Herbal Sedatives, Nervines, and Muscle Relaxants

ABSTRACT

Ninety-nine percent of all pharmaceu�cal drugs are made from petrochemicals. If you are on a prescrip�on medica�on, the toxic oily, gaseous substance that is pumped from the ground is the source of your daily medica�on. The gasoline and oil used in your automobile, the same substances that pollute our air and water, are used by pharmaceu�cal companies to manufacture drugs.

But there is another way, and that way is called plant or “Phyto” medicine.

Dr. Gregory Lawton

Herbal Sedatives, Nervines, and Muscle Relaxants The role of herbal medicine in treating stress, anxiety, and insomnia

Clinical Health Maintenance

Herbal Seda�ves, Nervines, and Muscle Relaxants, the role of herbal medicine in trea�ng stress, anxiety, and insomnia

Copyright 2024, Dr. Gregory T. Lawton All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmited by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without writen permission from Dr. Gregory T. Lawton. American Health Source, Inc. 2040 Raybrook Street SE, Suite 104 Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546 888-375-7245 1|Page

“There is absolutely no rational or scientific reason to believe that herbal medicines are in any way inferior to, or less effective than, synthetically derived pharmaceutical drugs made from petroleum byproducts.”

Dr. Gregory T. Lawton Ninety-nine percent of all pharmaceu�cal drugs are made from petrochemicals. If you are on a prescrip�on medica�on the toxic, oily, gaseous substance that is pumped from the ground is the source of your daily medica�on. The gasoline and oil used in your automobile, the same substances that pollute our air and water, are used by pharmaceu�cal companies to manufacture drugs. But there is another way, and that way is called plant or “Phyto” medicine.

Long before humans appeared on earth, plants were evolving and spreading across the earth bringing with them life and the means for insects, animals, and humans to survive. Plants became our food, shelter, clothing, and our medicine. Somewhere along our journey humans forgot about our long associa�on and dependance upon plants as remedies for our illnesses and diseases.

There are currently known to be approximately 400.000 species of plants on earth. I believe that every one of them has been created and has evolved to provide some benefit to humanity.

We have barely begun to inves�gate or to understand the medical benefits and value of plants as medicine.

In this booklet we will explore a few of the herbs that have been tradi�onally used as medicine for anxiety, fear, nervousness, depression, and insomnia.

Herbal Seda�ves, Nervines, and Muscle Relaxants Seda�ves, nervines, and muscle relaxants are all classifica�ons of herbs that influence the brain and nervous system. The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system or the CNS and the PNS. Many seda�ve, nervine, and muscle relaxant herbs are soporific herbs meaning that they induce drowsiness or sleep. Due to stress, anxiety, depression, and other emo�onal and mental health condi�ons these herbs are in high demand and increasingly u�lized.

Herbal seda�ves, nervines, and an�spasmodics (relaxants) have a beneficial effect on the central nervous system by helping to reduce neuroinflamma�on. For instance, a standardized ginkgo leaf extract has been shown to reduce inflammatory agents caused by interference to CNS blood circula�on. Some herbs influence brain neuron ac�vity, either by increasing or decreasing it. For example, magnolia bark is an herb that can mildly boost GABA levels in the brain. GABA is a neurotransmiter that inhibits neuronal ac�vity and promotes relaxa�on.

Lion’s mane mushroom is an herb that can s�mulate neurogenesis, which is the growth of new brain cells, and it can enhance cogni�ve func�ons. Let’s briefly inves�gate a few of the herbs 2|Page

that relieve anxiety, induce sleep, promote relaxa�on, and aid recovery from stress (adaptogens).

Here is a list of the herbs that we will review: Passionflower Ashwagandha Schisandra California Poppy Hops Kava Kava Lavender Lemon Balm St. John’s Wort Catnip Valerian Motherwort Skullcap Chamomile Sage

Passionflower - The scien�fic name of Passionflower is Passiflora incarnata Passionflower is na�ve to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, especially Mexico, Central America, and South America . The first recorded use of Passionflower dates to the Aztecs, who called it tlapatl or xochipatli. They used it as a seda�ve, a painkiller, and a treatment for skin infec�ons. The Spanish conquistadors who arrived in Mexico in the 16th century were amazed by the beauty and symbolism of the flower. They brought it back to Europe, where it was cul�vated and studied by botanists and herbalists. The first scien�fic name given to Passionflower was Passiflora incarnata, which means “flesh-colored passion flower”.

Passionflower became popular as a medicinal plant in Europe, especially in France, Germany, and England.

In herbal medicine, the above-ground parts of the passionflower are commonly used. These parts include the flowers, leaves, and stems. Passionflower has a rich history of use for various purposes, including promo�ng relaxa�on, allevia�ng anxiety, and improving sleep quality.

This intricate purple flower was shown to be as effec�ve as seda�ves in the benzodiazepine (valium) family. The aerial parts of this herb are great for nervous tension and anxiety. This nervine herb is also “an�spasmodic,” which makes it great for pa�ents with muscle spasm.

Some of the most common uses of passionflower are: As a sedative and anxiolytic to treat insomnia, anxiety, and nervousness.

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As a pain reliever for headaches, menstrual cramps, and muscle spasms.

As an antispasmodic to ease asthma, coughs, and bronchitis.

As an anti-inflammatory to reduce swelling and inflammation.

As a diuretic to increase urine flow and treat urinary tract infections.

The herbal constituents of passionflower vary depending on the species, but some of the most common ones are: Flavonoids: These are plant compounds that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-anxiety effects. Some of the flavonoids found in passionflower are apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and kaempferol.

Maltol: This is a natural compound that gives passionflower its sweet aroma and flavor.

It also has sedative, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective properties.

Cyanogenic glycosides: These are plant compounds that can release hydrogen cyanide when broken down by enzymes. They may have antitumor, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive effects, but they can also be toxic in high doses. Some of the cyanogenic glycosides found in passionflower are gynocardin, lotaustralin, and linamarin.

Harman indole alkaloids: These are plant compounds that have psychoactive, antidepressant, and antispasmodic effects. They may also interact with serotonin and monoamine oxidase (MAO) receptors in the brain. Some of the harman indole alkaloids found in passionflower are harman, harmine, harmaline, and harmol.

