Spanish Civil War" Museu

The other Spanish Civil War (El You will not pass! July 1936, We shall pass! https://www.europeana.eu

País)

http://algargoshistoriaspain.blogspot.com/2014/09/ la-guerra-civil-espanola-carteles-y.html

Nacional d'Art de Catalunya Combating illiteracy https://historiana.eu

https://www.museunacional.cat/es/guiatematica-arte-y-guerra-carteles-de-la-guerracivil-espanola

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WEBOGRAPHY

PODCAST TO LISTEN TO

TO READ

1. The Spanish civil war 1.1. BBC Radio 4 In Our Time: The Spanish Civil War https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548wn

1.2. History Extra Podcast: Everything you ever wanted to know about the Spanish Civil War, but were afraid to ask https://podcasts.apple.com/es/podcast/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-spanishcivil/id256580326?i=1000488275023

2. Bombing of Gernika 2.1. Irish History Podcast: The Bombing of Guernica & the War in the North (Partisans VII) https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bombing-of-guernica-the-war-in-the-north-partisans-vii/id363368392? i=1000474930606

2.2. This is democracy: Episode 49: Guernica and the Bombing of Civilians https://podcasts.la.utexas.edu/this-is-democracy/podcast/ep-49-guernica-and-the-bombing-of-civilians/

2.3. The Spanish History Podcast: Episode 13- Gernika: The Massacre in Context https://historiaspodcast.org/2018/07/05/episode-13-gernika-the-massacre-in-context/

1. The essential books on the bombing of Gernika according to the Gernika Peace Museum

https://issuu.com/museodelapazdegernika/docs/bonbardaketako_derrigorrezko_liburuak_1

2. The best books on the Spanish Civil War

https://www.deguerra.org/guerra-civil-espanola-libros/

3. Bibliography on the Civil War https://www.artehistoria.com/es/contexto/bibliograf%C3%ADa-sobre-la-guerra-civil

4. Gernika, University of Nevada (Reno) https://library.unr.edu/gernika

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WEBOGRAPHY

TO WATCH

Youtube 2.1. Gernika the Story. Documentary Film. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DX3hk0bcc9M

2.2. Ten Minute History - The Spanish Civil War and Francisco Franco (Short Documentary) (History Matters) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yw-OxbtF1iY

2.3. Feature History - Spanish Civil War

Twitter 1.1. TheSpanishCivilWar @civil_spanish 1.2. Spain's Memory Wars @SpainMemoryWars

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05_tghbhlfM

2.4. The Spanish Civil War - 6 episodes (BBC Documentary) https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2Ms3UVVn-WzQZrIyhmBYwKls1B7v6Yhj

RESEARCH BY THE DOCUMENTATION CENTRE ON THE BOMBING OF GERNIKA (CDBG)

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WEBOGRAPHY Publications and audiovisuals produced by the Gernika Gogoratuz Peace Research Centre.

Gernika, 80 years after the bombing April 2017 https://www.gorkalejarcegi.com/bombardeo-gernika-80/#

Books 1.1. Gernika y Alemania

https://www.gernikagogoratuz.org/eu/portfolio-item/gernika-alemania-historia-reconciliacion/

1.2. Ikusmen ahotsa / La voz visual

https://www.gernikagogoratuz.org/eu/portfolio-item/ikusmen-ahotsa-la-voz-visual-die-sichtbare-stimme/

1.3. Memoria colectiva del bombardeo

https://www.gernikagogoratuz.org/eu/portfolio-item/memoria-colectiva-del-bombardeo-de-gernika/

1.4. Pedagogía de paz

https://www.gernikagogoratuz.org/portfolio-item/pedagogia-de-la-memoria/

Videos 2.1. The mark of men. Passages from the documentary of Gernika Gogoratuz.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyLH2Jh18VI&list=PLySH1KoUt73BUgVF9aaNZ9SF8kw_sFoEG

2.2. Gernika Gogoratuz. Diálogos 80 (Deutsch)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHWJmvJVa5g&list=PLySH1KoUt73BUgVF9aaNZ9SF8kw_sFoEG&index=4

2.3. Argazki Marrazki

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlP-iBkQBp0&list=PLySH1KoUt73BUgVF9aaNZ9SF8kw_sFoEG&index=5

2.4. La voz visual (fragmentos Anna Leon)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtQx4qRxZSc

21

TEACHING MATERIAL

ASSOCIATIONS GERNIKAZARRA Historia Taldea was born in 1985 as a result of the re ection of a group of people sensitised by history and fundamentally by the history of Gernika-Lumo, a municipality which, as is well known, lost its personal, written and graphic memory on the tragic 26th April 1937.

GERNIKAZARRA H. T., its members, set themselves the goal of reconstructing the memory, that is to say, the history, of Gernika-Lumo in several of its aspects.

OROIMENAREN HARRA Historical memory brought to school https://oroimenarenharra.koldomitxelena.ne t/orri-nagusia

The Oroimenaren harra project was born in the Koldo Mitxelena secondary school in VitoriaGasteiz.

In the last few years, there has been a notable

https://gernikazarra.blogspot.com/

rise in concern about this subject among Lobak is a space for the promotion and joint action of young people's creative projects.

"We are the nephews and nieces of those who suffered the bombing of Gernika. On the occasion of the 75th anniversary we want to launch a small cultural initiative. We want to bring together young people who work and want to work in different creative

elds on the historical event of the

bombing." https://es-es.facebook.com/pg/lobak.ekimena/about/

Guernica Gernikara During the year 2017, different groups and associations working in the elds of Memory, Culture and Human Rights in Gernika-Lumo came together for the Anniversary of the Bombing of Gernika. The aim was to achieve a minimum of coordination in the activities of local groups, to collaborate together and to also promote common initiatives. https://guernicagernikara.eus/

teachers, as pupils know increasingly less about what our previous generations had to live through during the 1936 war and Franco's dictatorship.

We

therefore

thought

it

appropriate to group together in a single workspace the countless works that have been carried out in the Basque Country, in order to make it easier for those of us who work in education to bring historical memory to the school. The aim of this website is that through education, by means of the educational community, the new generations can learn and seek the truth about what was silenced and hidden in the past. In short, to do justice inmemory of those who suffered repression. https://oroimenarenharra.koldomitxelena.net/unitate-didaktikoak

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https://www.youtube.com/museodelapaz https://twitter.com/museodelaPaz https://www.facebook.com/MuseodelaPazdeGernika https://www.instagram.com/museodelapazdegernika/

https://www.museodelapaz.org