Amber Books Spring 2017 Catalogue by Gunnar Lie & Associates

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BOOKS SPRING CATALOGUE 2017

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UK & IRELAND

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EXPORT SALES & MARKETING LORIE & MICHAEL OCAMPO TERRITORIES: Korea, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, China, Hong Kong ADDRESS: Lorie Ocampo Marketing Services for Publishers 57 STA Teresita, Kapitolyo, Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 635 3592 Fax + 63 2 635 3593 E-mail: lorieocampo78@gmail.com michael.c.ocampo@gmail.com

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BOOKS

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09/16

Ukulele for Beginner s

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Ukulele for Begin

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TOM FLE MING

BLO O D Y H ISTORY O F LONDO N

BLOODY HISTORY of LOND

Whether you essential want to play on you information r on how to own or in a band, Ukulele hold the fingerpicking instrument, tun for Beginners incl udes and recordin ing, strumming patterns, g Includes tips on choosin g the idea l ukulele and the right acc essories Easy-to-fol low songs and strum patterns. Play along to a song in no time Learn from the experts with biograp Jake Shim abukuro, Brithies of inspirationa l ukulele tni Paiva and George For players such as mby

How to pl ay an the ‘uke d master ’ in no tim e!

chart for you TOM FLE r wall insi experienc MING is a professi de! e as a mus onal mus ician of Music ic teacher and has and exam , composer and contribu author with iner. He ted to a studied man wide rang e of instr jazz guitar at Leed y years’ He lives uctional in London. music pub s College lications . Cover Illustr Front cover: ations Back cover: tbc tbc

Website: www .amberboo Appstore: ks.co.uk itunes.com /apps/amb Facebook: erbooksltd www.faceb ook.com/a mberbook Twitter: @am s berbooks

TOM FL

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Contents Spring 2017

February

March

April

May

June

Classic Titles

The History of Death

FEBRUARY 2017 PUBLICATION

The History of Punishment Crimes differ as widely as the societies that define them. Citizens of Sparta could be whipped for being too fat. In Ancient Rome, men and women who had not married by the ages of 25 or 20 were fined. In Singapore, the importation of chewing gum is punishable by a hefty fine. Both a historical overview and an examination of imprisonment, corporal punishment, the death penalty and torture, The History of Punishment explores the changing attitudes to law and punishment across thousands of years and widely different societies.

Death is universal, but each culture has found a different way of dealing with it. Funerals can be solemn but also celebratory, drunken and even lascivious. This wide-ranging book examines the compelling subject of funeral rites in different societies, from the Egyptian pyramids to the Chinese terra-cotta warriors to elaborate Victorian mausolea. From human sacrifice to ritual killings, from burial to cremation, from ancestor worship to concepts of the afterlife, The History of Death examines how through our passing we, in fact, define our lives.

The History of Punishment 240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 60,000 words 110 b/w photos ISBN: 978-1-78274-489-4

032-053.qxp

15/9/16

11:43

The History of Pirates 240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 60,000 words 120 b/w photos ISBN: 978-1-78274-490-0 £19.99 Paperback

THE PIRATE CODE

Red Army Tanks of World War II 240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 176pp 120 b/w photos, 50 b/w a/ws 70,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-492-4 £19.99 Paperback

THE BRETHREN OF THE COAST

Christopher Columbus, (foreground, third from the left) landed on the island of Hispaniola during his first voyage to the Americas in 1492. Subsequently, Hispaniola became a jumping-off point for Spanish conquests on the mainland.

VIKING AND BARBARY PIRATES

conditions under which the crew was to sail. Although there were some unique additions, the provisions in the Custom of the Coast clearly made it the forerunner of codes later laid down by Bartholomew Roberts, John Phillips, Edward Lowe, and George Lowther. Votes for all important matters onboard came first, followed by the ban on gaming at cards or dice for money. Lights and candles were to be put out “at a reasonable hour of night” and any drinking after that time had to be done on the open deck. As in other codes, there was to be no “striking of one another on board.” Weapons (pistols, cutlasses) had to be kept clean and fit for purpose. Compensation for injury was also included. So was the rule that the booty taken in a raid should be shared equally, and the provision that appeared in Bartholomew Roberts’ code guaranteeing the musicians a day of rest, usually on the Sabbath. Two particularly fearsome punishments featured in the code. For anyone who defrauded the rest of the crew or deserted the ship, the sentence was marooning. Stealing from another crewman had an even more fearsome penalty, even though there was a tiny drop of mercy in it: the guilty were to have their ears and nose slit but were left on the shore of an island with inhabitants. This would mean hardship but not certain death. This same penalty was imposed in a provision not mentioned in other pirate codes, dealing with the issue of homosexuality onboard pirate ships. Here

n January 8, 793CE, the slim outline of a ship carrying a large, square sail appeared on the horizon, heading for the island of Lindisfarne off the northeast coast of England. As it drew closer, the round shields lining the ship’s side became visible. So did its fierce-looking dragon- or serpent-headed prow. The oarsmen, about 60 in number, were all pulling strongly for the shore, their helmets glinting in the winter sunshine. Lindisfarne, also known as Holy Island, lay some 1–2 miles (3km) out in the North Sea and was a center of Christian learning, known and revered throughout Europe. It was also a repository for the stupendous wealth amassed by the Church over the years, and the monks who lived in the island’s abbey were there to guard it. Ships had visited Lindisfarne from time to time, bringing food, wine, and other supplies or new recruits for the abbey. But this ship must have seemed different. Hugging the coast for safety had been the rule for voyaging ever since ships first put out to sea, but the vessel now approaching the shore so rapidly was not following that rule. Instead, it For the Vikings, crossing the North Sea out of sight of land was an achievement, but a dangerous one. For this reason, they lashed three ships together during the voyage.

A must for any enthusiast, Red Army Tanks of World War II is the definitive study of the equipment and tactics of the Soviet armoured forces that defeated the might of Hitler’s Wehrmacht. The growth of Stalin’s armoured might is illustrated with 170 rare black-and-white photographs – some of which have never been previously published – complemented by detailed profile artworks and exhaustive specifications. These are the fighting vehicles of such campaigns as Barbarossa, the battle of Kursk and the fall of Berlin.

Page 32

chapter 2

240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 60,000 words 110 b/w photos ISBN: 978-1-78274-491-7 £19.99 Paperback

Red Army Tanks of World War II

The History of Pirates With features on particular pirates such as Blackbeard and William Kidd, and how the unwritten pirate code evolved into today’s merchant shipping contracts, The History of Pirates illuminates the broader historical and geographical scope of piracy and provides a fascinating introduction to the reality of life on board a buccaneer ship.

The History of Death

The Brethren superstitiously held that they could sever themselves from their former life by “drowning” it as they crossed the Tropic of Cancer. 108

The Spanish Main was a necklace of Spanish settlements around the Caribbean, including not only those on the mainland but also the islands in the Caribbean Sea. The Main was the major target for pirates.

themselves from their former life by “drowning” it as they crossed the Tropic of Cancer, the northern latitude that runs south of Florida. Very conveniently, this area between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator to the south encompassed all the chief targets of the Caribbean pirates, as well as the sea lanes that were plied by treasure ships sailing the Atlantic to Europe. The Brethren’s code usually applied for one expedition only. The stipulations were agreed in detail before the start and, like all such documents, set out the

109

The History of Death

FEBRUARY 2017 PUBLICATION

The History of Punishment 240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 60,000 words 110 b/w photos ISBN: 978-1-78274-489-4

032-053.qxp

15/9/16

11:43

The History of Pirates 240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 60,000 words 120 b/w photos ISBN: 978-1-78274-490-0 £19.99 Paperback

THE PIRATE CODE

Red Army Tanks of World War II 240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 176pp 120 b/w photos, 50 b/w a/ws 70,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-492-4 £19.99 Paperback

THE BRETHREN OF THE COAST

VIKING AND BARBARY PIRATES

Page 32

chapter 2

240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 60,000 words 110 b/w photos ISBN: 978-1-78274-491-7 £19.99 Paperback

Red Army Tanks of World War II

The History of Death

The Brethren superstitiously held that they could sever themselves from their former life by “drowning” it as they crossed the Tropic of Cancer. 108

109

Drones

MARCH 2017 PUBLICATION

A decade ago, drones were barely used, but today more than 50 countries’ armed forces use them. And not only are they changing how wars are fought but how crops are sprayed, how underwater pipelines are monitored, how weather systems are observed and how sports events are filmed. From drones the size of a fingertip to drones that can carry soldiers, Drones expertly examines these complex vehicles that are the latest in military and civilian aviation technology.

DRONES

INTRODUCTION

Introduction Not very many years ago, few people had even heard of drones. Most of those that had would probably have an idea from science-fiction or technothrillers about what a drone was and what it might be capable of, but no real knowledge. Yet in just a few years, drones have gone from obscurity to near-constant media attention. We hear of drone strikes and drone surveillance in the world’s trouble zones and drones delivering packages – even pizza – in the commercial world.

surprising number and range of users have been operating drones for some time, although the rest of the world knew little about it. Outside the military, drones have been used for research purposes or to monitor the environment. Commercially available drones can now be bought at quite a cheap price by private users for recreational purposes. Yet in truth there is nothing really new about the idea of a remotely operated vehicle. The word ‘drone’ has entered the popular vocabulary but long before this happened users were flying remotecontrolled aircraft and helicopters, or racing radio-controlled cars. Remotely controlled weapons have been in use for several years – although not always with a great deal of success. It is, however, debatable whether these were, strictly speaking, drones.

What is a Drone?

One useful definition of a drone is a pilotless aircraft that can operate autonomously, i.e. one that does not require constant user control. This means that traditional radio-controlled aircraft

501 Unarmed Self-Defence Skills We’re keeping it simple: no tricky instructions, no exhaustive steps to follow. Just brief descriptions of moves to use to protect yourself. 501 Unarmed Self-Defence Skills takes the reader from defusing a confrontation through body language to putting someone in a lock hold, from grappling and striking to defeating someone holding a gun. With 100 black-&-white line artworks, the book is a pocketsized guide to ducking, throwing and kicking your way out of trouble.

Drones 264 x 208mm (10½ x 8¼”) 224pp 220 colour photographs and illustrations 54,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-255-5 £19.99 Hardback

DRONES

501 Unarmed Self-Defence Skills 210 x 128mm (8¼ x 5”) 208pp 20,000 words 100 b/w a/ws ISBN: 978-1-78274-507-5 £14.99 Paperback

INTRODUCTION

weapons, but has the drawback that radar signals can be intercepted at a great distance. The effect is somewhat like driving along a country road at night. Without headlights, the driver may be all but blind and has little chance of spotting hazards or even staying on the road, but his lights can be spotted at greater distances than they are useful to him, which is a drawback if he wishes to remain unobserved.

and the like are not, in the strictest sense, drones. Nor are many underwater Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs), and not only because they are not aircraft. In fact, many recreational ‘drones’ are not really drones as they are semiautonomous. However, it is useful to widen the definition of a drone somewhat in order to cover a range of similar vehicles that undertake the same role using broadly the same principles.

the sensor device. Cameras might use sophisticated electronics to enhance low-light images or to translate thermal radiation into visible displays, but they only make use of what is there. Passive sensor systems are relatively covert and do not require much energy, but the use of active systems takes up power and can be detected by other sensor systems. Active radar is used for applications from mapping and navigation to targeting

Right: Operating a UAV is a complex business, which has been described as similar to flying a plane whilst looking through a straw. In addition to piloting the vehicle, operators must control cameras, radar and other instruments and hand-off data to other users, making the operation of a large military UAV a multi-person task.

Below: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) units can be fitted to a great variety of aircraft. In addition to military applications SAR systems can be used for terrain mapping, oceanography, meteorology and to assist in rescue or disaster relief operations. SAR systems have even been used to look for water on the Moon.

For civilian drones carrying radar for mapping or navigation purposes, this is not a problem. Military drones risk detection when they emit radar signals, just as with any other emission such as radio. However, the ability to put a radarequipped drone up is very useful. It can be used to widen a search when seeking survivors of a disaster, or to increase radar coverage to protect a naval task force from attack. The drone might be attacked by anti-radar weapons, but this in turn provides protection to the main platforms – it is better that a drone is shot down than a ship sunk, in terms of cost and also loss of life.

SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR) Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) relies on physicalmovement of the antenna rather than beam-scanning to build up a highly detailed picture of the target area over time. Essentially the SAR unit acts like a much bigger antenna by combining images taken from many positions.

Drone flight path

RQ-4 GLOBAL HAWK

Global hawk’s wings, tail and control surfaces are constructed of a graphite composite. An enhanced wing structure is being developed, which will increase the UAV’s payload capacity.

The AE3700 turbofan engine is mounted atop the fuselage to reduce thermal signature when viewed from below. The engine drives a generator supplying electrical power as well as propelling the UAV.

The angled tail section reduces radar return and conceals the jet exhaust from most directions, greatly reducing the range at which Global Hawk can be detected.

SPECIFICATIONS: RQ-4 GLOBAL HAWK B

Length: 14.5m (47.6ft) Wingspan: 39.8m (130.9ft) Height: 4.7m (15.3ft) Powerplant: Rolls Royce-North American F137-RR-100 turbofan engine Maximum takeoff weight: 14,628 kg (32,250lb) Maximum speed: 310 knots (357 mph) Range: 12,300 nautical miles Ceiling: 18,288m (60,000ft) Endurance: More than 34 hours

A ath

Rather than a conventional rudder and elevators on a fin and tailplane, Global Hawk uses a combined ‘ruddervator’ to provide the functions of both.

The distinctive dome houses Global Hawk’s satellite communications antenna, which allows the UAV to be operated from the other side of the world. Line-of-sight communications are also possible using UHF radio transmissions.

1 As the drone makes its flyby, the SAR radar system sends out a pulse which is returned with varying strength by all objects in the target area. 2 Each pulse is a snapshot of what the radar can see, which is a swath limited by the characteristics of the radar emitter. 3 Successive swaths overlap and, since the angle of the radar beam has changed, may reveal objects that were occluded in a previous swath. 4 By combining the data from multiple pulses, a detailed 3D model of the target area is built up to a very high resolution.