Ashwagandha - The scien�fic name of Ashwagandha is Withania somnifera Ashwagandha has a rich history in Ayurvedic medicine, da�ng back over 3000 years. The name “ashwagandha” comes from Sanskrit words meaning “horse” which makes reference to its strong horse-like aroma. Ashwagandha is na�ve to India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and it has been used for thousands of years to treat various condi�ons, such as stress, anxiety, fa�gue, and inflamma�on. It is also considered a rejuvena�ng and longevity-promo�ng herb, and it has been associated with some mythical and cultural significance in Hinduism.

Ashwagandha is men�oned in many ancient Indian texts, such as the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita, which are among the oldest Ayurvedic texts. These texts describe ashwagandha as one of the best herbs for restoring physical and mental health.

Today, ashwagandha is widely used and studied around the world for its medicinal and adaptogenic proper�es. It is available in various forms, such as tea, �ncture, extract, capsule, and oil. It has been shown to have poten�al benefits for reducing stress, improving athle�c performance, boos�ng heart health, enhancing brain func�on, and suppor�ng reproduc�ve health.

The roots are the most used part of ashwagandha. The roots are harvested a�er the first year of growth and dried. These roots contain compounds called withanolides, which are responsible 4|Page

for ashwagandha’s adaptogenic proper�es. Ashwagandha’s roots are also known for their an�inflammatory and an�oxidant effects.

Ashwagandha is specifically intended for pa�ents who are exhausted, agitated, or debilitated by stress. In Ayurvedic medicine, ashwagandha is a renowned an�-aging and rejuvena�ng herb.

Some of the health benefits of ashwagandha that are supported by scien�fic research are: It may help reduce stress and anxiety by lowering cor�sol levels and improving mood.

It may improve athle�c performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and endurance.

It may boost heart health by lowering blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides.

It may enhance brain func�on by improving memory, learning, and cogni�on.

It may support reproduc�ve health by increasing testosterone, sperm quality, and fer�lity in men, and reducing menstrual problems and menopausal symptoms in women.

It may have an�-inflammatory and an�oxidant effects that may protect against various diseases, such as diabetes, arthri�s, and cancer.

Some of the main herbal cons�tuents of ashwagandha are: Withanolides: These are a group of steroidal lactones that are the most studied compounds in ashwagandha. They have an�-inflammatory, an�-cancer, neuroprotec�ve, and immunomodulatory effects.

Withaferin A: This is one of the most potent withanolides in ashwagandha. It has been shown to inhibit tumor growth, induce apoptosis, modulate signaling pathways, and sensi�ze cancer cells to chemotherapy and radia�on.

Steroidal alkaloids: These are nitrogen-containing compounds that have various pharmacological proper�es. Some of the steroidal alkaloids in ashwagandha are somniferine, somnine, somniferinine, withanine, and withananine. They have an�spasmodic, hypotensive, seda�ve, and diure�c effects.

Ashwagandha also contains other cons�tuents such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, and polysaccharides that may contribute to its overall health benefits.

Schisandra - The scien�fic name of Schisandra is Schisandra chinensis Schisandra is an herb that has been used for various purposes in tradi�onal medicine, especially in India, China, and Russia. The history of use of schisandra dates to ancient �mes, when it was first recorded in the oldest Ayurvedic texts as a rejuvena�ng and longevity-promo�ng herb. It was also men�oned in the first Chinese herbal encyclopedia, the “Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing”, as one of the 50 fundamental herbs in tradi�onal Chinese medicine. Schisandra was used to balance chi (life force) and harmonize the five organs: heart, lungs, spleen, liver, and kidneys.

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Schisandra was also associated with some mythical and cultural significance in Hinduism, as it was believed to be one of the ingredients of the elixir of life that gave immortality to the gods.

Schisandra was introduced to western cultures in the early 20th century when it became popular in Russia as a treatment for fa�gue and stress. It was also used by Russian athletes and cosmonauts to enhance their physical and mental performance. Schisandra eventually spread to other parts of Europe and the United States.

In herbal medicine, all parts of the schisandra plant are used, but the berries are the most valued part of the herb. Schisandra is an elite herb in tradi�onal Chinese medicine (TCM). It acts as a tonic, strengthening and toning mul�ple organs in the body. In TCM it is referred to as “Chinese Prozac”.

Some of the main uses of schisandra are: As an adaptogen to help the body cope with stress, fa�gue, and environmental changes.

As a brain enhancer to improve cogni�ve func�on, memory, and aten�on.

As a liver protector to prevent or treat liver damage caused by toxins, infec�ons, or alcohol.

The herbal cons�tuents of schisandra are mainly found in its berries, which contain various lignans, triterpenes, phytosterols, organic acids, vola�le oil, vitamins, minerals, tannins, resin, and saccharides . Some of the most important lignans are schizandrin, schisandrols, schisantherins, deoxyschizandrin, and gomisin. These compounds have various pharmacological effects, such as an�oxidant, an�-inflammatory, an�-stress, an�-cancer, hepatoprotec�ve, and neuroprotec�ve ac�vi�es.

California Poppy - The scien�fic name of California poppy is Eschscholzia californica The California poppy is a na�ve plant of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it has been used by indigenous peoples for food, medicine, and religious purposes. The Spanish setlers called it “copa de oro” (gold cup) for its bright orange flowers. The Russian explorers named it Eschscholzia californica in the early 19th century, a�er a botanist named Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz. The California poppy became the official state flower of California in 1903, and it is a symbol of the Golden State and the gold rush. The California poppy has various health benefits such as a seda�ve, anxioly�c, and an�-inflammatory herb.

Some of the benefits of California poppy are: It helps reduce stress and anxiety. California poppy has calming proper�es that may improve mood and mental well-being.

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It helps improve sleep quality and dura�on. California poppy may help pa�ents relax and fall asleep faster. It may also enhance sleep efficiency and reduce the number of �mes a person wakes up during the night.

