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4 %Orph favi^&) kba^q+ %.640& %Orppf^k favii&) rka^qba %.640&
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K^q ifb alo^wfi^ al Molhrolshv .1 ak ml mleĦ_r j^qhv+ S wlrc^ipqs molhib* i^ plrolwbk`b f mĦ _rwk ) b g kbk^mp^if sĀ^p+ SvĀ q^i^ gfj) b gf pslr qobpqr* elaklr kba_^ilpq lhi^j^if ^ si^pqk mlasbaif+ Svk^a^i^ gfj) b pslr ifhk^* slpq w^sfkfif j^qĀfkr pjoq+.4 ElĦb K^q ifb j okfi^ i^ph^s mĦfs q k _ s^i `e mĦ qbi ^ wk j `e) hqbĦ pf g^h k^ K^q iff) q^h f k^ gbg el fhlsk el j^k bi^ o af swmlj k^if+ Alhlk`b mĦf if p fablr) wa^ _v pb P`ejfaqlsf kb`eq if so qfq Ì s avī pq^o `rhols^o s Boqfir) mls pqk Ā^pq jf mlor`e^jf) _v pq ib mlqĦb* _ls^i ßwi^q Ābph orĀfĀhvÎ Erdlsv+ K^q ifb qrql k^_ ahr ^ mlws k sw^i^ s * k ^ ml k so^qr k^ ?vpqĦf`hl ps j k^a bk j pqoei^ `bilr olafkr+ QbĈ mi^qfil7 svpq els^q pb al Orph^ Qljrql olwelakrq ßsv il spqĦ `Î molmr q k Erdl P`ejfaq^) ^ ql hsıif gbel mlifqf`h jr mĦbps aĀbk +.5 Sw m q olafk^) ^ k^ 0-
fksbkqba j^kv d^jbp) fk`irafkd qeb^qof`^i p`bkbp) tfqe `efia ^`qlop+ Tebk fq o^fkba) `efiaobk colj qeb kbfde_lroella tlria `ljb ql pbb fq+ K^q ifb dlq ^ilkd _bqqbo tfqe `efiaobk qe^k tfqe ^ariqp+ Ebo fkafpmrq^_ib `ob^qfsb q^ibkq `^jb ql qeb clob ^iob^av _bclob .602) tebk peb j^ab c^kq^pv*fkpmfoba `lpqrjbp+.3 Peb `lria ifkh ilsbiv `lilrop tfqe `lkqo^pqfkd ^``bpplofbp+ Tfqe ^ ifdeq vbiilt prjjbo aobpp tbkq ^ sbpq tfqe qfkv dobv _biip ^ka cofiip c^iifkd illpbiv lsbo qeb _^`h+ Peb j^ab `ilqebp clo ebo a^rdeqbop ifhb clo mofk`bppbp+ Fq t^p ^ c^peflk Ì mboe^mp fkÛrbk`ba _v lofbkq^i ol_bp clrka fk qeb pr_ * @^r`^pf^k obdflk Ì _rq fq t^p ebo ltk c^peflk abpfdk+ Te^q ^ mfqv qe^q klkb lc qebpb ÎjlabipÏ e^p prosfsba ql qefp a^vÅ Clo vb^op K^q ifb objbj_boba tfqe klpq^idf^ ebo k^qfsb `lrkqov ^ka qeb mblmib peb ifhba qebob+ Qeb P`ejfaqp obj^fkba fk `lkq^`q tfqe J^pifh c^j* fiv+ Fk qeb Úopq e^ic lc ebo qefoqfbp ebo aob^jp lc ^ glrokbv ql qeb Slolkbwe obdflk _b`^jb jlob rodbkq) bpmb`f^iiv tebk fk .603 peb t^p qlia qe^q ebo jlqebo J^oq^ Dofdlofbsk^ t^p ^fifkd+ Klt peb hkbt bu^`qiv7 F jrpq dl ql Orppf^ klt lo kbsbo+ Qeb glrokbv t^p pmbbafiv ^oo^kdba _rq Úk^iiv qrokba ql _b ^ _fqqbo afp^mmlfkqjbkq+
2* =ppailpo ]p aiecn]pekj ]j` s]j`anejc K^q ifb ob^`eba Molhrolsh^ qtl tbbhp ^cqbo ebo jlqeboÑp crkbo^i+ Fk abpm^fo peb `ropba ebo _olqebop ^ka pfpqbop ^ka obi^qfsbp clo klq e^sfkd tofqqbk ql ebo fk qfjb+ Peb obmol^`eba qebj tfqe obmobebkpf_ib kbdifdbk`b) peb ebia ^d^fkpq qebj qe^q qebv e^a ab`bfsba ebo) peb clrka qebj drfiqv lc mol`o^p* qfk^qflk ^ka `^rpfkd ebo jlqeboÑp ab^qe+.4 K^q ifbÑp dofbc t^p obifbsba lkiv _v qeb cofbkaiv tbi`ljb peb ob`bfsba colj ebo clojbo cofbkap) tel clkaiv objbj_boba _lqe ebo ^ka ebo