Global hawk’s forward-looking sensor package uses a 10-inch reflecting telescope to enable its visible-light and infrared cameras to zoom in on a point of interest.

A SAR is particularly useful for mapping terrain features such as steep ravines and valleys. Successive images of the feature may reveal details that were hidden from one or more of the pulses. B Combination of the data creates a highly accurate map which can be used to determine the steepness of a slope, depth of a ravine, and other useful data.

Technical Guide: Japanese Aircraft in World War II

Special Forces in Action From Iraq to Afghanistan to Libya in 2014, over the last 25 years military elites have played an increasingly important role in the policing of the world’s trouble spots. Special Forces in Action is a detailed account of the operations of the world’s elite forces from 1991 to the present day. From the search for war criminals in the Balkans, drug gang hunting in South America, hostage rescues in Africa, and counterterrorism since 9/11, the book brings the reader full details of the varied roles played by the world’s elite soldiers.

Special Forces in Action 240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 224pp 70,000 words 180 col & b/w photos & a/ws ISBN: 978-1-78274-254-8 £19.99 Hardback

AFGHANISTAN

confirmation of this); from Denmark; from Norway; from the Czech Republic; from Lithuania; from Poland (Grupa Reagowania Operacyjno-Manewrowego GROM); and from Portugal (commandos). Their task was to liaise with the members of the Northern Alliance and to successfully coordinate those forces with US and Allied ground forces. This would involve a high level of task coordination with the US Air Force as well as considerable leadership skills, as the use of air power and ground forces needed to be coordinated to achieve the maximum effect. Special forces would be required to identify al-Qaeda camps and hideouts, destroy them and choose the most favourable approaches for any attack. The commanders of the Northern Alliance were General Abdur Rashid Dostum, General Mullah Daoud and General Fahim Khan, and to add to the challenge for the special forces, although these leaders were in a temporary alliance, they had also in the past been rivals.

COUNTERTERRORISM A

Facing page: Soldiers of the Australian SASR face a sandstorm during the opening phase of Operation Bastille, the deployment of Australian forces to Iraq in March 2003.

the security status of both Afghanistan and Iraq was far from stable. In both theatres the constant insurgency and terrorist threat was wearing the regular forces down, and there were serious questions being asked about how long large numbers of conventional and special forces could be kept in the theatres. If British troops were to come home they would return to a country where the home intelligence service, MI5, had doubled in size since 2001 in order to deal with a wide variety of terrorist threats, each potentially on a cataclysmic scale. One example was made public in late 2006 when British intelligence services thwarted a plot to blow up several airliners in mid air after leaving British airports. At the same time, the British government had a policy of primary immigration into Britain that added to the supply of potentially disenchanted Muslim extremists who were being recruited and radicalized by various offshoot organizations of al-Qaeda. These disenchanted extremists were going to war, as they saw it, both against American, British or other national troops as well as against the civilian populations of the countries in which they lived. Their indoctrination told them that, since western governments were democratically elected, the people who elected them were also directly responsible for their policies.

JOI N T T ASK FORCE T WO (JT F 2) This unit has its roots in the US/Canadian 1st Special Service Force of Second World War fame, otherwise known as the ‘Devil’s Brigade’. JTF 2 was activated on 1 April 1993 when the force took over counter-terrorist responsibilities from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). JTF 2 takes recruits from across the spectrum of the Canadian armed forces, the only stipulation being a minimum of two years’ service. At the Dwyer Hill Training Center, recruits are assessed for physical stamina as well as for mental aptitude and overall psychological profile. Only about two out of 10 candidates pass the selection process. Like many special operations teams, the JTF 2 are trained in a range of specialisms, including scuba, fastroping, HALO/HAHO parachuting, amphibious assault and mountain, arctic, jungle and desert environments. JTF 2 was deployed to Afghanistan in December 2001 and completed its mission in November 2002.

132

Technical Guide: Japanese Aircraft in World War II 216 x 170mm (81⁄2 x 6¾”) 128 pages 25,000 words 120 artworks and 15 photos ISBN: 978-1-78274-474-0 £16.99 Hardback

AFGHANISTAN

Operation Bastille (Deployment of Australian forces in Iraq, 2003)

s can be seen in the previous chapters of this book, military victory was achieved in both Afghanistan in 2001–02 and in Iraq in 2003. In both cases, the major concentrations of enemy armed forces were defeated and key cities were won. The capital cities of both countries were cleared of all traces of enemy administration and arrangements for new governments were put in place. Despite all this, however, both wars refused to go away. There were 1740 casualties in Afghanistan between the months of July and September 2006, making it the most violent period since the ‘victory’ of 2001. The numbers of troops in NATO’s International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) had to be increased during the same period. In November 2006, the United Kingdom alone had 5600 members of its armed forces deployed in Afghanistan, and about 7100 serving in Iraq. The Iraq figure rose to 8500 when taking into account offshore personnel such as those on board ships of the Royal Navy. The United States was by far the largest force contributor, but despite these sizeable contributions and those from other nations,

From the Second Sino-Japanese War to the surrender in the Pacific in August 1945, Japanese Aircraft of World War II includes 120 superb colour profile artworks, three-quarter views and cutaways. Organised alphabetically by manufacturer, the book features fighters and seaplanes, bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. With entries accompanied by short histories and detailed specifications, this is an excellent reference work for modellers and military history enthusiasts.

INSERTION The 12-man special forces units were inserted by 160th SOAR flying CH-47 Chinook helicopters at night in the Afghan winter. The terrain was extremely hazardous and the insertions were at high altitude. The severe Afghan winter was setting in, with unpredictable wind gusts through the high mountain passes. The enemy was ever present and impossible to spot. The whole operation would be carried out in extreme darkness, aided only by the use of night-vision goggles (NVGs). After the insertion, each team faced a daunting march with heavy equipment loads. This would have included not only their personal kit such as cold weather gear and other essentials but also the communications equipment and target illuminators that would magnify their potential power a thousandfold. Soldiers of B Company, 2nd Battalion 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR) are inserted by CH-47 Chinook into the Baghran valley.

Soldiers of 20th Special Forces Group (SFG) Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) 342 patrol with members of the Afghanistan Military Forces.

depended almost entirely on the performance of the special forces in theatre. Apart from US special forces, a detachment of British SAS was also thought to have been deployed in theatre from the outset, and over the course of Operation Enduring Freedom a number of other countries would also deploy special forces assets. These included contributions from Canada (Joint Task Force Two [JTF 2], in addition to its large conventional forces contribution); from Australia (the Australian SAS were deployed under US command); from New Zealand (the New Zealand SAS worked in conjunction with the Australian SAS); from France (1er Régiment de Parachutistes d’Infanterie de Marine and Detachement Alat des Opérations Spéciales); from Germany (the German Kommando Spezialkräfte [KSK] is said to have been deployed in theatre, though, like the British SAS, there is no official 133

167

Drones

MARCH 2017 PUBLICATION

DRONES

INTRODUCTION

What is a Drone?

One useful definition of a drone is a pilotless aircraft that can operate autonomously, i.e. one that does not require constant user control. This means that traditional radio-controlled aircraft

Drones 264 x 208mm (10½ x 8¼”) 224pp 220 colour photographs and illustrations 54,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-255-5 £19.99 Hardback

DRONES

501 Unarmed Self-Defence Skills 210 x 128mm (8¼ x 5”) 208pp 20,000 words 100 b/w a/ws ISBN: 978-1-78274-507-5 £14.99 Paperback

INTRODUCTION

Drone flight path

RQ-4 GLOBAL HAWK

Global hawk’s wings, tail and control surfaces are constructed of a graphite composite. An enhanced wing structure is being developed, which will increase the UAV’s payload capacity.

The AE3700 turbofan engine is mounted atop the fuselage to reduce thermal signature when viewed from below. The engine drives a generator supplying electrical power as well as propelling the UAV.

The angled tail section reduces radar return and conceals the jet exhaust from most directions, greatly reducing the range at which Global Hawk can be detected.

SPECIFICATIONS: RQ-4 GLOBAL HAWK B

A ath

Rather than a conventional rudder and elevators on a fin and tailplane, Global Hawk uses a combined ‘ruddervator’ to provide the functions of both.

Global hawk’s forward-looking sensor package uses a 10-inch reflecting telescope to enable its visible-light and infrared cameras to zoom in on a point of interest.

Technical Guide: Japanese Aircraft in World War II

Special Forces in Action 240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 224pp 70,000 words 180 col & b/w photos & a/ws ISBN: 978-1-78274-254-8 £19.99 Hardback

AFGHANISTAN

COUNTERTERRORISM A

Facing page: Soldiers of the Australian SASR face a sandstorm during the opening phase of Operation Bastille, the deployment of Australian forces to Iraq in March 2003.

132

Technical Guide: Japanese Aircraft in World War II 216 x 170mm (81⁄2 x 6¾”) 128 pages 25,000 words 120 artworks and 15 photos ISBN: 978-1-78274-474-0 £16.99 Hardback

AFGHANISTAN

Operation Bastille (Deployment of Australian forces in Iraq, 2003)

Soldiers of 20th Special Forces Group (SFG) Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) 342 patrol with members of the Afghanistan Military Forces.

167

Technical Guide: Russian Tanks of World War II Organised chronologically by type, Russian Tanks of World War II is a comprehensive survey of the main armoured fighting vehicles used by the Red Army from 1939 to 1945. From the pre-war T-18 light tank to the heavy Joseph Stalin tanks and self-propelled guns of the final months of the war, all the major and many minor tanks are featured, including significant variants. Packed with 120 colour artworks with specifications and service histories, this is a key reference work for modellers and WWII enthusiasts.

The Wars of the Roses ‘I’ve drawn on many parts of history,’ says Game of Thrones author George R.R. Martin, ‘but the Wars of the Roses is probably the one A Song Of Ice and Fire is closest to.’ Indeed, insane monarchs, feuding families, fierce battles, enemies uniting against a common foe – the Wars of the Roses is so filled with drama it feels like fiction. Illustrated with 180 photographs, artworks and maps, The Wars of the Roses reveals the skullduggery and murder behind the struggle to gain power in fifteenth century England – and then to hold on to it.

Technical Guide: Russian Tanks of World War II 216 x 170mm (81⁄2 x 6¾”) 128 pages 25,000 words 120 artworks and 15 photos ISBN: 978-1-78274-475-7 £16.99 Hardback

38 FOUNDATIONS OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES

relieved by 23 September. No French army had arrived during the month-long siege, other than some local reinforcements rushed in as soon as the English arrived, so Harfleur duly surrendered. Although he had captured his first objective, Henry was not in a good position. An outbreak of dysentery among his troops, added to casualties from the siege, reduced his army to the point where he could not effectively continue the campaign. A withdrawal to England was not acceptable as it would make the campaign look like a failure, so Henry resolved to march to Calais. Henry’s plan was to undertake a variant on the well-established tactic of the chevauchée. As the name suggests, this was normally a fast-moving mounted raid, but Henry intended to accomplish much the same level of destruction

FOUNDATIONS OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES 39

Opposite: A dramatic but fanciful representation of the battle of Agincourt. Good choice of terrain on Henry V’s part channelled the superior French force into a killing ground where the longbows of Henry’s army were devastatingly effective.

‘A withdrawal to England was not acceptable as it would make the campaign look like a failure, so Henry resolved to march to Calais’. by marching an army mostly composed of footsoldiers through enemy territory. His army would destroy whatever his men could not carry off, weakening the French economically as well as politically by demonstrating the inability of the French king to defend his territory. The raid would allow Henry’s depleted army to accomplish enough for the campaign to be considered a success, but reaching Calais required crossing the River Somme, which in turn meant pushing south until a viable crossing was found. The French, meanwhile, had been gathering an army and now moved to engage the Left: The longbow was crucial to English tactics, enabling English forces to strike at a distance. Enemies who managed to get close enough were met with rows of emplaced stakes and a force of dismounted men-at-arms who protected the archers.

The Encyclopedia of Warfare From brief skirmishes to long sieges, trench battles to aerial dogfights, wars of religion to wars of independence, from spears to drones – wars have been fought in all kinds of ways and for all kinds of reasons. From the ancient world to the Arab Spring, The Encyclopedia of Warfare includes more than 5000 entries arranged chronologically. Featuring 600 full colour maps across 1000 pages, this is an authoritative compendium of almost five millennia of conflict suitable for the student or general enthusiast.

Ancient Wars c.2500 BCE – 500 CE

308

Roman territory, 298 BCE Samian League, 298 BCE

Acquired by Rome to 263 BCE Roman colonies, 272 BCE

U R I A I G N

Roman controlled by 270 BCE

Carthaginian possessions, 260 BCE

Ariminum

Pisae Ancona

Sentinum

Arretium

Volaterrae

Asculum

Volsinii

Hadria

Nepet Falerii

Alba Fucens

Tibur

ROME Ostia

Caere

Volci

Aurinia

Praeneste Latium Interamna Arpino Lucera Tarracina Camusium Saticula Suessa Capua Beneventum Venusia Cumae Neapolis

Sardinia

Tarentum

Metapontum

Tyrrhenian Sea

Brundisium

s es M

in a

Utica Carthage

CITIES

Syracuse

Cossyra 0 0

The Rise Of Rome, 300 BCE

50 km 50 miles

Slovenian Peasant Revolt 1515 SLOVENIAN PEASANT REVOLT, FEBRUARY 1515 Smouldering Slovenian peasant resentment against harsh landlords flared into open revolt in February 1515 and, within weeks, had spread throughout Slovenia. By the spring of that year, rebel forces numbered 80,000 men, who had taken effective control of the countryside. Many poorly defended castles were stormed and the alarmed local aristocracy raised an army, including a large contingent of mercenaries, which defeated the rebels near Celje, inflicting at least 2000 casualties.

Branxton English forces

Scottish forces 1 km 1 mile

Flodden Hill

Sentinum, 295 BCE

been driven eastwards into the Danube region; others settled in northern Italy and accepted Roman rule. g POPULONIA, 282 BCE Despite earlier defeats, the Etruscans continued their campaign against Rome. The battle of Populonia was a decisive Roman victory, finally ending the Etruscan threat to Rome.