It helps relieve mild pain and inflamma�on. California poppy may have analgesic and an�-inflammatory effects that may help manage pain and discomfort from various condi�ons, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, and arthri�s.

California poppy contains various plant compounds, including alkaloids. These alkaloids interact with GABA receptors, which play a role in sleep regula�on. Enhancing GABA receptors has seda�ve effects, making California poppy poten�ally beneficial for sleep.

The bright orange flowers of the California poppy, leaves, and other aerial parts are seda�ve, an�spasmodic, and mild pain relievers.

The herbal cons�tuents of california poppy include: Isoquinoline alkaloids, such as californidine, eschscholtzine, protopine, sanguinarine, chelidonine, and allocryptopine. These compounds interact with GABA receptors in the brain and have seda�ve, analgesic, and an�-inflammatory effects.

Essen�al oil, which contains terpenes, aldehydes, and ketones. The oil has an�microbial and an�fungal proper�es.

Carotenoids, such as lutein and zeaxanthin. These are pigments that give the plant its yellow-orange color and have an�oxidant and an�-inflammatory effects.

Glycosides, such as querce�n and ru�n. These are flavonoids that have an�inflammatory, an�histamine, and vasoprotec�ve effects.

Hops – The scien�fic name of Hops is Humulus lupulus Hops (Humulus lupulu) are the flowers of the hop plant. Humulus lupulu or hops has been used throughout history as a common way to preserve beer, giving it its aroma and flavor. While hops are commonly associated with beer, they have also been studied for poten�al health purposes.

Here are some of the benefits atributed to hops: Xanthohumol (XN), a compound in hops, can help with neuroinflamma�on and aging of the brain. It increases NRF2, NQO1, and HO1, which are protec�ve factors. XN stabilizes calcium levels in the brain and reduces glutamate levels in the hippocampus. It may help with Alzheimer's disease by inhibi�ng the protein BACE1 and increasing the neurotransmiter acetylcholine. XN can also induce neurogenesis and increase Nerve Growth Factor (NGF).

Independent of GABA ac�vity, XN can improve anxiety by inhibi�ng glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Some studies suggest hops supplementa�on can reduce mild depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms.

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Hops can enhance circadian rhythms and improve sleep quality. By ac�va�ng melatonin receptors, hops decrease body temperature, aiding sleep. Combining hops with valerian root can be effec�ve for improving sleep quality.

The chemical cons�tuents of hops can be divided into several groups: hop resins, hop polyphenols, hop essen�al oils, and other components.

Hop resins are the most important group for brewing, as they provide the biterness and stability of beer. Hop resins consist of two frac�ons: alpha acids and beta acids. Alpha acids are responsible for the biter taste of beer, while beta acids contribute to the aroma and an�microbial proper�es.

Hop polyphenols are the second most abundant group of compounds in hops, accoun�ng for about 30% of the dry weight. Hop polyphenols include flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins.

Hop essen�al oils are the vola�le compounds that give hops their characteris�c aroma and flavor. Hop essen�al oils comprise about 0.5% to 1% of the dry weight of hops, and consist of hundreds of different compounds, such as terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters. The composi�on and concentra�on of hop essen�al oils vary depending on the hop variety, growing condi�ons, harves�ng �me, and processing methods.

Kava Kava - The scien�fic name of Kava is Piper methys�cum Kava kava is a plant na�ve to the South Pacific islands that has been used for centuries as a ceremonial drink and a natural remedy for stress and anxiety.

Some of the benefits of kava are: Kava can also reduce the release of glutamate, which is an excitatory neurotransmiter that can cause anxiety and stress. By modula�ng these neurotransmiters, kava can help reduce anxiety, calm nerves, and improve sleep.

Kava has a calming effect on the brain by influencing the ac�vity of GABA and glutamate, two neurotransmiters that regulate mood, stress, and anxiety. Several studies have shown that kava can reduce the symptoms of anxiety disorders and improve well-being.

Kava contains kavalactones, which are compounds that can bind to GABA receptors and enhance their effect, as well as inhibit the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, which are neurotransmiters that promote happiness and pleasure.

Kava can affect melatonin levels, which are related to sleep and circadian rhythm. Kava contains kavalactones, which can inhibit the enzyme CYP1A2 that is responsible for metabolizing melatonin. This means that kava can increase the amount and dura�on of melatonin in the body, which can have a calming and sleep-promo�ng effect.

Kava is a psychotropic seda�ve and is “spasmoly�c” and is helpful for chronic pain condi�ons characterized by muscle spasm. The use of Kava must be combined with cau�on. This herb 8|Page

should be used in low to moderate doses and not used in the long term. Kava can be combined with valerian root, another herb that promotes sleep.

The chemical cons�tuents of kava can be divided into four main groups: kavalactones, flavokavains, chalcones, and other compounds.

Kavalactones are the most ac�ve and studied group of compounds in kava. They are responsible for the seda�ve, anxioly�c, and euphoriant effects of kava. There are 15 kavalactones iden�fied in kava, but the most important ones are kavain, dihydrokavain, methys�cin, dihydromethys�cin, yangonin, and desmethoxyyangonin. Kavalactones make up about 3% to 20% of the dry weight of kava roots.

Flavokavains are a group of chalcones that are unique to kava. They have an�inflammatory, an�oxidant, and an�cancer proper�es. Flavokavains A, B, and C are the most abundant flavokavains in kava, and they account for about 0.5% to 2% of the dry weight of kava roots.

Chalcones are a group of flavonoids that are also found in kava. They have an�bacterial, an�fungal, and an�viral ac�vi�es. The most common chalcones in kava are 4-methoxy5,7-dihydroxy-6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl) chalcone and 4-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxy-6-(3methylbut-2-enyl) flavanone.

Other compounds of kava include various alkaloids, phenolic acids, terpenes, and steroids. They have minor or unknown effects on kava’s pharmacology. Some examples of these compounds are pipermethys�ne, piperine, piperidine, cinnamic acid, and sitosterol.

Lavender – The scien�fic name of Lavender is Lavandula angus�folia Lavender is a fragrant herb that has been used for centuries for its medicinal and cosme�c purposes. Lavender tea is an herbal infusion made from the dried buds of the lavender plant. It has a soothing aroma.