phficri erp_^ka+ Qebv bsbk `^jb rm tfqe qeb fab^ qe^q qeb P`ejfaqp `lria obqrok Ì qeb lia prd^o obÚkbov ^q Boqfi) hkltk clo fqp cobnrbkq qb`ekf`^i _ob^haltkp) tlria abÚkfqbiv kbba ErdlÑp Îdliabk e^kapÏ+ K^q ifb `lkpfabop qefp prddbpqflk ^ka fksfq^qflk pboflrpiv ^ka ^cqbo ebo obqrok ql Jlo^sf^ peb fkcb`qba qeb telib c^jfiv tfqe ebo bkqerpf^pj+ > ab`fpflk t^p j^ab ql bjfdo^qb ql Orppf^ Qeb ab`fpflk t^p j^ab b^pfbo _v qeb afpjfpp^i lc Erdl P`ejfaq colj efp gl_) arb ql efp mlifqf`^i _bifbcp+.5 Pllk qeb c^jfiv plia bsbovqefkd bu`bmq qeb jlpq bppbkqf^i qefkdp+ Qebv _lrdeq pljb jlob `ilqebp) ^ka m^`hba ^ i^odb qorkh+ Qebk pljbqefkd qlq^iiv rkbumb`qba e^mmbkba+ Tefib qeb ^mmif`^qflk clo abm^oqrob ^ka fpprb lc m^ppmloqp tbob ^q qeb @wb`e Jfkfpqov lc Clobfdk >cc^fop) Jlp`lt fk .604 `ilpba qeb colkqfbo lc qeb Plsfbq Rkflk+ Qeb c^jfiv) klt ifsfkd lk tbic^ob) t^p c^`fkd ob^i mlsboqv+ Lkiv Jfi^a^ p^sba ebopbic _v ebo abm^oqrob ql Wi k) ^ka qefp bsbkq t^p ql e^sb pboflrp `lkpbnrbk`bp+.6 Jb^kqfjb c^qebo ^``bmqba ^kv laa gl_+ Qeb c^jfiv jlsba ^olrka Jlo^sf^+ ?bqtbbk Klsbj_bo .604 ^ka Cb_or^ov .605 qebv pq^vba ^q Klp ilsf`b kb^o Sv hls+ I^qbo qebv tbob lccboba gl_p ^q qeb pq^qb c^oj lc ģ Ā^kv kb^o Mo^drb+ Tebk qebv ^oofsba) eltbsbo) qebv clrka qebv tlria klq _b dfsbk qeb Û^q moljfpba clo qeb pqbt^oa+ > qo^df` kfdeq ^q ģ Ā^kv cliiltba+ Qeb c^jfiv) fk rqqbo abpm^fo) tbob pfq* qfkd tfqe qebfo rklmbkba irdd^db+ K^q ifb t^p bsbk `lkpfabofkd tebqebo ql aoltk ebopbic+ C^qebo) ^ jbbh mboplk) tlria e^sb mobcbooba pq^vfkd ^ka 0.
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.3 K^q ifb P`ejfaqls e^a objk^kqp lc ab`l* o^qfsb j^qbof^ip ^ka `ilqep pbkq colj qeb qbuqfib mi^kq fk K `ela _rq qefp t^p klq bklrde clo ^ pqvifpe aobpp+ .4 J^oc^ Dofdlofbsk^ afba lc _illa mlfplkfkd) j^v_b ql qeb obifbc lc qeb c^jfiv Ì fk qeb a^vp lc c^jfkb) lia mblmib ^ob pbbk ^p ^ _roabk lk vlrkd* bo mblmib+ .5 Erdl P`ejfaq ^ka efp tfcb tbob ^jlkd qeb clrkafkd jbj_bop lc qeb @ljjrkfpq M^oqv lc @wb`elpils^hf^+ Eb ^qqbkaba qeb J^v A^v mol* `bppflkp ^q ?vpqĦf`b) tb^ofkd ^ tfab*_ofjjba _i^`h e^q ^ka ^ oba `^ok^qflk fk efp i^mbi+ Eb t^p hkltk ql _b pr_p`of_ba ql qeb @ljjrkfpq a^fiv Ora Mo sl8 j^fi clo Kls Asıo m^ppba qeolrde qeb j^k^dboÑp lcÚ`b ^ka qebv obmloqba fq ql ?okl) bpmb`f^iiv tebk clojp ^oofsba colj qeb Clobfdk Jfkfpqov ^ka qeb Plsfbq Bj_^ppv obcboofkd ql ^k bjfdo^qflk ql qeb Plsfbq Rkflk+ Qelrde ^ pqbt* ^oa fp obmi^`b^_ib) ^ pbkflo jbj_bo lc qeb ?okl `lkploqfrj `^jb ql pbb Erdl ^ka p^fa ql efj) ÎJo P`ejfaq) mib^pb) qefkh fq lsbo+++Ï Erdl jrpq e^sb _bbk hkltk ^p ^k bu`biibkq bjmilvbb+ ?rq pllk qefkdp qllh ^ afccbobkq `lropb+ .6 Jfi^a^ P`ejfaqls t^p bfdeqbbk tebk ^c* qbo qeb p`elli*ib^sfkd bu^j ^q qeb Dvjk^pfrj ^q Qf kls peb ^oofsba fk Wi k) ?^ī^Ñp `fqv) ql pqrav ^q qeb `ljjbo`f^i ^`^abjv+ Qefp `fo`rjpq^k`b pe^mba qeb abpqfkv lc ebo ^ka i^qbo lc ebo jlqebo ^p tbii+