Polish and Allies

Carthaginian & Sicilian Wars 650–300 BCE CARTHAGINIAN CONQUESTS, 650–500 BCE Carthage was a Phoenician colony which became independent in 650 BCE. Its location on the North African coast close to Sicily was ideal for sea trade, allowing a rapid increase in power. Many small campaigns were fought to protect the trade routes or against potential rivals, until in 509 BCE a treaty was agreed with Rome that divided the Mediterranean into Roman and Carthaginian

Spanish Conquest of Latin America 1520–1680

Orsha, 1514

ver

Polish and Lithuanian reserves. The Muscovite Army was shattered – Chelyadin and at least 3,000 of his men were captured, together with 140 guns.

er Till

Crookham

er Ri

t of

Strai

Locri

Rhegium GREEK

Riv

Gauls

iep

Panormus Lilybaeum

N 1 mile

Thurii

Caralis

1 km

Romans

from a nearby church tower. She fled when it became obvious that the day was lost.

to prevent a junction of Yorkist forces and he was doing so. He could reasonably expect to stand in his defensive position and await the attack that Salisbury would inevitably have to deliver. As was typical of the era, the battle opened with an exchange of heralds, who carried to words of the commanders back and forth in an extended parlay. When this broke down, archers on both sides began a long-range skirmish that proved equally inconclusive. Salisbury then ordered part of his force to retire as if he

THE PARLIAMENT OF DEVILS 95

fighting force for the time being. Salisbury was able to push on to Ludlow and join up with his allies. From there, the combined force began a march towards Worcester. Below: Ludlow castle was taken by Lancastrian forces in 1459, but remained a possession of the Duke of York’s family. Edward IV sent his son, Edward, to Ludlow to be raised, and it was from here that he set out for London to be crowned.

Yorkist Disaster at Ludford Bridge By October 1459, Richard of York had concentrated with his allies at Ludlow. He marched towards London but became aware of a greatly superior royal force moving to intercept him. After a brief stop at Worcester, York retired towards the town of Ludford, which was associated with his castle at Ludlow. He sent the usual messages of loyalty and

‘Audley was killed in the fighting, and when a third attack was also repelled, some elements of the Lancastrian forces switched sides’. planned to break contact. This prompted the Lancastrian force to attack, which under other circumstances might have been a decisive blow. However, as the Lancastrian cavalry struggled to cross the steep-sided stream, Salisbury’s men advanced to meet them and drove them back with heavy losses. A second assault succeeded in forcing a crossing, but could not break the Yorkist force. Audley was killed in the fighting, and when a third attack was also repelled, some elements of the Lancastrian forces switched sides. Salisbury took advantage of the confusion to launch his own attack, which routed the Lancastrians. The Lancastrian army reportedly suffered around 2000 casualties, but more importantly was rendered ineffective as a

Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War I 276 x 220mm (10¾ x 8¾”) 272pp 1000 col and b/w photos & col a/ws 150,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-141-1 £24.99 Hardback

Orsha

Russians

0 0

1 km 1 mile

309

Early Modern Wars 1500–1775

0 0

has it that Margaret of Anjou observed the battle of Blore Heath

Which tanks were first used at Cambrai? What was the range of the Paris Gun? What was a ‘bloody paralyser’? From the first tanks to early submarines to the repeating rifle to the biplane, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War I includes more than 300 pieces of equipment. Packed with 1000 artworks, photographs and detailed information on each featured weapon, this is a fantastic book for any general reader or military enthusiast.

The Encyclopedia of Warfare

Early Modern Wars 1500–1775

Flodden, 1513

u m i n n t S e

Aleria

Cosa

94 THE PARLIAMENT OF DEVILS

Right: Although not present with the Lancastrian army, legend

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War I

240 x 189mm (91⁄2 x 71⁄2”) 1024pp 600 col maps 350,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-023-0 £49.99 Hardback

o f

Corsica

P l a i n

Ligurian Sea

War and inflicted a decisive defeat at Bovanium. It is possible that the concept of the manipular legion came from the Samnites’ military system. g CAMERINUM, 298 BCE The Third Samnite War began with the Samnites invading Roman territory. Their allies, including Etruscans and Gauls, also made war on Rome at the same time. Despite this, the first clash at Camerinum was a Roman victory. g TIFERNIUM, 297 BCE After failing to draw the Romans into an ambush, the Samnite army advanced for a set-piece field battle. A Roman flanking force was mistaken for a large contingent of reinforcements by both sides, causing a Samnite defeat that the Romans were too exhausted to exploit. g SENTINUM, 295 BCE Outnumbered by the Samnites and their Etruscan and Gallic allies, the Romans sent off a small diversionary force that succeeded in pulling away the Etruscan contingent. After a hard-fought battle, the Romans broke the Samnites then fell on the Gauls from the flank. g AQUILONIA, 293 BCE Scraping together a new army, the Samnites mustered at Aquilonia.They were able to withstand Roman attack for some time, but began to waver in the mistaken belief that Roman reinforcements were approaching. Rout soon followed, ending the Third Samnite war with a Roman victory. g ARRETIUM, 284 BCE Various Celtic tribes lived in Italy, notably the Boii and the Senones. The latter had clashed with Rome previously, suffering a defeat alongside the Samnites at Sentium.The Celts attacked Arretium, causing a Roman army to march to its relief. The army was defeated and its commander and seven military tribunes were killed. Encouraged by this, the Celts reforged old alliances with the Etruscans and began an invasion of Roman territory. g VADIMO, 283 BCE A joint force of Etruscan troops and Boii tribesmen met a Roman army near Lake Vadimo and was defeated. Some of the Boii may have

244 x 186mm (93⁄4 x 71⁄2”) 224pp 180 col and b/w photos & a/ws 58,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-239-5 £19.99 Hardback

Ancient Wars c.2500 BCE – 500 CE

The Wars of the Roses

g TENOCHTITLÁN, 1520 The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlán on 8 November 1519. Within a few months, the Spaniards became unpopular guests and a revolt began. During an Aztec festival, Pedro de Alavarado – a lieutenant of Cortés – armed with a small force slaughtered a large number of Aztec priests and nobles, fearing an uprising was about to occur. Cortés was at the time subduing a rival Spanish force, under Panfilo de Narvaez, sent out to arrest him by order of the Spanish governor in Havana. Cortés immediately returned to Tenochtitlán upon word from Alvarado. The Aztec Emperor Moctezuma tried to quell the anger of his subjects, but was stoned to death by the mob. Cortés decided to leave the capital before his force was overwhelmed by the Aztecs. On 1 July 1520, the conquistadors exited the palace with their Indian allies close behind. They had muffled the horses’ hooves and

carried wooden boards to cross the canals. The conquistadors were able to pass through the first three canals, the Tecpantzinco, Tzapotlan and Atenchicalco before, being detected by the Aztecs. The Aztecs attacked the fleeing conquistadors on the Tlacopan causeway from canoes, shooting arrows at them. The Spaniards returned fire with their crossbows and arquebuses. Many died as the conquistadors leaped into the water and drowned, weighed down by their armour and booty. A third of Cortés’ men succeeded in reaching the mainland, while the remaining ones died in battle or were captured and later sacrificed on Aztec altars. The surviving conquistadors had little reprieve after reaching the mainland before the Aztecs appeared for an attack and chased them towards Tlacopan. The Spaniards finally found refuge in Otancalpolco, where they were aided by the Teocalhueyacans. This major Aztec victory is remembered as ‘La Noche Triste’, or ‘The Night of Sorrows’. 0

10 km 10 miles

Fighting retreat

Lake Xaltocan N

Lake Te x c o c o Tereyacac Tlacopan

Tenochtitlan

Texcoco

Return with large force late 1520

Ixtlapalapan Coyohuacan Lake Xochimilco

Tenochtitlán, 1519–21

Return in 1520 to relieve seige

Ships launched to take city, 1521

Lake Chalco

Chalco

Arrival in Nov. 1519

Technical Guide: Russian Tanks of World War II 216 x 170mm (81⁄2 x 6¾”) 128 pages 25,000 words 120 artworks and 15 photos ISBN: 978-1-78274-475-7 £16.99 Hardback

38 FOUNDATIONS OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES

FOUNDATIONS OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES 39

Ancient Wars c.2500 BCE – 500 CE

308

Roman territory, 298 BCE Samian League, 298 BCE

Acquired by Rome to 263 BCE Roman colonies, 272 BCE

U R I A I G N

Roman controlled by 270 BCE

Carthaginian possessions, 260 BCE

Ariminum

Pisae Ancona

Sentinum

Arretium

Volaterrae

Asculum

Volsinii

Hadria

Nepet Falerii

Alba Fucens

Tibur

ROME Ostia

Caere

Volci

Aurinia

Praeneste Latium Interamna Arpino Lucera Tarracina Camusium Saticula Suessa Capua Beneventum Venusia Cumae Neapolis

Sardinia

Tarentum

Metapontum

Tyrrhenian Sea

Brundisium

s es M

in a

Utica Carthage

CITIES

Syracuse

Cossyra 0 0

The Rise Of Rome, 300 BCE

50 km 50 miles

Branxton English forces

Scottish forces 1 km 1 mile

Flodden Hill

Sentinum, 295 BCE

Polish and Allies

Spanish Conquest of Latin America 1520–1680

Orsha, 1514

ver

Polish and Lithuanian reserves. The Muscovite Army was shattered – Chelyadin and at least 3,000 of his men were captured, together with 140 guns.

er Till

Crookham

er Ri

t of

Strai

Locri

Rhegium GREEK

Riv

Gauls

iep

Panormus Lilybaeum

N 1 mile

Thurii

Caralis

1 km

Romans

from a nearby church tower. She fled when it became obvious that the day was lost.

THE PARLIAMENT OF DEVILS 95

Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War I 276 x 220mm (10¾ x 8¾”) 272pp 1000 col and b/w photos & col a/ws 150,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-141-1 £24.99 Hardback

Orsha

Russians

0 0

1 km 1 mile

309

Early Modern Wars 1500–1775

0 0

has it that Margaret of Anjou observed the battle of Blore Heath

The Encyclopedia of Warfare

Early Modern Wars 1500–1775

Flodden, 1513

u m i n n t S e

Aleria

Cosa

94 THE PARLIAMENT OF DEVILS

Right: Although not present with the Lancastrian army, legend

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War I

240 x 189mm (91⁄2 x 71⁄2”) 1024pp 600 col maps 350,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-023-0 £49.99 Hardback

o f

Corsica

P l a i n

Ligurian Sea

244 x 186mm (93⁄4 x 71⁄2”) 224pp 180 col and b/w photos & a/ws 58,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-239-5 £19.99 Hardback

Ancient Wars c.2500 BCE – 500 CE

The Wars of the Roses

10 km 10 miles

Fighting retreat

Lake Xaltocan N

Lake Te x c o c o Tereyacac Tlacopan

Tenochtitlan

Texcoco

Return with large force late 1520

Ixtlapalapan Coyohuacan Lake Xochimilco

Tenochtitlán, 1519–21

Return in 1520 to relieve seige

Ships launched to take city, 1521

Lake Chalco

Chalco

Arrival in Nov. 1519

Surviving Extreme Weather

High Winds

Scale Number F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

Wind Speed (kph [mph]) 64–117 (40–73) 118–180 (74–112) 181–251 (113–157) 252–330 (158–206)

331–417 (207–260) Greater than 418 (> 261)

Amount of Damage Light Moderate Considerable Severe

Type of Damage Chimney damage, tree branches broken Mobile homes pushed off foundation or overturned Mobile homes demolished, trees uprooted Roofs and walls torn down, trains overturned, cars thrown Well constructed walls levelled Homes lifted off foundations and carried considerable distances

Devastating Incredible

6. Motorway flyovers (highway overpasses) are a safe place to seek shelter under if you are driving when you spot a tornado. People have been killed when seeking shelter under flyovers (overpasses). If the tornado strikes the flyover (overpass), you will not be protected.

nonetheless be in contact with the ground.

Waterspouts look like tornadoes over water, but they are not associated with thunderstorms. Generally they are much less intense than tornadoes. When winds rotating near the water’s surface interact with the updraught (updraft) of a cumulus cloud, the result is a waterspout.A tornadic waterspout occurs when a fully developed tornado moves out over the water, sucking up water and raining down fish.

of LONDON Crime, Corruption and Murder

house. He came walking home by himself, a complete mess of blood from big cuts on his head and shoulders. He walked like a zombie, one small step at a time. Then it rained and hailed so we were soaked. Dad’s brother Henry Jones lived one house away so Dad told us to follow him and to step only where he did because of fallen wires. They had three rooms left upstairs and put the little ones in bed and the ambulance came and took two brothers to the hospital. Both Roger

and Winnis survived. But I saw one of our neighbours, Mr Hubbard, laying with a table leg through his body. Mom kept saying, “Don’t look, don’t look.”’ Alice’s brother Winnis Jones gives his own account of being trapped beneath the wall: “I and three of my friends were playing marbles near my home. It got so dark we had to go inside. It was about eighteen minutes after four. Dad had just entered the house. That made nine people in our large

196

CHAPTER 7

MODERN LONDON

wearing a bathing suit who fainted when he jerked her under water and required artificial respiration to recover. Another theory by Smith’s barrister was that he had hypnotized them. Newspapers headlined the ‘Brides in the Bath’ murders during his trial, which was attended by his real wife, Caroline Thornhill. The jury took 22 minutes to find Smith guilty. The day after he was hanged on 13 August 1915, Caroline married a Canadian soldier.

Lying flat in a ditch

activity from April to June in tornado alley. The Gulf states experience most of their tornadoes in the winter.

Though tornadoes can occur at any time of the year, they are more likely at certain times in certain regions. There is an overall peak in

The Blitz

flying debris. Most of the fatalities and injuries incurred during tornadoes are caused by flying debris.