Some of the health benefits of lavender are: It may help reduce anxiety and depression. Lavender tea has calming proper�es that may improve mood and mental well-being. A study found that new mothers who drank and smelled lavender tea for two weeks reported less fa�gue and depression than those who did not.

Lavender contains types of flavonoids, such as luteolin, apigenin, and querce�n, which have an�-inflammatory and an�oxidant proper�es.

Lavender has a calming effect on the brain by influencing the ac�vity of GABA and glutamate, two neurotransmiters that regulate mood, stress, and anxiety. Several studies have shown that lavender can reduce the symptoms of anxiety disorders and improve well-being.

Lavender can affect -

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Serotonin, which is involved in mood, sleep, and appe�te regula�on. Studies have shown that the smell of lavender can increase serotonin levels, leading to a feeling of wellbeing and improved mood.

GABA, which is the main inhibitory neurotransmiter that reduces brain ac�vity and anxiety. Lavender oil can bind to the receptors on the cells that receive GABA and enhance its effect.

Dopamine, which is involved in mo�va�on, reward, and pleasure. Lavender oil can s�mulate the produc�on of dopamine in the brain, which can have a posi�ve impact on mood and behavior.

Lavender can also reduce the amount of cor�sol, the hormone associated with stress, in the body. Lavender oil and its major components, linalool and linalyl acetate, are used in aromatherapy to help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. People who consumed lavender tea twice a day for two weeks had beter sleep quality and less insomnia than those who did not.

Lavender is a plant that belongs to the genus Lavandula, which contains over 400 types of lavender worldwide. Lavender is known for its aroma�c and medicinal proper�es, which are mainly derived from its essen�al oil. Lavender essen�al oil is a complex mixture of phytochemicals, including: Linalool and linalyl acetate: These are the main components of lavender oil, accoun�ng for about 40% and 30% of the oil respec�vely. They are responsible for the floral and sweet scent of lavender, and have an�-inflammatory, an�sep�c, and seda�ve effects.

1,8-cineole: This is a monoterpene that has a camphor-like smell and a cooling sensa�on. It is also found in eucalyptus, rosemary, and tea tree oils. It has an�bacterial, an�viral, and expectorant proper�es. β-ocimene: This is another monoterpene that has a citrusy and herbaceous aroma. It is also found in basil, mint, and citrus fruits. It has an�-inflammatory, an�fungal, and insec�cidal effects.

Terpinen-4-ol: This is a monoterpenol that has a woody and spicy smell. It is also found in tea tree, marjoram, and thyme oils. It has an�microbial, an�-inflammatory, and an�oxidant effects.

Camphor: This is a ketone that has a strong and penetra�ng smell. It is also found in camphor laurel, rosemary, and sage oils. It has analgesic, an�spasmodic, and decongestant effects.

Other minor cons�tuents of lavender oil include α-pinene, limonene, 3-octanone, caryophyllene, and lavendulyl acetate. These compounds contribute to the diversity and complexity of lavender oil’s aroma and pharmacological ac�vi�es.

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Lemon Balm – The scien�fic name of Lemon Balm is Melissa officinalis Lemon balm is an herb with a mild lemon scent that has been used for various purposes since ancient �mes. The Greek polymath Theophrastus men�oned it as “bee-leaf” in his Historia Plantarum, writen in c. 300 BC, because it atracted bees and enhanced honey produc�on. The Romans and the Greeks used it as a medicine for wounds, insect bites, diges�ve problems, and nervous disorders. The Carmelite nuns in the 14th century created Carmelite Water, an alcoholbased extract of lemon balm and other herbs, that was used as a perfume and a tonic.

Charlemagne, the emperor of the Franks and the Romans in the 8th and 9th centuries, ordered it to be planted in all the monastery gardens for its beauty and fragrance, and for its reputed ability to promote youth. Nicholas Culpeper, a 17th century English herbalist, stated that lemon balm “causeth the mind and heart to become merry”, and recommended it for anxiety and stress. Paracelsus, a 16th century Swiss physician and alchemist, made a tonic of lemon balm called primum ens melissae, which he claimed could renew youth and vitality. The early colonists brought lemon balm and its seeds to the New World in the 17th century and used it as a culinary and medicinal herb.

Some of the benefits of lemon balm are: It may help reduce stress and anxiety. Lemon balm has calming proper�es that may improve mood and mental well-being.

It may boost cogni�ve func�on. Lemon balm may enhance memory, aten�on, and problem-solving skills.

It may promote beter sleep. Lemon balm may help people relax and fall asleep faster. It may also improve the quality and dura�on of sleep.

This herbal seda�ve should not be used by those with hypothyroidism as it inhibits the thyroid and is used to treat hyperthyroidism.

Some of the cons�tuents of lemon balm include: The main components of lemon balm oil are linalool and linalyl acetate, which have calming and an�-inflammatory effects. Other components include citronellal, citral, and eugenol, which have an�bacterial and an�viral effects.

Lemon balm has several flavonoids, such as querce�n, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin, which have an�-inflammatory, an�allergic, and an�cancer effects.

Tannins can help heal wounds, reduce bleeding, and treat diarrhea. Lemon balm has several tannins, such as rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid, which also have an�oxidant and an�-inflammatory effects.

Lemon balm has several terpenes, such as β-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor, which have an�-inflammatory, an�fungal, and decongestant effects.

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St. John’s Wort - The scien�fic name for St John’s Wort is Hypericum perforatum St. John’s Wort is a flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae, and it has yellow flowers with black glands around their edges. St john’s wort has been used in tradi�onal medicine for various condi�ons, such as depression, anxiety, and wound healing. The name St John’s wort apparently refers to John the Bap�st, as the plant blooms around the �me of the feast of St. John the Bap�st in late June. The ancient Greeks used this herb to treat nervous condi�ons.

St. John’s Wort is commonly associated with its poten�al benefits for depression and it’s important to note that this herb also has mild seda�ve proper�es. It can be par�cularly useful for individuals who experience both depression and anxiety, as these two condi�ons o�en go hand in hand. St. John’s Wort has shown a lower risk of side effects compared to conven�onal an�depressants, making it an op�on worth considering for those who have milder forms of depression and want something to alleviate symptoms and improve mood.