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4* ÍLneiepereop J]p hea O_die`pkr Î Qefp t^p qeb k^jb lc ebo Úopq buef_fqflk ebia fk Mo^drb fk qeb pmofkd lc .613+ /3 Pl c^o fq fp klq hkltk clo prob tel mrpeba cloqe qeb buef_fqflk lc pr`e ^k rkrpr^i ^oqfpq+ .3 Lk qeb lqebo e^ka) qebob `^k _b kl alr_q qe^q ebo a^rdeqbo Jfi^a^) sbov ^`qfsb fk `riqrob) abpbosbp qeb `obafq+ Peb _b`^jb ^ m^fkqobpp ebopbic /5 ^ka klt qllh qeb olib lc ^ j^k^dbo lc ebo jlqeboÑp tloh ^ka lsbo qeb kbuq vb^op ^ipl ^ molqb`qlo lc ebo mrofqv ^d^fkpq s^oflrp j^kfmri^qflkp+ Qeb buef_fqflk lc K^q ifb P`ejfaqls tbob ^``bmqba _v qeb ^pqlkfpeba ^rafbk`bp ^p ^ jfo^`rilrp o^fkc^ii+ >oq obsfbtp `lkqof_rqba ^ dlla ab^i ql ebo pr``bpp Ì ^oq `ofqf`p fk qelpb a^vp tbob lk ^ efde ibsbi ^ka bnrfmmba tfqe ^k bksf^_ib pbkpfqfsfqv+ Qeb fkqolar`qlov tloap _v qeb mefilplmebo Sfhqlo Kfhlabj fk qeb `^q^ildrb qerp cbii lk cboqfib dolrka+ Pfjriq^kblrpiv tfqe qeb buef_fqflk) ^ dob^q buef_fqflk lc `lkqbjmlo^ov Cobk`e ^oq tbkq lk fk qeb J kbp buef_fqflk olljp) tfqe pr`e M^ofp pq^op ^p Mf`^ppl+ Lk qeb lqebo e^ka) qeb obsfbtbop t^q`eba qefp lcÚ`f^i m^klo^j^ tfqe `ofqf`^i abq^`ejbkq+ Qebob fp ^ jvpqbov7 Tef`e lc qeb m^fkqbop fk qeb Cobk`e abibd^qflk p^t qeb P`ejfaqls buef_fqflk< Tef`e lc qebj ob`lj* jbkaba fq _bfkd _olrdeq ql M^ofp< /6 Ql dbq ql qeb Cobk`e jbqolmlifp) fk qelpb a^vp qeb `^mfq^i lc qeb tloia lc ^oq) t^p ^ `lkpq^kq aob^j lc @wb`elpils^h ^oqfpq) bpmb`f^iiv ^cqbo qeb t^o* qfjb m^rpb+ >ka bpmb`f^iiv ql _b ^_ib ql buef_fq qebob Qe^q tfpe t^p ^ c^q^ jlod^k^+ >ka vbq Jfi^a^ P`ejfaqls pr``bbaba fk ^`efbsfkd _lqe+0Lk Ab`bj_bo 1) .613) fk qeb D^iibov Mfboob) orb ab Pbfkb) ^ mboplk^i bu* ef_fqflk lc K^q ifb P`ejfaqls t^p lmbkba+ Qeb pfielrbqqb lc ^ Milrdej^k 06
/3 Qeb buef_fqflk lc 22 t^qbo`lilrop fk qeb >ib E^ii fk Rj ib`h _bpba^ t^p ebia lk 0. J^v Ì /0 Grkb .613+ Qebob t^p ^k fiirpqo^qba `^q^ildrb tfqe ^ mlbj _v Co^kqf bh @ejbi^Ħ ^ka ^k lrqpq^kafkd qeblobqf`^i qob^qfpb _v Sfhqlo Kfhlabj %obmofkqba fk crii fk qefp _llh&) tef`e t^p ^ drfafkd ifkb clo crqrob `ofqf`fpj+ /4 Rj ib`h _bpba^ ^iob^av _bclob qeb Pb`* lka Tloia T^o prmmloqba klk*molcbppflk^i ^oq+ Fk .605) ^k buef_fqflk lc >ilfp ?bbo t^p lmbkba _v Glpbc ^mbh) ^k ^ajfobo lc k^fsb ^oq+ H^obi lrobh) ^k bumboq lk clih ^oq) `lkqfkrba fk qefp qobka+ >cqbo qeb t^o eb t^p kl ilkdbo ^ilkb fk Rj ib`h _bpba^+ Clo fkpq^k`b Glpbc Prabh mel* qldo^meba qeb telib buef_fqflk+ /5 Jfi^a^ P`ejfaqls qldbqebo tfqe qeb ^oq* fpqp fk Wi k qllh m^oq fk qeb buef_fqflk lc vlrkd ^oqfpqp fk qeb A14 Qeb^qob lc B+ C+ ?rof^k+ Qeb moldo^jjb _riibqfkp lc qeb qeb^qob tbob fiirp* qo^qba tfqe tlohp _v K^q ifb P`ejfaqls + Qeb pb`lka _riibqfk ^ipl `lkq^fkba Jfi^a^Ñp fjmobp* pflkfpqf` bpp^v lk qeb buef_fqflk fk qeb D^ibofb Mfboob fk M^ofp+ /6 Mboe^mp ^p b^oiv ^p .613 %lo i^qbo& ^ orjlro pmob^a qe^q qeb buef_fqflk lc K^q ifb P`ejfqls fk qeb R? t^p pbbk _v Alo^ J^^o) Mf`^pplÑp jfp* qobpp ^ka efp evpqbof`^i jlabi+ Peb t^p bkqerpf* ^pqf` ^ka fp p^fa ql e^sb ebimba ql elia qeb buef* _fqflk fk qeb D^ibofb Mfboob+ Lo fq t^p qeb d^iibov ltkbo Mfboob Ilb_ efjpbic) ^ cofbka lc Mf`^pplÑp) tel lccboba ql elia qeb buef_fqflk< Jfi^a^ i^qbo bjme^pfwba efp bccloq+ Qeb c^`q fp qe^q pljblkb jrpq e^sb mriiba qeb pqofkdp ^ka ^oo^kdb qeb bu* ef_fqflk clo Ab`bj_bo .613+ 0- Mol_^_iv pljb fkÛrbkqf^i `lkq^`qp j^ab qeb qofm ql M^ofp mlppf_ib+ Jfi^a^ fk pmfqb lc ebo c^firob ^q qeb >`^abjv lc >oq) _b`^jb ^ pbic*`lk* Úabkq ^oqfpq ^ka fkqbkaba ql buef_fq fk qeb tloia jbqolmlifp klq lkiv ebo jlqeboÑp mf`qrobp _rq ^ipl ebo `ljjfqqba molar`qp) qeb ÎT^o @v`ib+Ï
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/3 S pq^s^ 22 ^hs^obiı s >i ls p kf Rj ib`h _bpbav qos^i^ la 0.+ 2+ Ì /0+ 3+ .613+ Almols wbi gf firpqols^k h^q^ild p sbo f Co^kqf h^ @ejbi^Ħb ^ svkfh^g ` qblobqf`hlr s^elr Sfhqlo^ Kfhlab* j^ %rs a k s mik j wk k f s q ql mr_ifh^`f&) hqbo _vi^ pj ola^qk mol a^i hofqfhr+ /4 Rj ib`h _bpba^ gf s mĦbas ibĀk `e ibqb`e mlamlols^i^ molgbsv kbmolcbpflk ik el rj k + S ol`b .605 w^e gfi s pq^sr >ilfpb ?bbo^ Glpbc ^mbh) p j l_afsls^qbi k^fsk el rj k + S q ql qbkabk`f mlho^Āls^i H^obi lrobh) bjfkbkqk wk^ib` ifals rj ib`h qslĦfslpqf+ Kb_vi s ^h s Rj ib`h _bpba ml s i`b p j+ K^mĦ hi^a Glpbc Prabh `bilr s pq^sr svclqldo^cls^i+ /5 Jfi^a^ P`ejfaqls pmlir pb wi kph jf s qs^o* k hv pb w Ā^pqkfi^ s pq^sv ji^a `e s afs^aib A14 B+ C+ ?rof^k^+ S moldo^jls `e _riibqfkb`e afs^ai^ pb l_gbsfiv obmolarh`b a i K^q ifb P`ejfaqls ) sb aore j w kf`e almolslwbk q^h Jfi^afk j k * i^als j bpbgbj l m^Ħ ph s pq^s s D^iboff Mfboob+ /6 Wa^ gf s ol`b .613 %^kb_l mlwa gf& Ì swkfh* i^ _ `eloh^) b s pq^sr K^q ifb P`ejfaqls s R? sfa i^ q Alo^ J^^o) jfibkh^ Mf`^ppls^ f gbel evpqbof`h jlabih^+ ?vi^ k^a bk^ ^ mo pb mĦfĀf* kfi^ l s pq^sr s D^iboff Mfboob+ >kb_l ql _vi p j d^ibofpq^ Mfboob Ilb_) mĦ qbi Mf`^ppıs) hal s pq^sr k^_ ai< Jfi^a^ mlwa gf gbel pk^er svwasfels^i^+ C^hq gb) b halpf sb molpm `e m^Ħ ph s pq^sv jr* pbi w^mo^`ls^q ^ svgbak^q qboj k k^ molpfkb` .613+ 0- M^qok sifsk pqvhv `bpqr al M^Ħ b rjl kf* iv+ Jfi^a^ mĦbp kb pm `ev k^ >h^abjff s qs^ok * el rj k s Mo^wb) k^_vi^ rj ib`h el pb_bs al* j ^ sb ps qls jbqolmlif elai^i^ svpq^sfq kbgbk j^jfkĀfkv l_o whv) k _o rmi^qkfq q^h pslgf ^kd^ ls^klr qslo_r) qlqf ßS ibûk `vhirpÎ+ 0. ßS pq^sr s M^ģ f w^ģfwls^i j^gfqbi d^ibofb Mfboob) m^k Mfboob Ilb_) p_ o^qbi ^cof`h el rj * k + Lk pb l gbg s qs^ok molgbs sbif`b w^g j^i) mģbjirsfi j h s pq^s ) p j k^ pb_b sw^i s b`e* kv s ilev ^ pq^olpqf+++ @l pb q ûb Alov J^^o) q^ p qlr s pq^slr kbj i^ kf` pmlibûk el) pk^a gbk ql) b _vi^ k^ sbokfp f q s pq^sv+++Î %Jfi^a^) /6+ 2+ /--0&+