If caught outdoors during a tornado, lie flat in a ditch or other low-lying area. Covering your head with your hands can help protect against

The Luftwaffe, Germany’s air force, began bombing Britain during World War II on 10 July 1940, concentrating on military centres such as ports, radar stations and air bases. By 8 August, nearly 1500 enemy aircraft were conducting bombing raids, paving the way for a land invasion. By September, however, RAF fighters, especially Spitfires and Hurricanes, had won the ‘Battle of Britain’ in the air, shooting down 1887 German aircraft while losing 1023. The Germans now shifted to night raids on industrial centres in 16 cities, targeting London, Coventry, Sheffield, Southampton and Liverpool, among others. The Luftwaffe’s assault on the capital city began on 7 September 1940 when 300 bombers dropped 370 tons of bombs, killing 448 civilians. The

January–March

On 18 March 1925, tornadoes killed 689 people in Missouri, Illinois and Indiana. The event is referred to as the Tri-State Tornado. This is Alice Jones Schedler’s account of what happened to her family and home. ‘Dad said, “Grab the two little ones and let’s get to a ditch. I just saw a house about

April–June

The Human Body Discover how the individual parts of the human body function and work together in this jargon-free book. And as you navigate from head to toe, you will also learn some incredible facts, such as that the average person produces about 0.75-1.1ml of tears every day, or that marathon runners achieve 40 percent greater cardiac output than an untrained person. All artworks are annotated to make every element clear. If you want to know more about how the human body works, this is the book for you.

HEAD

Eyeball The eyes are the specialized organs of sight, designed to respond to light. Conjunctiva Transparent layer of connective tissue which is continuous with a layer lining the inside of the eyelids Scleral venous sinus Aqueous humour drains into this canal; also called Schlemm’s canal

Sclera Fibrous outer layer of the eyeball

Posterior chamber Chamber behind the iris, filled with aqueous humour Anterior chamber Front chamber between the cornea and lens; filled with aqueous humour

Cornea Transparent layer covering front of eye

Zonular fibres Suspensory ligament of lens

Capsule of lens Membrane enclosing the lens

Vitreous body Largest chamber of the eye

Fovea in macula Where maximum visual acuity is achieved

Lens Focuses light on to the retina

Optic nerve Transports information from the rod and cone cells of the retina to the brain

Optic disc Where the optic nerve joins the retina is the blind spot, so-called because it does not contain photoreceptor cells

Ciliary muscle Circular fibres

Ciliary process One of the ridges that attach to the suspensory ligament of the lens

Scleral venous sinus Also known as Schlemm’s canal

Zonular ciliaris One of the fibrous suspensory ligaments of the lens Cornea Transparent circular part of the front of the eyeball

Dilator muscle of pupil Helps to pull open the pupil, in a darkened room, for example

Sclera Protective outer layer of the eye

Choroid Lines the sclera to the front of the eye to form the ciliary body and the iris

Ciliary body Connects the choroid with the iris

allow light to enter, and smaller openings at the back, allowing the optic nerve to pass to the brain, and blood vessels and nerves to enter the orbit. CHAMBERS The eyeball is divided into three internal chambers. The two aqueous chambers at the front of the eye are the anterior and posterior

Central retinal vessels Transport blood to and from the eyeball

chambers, and are separated by the iris. These chambers are filled with clear, watery aqueous humour, which is secreted into the posterior chamber by a layer of cells covering the ciliary body. This fluid passes into the anterior chamber through the pupil, then into the bloodstream via a number of small channels found where the base of

the iris meets the margin of the cornea. The largest of the chambers is the vitreous body, which lies behind the aqueous chambers, and is separated from them by the lens and the suspensory ligaments (zonular fibres), which connect the lens to the ciliary body. The vitreous body is filled with clear, jelly-like vitreous humour.

Sphincter muscle of pupil Responsible for closing the pupil in bright light, for example Folds of iris The iris is made up of smooth muscle fibres

The outer layer of the eyeball is called the sclera, and is a tough, fibrous, protective layer. At the front of the eye, the sclera is visible as the ‘white of the eye’. This is covered by the conjunctiva, a transparent layer of connective tissue. The transparent cornea covers the front of the eyeball, allowing light to enter the eye.

Lens Transparent structure behind the pupil

UVEA The intermediate layer, the uvea, contains many blood vessels, nerves and pigmented cells. The uvea is divided into three main regions: the choroid, the ciliary body and the iris. The choroid extends from where the optic nerve meets the eyeball to the front of the eye, where it

forms both the ciliary body and the iris. RETINA The innermost layer of the eye is the retina, a layer of nerve tissue containing photosensitive (lightsensitive) cells called photoreceptors. It lines all but the most anterior (frontal) part of the vitreous

body. There are two types of photoreceptor cells: rods cells detect light intensity and are concentrated towards the periphery of the retina. Cone cells detect colour, and are most concentrated at the fovea at the most posterior part of the eyeball.

244 x 186mm (9¾ x 7½”) 256pp 250 col a/ws 90,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-516-7 Paperback £14.99

The blood circulatory system can be divided into two parts: • Systemic circulation – those vessels that carry blood to and from all the tissues of the body • Pulmonary circulation – the vessels that carry blood through the lungs to take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL SYSTEM The systemic arterial system carries blood away from the heart to nourish the tissues. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is first pumped into the aorta via the heart. Branches from the aorta pass to the upper limbs, head, trunk and the lower limbs in turn. These large branches give off smaller branches, which then divide again and again. The tiniest arteries (arterioles) feed blood into capillaries. PULMONARY CIRCULATION With each beat of the heart, blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the lungs through the pulmonary artery (this carries deoxygenated blood). After many arterial divisions, the blood flows through the capillaries of the alveoli (air sacs) of the lung to be reoxygenated. The blood eventually enters one of the four pulmonary veins. These pass to the left atrium, from where the blood is pumped through the heart to the systemic circulation.

238

Major arteries of the body

Subclavian artery Supplies blood to the neck and arms

Common carotid artery Branches of pulmonary artery The only arteries in the body that transport deoxygenated blood

Heart Central pump of the body, which drives blood around the blood vessels Aorta Oxygenated blood from the heart is pumped initially into the large aorta (the main artery of the body). Arteries divide increasingly into small arterioles and feed blood into capillaries (microscopically small vessels which run through the tissues) Radial artery

Renal artery Supplies blood to the kidneys Common iliac artery Supplies most of the blood to the lower limbs and pelvic region

Digital arteries These supply the fingers Femoral artery Main artery of leg

Ulnar artery

Aortic arch

DEATH TAKES A RIDE London’s population doubled in the first half of the nineteenth century, and the city was running out of burial sites. The London railway that opened on 13 November 1854 offered trips that nobody wanted to take. The London Necropolis Company (LNC) began the railway to carry cadavers and mourners from Waterloo to its newly opened Brookwood Cemetery 40km (25 miles) southwest of the city at Brookwood in Surrey. When it opened that year, the cemetery’s 2000 acres comprised the largest ground for burials in the world. Up to 60 coffins were carried on the one train that ran each day, with three classes of funerals offered. The last Necropolis train ran in 1941, when its London terminus was bombed that April by German warplanes, but special trains continued to make the trip until after 1945. The cemetery today, still the largest in the UK, has had nearly 235,000 burials.

left: The original private Necropolis station in London

was located just outside Waterloo Station. A larger building replaced it

Necropolis in 1902.

Hitler 264 x 208mm (10½ x 8¼”) 224pp 200 col & b/w photos & a/ws 60,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-494-8 £19.99 Hardback

THE WHOLE BODY SYSTEM

There are two blood vessel networks in the body. The pulmonary circulation transports blood between the heart and lungs; the systemic circulation supplies blood to all parts except the lungs.

Meridional fibres

Retina Contains photoreceptors that react to light

Iris Pigmented diaphragm visible through the cornea Ciliary body and ciliary muscle Secretes aqueous humour

Our eyes allow us to receive information from our surroundings by detecting patterns of light. This information is sent to our brain, which processes it so that it can be perceived as different images. Each eyeball is embedded in protective fatty tissue within a bony cavity (the orbit). The orbit has a large opening at the front to

Retina Innermost of the three layers of the eyeball; contains lightsensitive rods and cones

Conjunctiva Mucous membrane covering the eyeball

Ciliary process A series of ridges that attach to the suspensory ligaments of the lens

‘He carried their bodies to Mrs Lovett’s pie shop where the flesh was baked in a pie.’

Artist, soldier, politician, madman? We know the headlines, we know about the atrocities, but what do we really know of the man? Hitler looks behind the image of the dictator and explores his childhood, his military service, his artistic aspirations, the formation of his political views, his love life and his time in power. Illustrated with 180 colour and black-&-white photographs, paintings and artworks, this tells the inside story behind the man whose actions may appall us, but still continue to fascinate.

The Human Body

Overview of blood circulation

The eyeball is covered by three different layers, each of which has a special function.

above: The original 18-part series of Sweeney Todd stories was primarily written by James Rymer and Thomas Preckett, prolific writers of ‘penny dreadfuls,’ but others later contributed. An instant hit, it was quickly expanded into a book.

Sweeney Todd, whose real name was Benjamin Barker, was first introduced to readers in 1846 in The String of Pearls: A Romance, one of the popular ‘penny dreadfuls’ – sensational fiction sold in episodes each week for one penny. Many Londoners believed there was a factual basis for the story of a barber who murdered his clients and gave their meat for use in his neighbour’s pie shop. No criminal records have ever been found, but the legend has endured. In this 18-part story, Todd’s barbershop was supposedly at 186 Fleet Street. When his customers were seated, he would pull a lever causing them to flip backwards and down a trap door into the basement. If the fall did not kill them, Todd would hurry down with his straight razor and slit their throats. He then carried their bodies via a tunnel to Mrs Lovett’s pie shop where the flesh was baked in a pie for her customers. Todd’s story has often been retold, including a play in 1973, a musical in 1979 and a movie in 2007.

175

Mrs Robinson’s Diary

One would think a wife’s detailed diary account of her extramarital affair was enough evidence for a divorce, but Isabella Hamilton Robinson outwitted her husband and a jury to stay married. The couple had wed in 1844, she being a wealthy widow with a child. Henry Robinson, a civil engineer, discovered the incriminating diary in 1858 when they were living in France and his wife was bedridden with diphtheria. Her journal described her torrid affair with a doctor, Edward Lane. Even though Henry had produced two children with a mistress, he was infuriated at reading the revelations, such as Isabella’s evening ‘full of passionate excitement, long and clinging kisses, and nervous sensations.’ He took custody of their two children and threw her out, intending to end their 14-year marriage. Their case in 1858 in the new Court of Divorce and Matrimonial Causes in Westminster Hall was the 11th petition filed under a new law that

Hitler

THE WHOLE BODY SYSTEM

Layers of the eye

The Legend of Sweeney Todd

right: The street photographer Herbert Mason captured St Paul’s during the Blitz on 29 December 1940, an iconic image of London’s survival.

244 x 186mm (93⁄4 x 71⁄2”) 224pp 180 b/w and colour photos, diagrams and maps 58,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-496-2 £19.99 Hardback

NINETEENTH CENTURY

morning and by the afternoon a housekeeper noticed heat and smoke from the floor that, turned out to be a smouldering chimney. The stoves were put out at 5 p.m., but an hour later the fire erupted, soon exploding over the building in a great fireball that lit up the London sky. Prime Minister William Lamb would call this ‘one of the greatest instances of stupidity on record.’ Damage was estimated at £2 million. No one died and no one was prosecuted, but an inquiry found a few guilty of negligence. The government found temporary quarters until parliament’s New Palace of Westminster, begun in 1840, was opened in 1860. It was created by the architect Charles Barry and the designer A.W.N. Pugin, who devised the Clock Tower to hold the giant bell, Big Ben.

One amazing survivor of the Blitz was St Paul’s Cathedral. On 29 December 1940, enemy aircraft dropped incendiary devices on the old City of London, causing a massive conflagration and destroying most of the buildings. As bombs rained around the cathedral, Winston Churchill sent word to do anything to protect the building. Eventually one incendiary device lodged on the roof and the dome began to melt. As firemen watched, the bomb suddenly came loose and fell to the stone floor below. They smothered it with a sandbag, and St Paul’s survived to become a symbol of London’s resolve and resilience.

Bloody History of London

CHAPTER 6

ST PAUL’S UL’S ABOVE THE FIRE

July–September

174

197

opposite: Despite the fury of the Blitz, Londoners stood firm. In 1945, Winston Churchill recalled, ‘This Blitz was borne without a word of complaint or the slightest sign of flinching,’ and it ‘proved London could take it.’

‘St Paul’s survived to become a symbol of London’s resolve and resilience.’

Spray

Survivors’ stories

9. A tornado is always accompanied or preceded by a funnel cloud. Especially in the early stages, a tornado can be causing damage on the ground even though a visible funnel cloud is not present. Likewise, if you see a funnel cloud but it does not appear to be ‘touching down’, a tornadic circulation may

BLOODY HISTORY

Funnel

Waterspouts

8. Areas near lakes rivers, and mountains are safe from tornadoes. Tornadoes can climb up and down hillsides. One tornado near Yellowstone National Park left a path of destruction along the slopes of a 3050-m (10,000-ft) mountain.

My brother Winnis was on the table with the whole wall on him mashing the breath out of him by inches. My dad screamed for help to different people in the street. No one came so he told me to help him get the wall up off Winnis. He with God’s help did the impossible and raised the wall 2 to 3 inches [5–8cm], enough so I could help Winnis to the floor. Later they came back and said it couldn’t be lifted by one man, but he did it. My other older brother, Roger, flew with the back door two blocks to the school-

When tornadoes are most likely to occur Distended cloud base

10. Downward-bulging clouds mean tornadoes are on the way. This may be the case, especially with those which show evidence of a rotating motion, but many of these clouds are not associated with tornadoes and may be completely harmless.

7. Tornadoes cannot cross water. A waterspout is a type of tornado that actually forms on water, and tornadoes that form on land can cross bodies of water such as rivers and lakes.

240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 60,000 words 120 b/w line drawings ISBN: 978-1-78274-493-1 Paperback £19.99

From plagues and poverty to financial scandals, Bloody History of London digs deeply into the city’s past and ranges widely across the social, political and cultural life of the metropolis. Included are tales of medieval torture in the Tower, burnings at the stake during the Reformation, and Cold War assassinations. From political skullduggery among the Tudors to the Kray Twins and serial killers, the book is a lively, highly illustrated account reaching across 2,000 years of history.