It’s important to ensure that your pa�ent is not taking any an�depressants or an�psycho�c medica�ons, as combining St. John’s Wort with these medica�ons or other herbs and supplements that increase neurotransmiter levels may lead to a condi�on called serotonin syndrome.

Serotonin syndrome is a serious drug reac�on. It is caused by medica�ons that build up high levels of serotonin in the body. Serotonin is a chemical that the body produces naturally. It's needed for the nerve cells and brain to func�on. But too much serotonin causes signs and symptoms that can range from mild shivering and diarrhea to severe muscle rigidity, fever, and seizures. Severe serotonin syndrome can cause death if not treated.

Some of the health benefits of St. John’s wort are: It may help fight mild to moderate depression and anxiety by affec�ng the levels of certain brain chemicals, such as serotonin.

It may help relieve some symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, mood swings, and insomnia.

It may help reduce premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms, such as irritability, breast tenderness, and cramps.

It may have an�-inflammatory and an�oxidant proper�es that can protect the skin from damage and promote wound healing.

St. John’s Wort is a complex herb that contains many different chemical cons�tuents. Some of the major ones are: Hypericin and hyperforin are the two most studied compounds in St. John’s Wort. They are believed to be responsible for most of the herb’s an�depressant and an�viral effects.

Hypericin is a red pigment that gives the herb its characteris�c color. Hyperforin is a yellowish substance that has an�bacterial and an�-inflammatory proper�es.

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Flavonoids - Some of the flavonoids found in St. John’s Wort are querce�n, ru�n, kaempferol, and luteolin. They may also modulate the ac�vity of neurotransmiters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain.

Tannins - Some of the tannins found in St. John’s Wort are catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin, and gallocatechin.

Essen�al oils - Some of the essen�al oils found in St. John’s Wort are pinene, limonene, myrcene, and caryophyllene.

Catnip - The scien�fic name of Catnip is Nepeta cataria Catnip is a plant that belongs to the mint family. Catnip is a gentle nervine herb and a mild seda�ve. It is a species of the genus Nepeta in the family Lamiaceae, na�ve to southern and eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and parts of China. It is also known as catswort, catwort, and catmint.

Some of the possible health benefits of catnip are: Catnip has a calming effect on the brain by influencing the ac�vity of GABA and glutamate, two neurotransmiters that regulate mood, stress, and anxiety. Several studies have shown that catnip can reduce the symptoms of anxiety disorders and improve well-being.

Catnip can help improve sleep quality and quan�ty by enhancing the body’s circadian rhythms and ac�va�ng melatonin receptors. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and lowers the body temperature at night. Catnip can also be combined with valerian root, another herb that promotes sleep.

Catnip can help relieve stomach and intes�nal problems, such as indiges�on, cramps, gas, and diarrhea. It can act as a diure�c, increasing urina�on and thus decreasing water reten�on. It can also s�mulate appe�te and treat indiges�on.

Catnip has an�-inflammatory, an�microbial, and an�oxidant proper�es that can help heal wounds and prevent infec�ons. It can also reduce pain and swelling in the affected area.

Catnip contains nepetalactone, which is a compound that can bind to GABA receptors and enhance their effect, as well as inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, which is a neurotransmiter that promotes happiness and pleasure. Catnip can also reduce the release of glutamate, which is an excitatory neurotransmiter that can cause anxiety and stress. By modula�ng these neurotransmiters, catnip can help reduce anxiety, calm nerves, and improve sleep.

Some of the major chemical cons�tuents of catnip include: Nepetalactone and nepetalactol: These are the two most studied compounds in catnip.

They are responsible for the herb’s characteris�c scent and its ability to atract and s�mulate cats. They also have an�viral, an�bacterial, and an�-inflammatory proper�es.

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Flavonoids: Some of the flavonoids found in catnip are querce�n, ru�n, kaempferol, and luteolin.

Tannins: Some of the tannins found in catnip are catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin, and gallocatechin.

Essen�al oils: Some of the essen�al oils found in catnip are pinene, limonene, myrcene, and caryophyllene.

Valerian Root - The scien�fic name of valerian root is Valeriana officinalis Valerian is a plant that belongs to the family Caprifoliaceae and is na�ve to Europe and Asia. It is also known as all-heal, garden heliotrope, setwall, and vandal root. One of the more potent herbal seda�ves, valerian, is an excellent analgesic for those with chronic pain. Valerian has been used as a medicinal herb since ancient �mes, with historical references da�ng back to Hippocrates and Galen.

Some of the health benefits of valerian root are: It can help improve sleep quality and quan�ty by enhancing the body’s circadian rhythms and ac�va�ng melatonin receptors. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and lowers the body temperature at night. Valerian root can also be combined with other herbs, such as hops or lavender, that promote sleep.

It can help reduce anxiety and stress by influencing the ac�vity of GABA and glutamate, two neurotransmiters that regulate mood, stress, and anxiety. Several studies have shown that valerian root can reduce the symptoms of anxiety disorders and improve well-being.

It can help relieve stomach and intes�nal problems, such as indiges�on, cramps, gas, and diarrhea by ac�ng as a diure�c, increasing urina�on, and thus decreasing water reten�on. It can also s�mulate appe�te and treat indiges�on.

It can help heal wounds and prevent infec�ons by having an�-inflammatory, an�microbial, and an�oxidant proper�es that can reduce pain and swelling in the affected area.

Valerian root contains valerenic acid and valerenol, which can bind to GABA receptors and enhance their effect, as well as inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, which is a neurotransmiter that promotes happiness and pleasure. Valerian root can also reduce the release of glutamate, which is an excitatory neurotransmiter that can cause anxiety and stress. By modula�ng these neurotransmiters, valerian root can help reduce anxiety, calm nerves, and improve sleep.

Valerian root contains several ac�ve compounds: Vola�le oils, including valerenic acids and valenol.

Valepotriates, which are esters of short-chain faty acids.