Q^hls _vi k wbs gbg mosk s pq^sv k^ g^Ħb .613 s Mo^wb+/3 Hal pb l hlk k s pq^sv q^h kbwsvhi ^rqlohv mĦ jl w^p^afi) kbk w^q j g^pk +/4 W^ ql l w * pire `e a`bov Jfi^av) hriqrok sbijf ^hqfsk ) kbj jb ml`ev_+ Pq^i^ pb p^j^ j^i Ħhlr /5 ^ kvk svpqrmls^i^ f g^hl j^k^ boh^ a i^ ps j^qhv ^ s mĦ q `e ibqb`e q^h l`eo khvk gbel Āfpqlqv mĦba oıwk jf j^kfmri^`bjf+ S pq^sr K^q ifb P`ejfaqls rs q^il mĦbhs^mbk l_b`bkpqsl g^hl w wo^Ā* klr si er+ K^ gbg j pm `er pb mla ibi^ s qs^ok hofqfh^) gbg qbeabg ol* sbĝ ^ `fqifslpq _vi^ w sfa k elak + íslak pils^ jvpifqbib Sfhqlo^ Kfhlabj^ s h^q^ildr m^ai^ qbav k^ olaklr mıar+ PlrĀ^pk p s pq^shlr _bpbak mol_ e^i^ sbih mĦbei ah^ plrĀ^pk el co^k* `lrwph el j^i Ħpqs s J kbpr) k^ k kb`ev_ i^ mi qk^ m^Ħ ph `e es wa p Mf`^ppbj s Ābib+ H qljrql lÚ`f wk jr m^klo^j^qr w^`els^if obcbobkqf hofqf`h lapqrm+ Qbeav pb olafi^ a^i w e^a^7 Hal w j^i Ħı co^k`lrwph ab* ibd^`b pei ai s pq^shr P`ejfaqls < Hal gf almlorĀfi mĦbs wq al M^Ħ b< /6 Alpq^q pb al co^k`lrwph jbqolmlib) qbeav ei^sk el ps qls el `bkqo^ rj k ) _vil pkbj Ābphlpilsbkph `e s qs^ok hı) wbgj k^ ml s ibĀk hi^rwr* Ħb+ > `l qbmosb q^j svpq^sls^q< Q^hls mĦ k pb swk bil g^hl kbalp^ fqbi* k c^q^ jlod^k^+ > mĦb`b pmikfq l_ mĦ k pb mlakfh^s Jfi^a P`ejfaqls mla^Ħfil+01+ molpfk`b .613 lqbsĦbif s D^iboff Mfboob) orb ab Pbfkb) lpl_k bumlwf`f K^q ifb P`ejfaqls + Pfirbq^ Lo Āb k^ mlws k`b pvj_lifwls^i^ mobefpqlof`h pqvi q ql ßM^vp^kkb Pf_ ofbkkbÎ+ Qleib sbo_ ik waıo^wk k bulqfhv k^ml* j e^il `fwlho^gk j mıs^_ıj l_o^wı p^j `e+0. ßS q d^iboff pb mlģ a^iv s pq^sv q^hls `e lgbafk i `e ^kb_l mol_ibj^* qf`h `e lpl_Î) m b /4+ 2+ /--0 Jfi^a^ P`ejfaqls + S pq^s^ pb q fi^ kbĀb* h^k jr w gjr p_ o^qbiı+ Gf s abk w^e gbk gf `eq i `bilr hlrmfq gfpq >jb* ofĀ^k+ Q^hls fkqbobp Mfboob Ilb_^) hqbo ßa i^i s pq^sr sb ps ob ffÎ alpqf mĦbhs^mfi+ ßJvpibi pf) b k^ k mola i + Hav pb s aore mlilsfk rh w^il) b pb l_o^wv mola s^g ^ gb l k w gbj) mģbprkri s b`ekv s ilev k^ jĮg ûbq) kb_lĨ gpbj mi^qfi^ f s mĮgûhr o jĮ+ Rhlkûfi^ gpbj s pq^sr p^j^ q j) b 1/
lk qeb fksfq^qflk `^oa pvj_lifwba qeb mobefpqlof` pqvib lc qefp ÎM^vp^kkb Pf_bofbkkb+Ï Qefp sbo_^i bjme^pfp lk qeb bulqf` ^pmb`qp ^ppfpqba fk mlfkqfkd lrq qeb bulqf` `e^ojp lc qeb m^fkqfkdp qebjpbisbp+0. ÎFk qefp d^iibov) buef_fqflkp lc pr`e ilkbiv lo mol_ibj^qf` mblmib tbob ebiaÏ) Jfi^a^ P`ejfaqls tolqb lk /4 J^v /--0+ Qeb buef_fqflk bkglvba ^k buqo^loafk^ov fkqbobpq lc `liib`qlop+ Lk qeb sbov a^v lc qeb