High Winds

a mile away blown up into bits.” Then our swing on the porch came through the front window and we were all out for a while. I came to and started crawling around a lot of bricks – what had been the chimney.Dad hollered at me and asked if I could get up and walk. He took me by the hand and led me outside to where Mom and the two little ones were sitting on the ground. He said, ‘I’ll go find the two older boys’ – as he said this, he was walking up the side of a wall leaning on the kitchen table.

cause updrafts. Moist air rotating in the vortex cools as it rises, and the condensing water droplets make the whirling wind visible.

Waterspouts are rapidly rotating columns of air that form over warm oceans and lakes. Variations in wind near the water’s surface

Extreme Weather

High Winds

Waterspouts

Fujita Scale

Bloody History of London BLOODY HISTORY OF LONDON

Tornadoes can lift vehicles into the air. Snow and ice storms can imprison entire communities. Torrential rainfall can bring metres of flood water racing through towns and villages. Each chapter in Surviving Extreme Weather explains how to cope with a different element – how to drive safely in deep snowfall; how to survive a lightning storm; and what to do if caught in an avalanche. With 120 detailed black-&white artworks, the book is invaluable reading whether you live in the countryside or the city.

APRIL 2017 PUBLICATION

Left pulmonary artery

Right pulmonary artery

The pulmonary circulation involves the flow of blood between the heart and lungs. In the lungs, blood gains oxygen and loses waste carbon dioxide.

Anterior tibial artery

The vessels of the systemic arterial system carry blood from the heart to the tissues. Blood carries oxygen and essential nutrients around the body.

The venous system The systemic venous system carries blood back to the heart from the tissues. This blood is then pumped through the pulmonary circulation to be reoxygenated before entering the systemic circulation again. Veins originate in tiny venules that receive blood from the capillaries. The veins converge upon one another, forming increasingly large vessels until the two main collecting veins of the body, the superior and inferior vena cavae, are formed. These then drain into the heart. At any one time, about 65 per cent of the total blood volume is contained in the venous system. DIFFERENCES The systemic venous system is similar in many ways to the arterial system. But, there are some important differences: • Vessel walls – arteries tend to have thicker walls than veins to cope with the greater pressure exerted by arterial blood. • Depth – most arteries lie deep within the body to protect them from injury, but many veins lie superficially, just under the skin. • Portal venous system – the blood that leaves the gut in the veins of the stomach and intestine does not pass directly back to the heart. It first passes into the hepatic portal venous system, which carries the blood through the liver tissues before it can return to the systemic circulation. • Variations – the pattern of systemic arteries tends to be the same from person to person, but there is greater variability in the layout of the systemic veins.

T H E FR ON T L I N E

Major veind of the body

T H E FR ON T L I N E

Hitler’s military pass of 1914 offers no hint of the horrors awaiting its bearer – nor those he was later to

Superficial temporal vein

inflict upon the world. Facial vein External jugular vein

Internal jugular vein Subclavian vein

Superior vena cava One of the two main veins; carries deoxygenated blood from the other veins to the right atrium of the heart Brachial vein

Branches of pulmonary veins These are the only veins in the body that transport oxygenated blood Cephalic vein Renal vein

Inferior vena cava

knees and thanked Heaven from an overflowing heart for granting me the good fortune of being permitted to live at this time. His only ‘worry’, he tells us, as he marched off to meet the enemy, was that he might yet miss out: ‘would we not reach the front too late?’

Common iliac vein External iliac vein Digital veins

Femoral vein Great saphenous vein One of the two superficial veins of the leg; drains blood from the foot

UNDER FIRE – LITERALLY Hitler’s anxiety was to prove misplaced. As an infantryman

Popliteal vein

in the 1st Company of the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment, Schütze (Private) Hitler was to see any amount of action, starting within weeks of his arrival at the front, with the First Battle of Ypres, October 1914. Among those killed in the first day’s fighting was regimental commander Colonel Julius List: the 16th Bavarian Reserve was to be known as the ‘List Regiment’ from that time on. Of its 3,600 men, only 611 survived the three days of the battle – an extraordinary attrition, but no more than a foretaste of things to come. One of those who did make it through was Adolf Hitler, though he was extremely lucky to, if his letter to his Munich friend Ernst Hepp is to be believed: ‘We push forward four times but each time we’re forced to retreat again. Of the group around me, only one’s still standing – then he too falls. A shot rips off my right sleeve but – as though by a

The venous system transports blood back to the heart from the bodily tissues. The blood is reoxygenated and then returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins.

239

In Germany, the month-long First Battle of Ypres quickly came to be known as the kindermord: this was how Herod’s massacre of the ‘Holy Innocents’ (Matthew 2, 16–18) was referred to in the German Bible.

Early accounts claimed that up to three-quarters of the 8000 or so casualties killed on the German side had been young student volunteers. Subsequent scholarship suggests that stories of wide-eyed idealists, going singing to their deaths, were an

Deeply disapproved of, even in those countries where it isn’t explicitly illegal, the straight-arm salute is inextricably associated with Nazism now, despite the fact that Hitler and his followers had adopted it from Mussolini and his fascist followers, for whom it had been the (fittingly nativist) ‘Roman’ salute. There is no archaeological evidence to support this label, but it

seemed the sort of thing the ancient Romans might have done. Hitler made it his own, however – just as he was to make his party and his country his own. Made mandatory in 1926, it was known in Germany as the ‘Hitler Salute’, and had to be accompanied by the greeting ‘Heil Hitler!’It accordingly gave the Führer at least a symbolic presence at every interaction

– whether official or simply social – between party members, (and ultimately, by the time the totalitarian state was being built in the 1930s, at every interaction between German citizens). Ready to break ground for the construction of the Reichsbank, workers greet their leader with a straight-armed Nazi-style salute.

UNDER FIRE – FIGURATIVELY Scholarly opinion – often, inevitably, influenced by partisan hostility or (less often) sympathy Opposite: Hitler, trying out an unusual moustache, is seen here

known as the ‘Golden Twenties’. As of 1924, the so-called Dawes Plan – named for America’s Vice-President Charles G. Dawes (1865–1951), who had introduced it – had helped reduce the reparations burden. In the end, a movement that had originated in the chaos following World War I and the Versailles Treaty was not to find new impetus until a fresh disaster had come along.

with his comrades from the 1st Company, 16th Bavarian Reserve.

exaggeration. That the myth should have arisen is understandable, though. A nation entering the War on a patriotic ‘high’ was brought judderingly down to earth at Ypres. A certain sort of ‘innocence’ had assuredly been lost.

PERSONALITY AND CULT ‘Half Plebeian, half god!’ Goebbels’ reported remark on finishing Mein 128

M Y S T R U GGL E , M Y S U C C E S S

PERSONAL GREETING

KINDERMORD

Dorsal venous arch

M Y ST RU GGLE, M Y SU CCESS

miracle – I’m still safe and sound. The fifth time we advance we manage to occupy the forest edge and adjoining farms.’ How scrupulously exact this account of events is we have no way of knowing. That Hitler handled himself more or less commendably does seem certain, though. After the battle, he was awarded an Iron Cross for rescuing a wounded comrade. He was also promoted from the rank of private to that of lance corporal, and reassigned to duties as a Meldeganger or regimental runner. It’s harder to be sure whether this elevation was made in recognition of his courage and resourcefulness in the field of battle or the devastation that had been wrought in the higher ranks (or both).

The authorities at Landsberg could hardly have made Hitler much more comfortable. Here he relaxes with Rudolf Hess (second left) and others.

Kampf in October 1925 reflects the peculiar mix of adoration and disdain one follower felt in relation to his leader Adolf Hitler. Joseph Goebbels (1897–1945) was himself seen half-derisively as the ‘Little Doctor’: short in stature, he had been left crippled by polio in childhood, and his humiliation had been compounded by his rejection from military service in World War I. His personal arrogance, virulent anti-Semitism, corrosive cynicism

and wild suspicion were widely felt to have been a sort of compensation for a more profound self-hatred. Another bohemian manqué, he made a more convincing intellectual than his leader. He wrote poetry and essays, and in 1926 even published a novel. At first, attracted more by the NSDAP’s ‘socialist’ side than by its nationalism, Goebbels had backed the party’s anti-capitalist wing, which was led by Gregor Strasser 129

Surviving Extreme Weather

High Winds

Scale Number F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

Wind Speed (kph [mph]) 64–117 (40–73) 118–180 (74–112) 181–251 (113–157) 252–330 (158–206)

331–417 (207–260) Greater than 418 (> 261)

Amount of Damage Light Moderate Considerable Severe

Devastating Incredible

nonetheless be in contact with the ground.

of LONDON Crime, Corruption and Murder

196

CHAPTER 7

MODERN LONDON

Lying flat in a ditch

activity from April to June in tornado alley. The Gulf states experience most of their tornadoes in the winter.

Though tornadoes can occur at any time of the year, they are more likely at certain times in certain regions. There is an overall peak in

The Blitz

flying debris. Most of the fatalities and injuries incurred during tornadoes are caused by flying debris.

If caught outdoors during a tornado, lie flat in a ditch or other low-lying area. Covering your head with your hands can help protect against

January–March

April–June

HEAD

Sclera Fibrous outer layer of the eyeball

Posterior chamber Chamber behind the iris, filled with aqueous humour Anterior chamber Front chamber between the cornea and lens; filled with aqueous humour

Cornea Transparent layer covering front of eye

Zonular fibres Suspensory ligament of lens

Capsule of lens Membrane enclosing the lens

Vitreous body Largest chamber of the eye

Fovea in macula Where maximum visual acuity is achieved

Lens Focuses light on to the retina

Optic nerve Transports information from the rod and cone cells of the retina to the brain

Optic disc Where the optic nerve joins the retina is the blind spot, so-called because it does not contain photoreceptor cells

Ciliary muscle Circular fibres

Ciliary process One of the ridges that attach to the suspensory ligament of the lens

Scleral venous sinus Also known as Schlemm’s canal

Zonular ciliaris One of the fibrous suspensory ligaments of the lens Cornea Transparent circular part of the front of the eyeball

Dilator muscle of pupil Helps to pull open the pupil, in a darkened room, for example

Sclera Protective outer layer of the eye

Choroid Lines the sclera to the front of the eye to form the ciliary body and the iris

Ciliary body Connects the choroid with the iris

Central retinal vessels Transport blood to and from the eyeball

Sphincter muscle of pupil Responsible for closing the pupil in bright light, for example Folds of iris The iris is made up of smooth muscle fibres

Lens Transparent structure behind the pupil

244 x 186mm (9¾ x 7½”) 256pp 250 col a/ws 90,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-516-7 Paperback £14.99

238

Major arteries of the body

Subclavian artery Supplies blood to the neck and arms

Common carotid artery Branches of pulmonary artery The only arteries in the body that transport deoxygenated blood

Renal artery Supplies blood to the kidneys Common iliac artery Supplies most of the blood to the lower limbs and pelvic region

Digital arteries These supply the fingers Femoral artery Main artery of leg

Ulnar artery

Aortic arch

left: The original private Necropolis station in London

was located just outside Waterloo Station. A larger building replaced it

Necropolis in 1902.

Hitler 264 x 208mm (10½ x 8¼”) 224pp 200 col & b/w photos & a/ws 60,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-494-8 £19.99 Hardback

THE WHOLE BODY SYSTEM

There are two blood vessel networks in the body. The pulmonary circulation transports blood between the heart and lungs; the systemic circulation supplies blood to all parts except the lungs.

Meridional fibres

Retina Contains photoreceptors that react to light

Iris Pigmented diaphragm visible through the cornea Ciliary body and ciliary muscle Secretes aqueous humour

Retina Innermost of the three layers of the eyeball; contains lightsensitive rods and cones

Conjunctiva Mucous membrane covering the eyeball

Ciliary process A series of ridges that attach to the suspensory ligaments of the lens

‘He carried their bodies to Mrs Lovett’s pie shop where the flesh was baked in a pie.’

The Human Body

Overview of blood circulation

The eyeball is covered by three different layers, each of which has a special function.

175

Mrs Robinson’s Diary

Hitler

THE WHOLE BODY SYSTEM

Layers of the eye

The Legend of Sweeney Todd

right: The street photographer Herbert Mason captured St Paul’s during the Blitz on 29 December 1940, an iconic image of London’s survival.

244 x 186mm (93⁄4 x 71⁄2”) 224pp 180 b/w and colour photos, diagrams and maps 58,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-496-2 £19.99 Hardback

NINETEENTH CENTURY

Bloody History of London

CHAPTER 6

ST PAUL’S UL’S ABOVE THE FIRE

July–September

174

197

‘St Paul’s survived to become a symbol of London’s resolve and resilience.’

Spray

Survivors’ stories

BLOODY HISTORY

Funnel

Waterspouts

When tornadoes are most likely to occur Distended cloud base

7. Tornadoes cannot cross water. A waterspout is a type of tornado that actually forms on water, and tornadoes that form on land can cross bodies of water such as rivers and lakes.

240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 60,000 words 120 b/w line drawings ISBN: 978-1-78274-493-1 Paperback £19.99

High Winds

cause updrafts. Moist air rotating in the vortex cools as it rises, and the condensing water droplets make the whirling wind visible.

Waterspouts are rapidly rotating columns of air that form over warm oceans and lakes. Variations in wind near the water’s surface

Extreme Weather

High Winds

Waterspouts

Fujita Scale

Bloody History of London BLOODY HISTORY OF LONDON

APRIL 2017 PUBLICATION

Left pulmonary artery

Right pulmonary artery

The pulmonary circulation involves the flow of blood between the heart and lungs. In the lungs, blood gains oxygen and loses waste carbon dioxide.

Anterior tibial artery

The vessels of the systemic arterial system carry blood from the heart to the tissues. Blood carries oxygen and essential nutrients around the body.