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A few alkaloids: ac�nidine, cha�nine, shyanthine, valerianine, and valerene. These cons�tuents contribute to valerian’s seda�ve and anxioly�c effects.

Motherwort - The scien�fic name for motherwort is Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort is an herb that has been used for centuries for various health condi�ons, especially those related to the nervous system. Motherwort has been tradi�onally used to support heart health and treat various heart condi�ons. Motherwort works as a nervine by having seda�ve, an�depressant, and an�-anxiety effects on the brain and body.

Some of the possible benefits of motherwort are: It s�mulates the vagus nerve, which is responsible for regula�ng the heart rate, blood pressure, diges�on, and mood.

It contains amino acids that may modulate the levels of neurotransmiters like GABA and glutamate, which are involved in stress response and emo�onal regula�on.

It has leonurine, a compound that may reduce inflamma�on in the brain and improve mood.

It has flavonoids, sterols, and tannins, which have an�oxidant proper�es and may protect the brain cells from oxida�ve stress.

It may help lower heart rate and blood pressure.

It contains ursolic acid, leonurine, and flavonoids that have heart-protec�ve effects.

In studies motherwort extract exhibited an�arrhythmic effects, poten�ally lowering elevated heart rate.

It may help prevent or treat arrhythmias, which are irregular heartbeats that can cause serious complica�ons. Motherwort extract has shown an�arrhythmic effects in animal and test-tube studies.

Motherwort has been tradi�onally used to treat symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, anxiety, and mood swings. Motherwort may help balance endocrine hormones, reduce inflamma�on, and calm the nervous system.

Some of the chemical cons�tuents of motherwort are: Furanic diterpenes, such as leonurine and leonuridin Alkaloids, such as stachydrine, leonurinine, and leonuramine Sterols, such as beta-sitosterol and s�gmasterol Iridoids, such as leonuride, leocardin, and ajugol Flavonoids, such as querce�n, ru�n, and kaempferol Phenolic acids, such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid Triterpenes, such as ursolic acid and oleanolic acid

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Vola�le oils, such as citronellol, geraniol, and nerol. These compounds have various biological ac�vi�es, such as an�oxidant, an�-inflammatory, an�spasmodic, cardiotonic, hypotensive, and uterotonic effects.

Motherwort is rich in minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron.

Skullcap - The scien�fic name for skullcap is Scutellaria Skullcap is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, that includes about 350 species worldwide. Some of the common varie�es of skullcap are American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora), Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis), and Lesser skullcap (Scutellaria minor).

Skullcap is used in tradi�onal medicine and herbal supplements for various purposes, such as calming the nervous system, improving sleep quality, and relieving anxiety. It is a biter, cooling, seda�ve herb that is best used for anxiety, fear, and restless sleep and is also thought to lower blood pressure.

Some of the other possible health benefits of skullcap include: Skullcap has anxioly�c (an�-anxiety) effects. It can help reduce symptoms of stress and anxiety. The ac�ve compounds baicalin and baicalein bind to the GABA-A receptor, promo�ng relaxa�on.

As a nervine herb, skullcap supports beter sleep. It nourishes and restores the nervous system, making it effec�ve for sleep issues.

Skullcap’s ability to relax the central nervous system can provide mild pain relief.

Skullcap is a plant that contains many chemical compounds, especially flavonoids. Flavonoids are a group of plant pigments that have an�oxidant, an�-inflammatory, and other health benefits.

Some of the main flavonoids in skullcap are: Baicalin and baicalein: These compounds have an�-inflammatory, an�bacterial, an�viral, and an�cancer effects. They also modulate the ac�vity of GABA, a neurotransmiter that regulates mood and anxiety.

Wogonin and wogonoside: These compounds have an�-inflammatory, neuroprotec�ve, and an�cancer effects. They also inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), which breaks down neurotransmiters like serotonin and dopamine.

Oroxylin A and scutellarein: These compounds have an�-inflammatory, an�oxidant, and an�cancer effects. They also affect the ac�vity of dopamine, a neurotransmiter involved in movement, mo�va�on, and reward.

Other cons�tuents of skullcap include apigenin, 3,5,7,2’,6’-pentahydroxyl flavanone, glycyrrhe�nic acid, liquiri�genin, isoliquiri�genin, and ononin. These compounds may also have various biological ac�vi�es, such as modula�ng estrogen receptors, inhibi�ng histamine release, and enhancing immune func�on.

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German or Roman Chamomile - Matricaria chamomilla or Chamaemelum nobile There are two main types of chamomiles that are used for herbal tea and remedies: German chamomile and Roman chamomile. The scien�fic name for German chamomile is Matricaria chamomilla, and the scien�fic name for Roman chamomile is Chamaemelum nobile. Both plants belong to the aster family (Asteraceae) and have similar flowers, but they differ in their growth habits, leaf shapes, and chemical composi�ons.

Chamomile is a plant that has been used for centuries as a natural remedy for various health condi�ons, especially those related to the nervous system. One of the oldest herbs on record, chamomile is a great mild seda�ve and diges�ve biter.

Some of the possible health benefits of chamomile are: Chamomile contains terpenoids and flavonoids, which act as an�oxidants. These compounds help fight oxida�ve stress and inflamma�on.

Chamomile tea or infused oil can ease anxiety and promote relaxa�on. Its seda�ve effects make it useful for trea�ng insomnia.

Chamomile soothes inflamed mucous membranes in the diges�ve tract, aiding issues like indiges�on, diarrhea, and acid reflux.

Chamomile can be applied to slow-healing wounds, including skin erup�ons and infec�ons.

Chamomile tea is widely used to treat sleep disorders due to its calming effect.

Chamomile is a plant that like all herbs contains many chemical cons�tuents, some of which have medicinal proper�es.

The main compounds found in chamomile are: Flavonoids: Some of the flavonoids in chamomile are apigenin, querce�n, patule�n, and luteolin.

Coumarins: Some of the coumarins in chamomile are umbelliferone, herniarin, and scopole�n.

Vola�le oils: Some of the vola�le oils in chamomile are bisabolol, farnesene, and chamazulene.

Terpenes: Some of the terpenes in chamomile are alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and limonene.