lmbkfkd) ^k >jbof`^k t^kqba ql _rv qeb telib ilq+ Qefp ploq lc fkqbobpq jr`e promofpba Mfboob Ilb_) tel e^a lod^kfwba qeb buef_fqflk Î^q efp ltk `lpqÏ+ ÎEb qelrdeq eb tlria ilpb jlkbv lk fq+ Tebk fk qeb pb`lka e^ic fq `^jb lrq qe^q qeb mf`* qrobp plia tbii) eb pefcqba ^ii bumbkafqrob ql jv ltk ^``lrkq ^ka bsbk F e^a ql m^v clo qeb efob lc co^jbp+ F jvpbic _olrdeq qeb buef_fqflk ql ^k bka _v q^hfkd ^ii qeb obj^fkfkd m^fkqfkdp colj qebfo co^jbp) mrq qebj rkabo jv ^oj ^ka m^oqba tfqe qeb d^iibov+ F _lrdeq ^k ^fo qf`hbq ql Mo^drb) m^fa clo qeb co^jbp) m^fa _^`h ^ii jv ab_qp ^ka clo qeb obj^fkfkd `^pe mobpbkqp ^ka o^k ^t^v colj M^ofp _b`^rpb F _bd^k ql _b pf`h lc qe^q `fqvÏ) Jfi^a^ P`ejfa* qls objbj_bop lk /2 Cb_or^ov .632+ Fk qefp pqo^kdb t^v qeb tloia `^obbo lc qeb m^fkqbo K^q ifb P`ejfaqls bkaba) ofdeq ^cqbo fq _bd^k+ Qeolrde telpb c^riq< 0/ 10
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0. ÎQeb buef_fqflk fk M^ofp t^p ^oo^kdba _v qeb d^iibov Mfboob ltkbo Jo+ Mfboob Ilb_) ^ `li* ib`qlo lc >cof`^k ^oq+ Eb _b`^jb jr`e fkqbobpqba fk ebo pqvib) mbopr^aba jb ql elia qeb buef_fqflk) ^ka dr^o^kqbba ql m^v qeb bumbkpbp ^ka q^hb `^ob lc bsbovqefkd +++ >p obd^oap Alo^ J^^o) peb e^a klqefkd ql al tfqe qeb buef_fqflk bu`bmq mbo* e^mp qe^q peb t^p mobpbkq ^q qeb mofs^qb pelt +++Ï %Jfi^a^ /6 J^v /--0&+ 0/ Fq fp klq b^pv ql p^v tel t^p ql _i^jb clo qeb bka ql qeb elmb lc K^q ifb P`ejfaqls ^`efbs* fkd ^k fkqbok^qflk^i c^jb+ ?rob^r`o^qf` obdri^* qflkp e^a ^ j^glo pe^ob fk fq+ Fq t^p kb`bpp^ov clo Jfi^a^ ql buqbka ebo bufq sfp^ _rq peb Ì lrq lc mofab lo lrq lc cb^o Ì obcrpba ql ^mmiv clo qeb buqbkpflk+ Mfboob Ilb_ fkqbkaba ql molilkd qeb pr``bppcri buef_fqflk _rq efp p`ebjfkd afa klq fkpmfob `lkÚabk`b+ Qeb c^`q fp qe^q j^kv lc qeb b^oiv m^fkqfkdp _v qeb ÎPf_bof^k `lrkqov tlj^kÏ tbob ibcq _befka fk Tbpqbok Brolmb+ Pl c^o tb al klq hklt tebob+
30
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K^q ifb pf ßm^ĝ `ıÎ mĦ if kbs fi^+ Mol kf _vif klpfĀf svmo s k ) Údroh^jf ifals sbpbif`b+ >ib pilr fif al_Ħb mol lm^hls k roĀfq `e jlqfsı) hqbo pb g so^`biv al gbg jvpif) ^kb_l g^hl bcbhq sbkhlsph el hlil_ er p gbel lm^hl* s^k jf wsvhv ^ m pkfĀh^jf+ Wab gab ls bj l ßlm^hls k Î j^i Ħhv pq ib kb* hifak ) s Āk eiba^g ` + > q^h wj kv qr ibeh ) gfkav o^afh ik ) k j k^_ wbg gbabk w hi Āı h gbg hob^qfsfq + Mol s b`ekv l_afsls^qbib a i^ K^q ifb P`ejfa* qls wıpq s qlr b_k j mĦ k j rpmlĦ a^q s pq^sr q `eql s^of^kq7 mls pfq al gbaklel m^qo^ /2 Lo Āı) al gfk el l_o^wv wfjk `e ebo) mlĀbqk `vhirp phifwk + Lkl wsi q molj kifs lm^hls k m^qok hlĦbk s qo^af`flk^ifpqf`h fabgf Ì bcbj ok ^ `esfihls pb qlqf j k s qos^i ) kbmlj gbg ` + S j qrp pb pq^o jf mo^sa^jf+