T H E FR ON T L I N E

Major veind of the body

T H E FR ON T L I N E

Hitler’s military pass of 1914 offers no hint of the horrors awaiting its bearer – nor those he was later to

Superficial temporal vein

inflict upon the world. Facial vein External jugular vein

Internal jugular vein Subclavian vein

Superior vena cava One of the two main veins; carries deoxygenated blood from the other veins to the right atrium of the heart Brachial vein

Branches of pulmonary veins These are the only veins in the body that transport oxygenated blood Cephalic vein Renal vein

Inferior vena cava

Common iliac vein External iliac vein Digital veins

Femoral vein Great saphenous vein One of the two superficial veins of the leg; drains blood from the foot

UNDER FIRE – LITERALLY Hitler’s anxiety was to prove misplaced. As an infantryman

Popliteal vein

The venous system transports blood back to the heart from the bodily tissues. The blood is reoxygenated and then returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins.

239

UNDER FIRE – FIGURATIVELY Scholarly opinion – often, inevitably, influenced by partisan hostility or (less often) sympathy Opposite: Hitler, trying out an unusual moustache, is seen here

with his comrades from the 1st Company, 16th Bavarian Reserve.

PERSONALITY AND CULT ‘Half Plebeian, half god!’ Goebbels’ reported remark on finishing Mein 128

M Y S T R U GGL E , M Y S U C C E S S

PERSONAL GREETING

KINDERMORD

Dorsal venous arch

M Y ST RU GGLE, M Y SU CCESS

The authorities at Landsberg could hardly have made Hitler much more comfortable. Here he relaxes with Rudolf Hess (second left) and others.

Technical Drawings of Aircraft of World War II

Essential Identification Guide: Aircraft of World War I

With the aid of 116 extraordinarily detailed line artworks, Technical Drawings of Aircraft of World War II reveals how a wide selection of classic military aircraft were put together. From the Messerschmitt Bf109k-4 to the North American B-25 Mitchell, each line drawing is annotated with an exhaustive key. The illustrations are complemented by captioned colour photographs, plus detailed information about each aircraft’s specifications – making this an invaluable reference guide.

Packed with more than 200 colour profiles of every major type of combat aircraft from the era, The Essential Aircraft Identification Guide: Aircraft of WWI is a reference guide for modellers and aircraft enthusiasts. Arranged chronologically by theatre of war and campaign, the book offers a complete organizational breakdown of the units on all fronts. A compact history of each campaign includes the role and impact of aircraft, as well as orders of battle, lists of commanders and campaign aces such as Manfred von Richtofen.

Technical Drawings of Aircraft of World War II 297 x 227mm (11¾ x 9”) 256pp 200 col photos, 120 line illustrations 50,000 words ISBN: 978-1-90570-432-3 £19.99 Hardback

Illustrated with detailed artworks of Wehrmacht vehicles and their markings with captions and specifications, The Essential Vehicle Identification Guide: Panzergrenadier Divisions, 1939–45 is the definitive study of the equipment and organization of Germany’s motorized army divisions during World War II. Organized chronologically by division and formation date, the book describes the various models of tank and other armoured and soft vehicles in service with each panzergrenadier division.

Uniforms of World War II 285 x 213mm (11¼ x 81⁄2”) 288pp 270 col a/ws 80,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-329-3 £19.99 Hardback

GROSSDEUTSCHLAND DIVISION

Uniforms of World War II

1st Lieutenant Jagdgeschwader 52 Army Group Centre

A Private of a Luftwaffe field division. In late 1942, in response to army requests for additional manpower, the decision was taken to transfer surplus personnel from the air force into the army. However, Göring insisted that these personnel be organised as Luftwaffe field divisions under air force control, a move which ensured they suffered on the battlefield as the officers and other ranks had no experience of combat. A standard Luftwaffe field division comprised two regiments, each, in turn, of three battalions.They had a strength of around 9800 men.All in all some 20 field divisions were formed, but they suffered badly during combat, and the divisions that were most heavily mauled were subsequently absorbed into the army. The uniform worn by the field divisions was the same as in other Luftwaffe branches, though collar patches were often omitted from tunics and flying jackets. The most distinctive item of the uniform was the camouflage jacket. The smock featured a camouflage pattern of angular segments or splinters in three colours, and was identical to that used by the army for camouflaged shelter quarters, helmet covers and smocks.The original air force camouflage pattern was rather short-lived. It consisted of rounded splodges and elongated streaks. Used during the invasion of Crete in 1941, it was eventually replaced by a slategreen pattern, which, in turn, was replaced by the segment camouflage design mentioned above.

By the early summer of 1944 the Luftwaffe was able to deploy 2085 aircraft along the whole of the Eastern Front. However, the Soviets still had numerical superiority in the East, and by early 1945 the German Air Force, being desperately short of fuel, was able to offer only token resistance. Many German pilots, such as Lieutenant Erich Hartmann of Jagdgeschwader 52 illustrated here, fought with great skill and bravery, but were only able to delay the inevitable. In particular, the Luftwaffe could not stop the Soviets deploying ground-support aircraft, which, during the early battles on the Eastern Front, acted as mobile air artillery. The uniform worn by Luftwaffe personnel basically remained the same throughout the course of the war , and any changes that did occur were small. From 1943, for example, some officers began to wear their tunic and flying blouse closed at the collar, as opposed to open with shirt and tie. In addition, the side cap was swapped for the standard peaked field cap. Lieutenant Hartmann is wearing the peaked cap with Jagdfliegerknicke (literally, ‘pilot’s nick’), an effect achieved by removing the wire stiffener from the cap and squashing it flat. His other items are the Luftwaffe leather flying jacket with Luftwaffe silver eagle emblem on the right breast and rank badges on the shoulder, blue-grey trousers and Luftwaffe black leather and suede flying boots. Note the altimeter fastened to his brown leather belt.

Date: Unit: Rank: Theatre: Location:

March 1944 Luftwaffe Field Division Private Eastern Front Lvov

Date: Unit: Rank: Theatre: Location:

The Soviets launched a massive counterattack on 5 December. Unable to dig proper defences in the iron ground, many undermanned German units were devastated; the few German tanks still in working order struggled to operate in the conditions and their fuel was out of reach hundreds of kilometres behind the front line.

It seemed as though the Wehrmacht might suffer the fate of Napoleon’s Grand Army, melting away in the Russian winter. Yet Hitler’s iron determination stopped the headlong retreat and destruction of his hopes. Grossdeutschland fought a bitter series of defensive battles around Yefremov and Tula, where it would remain on the defensive until April 1942.

Schützenpanzerwagen-Kompanie / Kraftrad-Bataillon Grossdeutschland

June 1944 Jagdgeschwader 52 1st Lieutenant Eastern Front East Prussia

A further reorganization followed that autumn. On 1 October 1942, the 1st Infantry Regiment was renamed Grenadier-Regiment Grossdeutschland, while the 2nd Infantry Regiment became Füsilier-Regiment Grossdeutschland. After the massive Soviet offensive (known as Operation Uranus) led by Generals Vatutin and Pz.Aufkl.Bn GD / SPW Aufklärungs-Kompanie / 1.Zug

The SdKfz 250/10 was used by platoon commanders in the half-track companies

HQ with two SdKfz 250/3 Crew: 7

(100hp)

Weight: 5.5 tonnes (5 tons)

of armoured reconnaissance battalions. Armed with a 3.7cm (1.5in) Pak 35/36, it

2-cm Flak auf leichter Zugkraftenwagen 1t (SdKfz 10/5)

Specifications Speed: 65km/h (40mph)

Length: 4.75m (15ft 7in)

Range: 300km (186 miles)

Width: 2.15m (7ft 1in)

Radio: None

Height: 3.20m (10ft 6in)

Armament: Twin 20mm (0.7in) Flak 38 L/112.5

provided fire support for the machine-gun-armed vehicles of the platoon.

The artillery regiment’s self-propelled light Flak battery controlled 12 2cm (0.7in)

Specifications

guns. There was also a medium self-propelled Flak battery with 9 3.7cm (1.5in)

Crew: 4

weapons, and a heavy battery with 12 towed 8.8cm (3.5in) Flak 18s.

Heavy platoon with four SdKfz 250/7 mortar carriers and three SdKfz 250/1

JANUARY–JUNE 1943

In January and February of 1943, Grossdeutschland and XLVIII Panzer Corps, along with II SS Panzer Corps took part in the Battle of Kharkov, the third fought around that city. the SS Divisions TTotenkopf Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Das Reich and during these battles. After the fall of HE DIVISION FOUGHT ALONGSIDE

Kharkov, in one of the last successful battles fought by the Wehrmacht in the East, the division was pulled back into reserve and refitted. During this process, the 1st Battalion of the GD Division’s

REGIMENTAL HQ

Weight: 6.3 tonnes (5.67 tons)

Speed: 60km/h (37.3mph)

Length: 4.56m (14ft 11.5in)

Range: 320km (199 miles)

Width: 1.95m (6ft 5in)

Radio: FuG Spr Ger 1

Height: 1.97m (6ft 6in)

Armament: 1 x 7.92mm (0.3in) MG

Pz.Aufkl.Bn GD / Schützenpanzerwagen-Aufklärungs-Kompanie

After mopping up operations around Kiev, the Grossdeutschland Regiment was again moved north, to take part in Army Group Centre’s final assault on Moscow.

‘General Winter’ Each advance was getting harder. October had seen the onset of the rasputitza – incessant autumn rains that turned dirt roads into bottomless mud, and

Panzergrenadier-Division Grossdeutschland

(100hp)

leichter Funkpanzerwagen (SdKfz 250/3)

OCTOBER–DECEMBER 1941

to the south. The tanks would link up east of Moscow, cutting the Soviet capital off from reinforcements and supplies. Assigned the codename Taifun (Typhoon), the German drive on Moscow began on 2 October. At the beginning of October, Grossdeutschland was in position near Roslavl. Advancing eastwards, it took part in the succesful battle to take Bryansk, and by the end of October was advancing slowly towards Tula, southwest of Moscow. By 18 November, the regiment had fought its way through Tula and was advancing towards Ryazan.

GROSSDEUTSCHLAND DIVISION

Yeremenko trapped General Friedrich Paulus’ German Sixth Army in Stalingrad in November, the Grenadier Regiment was involved in heavy winter fighting with the rest of the division near Rzhev. Continued Soviet pressure prevented any respite from the fighting, and units were being worn to the bone. Neverthless, the exhausted Grossdeutschland Division managed to take part in Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein’s abortive Operation Wintergewitter, the failed attempt to relieve Stalingrad.

HQ spw mot mot

Grenadier Regiment was re-equipped with SdKfz 251 armoured half-tracks. The Fusilier Regiment did not receive such vehicles until the spring of 1944. A further enhancement of the division’s fighting power came with the addition of a company of PzKpfw VI Tiger I heavy tanks. The increased strength brought about a change of status, in common with other motorized infantry formations. From June 1943, the division became the Panzergrenadier-Division Grossdeutschland.

15-cm schwere Panzerhaubitze auf Geschützwagen III/IV (SdKfz 165) GD Artillerie-Regiment / II.Bataillon / 3.Batterie

Known as the Hummel (Bumble Bee), this heavy self-propelled artillery piece

Entering large scale service from 1941, the SdKfz 250 was built in more than a

was issued to the Grossdeutschland Panzergrenadier

dozen variants. The Funkpanzerwagen was used primarily to communicate with

Division in the summer of 1943.

and to control Luftwaffe air support units.

Specifications Crew: 6

Specifications

which brought BATTALION HQ movement to a Krds.Btl near standstill. HQ The rasputitza lasted for four Aufkl.Skw car krd krd schw. weeks. Then on 7 November, the temperature plunged and the liquid mud turned rock hard. The German advance began again with breakthroughs in the south as well as towards Moscow. However, daytime temperatures around Moscow varied from -5ºC (23ºF) to -12ºC (10ºF) and the Germans found it increasingly hard to go on fighting in the thin uniforms they had worn all through the baking heat of summer. Supplies of every kind were simply failing to arrive at the front, where battalions were reduced to a fraction of their authorized strength. Panzer divisions counted themselves lucky to have 50 tanks still running.

PzGren.Rgt GD

Engine: Maybach HL42TRKM 6-cylinder

Operation Typhoon

N ANOTHER GIANT BATTLE OF ENCIRCLEMENT

240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 200 col & b/w a/ws & photos 50,000 words ISBN: 978-1-905704-29-3 £19.99 Hardback

Artillerie-Regiment Grossdeutschland / 4.Bataillon / leichte Flak-Batterie

Engine: Maybach HL42TRKM 6-cylinder

, Hoth Iand Höppner’s Panzers were to bypass Moscow to the north, while Guderian’s Panzergruppe would pass

Essential Identification Guide: Panzergrenadier Divisions

GROSSDEUTSCHLAND DIVISION

leichter Schützenpanzerwagen 3.7-cm Pak (SdKfz 250/10)

By 1942, the key reconnaissance assets of the motorcycle battalion of motorized infantry divisions was provided by armoured cars and half-tracks.

GROSSDEUTSCHLAND DIVISION

Germany

Private Luftwaffe Field Division

240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 200 col & b/w a/ws & photos 50,000 words ISBN: 978-1-906626-65-5 £19.99 Hardback

Essential Identification Guide: Panzergrenadier Divisions

Uniforms of World War II From the fur-lined winter tunics designed for the Eastern Front to the cotton shirts worn in the North African desert, Uniforms of World War II is an illustrated collection of 260 of the conflict’s most distinctive uniforms worn by troops on land, sea and in the air. Grouped by country, a page is devoted to each entry, complete with a description and specification box. From a Captain in the Luftwaffe to a Lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Women’s Naval Service, this is a fascinating collection.