Organic acids: Some of the organic acids in chamomile are caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and salicylic acid.

Polysaccharides: Some of the polysaccharides in chamomile are arabinogalactans, glucans, and pec�ns.

Do not recommend chamomile tea to pa�ents who experience ragweed or seasonal allergies. If a pa�ent has a history of seasonal allergies, it’s important to approach the consump�on of 17 | P a g e

chamomile tea or any herbal remedy with cau�on. Allergies can vary among individuals, and some may be sensi�ve to specific herbs like chamomile.

Sage – The scien�fic name for sage is Salvia officinalis Sage is a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae) and na�ve to the Mediterranean region. Sage has a long history of medicinal use. The word “sage” also means “wise” or “a wise person” and is derived from the La�n word “salvus”, meaning “to be in good health” or "to save".

Sage was likely used in ancient Egypt to treat stomach ailments, toothaches, and asthma. It was even listed in the Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC) as a remedy for itching. Sage was a tradi�onal herbal remedy in ancient Greece and Rome. It was valued for its styp�c (stops bleeding) proper�es, as well as its effects on menstrua�on. Charlemagne, during the early Middle Ages, recommended cul�va�ng sage. Monasteries grew it in their gardens, recognizing its value for both food and healing. The Romans referred to sage as the “holy herb” and employed it in their religious rituals.

Sage is an excellent nervine with many benefits for the nervous system, such as calming, relaxing, and restoring. Sage can help with stress, anxiety, fear, trauma, and exhaus�on. Some of the nervine benefits of sage are: It can reduce nervousness, anxiety, and fear.

It can rebuild the nervous system a�er long-las�ng trauma and restore the integrity of the emo�onal senses.

It can improve cogni�ve skills and protect against neurological disorders by enhancing an�oxidant defenses.

It can ease symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and night sweats, by mimicking the effects of estrogen in the brain.

Some of the main chemical cons�tuents of sage are: 1,8-cineole: A compound that gives sage its dis�nc�ve aroma and flavor. It has an�inflammatory, an�bacterial, and an�viral effects.

Camphor: A compound that has a cooling and refreshing sensa�on. It has an�sep�c, an�spasmodic, and analgesic effects.

Thujone: A compound that has a biter and minty taste. It has neurotoxic, an�convulsant, and insec�cidal effects.

Borneol: A compound that has a camphor-like odor and taste. It has an�-inflammatory, an�fungal, and an�oxidant effects.

Viridiflorol: A compound that has a woody and floral scent. It has an�microbial, an�fungal, and an�cancer effects.

Rosmarinic acid: A compound that has a sour and astringent taste. It has an�inflammatory, an�oxidant, and an�viral effects.

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Carnosic acid: A compound that has a biter and pungent taste. It has an�oxidant, an�inflammatory, and an�cancer effects.

Ursolic acid: A compound that has a waxy and biter taste. It has an�-inflammatory, an�diabe�c, and an�cancer effects.

Cramp Bark - The scien�fic name for Cramp bark is Viburnum opulus Cramp bark has a long history of use in various cultures and regions for its medicinal proper�es.

Some of the historical uses of cramp bark have been: The Na�ve American Meskwaki people used cramp bark to treat cramps and pains located anywhere in the body, whereas the Penobscot people used cramp bark to treat mumps and swollen glands.

Cramp bark was listed in the United States Pharmacopeia from 1894 to 1916, and in the Na�onal Formulary from 1916 to 1960 as a seda�ve and to ease muscle spasms.

Cramp bark was used by Na�ve American tribes as a natural remedy for relieving menstrual cramps and other types of spasms, as well as preven�ng miscarriage.

Cramp bark was used in Ukraine and Russia as a folk remedy for various gynecological disorders, including dysmenorrhea (painful periods) and ovarian cysts.

The benefits of cramp bark may include: Relieving pain from cramps, especially menstrual cramps, by relaxing muscles and blood vessels.

Preven�ng kidney stones by increasing the citrate content in urine.

Improving endometriosis by reducing inflamma�on and abnormal �ssue growth.

Preven�ng miscarriage by reducing uterine contrac�ons.

Trea�ng other condi�ons such as asthma, cold, hypertension, insomnia, and anxiety.

The chemical cons�tuents of cramp bark include: Cramp bark contains various chemical compounds that may contribute to its medicinal effects.

Some of the main cons�tuents of cramp bark are: Coumarins, such as scopole�n and coumarin, have an�-inflammatory, an�spasmodic, and blood-thinning proper�es.

Salicin, a precursor of salicylic acid, is the ac�ve ingredient in aspirin and has analgesic and an�-inflammatory effects.

Flavonoids, such as querce�n, kaempferol, and ru�n, which have an�oxidant, an�inflammatory, and vasodilatory effects.

Triterpenes, such as ursolic acid, have an�-inflammatory, an�viral, and an�cancer effects.

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Hydroxycoumarins, such as arbu�n and methylarbu�n, have an�bacterial and diure�c effects.

Caffeic acid deriva�ves, such as chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid, have an�oxidant, an�-inflammatory, and an�diabe�c effects.

Phenol carboxylic acids, such as valerianic acid, have seda�ve and an�spasmodic effects.

Tannins, such as catechins and proanthocyanidins, have astringent, an�oxidant, and an�microbial effects.

Viopudial, a sesquiterpene lactone, which has an�spasmodic and an�-inflammatory effects.

Polysaccharides, such as galacturonic acid, galactose, arabinose, mannose, and rhamnose, have immunomodulatory and an�-inflammatory effects.

Some of these compounds are more concentrated in certain parts of the plant, such as the bark, the fruit, or the flowers. For example, viopudial is only found in the bark, while arbu�n and methylarbu�n are mainly found in the fruit.