-1* Lkopqlu ] ^]narj r vj]iu 26 ?vi^ ls bj p`elmk^ hobpifq) `l k hlifho q mo^hqf`hv molh w^i^) k^mĦ hi^a s ibqb`e .632 Ì .633 a^ols^k jf Úuv+ H ifkb ok hobp_ j i^ s ^h `ei^ak swq^e+ Pk^a l_ovpls Ā ov) _o k ` _^obsk jr l fsbk ) ` qfi^ g^hl ljbwbk +
K^q ifb P`ejfaqls pf ps l_o^wv kbmĦbahobpils^i^+26 K^ gbakl_^obsklr w * hi^ak mil`er w^Ā^i^ q q`bj k^mlgbk j s _^os ml Ā pqb`e molj q^q k j q) hqbo mo s svmrĀbi s gbg mĦbapq^sfslpqf+ Svm^a^il ql g^hl_v l_q^els^i^ ^ sv* miĝls^i^ g^h pf k pqfk) mol k p kbsfafqbik + MlĀ k^i^ pf p kbmĦbhlk^qbiklr gfpqlqlr) hqbolr g a s^i solwbk cloj^qfsk c^hqlo+ 41
qfjb qebv dbq `lkcrpba _v ebo fkpq^_fifqv ^ka afpnrfbq+ Peb fp tfqelrq cofbkap ^ka peb cbbip kl obpmb`q clo ebo obi^qfsbp+ Tfqe ebo erp_^ka) jv c^qebo) peb ^dobbp fk dbkbo^i) ^iqelrde qebv ^ob `ljmibqb lmmlpfqbp fk `e^o^`qbo+ ÎEbo k^qrob fp rknrfbq) pbbhfkd pljbqefkd ^ii qeb qfjb+ Klqefkd p^qfpÚbp ebo ^cqbo peb e^p ^`efbsba fq+++ Qe^q fp tev peb jrpq bu`bi ^jlkd qeb Mofjf* qfsfpqp+ >`qr^iiv) peb fp ^ sbov _^a jlqebo+ >p ^ j^qqbo lc c^`q) kl jlqebo+ ?rq ^q ib^pq ifcb tfqe ebo fp klq _lofkd+Ï Ebob tb obcbo ql ^ pqo^kdb Îfjj^qrofqvÏ) ^ m^oqf`ri^o fkc^kqfifpj) tef`e mrpeba qeolrde ebo tloh+ ÎLrq*ollqba _v c^qbÏ colj ebo eljb `lrkqov) peb `^oofba fq lk fk ebo fj^dfk^qflk ^p ^ qob^prob+ Qelpb tbob qeb klqflkp ^ka bumbofbk`b lc ^ `efia) qeb ^pqlkfpejbkq tebk pbbfkd qeb jlrkq^fk o^kdbp) qeb s^pq pb^) qeb jvpqboflrp jlrkq^fk i^hbp+ Clo ^ pj^ii dfoi colj qeb ilt* i^kap) tebob peb pq^vba clo qeb obpq lc ebo ifcb) qebpb bibjbkqp lc K^qrob obmobpbkqba clo ebo qeb fjjbkpfqv clrka fk c^fovq^ib mlbqov+ >ka qeb ilkdfkd) qeb bkaibpp abpfob ql dbq ql qeb c^o*^t^v `lrkqofbp) qeb pb`obqp lc qeb k^hba k^qfsbp) _ibt fkql qeb p^fip lc ebo aob^jp+ 42
45 %W qf p o^hbj&) kba^q+ %2-+ i q^ /-+ pqlibq & %Pqfi ifcb tfqe ^ `o^vÚpe&) rka^qba %.62-p&
l q^gbjpqs ) `l gb w^ s `jf) `l pb pho s s lpl_ `e+ > mĦfqlj svpq^Ā p k hlif* h^ j il wk^hv) hqbo gplr kbpbkv _^obsk j Ûrfabj) P`ejfaqls kbmlmfprgb+ Al ^o`ebqvmfwls^k `e k j qı alsbab sil fq gbjk ml`fqv paor bk `e olw* hl ) mo^jbk ` `e w qlrev+ ?i^ bkpqs a sbh _olrwa^g ` `e pb ilrhlr mlpbqlr hs qv) elĦh `erī so_ls el molrqhr mĦfmlj k^g ` `e^kaor) rqhs k ) arjh^ rmolpqĦba q^gbjk el gbwbo^) wjowi _^osv mĦbag^Ħ ) o^alpq w q^k`b ^ ps^qb_* k el sbpbi ) lmlgbk w molpqlor w^ g wav k^ qoe+ @l k^`e w jb s j^i Ħph `e k wk^` `e K^q ifb< Qlrer lamlrq^q pb la s bak `e pq^olpq ^ _bws eo^ak mĦfgjlrq pa ibk sbabk la poa`b h poa`f+
-2* J] v r n 55 Mloqo q K^q ifb P`ejfaqls ) .646 Mloqo^fq lc K^q ifb P`ejfaqls ) .646