Essential Identification Guide: Aircraft of World War I

Three reconnaissance platoons each with one SdKfz 250/10 and two SdKfz 250/1

Speed: 42km/h (26mph)

Weight: 26.5 tonnes (24 tons)

Range: 215km (133.6 miles)

Length: 7.17m (23ft 6in)

Radio: FuG Spr 1

Length: 4.56m (14ft 11.5in)

Range: 320km (199 miles)

Width: 2.97m (9ft 8in)

Armament: 1 x 150mm (5.9in) sFH

Width: 1.95m (6ft 5in)

Radio: FuG Spr Ger 1

Height: 2.81m (9ft 2in)

Height: 1.66m (5ft 5in)

Armament: 1 x 7.92mm (0.3in) MG

Engine: Maybach HL120TRM (265hp)

Crew: 4 Weight: 5.35 tonnes (4.87 tons)

(100hp) Speed: 60km/h (37.3mph)

18/1 L/30; 1 x 7.92mm (0.3in) MG

Engine: Maybach HL42TRKM 6-cylinder

7.5-cm Pak 40/3 auf PzKpfw 38(t) Ausf H (SdKfz 138)

Panzerkampfwagen V Ausf A (SdKfz 171) Panzer Regiment Grossdeutschland / I Abteilung / Stab

Panzerjäger-Bataillon Grossdeutschland / schwere Kompanie (SF)

Grossdeutschland was one of the first formations to be equipped with the

Issued to Panzerjäger units from late 1942, this tank-hunter featured a Pak 40

PzKpfw V Panther.

mounted on the hull of a Panzer 38(t) Ausf H. In September, the division’s heavy tank-hunter company had nine guns on strength.

Specifications Specifications Crew: 4

Speed: 35km/h (22mph)

Weight: 10.8 tonnes (9.8 tons)

Range: 240km (150 miles)

Speed: 46km/h (28.6mph) Range: 200km (124.3 miles)

(45.5 tons)

Radio: FuG5

Radio: FuG Spr Ger 1

Length: 8.86 (29ft 0in)

Armament: 1 x 75mm (3in)

Armament: 1 x 75mm (3in) Pak 40/3 L/46

Width: 3.4m (11ft 2in)

KwK42 L/70; 2 x 7.92mm

Height: 2.51m (8ft 3in)

anti-tank gun; 1 x 7.92mm (0.3in) MG

Engine: Praga EPA 6-cylinder (140hp)

Crew: 5 Weight: 50.2 tonnes

Length: 5.77m (19ft 11in Width: 2.16m (7ft 1in)

Height: 2.98m (9ft 10in)

(0.3in) MG (one hull-mounted,

Engine: Maybach HL230P30

one coaxial)

Technical Drawings of Aircraft of World War II

Essential Identification Guide: Aircraft of World War I

Technical Drawings of Aircraft of World War II 297 x 227mm (11¾ x 9”) 256pp 200 col photos, 120 line illustrations 50,000 words ISBN: 978-1-90570-432-3 £19.99 Hardback

Uniforms of World War II 285 x 213mm (11¼ x 81⁄2”) 288pp 270 col a/ws 80,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-329-3 £19.99 Hardback

GROSSDEUTSCHLAND DIVISION

Uniforms of World War II

1st Lieutenant Jagdgeschwader 52 Army Group Centre

Date: Unit: Rank: Theatre: Location:

March 1944 Luftwaffe Field Division Private Eastern Front Lvov

Date: Unit: Rank: Theatre: Location:

Schützenpanzerwagen-Kompanie / Kraftrad-Bataillon Grossdeutschland

June 1944 Jagdgeschwader 52 1st Lieutenant Eastern Front East Prussia

The SdKfz 250/10 was used by platoon commanders in the half-track companies

HQ with two SdKfz 250/3 Crew: 7

(100hp)

Weight: 5.5 tonnes (5 tons)

of armoured reconnaissance battalions. Armed with a 3.7cm (1.5in) Pak 35/36, it

2-cm Flak auf leichter Zugkraftenwagen 1t (SdKfz 10/5)

Specifications Speed: 65km/h (40mph)

Length: 4.75m (15ft 7in)

Range: 300km (186 miles)

Width: 2.15m (7ft 1in)

Radio: None

Height: 3.20m (10ft 6in)

Armament: Twin 20mm (0.7in) Flak 38 L/112.5

provided fire support for the machine-gun-armed vehicles of the platoon.

The artillery regiment’s self-propelled light Flak battery controlled 12 2cm (0.7in)

Specifications

guns. There was also a medium self-propelled Flak battery with 9 3.7cm (1.5in)

Crew: 4

weapons, and a heavy battery with 12 towed 8.8cm (3.5in) Flak 18s.

Heavy platoon with four SdKfz 250/7 mortar carriers and three SdKfz 250/1

JANUARY–JUNE 1943

REGIMENTAL HQ

Weight: 6.3 tonnes (5.67 tons)

Speed: 60km/h (37.3mph)

Length: 4.56m (14ft 11.5in)

Range: 320km (199 miles)

Width: 1.95m (6ft 5in)

Radio: FuG Spr Ger 1

Height: 1.97m (6ft 6in)

Armament: 1 x 7.92mm (0.3in) MG

Pz.Aufkl.Bn GD / Schützenpanzerwagen-Aufklärungs-Kompanie

After mopping up operations around Kiev, the Grossdeutschland Regiment was again moved north, to take part in Army Group Centre’s final assault on Moscow.

‘General Winter’ Each advance was getting harder. October had seen the onset of the rasputitza – incessant autumn rains that turned dirt roads into bottomless mud, and

Panzergrenadier-Division Grossdeutschland

(100hp)

leichter Funkpanzerwagen (SdKfz 250/3)

OCTOBER–DECEMBER 1941

GROSSDEUTSCHLAND DIVISION

HQ spw mot mot

15-cm schwere Panzerhaubitze auf Geschützwagen III/IV (SdKfz 165) GD Artillerie-Regiment / II.Bataillon / 3.Batterie

Known as the Hummel (Bumble Bee), this heavy self-propelled artillery piece

Entering large scale service from 1941, the SdKfz 250 was built in more than a

was issued to the Grossdeutschland Panzergrenadier

dozen variants. The Funkpanzerwagen was used primarily to communicate with

Division in the summer of 1943.

and to control Luftwaffe air support units.

Specifications Crew: 6

Specifications

PzGren.Rgt GD

Engine: Maybach HL42TRKM 6-cylinder

Operation Typhoon

N ANOTHER GIANT BATTLE OF ENCIRCLEMENT

240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 200 col & b/w a/ws & photos 50,000 words ISBN: 978-1-905704-29-3 £19.99 Hardback

Artillerie-Regiment Grossdeutschland / 4.Bataillon / leichte Flak-Batterie

Engine: Maybach HL42TRKM 6-cylinder

, Hoth Iand Höppner’s Panzers were to bypass Moscow to the north, while Guderian’s Panzergruppe would pass

Essential Identification Guide: Panzergrenadier Divisions

GROSSDEUTSCHLAND DIVISION

leichter Schützenpanzerwagen 3.7-cm Pak (SdKfz 250/10)

By 1942, the key reconnaissance assets of the motorcycle battalion of motorized infantry divisions was provided by armoured cars and half-tracks.

GROSSDEUTSCHLAND DIVISION

Germany

Private Luftwaffe Field Division

240 x 189mm (9½ x 7½”) 192pp 200 col & b/w a/ws & photos 50,000 words ISBN: 978-1-906626-65-5 £19.99 Hardback

Essential Identification Guide: Panzergrenadier Divisions

Essential Identification Guide: Aircraft of World War I

Three reconnaissance platoons each with one SdKfz 250/10 and two SdKfz 250/1

Speed: 42km/h (26mph)

Weight: 26.5 tonnes (24 tons)

Range: 215km (133.6 miles)

Length: 7.17m (23ft 6in)

Radio: FuG Spr 1

Length: 4.56m (14ft 11.5in)

Range: 320km (199 miles)

Width: 2.97m (9ft 8in)

Armament: 1 x 150mm (5.9in) sFH

Width: 1.95m (6ft 5in)

Radio: FuG Spr Ger 1

Height: 2.81m (9ft 2in)

Height: 1.66m (5ft 5in)

Armament: 1 x 7.92mm (0.3in) MG

Engine: Maybach HL120TRM (265hp)

Crew: 4 Weight: 5.35 tonnes (4.87 tons)

(100hp) Speed: 60km/h (37.3mph)

18/1 L/30; 1 x 7.92mm (0.3in) MG

Engine: Maybach HL42TRKM 6-cylinder

7.5-cm Pak 40/3 auf PzKpfw 38(t) Ausf H (SdKfz 138)

Panzerkampfwagen V Ausf A (SdKfz 171) Panzer Regiment Grossdeutschland / I Abteilung / Stab

Panzerjäger-Bataillon Grossdeutschland / schwere Kompanie (SF)

Grossdeutschland was one of the first formations to be equipped with the

Issued to Panzerjäger units from late 1942, this tank-hunter featured a Pak 40

PzKpfw V Panther.

mounted on the hull of a Panzer 38(t) Ausf H. In September, the division’s heavy tank-hunter company had nine guns on strength.

Specifications Specifications Crew: 4

Speed: 35km/h (22mph)

Weight: 10.8 tonnes (9.8 tons)

Range: 240km (150 miles)

Speed: 46km/h (28.6mph) Range: 200km (124.3 miles)

(45.5 tons)

Radio: FuG5

Radio: FuG Spr Ger 1

Length: 8.86 (29ft 0in)

Armament: 1 x 75mm (3in)

Armament: 1 x 75mm (3in) Pak 40/3 L/46

Width: 3.4m (11ft 2in)

KwK42 L/70; 2 x 7.92mm

Height: 2.51m (8ft 3in)

anti-tank gun; 1 x 7.92mm (0.3in) MG

Engine: Praga EPA 6-cylinder (140hp)

Crew: 5 Weight: 50.2 tonnes

Length: 5.77m (19ft 11in Width: 2.16m (7ft 1in)

Height: 2.98m (9ft 10in)

(0.3in) MG (one hull-mounted,

Engine: Maybach HL230P30

one coaxial)

The Great Commanders of the American Civil War In Great Commanders of the American Civil War, the best military leaders of both sides are pitted against each other and their strengths and weaknesses at major are battles examined, such as Robert E. Lee versus George Meade at Gettysburg, and Ulysses S. Grant versus Albert Sidney Johnston at Shiloh. Featuring full-colour illustrations, paintings and photographs alongside battle maps, this is a fascinating comparison of the greatest Confederate and Union military leaders. Page 88

by 11,000 Federals.

Hooker’s corps began the

attack on the Confederate left at daybreak on September

UPPER BRIDGE PORTER

17. It was a disjointed effort.

VICKSBURG, 1863

BURNSIDE

MIDDLE BRIDGE

of the Tennessee struggled against Lieutenant General John Pemberton, commander of the Confederate Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana, for control of the Mississippi River.

M TA

LOWER BRIDGE

uring the Vicksburg Campaign, Major General Ulysses S. Grant and his Federal Army

SUMNER

HOOKER

While the campaign ended with the siege of Vicksburg, the true brilliance of Grant’s generalship lay in his use of maneuver to trap Pemberton’s force inside the city. The Battle of Champion Hill was decisive in the campaign because it was after that defeat that Pemberton withdrew to Vicksburg and was subjected to Grant’s siege. The only way a besieged force can survive is either by breaking out itself or by being relieved by the attack of an outside force. Neither of these two possibilities was going to happen at Vicksburg, and the Federals won control of the strategic Mississippi

D. H. HILL

LONGSTREET DUNKER CHURCH

RSON

SHARPSBURG

By the time Burnside finally got his attack moving, the hardmarching A. P. Hill had arrived from Harpers Ferry to meet the threat.

Lee took advantage of the Federal delays to reposition forces. By the time Mansfield’s corps entered the battle, Hooker’s corps were ineffective.

Contrary to McClellan’s assessment, Lee had no reserves to deploy. Instead he hung on for dear life, desperately moving forces from one

KEY

C U

ONFEDERATE ARMY NION ARMY

PRELIMINARIES

Kentucky, and Island No. 10 near the Kentucky-Tennessee border had in fact

The Mississippi River dominated the western theater of the Civil War. It was

gobbled up control of much of the river. On May 1, 1862, Admiral David Farragut had captured New Orleans and began

the main north–south artery in the interior of the United States, and farmers

working upstream. By November, the Confederates controlled only the stretch

in places like Illinois and Wisconsin had long relied on it to get their goods

of river between Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Port Hudson, Louisiana. Still, that

to the market. In fact, at the time of the Civil War, the Mississippi River was

was enough to block Federal commerce and maintain a tenuous rail connection

the single most important economic feature of the continent. With the outbreak of hostilities, Confederate forces closed the Mississippi to navigation, which threatened to strangle Northern commercial interests. For the Confederacy, the agricultural produce of the relatively peaceful trans-Mississippi Confederacy was making a substantial contribution to the Confederate armies in Virginia and Tennessee. If the Federals could gain control of the Mississippi River, they would not only secure the free flow of their internal commerce, they would cut the Confederacy in two in a way that challenged its very identity as a nation. Lieutenant General Winfield Scott had recognized this importance of the Mississippi in the opening stages of the war. His original Anaconda Plan had envisioned an amphibious attack on New Orleans from the Gulf of Mexico that would serve as a springboard for

with the trans-Mississippi Confederacy. President Lincoln had understood the situation and put it in perspective. “See what a lot of land these fellows hold, of which Vicksburg is the key! The war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket,” he told his civil and military leaders.

R ANK : L IEUTENANT GENERAL B ORN : 1814 E DUCATED : U NITED S TATES M ILITARY ACADEMY M ILITARY C AREER V ETERAN OF M EXICAN WAR

R ESIGNED FROM THE ARMY IN 1854 C OMMANDED AT F ORT D ONELSON AND S HILOH F INISHED WAR AS A LIEUTENANT GENERAL AND GENERAL - IN -

C OMMANDED D EPARTMENT OF S OUTH C AROLINA , G EORGIA , AND F LORIDA R ESIGNED M AY 18, 1864, AND FINISHED THE WAR AS A

VIKING SOCIETY

Norse lands Danish lands

Confederate: Army of the Mississippi (33,000)

Trondheim

Norwegian Sea

Casualties and losses 10,142 1,581 killed 7,554 wounded 1,007 missing

Lands of the Svears and Götars

Strength Union: Army of the Tennessee (77,000)

9,091 1,413 killed 3,878 wounded 3,800 missing 29,000 surrendered

afterlife and continue working for him there. Those thralls who no longer served a purpose on earth could be killed by their owner, in the same manner as a domesticated animal. While an owner was legally within his rights to murder his thralls, killing another owner’s thrall was a crime that required compensation. The cost of a thrall differed from country to country, but in the slave markets of Dublin a female thrall could be bought for eight ounces of silver and a male for 12 ounces.