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How to choose the correct herb for your pa�ent’s needs Choosing the correct herb for your pa�ent’s health issue whether problems with sleeping, nervousness, anxiety, stress, and/or muscle �ghtness or spasm is predicated upon iden�fying the cause of the problem. Any of the herbs listed above can provide the benefit of general relaxa�on but will a specific herb address the root cause of the pa�ent’s problem? For example, if your pa�ent is going through menopause and having problems with nervousness, heart palpita�ons, and sleeplessness then you might consider recommending motherwort. If your pa�ent needs a general sleep aid and has no other health issues, then the recommenda�on might be for passionflower. If chronic stress is a complica�ng factor for your pa�ent, then you might consider an adaptogen like ashwagandha.

Always begin by recommending the mildest herbal nerve tonics first and only moving on to stronger herbal medicines if necessary.

The only serious side effects that I have seen clinically have been when pa�ents combine certain of these herbs, at high dosages, with alcohol consump�on.

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Contraindica�ons and Warnings: Always remember the first and most important rule of tradi�onal health care, “First, do no harm.”

Do not use any of the herbs listed in this booklet for pregnant women or women who may be pregnant.

Do not use any of the herbs listed in this booklet with mothers who are nursing.

Do not combine any of the herbs listed in this booklet with psychotropic prescrip�on drugs.

Do not combine any of the herbs listed in this booklet with prescrip�on drugs used for depression.

Do not combine any of the herbs listed in this booklet with prescrip�ons drugs prescribed for the same purposes or medical effects of the herbs listed in this booklet.

Do not combine any of the herbs listed in this booklet with drugs used to treat convulsions or seizures.

Do not combine any of the herbs listed in this booklet with over-the-counter sleep aids.

Do not combine any of the herbs listed in this booklet with alcohol consump�on.

Several of the herbs listed in this booklet can lead to cons�pa�on. Consider this when recommending an herb or formula�on and monitor the pa�ent’s bowel habits.

Some of the herbs listed in these classifica�ons can act as a blood thinning agent.

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Terminology Acetylcholine - Acetylcholine is a neurotransmiter, a chemical that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells. It is an excitatory neurotransmiter, meaning that it s�mulates nerve cells and plays a major role in learning and memory. It is also the chief neurotransmiter of the parasympathe�c nervous system, the part of the autonomic nervous system that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secre�ons, and slows heart rate. Acetylcholine can bind to two types of receptors: nico�nic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which trigger different effects in the body.

Coumarins - Coumarins are aroma�c compounds that have an�coagulant, an�-inflammatory, and an�microbial effects.

Essen�al Oils (Vola�le) - Essen�al oils are vola�le compounds that give herbs their aroma and some of their medicinal proper�es. These are aroma�c compounds that have an�spasmodic, seda�ve, and an�bacterial effects.

Flavonoids - Flavonoids are an�oxidants that protect the cells from oxida�ve stress and inflamma�on. Flavonoids are plant pigments that have an�oxidant, an�-inflammatory, and an�allergic effects.

GABA - GABA is a neurotransmiter that inhibits neuronal ac�vity and promotes relaxa�on.

Glutamate - Glutamate is an amino acid that is used to make proteins and perform other func�ons in the body. It is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmiter in the brain, meaning that it s�mulates nerve cells and plays a major role in learning and memory. Glutamate can exist in two forms: the free amino acid form, called glutamic acid, and the charged form, called glutamate. The charged form can bind to different receptors on nerve cells and trigger different effects.

Melatonin - Melatonin is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in your brain. It helps regulate your sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythm, which are the natural paterns of your body’s ac�vi�es in a 24-hour period. Melatonin levels are higher at night and lower during the day, depending on the amount of light you are exposed to. Melatonin supplements are some�mes used to treat insomnia, jet lag, or other sleep disorders.

NRF2, NQO1, HO1 - NRF2, NQO1, and HO1 are three genes that encode proteins involved in the cellular response to oxida�ve stress. They are part of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which is a poten�al therapeu�c target for various diseases.

NRF2 stands for nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, a transcrip�on factor that regulates the expression of many an�oxidant and detoxifying genes.

NQO1 stands for NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, an enzyme that catalyzes the reduc�on of quinones, which are toxic compounds generated by oxida�ve stress.

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HO1 stands for heme oxygenase 1, an enzyme that degrades heme, a pro-oxidant molecule, and produces biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide, which have an�-inflammatory and cytoprotec�ve effects.

These three proteins work together to protect the cells from oxida�ve damage and inflamma�on, and modulate various cellular processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, and angiogenesis.

Organic acids – Organic acids are carboxylic acids that have astringent, an�sep�c, and an�inflammatory effects.

Polysaccharides - Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates that have immunomodulatory, an�-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects.

Tannins - Tannins are polyphenols that have astringent and an�sep�c effects.

Terpenes - Terpenes are organic compounds that have diverse biological ac�vi�es. These are hydrocarbon compounds that have an�-inflammatory, an�sep�c, and an�fungal effects.

Xanthohumol (XN) - Xanthohumol (XN) is a natural product found in the female inflorescences of Humulus lupulus, commonly known as hops. It also occurs in beer and contributes to the biterness and flavor of hops. This prenylated flavonoid is synthesized in the glandular trichomes of hop cones and belongs to a class of compounds with diverse biological features, including an�-inflammatory, an�-cancer, an�oxidant, and an�-diabe�c ac�vi�es. Xanthohumol is a bioac�ve compound that has garnered interest for its poten�al health benefits.

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Other books by this author:

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About the Author: Dr. Gregory T. Lawton is an author of many books, most of them in health science, but also in the genre of healing arts, mar�al arts, philosophy, and poetry. Dr. Lawton is a licensed chiropractor, naprapath, and acupuncturist as well as na�onally board cer�fied in physiotherapy and radiology.

Dr. Lawton has studied and researched herbal medicine since 1970 and is a master herbalist. He has prac�ced herbal medicine for over 50 years and taught herbal medicine for over 40 years.

Dr. Gregory T. Lawton has studied and trained in the Asian healing and mar�al arts such as Jujitsu, Kenpo, Dao Yin, Chi Kung and Tai Chi Chuan since the early 1960’s. Dr. Lawton’s main and most noted Asian mar�al art instructor was Professor Huo Chi-Kwang. Professor Huo was a renowned Chinese scholar, ar�st, and calligrapher who served as Taiwan's ambassador to France and the Va�can.

Copyright, February 2024

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