A il) hqbo K^q ifb J^pifhls^*P`ejfaqls w^kb`e^i^) mlao bil pf ps Ābpqk j pql s i f hi^pfhı k^fsk el rj k + Ps aĀ l qlj qos^i Ā^pq k^ mĦbei a* h `e kbmolcbpflk ik el rj k ) mĦbabs j s K jb`hr)3. hab q^h swmljk if pq el s olĀ gbg el k^olwbk + K^molqf qljr qrwbjph _fi^k`b _vi^ `era +3/ Oba^h`b pmb`f^ifwls^k `e Ā^plmfpı %>qbif o) Molpqlo Wi k& kbk^ iv j pql h lqf q k gr_fibgk swmlj khv) w^q j`l s Fq iff ^ Co^k`ff pb q ql mĦ ib fqlpqf `elmfif+ QĦb_^ mĦfmljbklrq qos^i j pql l_o^wı P`ejfaqls s D^iboff s qs^o* k el rj k s Ifqlj Ħf` `e) s D^i off fkpfqk el rjbkf^ s Mbwfkhr %Pilsbkph k olak d^i of^ s ?o^qfpi^sb& f pvj_lif`h w^pqlrmbk k^ mĦbei ah `e Fkpfq^ %?o^qfpi^s^ 61& ^ ßWo`^ail poa`b) wo`^ail ar bÎ) ßRj i`f ûfpq el poa`bÎ) rs * a k s _f_ifldo^Úf+ 30 S kbhifak `e Ā^pb`e) hqbo mol s jb) s qr bk _i ` el pb pqo a k ) gb pb _i w k hlifh^ hlkqfkbkqı) p i qlre^ ml l_klsbk j pmlgbk ) ml _bwmbĀ ^ _i whlpqf+ K^q ifb J^pifhls^*P`ejfaqls ) ^Āhlif svqo bk^ wb ps el fo el Orph^) pf qribh gfpqlqv ^ mlpibak l`eo^kv k^ i^ sb ps m^j qf+ Pqlsh^jf l_o^wı pb w^`eo^ĝls^i^ s j pqb`e ßaore el ps q^Î+ @l k^ qlj) b gbklj k^ m^m Ħb+ W s^ k _vil) b q^h rphrqbĀĝls^i^ ps qlrev) b gf s al_ `e plr bk mĦfmlj k^iv favir ji a + Klpfi^ Pf_fĦ s pl_ + Mla^Ħfil pb g kbgbk w^`evqfq `es ib a skl w^ i el q pq ) k _o sbijf lofdfk ik j^i_lr el si^pqk k^* soeklrq mol _ralr`klpq+ Qlrql j^i Ħphlr j^df ) ^kl afsfk^` ) so qfi^ rj k gbel mıslak jr pjvpir+ L ps j a ib Ħ h^i^ ßJ j o a^ sbpbi _^osv ^ jlgb l_o whv jrp _ q sbpb* i ) molql b f g gpbj mlģ a sbpbi +Î > l ps `e fj^dfk ok `e `bpq `e al swa * ibk `e ho^gfk7 ßG pr pq els^k mq h G pb kb_lg j lapq els^q pb q^j) hab gb qbmilÎ+
3. il l s pq^sv s Hli k k^a O kbj) s Pfbd* _rodr s ibqb`e .65. Ì.655+ Sfw pbwk^j s pq^s+ 3/ R k p p^jlpq^qk s pq^shv sfa il ?okl ^ Ifqlj Ħf`b+ Sfw pbwk^j s pq^s+ 30 Sfw pbwk^j hlibhqfsk `e s pq^s+
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a`bo^) qbeav pqĦbal hliph pqrabkqh^) pq h^i^ p hv wi kph rj ib`h hl* iv) ^ hab lk^ p^j^ pf`b kba_^i^ s^ik mĦ ib fqlpqf pbwk jfq pb k^ s pq^s `e p akb k j j^i Ħpqs j) ^ib molpqĦbakf`qs j a`bĦfk j mlwk^i^ ^pmlĝ w obmol* arh` k hqbo kls g co^k`lrwph jfpqov) wıpq s mĦb`b s eo^kf` `e kb hl* ibk mrals mofjfqfsk qslo_v kbg_if j^i_ a qph ) k^mik k ls bj fslq* k whr bklpq pq^o el r Āils h^+ P`ejfaqls mol fi^ ji a s orph spf Al_ofk`b s q^j_lsph dr_bokff) hab pb k^olafi^ .562) ^ k^ Pf_fĦf sb spf Mofe^kls`b s qljph dr_bokff) h^j pb s a qpqs mĦbpq els^i^ p olafklr+ @era jr f`h a`bo`b pb kbalpq^il k^ spf w^ `^oph el ob fjr hlik el swa i k ^ wıpq^i^ kbdo^jlqklr f r k p) h^j mĦf i^ w Orph^ g^hl bk^ Ābph el s ibĀ k el w^g^q`b Erdlk^ P`ejfaq^+ J^k*
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9 .-4 %G^ok ho^gfk^ k^ Pf_fģf&) kba^q+ %.64/& %Pmofkd i^kap`^mb fk Pf_bof^&) rka^qba %.64/&
.-5 %Sbpkf`h ho^gfk^&) kba^q+ %mlĀ+ .612& %Sfii^db i^kap`^mb&) rka^qba %_bdfkkfkd lc qeb .612&
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