The lot of a Viking thrall depended entirely on his or her owner. There is evidence that some thralls were adopted into the family life of a particular Viking longhouse and lived a relatively comfortable existence. Thralls were also allowed to marry each other, although their children would be born as thralls. Some earned enough money to buy their freedom or were granted it by their owners. However, a slave had no property or rights, and if they attempted to escape they would

and genteel. The Karls in the middle are industrious and capable, and in Viking Scandinavia the free made up the largest social group.

Karls

The free were the backbone of Scandinavian society. “Free” was also something of an umbrella term that included everyone from landless labourers and tenant farmers to large landowners who did not have noble status. Hunters and servants also fell into the free category, as did merchants and professional soldiers. There were three things that all free men held in common, regardless of their social standing or level of wealth: they were allowed to bear arms, they were protected by the law and they had the right to attend

where they farmed, fished and, at times, fought one another. Before long, many of these settlements became fortified local centres of power as the regions of Scandinavia became organized into chiefdoms. One such centre was Eketorp on the Swedish island of Öland; another was at Gamla Uppsala in Sweden’s Uppland. Founded in the third century ce, Gamla Uppsala was an important economic, religious and political centre before, during and after the Viking Age proper. The great burial mounds constructed for members of the Yngling dynasty at Gamla Uppsala can still be seen today and are of great archeological significance: they symbolize Scandinavia’s evolution from a population made up of small tribes to regions ruled by kings.

and vote at “Things” – assemblies where lawsuits and disputes were heard and political decisions made. However, Viking Scandinavia was far from an egalitarian culture, and there were different levels of status among the free. This was most apparent when compensation had to be made to a victim’s family in the case of a murder or violent personal injury. If a murdered or injured man came from a wealthy or influential family, the size of the compensation payment would be markedly higher than if the man was poor. The rich were also more likely to receive compensation, as it was up to the parties involved to organize the payments. A wealthy landowner with warriors at his disposal had little problem collecting what was owed to him,

During the final part of the Scandinavian Iron Age, known as the Vendel Period (600–800 ce), lavish burials also took place north of Gamla Uppsala at Valsgärde and Vendel. Here, kings were buried aboard their ships along with fine objects and weapons, a signature of their wealth, power and warrior spirit. This tradition of ship burials continued into the Viking Age. As we have seen, even the earliest Scandinavian settlers were great ship-builders and sea-farers. Sea voyages were essential to travel around Scandinavia, and the waters around its fjords, inlets and islands served as the major transport arteries, replacing the need for longer and more perilous journeys by land. The Scandinavians’ early maritime prowess showed itself in the daring and dangerous overseas

S TFO

Sigtuna Birka Linköping

Sarpsborg Kaupang Skara

Köpingsvik

Viborg Aarhus Köpenhamn Helsingborg Lund Roskilde Uppåkra

Above: Viking longships are pictured here travelling through the calm waters of a Norwegian fjord.

F I N N S

Uppsala

Visby Paaviken

North Sea

E S

Oslo

be hunted down and killed like a dangerous animal. Thralls were on the bottom rung of the Viking social ladder that included free men above them and rulers at the top. The Vikings believed this three-tier class system had been divinely ordained, as described in the mythological tenth-century poem Rígsþula. According to Rígsþula, the god Rígr – another name for Heimdall – was responsible for creating the classes, and the first offspring from each one was given a name to distinguish them: Thrall (slave), Karl (free men) and Jarl (nobility). In the story, the thralls are described as disagreeably ugly and unrefined, and literally born to a life of servitude. By comparison, the Jarls at the top are beautiful, cultivated

VIKING SOCIETY

L A P P S

Viking homelands, 845 CE

Ribe

Hedeby

raids that gave the Vikings their fearsome reputation. But while the history of the early Scandinavian people was dominated by the sea, it was the land, with its vast and varied geography, that would shape the people of each of its countries.

AN SI

FRANKS

THE HOMELAND COUNTRIES

500 kms

the proto-Vikings and the present day, such as reclaimed land and deforestation, but it is largely the vast and varied region it was for the first Bronze Age inhabitants. Scandinavia is impressively long – it stretches for over 1931km (1200 miles) from the northern tip of Norway to Denmark’s southern border along the Eider River – and it encompasses a wide range of landscapes and climates, from the freezing, forbidding north to the mild, fertile south. At their northernmost reaches

The countries of Scandinavia – Denmark, Norway and Sweden – were not clearly defined territories with strictly controlled borders during the Viking Age, but they did make up the three basic areas of the Viking homeland. Scandinavia has experienced some small changes between the time of

WENDS

the countries of Sweden and Norway lie across the same latitude as Greenland and experience the seasonal extremes of the Arctic Circle. This means an average of only around one hour of daylight in midwinter, but constant daylight during the middle of summer. Southern Sweden and Denmark, by contrast, lie on the same latitude as England, Scotland and northern Poland; the winters here are relatively mild and the summers warm. The Vikings and their ancestors had many cultural elements in common, but

300 miles

Above: The Viking homelands as they looked after the Viking Age had begun. Although the territories are clearly marked here, borders between the three countries were often vague and volatile.

their ambitions and destinies were formed by the different regions they inhabited.

Norway

Norway is largely defined by its rugged coastline, one of the longest in the world at 18,000km (11,185 miles). Its coastal seaboard

LIEUTENANT COLONEL OF ARTILLERY

D IED : 1881

137

136

JOB:E12-08742 TITLE:GREAT COMMANDERS HEAD TO HEAD 175# DTP:44 PAGE:88

US Text (AB)

JOB:E12-08742 TITLE:GREAT COMMANDERS HEAD TO HEAD 175# DTP:44 PAGE:89

US Text (AB)

JOB:E12-08742 TITLE:GREAT COMMANDERS HEAD TO HEAD 175# DTP:44 PAGE:136

Camouflage at War

I NFANTRY CAMOUFLAGE I N THE WORLD WARS

I NFA NT RY CA MO U F L AG E I N T H E WO R L D WA R S

Infantry Camouflage in World War II

(1943)

Few nations began World War II with much camouflage

The US Marine Corps

equipment on issue to their forces. Specialist and elite units generally received camouflage, or forces operating in

German Infantryman (1940)

experimented with

The early-war feldgrau uniform

camouflage equipment

of the Wehrmacht reflects a

during the island-hopping

move towards mechanised

warfare in the Pacific

Belgian Infantryman (1940)

warfare. A short jacket is less

theatre. The difference in

The Belgian Army began

encumbering when moving in

terrain between assault

the war wearing uniforms

and out of vehicles.

theatres where it seemed most beneficial.

beaches and inland

somewhat French in style

German Infantryman (1943)

combat zones proved to

and had little chance to

The rapid change in

be a problem.

develop new equipment

colouration between autumn, winter and spring

during the conflict.

caused many nations – including Germany – to issue reversible coveralls.

US 1st Infantry Division

thereby to reduce the chances of an attack from the air. In the event of such an attack, the difficulty of determining the most effective point at which to aim weapons might permit the installation to survive.

The US military became interested in camouflage for its vehicles during the 1960s, but it was not until 1974–75 that camouflage was officially adopted. Up until that point, olive drab was the standard colour for military vehicles, although the exact specification for olive drab varied over time. Some vehicles were camouflaged before 1975, although usually on a local and ad-hoc basis. The four-colour patterns adopted in 1975 are sometimes referred to as MERDC, for the Mobility Equipment Research and Development Centre operated by the army. These were standard on US army vehicles until the mid1980s, when NATO countries standardized a three-colour camouflage system. The adoption of a single system was for a very good reason – to deny information to the enemy. Up until that point, it was possible to determine which NATO countries were operating in an area by their camouflage patterns, even if they were using

Parachute troops, seen as elite forces in all nations, British Commando (1942)

were often the first to

A simple khaki battledress

receive camouflage as

offered good concealment

standard issue. Italy, like

Europe. The practice of camouflaging combat vehicles has been in place in France since well before World War II.

in some cases equipped

After the surrender of

with camouflage gear. This caused some to be mistaken

received equipment

for SS troops, the main

produced for the Italian

users of camouflage in the

army. The Hitlerjügend

European theatre.

many nations, provided a

the commando forces

camouflage smock worn

division was one such

fielded by Britain excelled.

over conventional combat

recipient of Italian pattern

dress.

camouflage smocks.

Normandy landings were

Italy, many German units

during night raids at which

268 x 205mm (10½ x 8”) 224pp 60,000 words 200 col & b/w photos and a/ws ISBN: 978-1-78274-498-6 £19.99 Hardback

tone colour scheme well suited to conditions in Northern

US troops taking part in the German Hitlerjügend Division (1944)

Camouflage at War

Below: A French Leclerc main battle tank, wearing a three-

(1944) Italian 184th Parachute Division (1942)

128

How the Brain Works What happens in the brain when we laugh? What’s the checklist for assessing the severity of a brain injury? And how is Alzheimer’s different from other dementias? In this accessible and fascinating book, readers will learn the answers to these questions and many more. With more than 600 colour photographs, medical imaging and anatomically accurate artworks, How The Brain Works is a highly detailed but simply written wide-ranging guide that will appeal to both general readers and students.

Where in the brain would you find the hippocampus and what is its function? What happens in the brain when we laugh? What’s the checklist for assessing the severity of a brain injury? And how is Alzheimer’s different from other dementias? In this accessible and fascinating book, readers will learn the answers to these questions and many more.

FRONT: MRI scan of a normal, healthy brain (BSIP SA/Alamy) BACK: X-ray image of the brain produced by computed tomography (Merznatalia/Depositphotos)

the same vehicles and taking pains to conceal their nationality. A common camouflage system deprived the opposition of this capability. NATO camouflage of this era was sometimes referred to as CARC (Chemical Agent Resistant Coating), and made use of three colours. Black and green were combined with red-brown to create standardized patterns, which could be adapted for winter use by overpainting part or all of the black areas in white. The greens used by various nations varied; Germany favoured bronzgrun (bronze-green), while the US military preferred a darker shade. For desert operations, a single-shade tan colouring was standardized within NATO. Vehicles intended for units operating in temperate areas left the factory painted solid green, but since 1991 the vast majority of operations have been in desert areas, resulting in vehicles supplied painted tan instead. However, at the time of writing, emphasis is shifting back to operations in Europe, with temperate camouflage becoming the default.

Modern Vehicle Camouflage

JOB:E12-08742 TITLE:GREAT COMMANDERS HEAD TO HEAD 175# DTP:44 PAGE:137

Professor Peter Abrahams has practiced medicine for more than 30 years and has taught medicine and anatomy in various international institutions, including the University of London, the University of Cambridge, and the University of Iowa. He has also lectured in countries such as Egypt, Israel, and Ghana and worked for the World Health Organization. He has written and edited many books, including Clinical Anatomy of Practical Procedures, An Atlas of Normal Radiological Anatomy, Essentials of Clinical Anatomy, and An Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy.

CA MO U FL AG E I N LA ND WA R FA R E

US 2nd Marine Division

US Text (AB)

Understanding Brain Function, Thought, and Personality

• An expert and comprehensive medical reference work on the physiology of the brain, brain disorders, and psycholgical illnesses • Includes more than 75 topics, ranging from the structure of the brain to depression, from brain damage to the effects of caffeine on the brain to what happens in our heads when we laugh • Features more than 600 color photographs, medical imaging, and detailed graphics to help the reader quickly understand the workings of the human mind

With more than 600 color photographs, medical imaging, and anatomically accurate artworks, How the Brain Works is a highly detailed but simply written, wide-ranging guide that will appeal to both general readers and students.

General Editor: Professor Peter Abrahams

Printed in China

PHYSIOLOGY

The brain

The brain comprises three major parts: forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. The forebrain is divided into two halves, forming the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

HEMISPHERES

probably based on long experience in the field. On the other hand, the Chinese military has recently begun using pixellated designs, some in bold colours such as blues and greys. It is possible that these patterns are intended to provide concealment in snowy environments or when conducting amphibious operations. However, many observers have suggested that this colouration is not camouflage at all but ostentation. Tanks and other vehicles wearing these patterns have appeared in military parades, which fits with this theory. It seems likely that a different version of these pixellated patterns, perhaps in a less obvious colour scheme, might be used for combat operations. Such colour schemes do exist and have been observed on Chinese armoured vehicles.

a pixellated ‘maritime’ colour scheme. It has also been suggested that the colours could be rapidly replaced in the same pattern by a computer-controlled process, tailoring the camouflage scheme to various environments.

This does not mean that operations in desert areas will cease in the immediate future. Indeed, another recent development in the British army is the implementation of a new colour scheme for this region. After decades of using a ‘light stone’ or ‘dark yellow’ colouring for vehicles intended for desert operations, the British army has moved to a shade called ‘army brown’. The paint used for this new colour scheme is designed to react to certain compounds, acting as a warning against chemical weapons contamination. Russian armoured vehicles are typically given camouflage suited to their expected operating environment, usually with greens and browns on a tan base colour, although this can vary. These schemes are conventional in nature and are

Advances in Vehicle Camouflage In the modern environment, optical detection is not the only threat faced by armoured vehicles; indeed, it may not be the main threat. Thermal imaging is available at all levels, down to 129

The cerebral hemispheres form the largest part of the forebrain. Their outer surface is folded into a series of gyri (ridges) and sulci (furrows) that greatly increases its surface area. Most of the surface of each hemisphere is hidden in the depths of the sulci. Each hemisphere is divided into frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes, named after the closely related bones of the skull. Connecting the two hemispheres is the corpus callosum, a large bundle of fibres deep in the longitudinal fissure.

GREY AND WHITE MATTER

The hemispheres consist of an outer cortex of grey matter and an inner mass of white matter. n Grey matter contains nerve cell bodies, and is found in the cortex of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and in groups of sub-cortical nuclei. n White matter comprises nerve fibres found below the cortex. They form the communication network of the brain, and can project to other areas of the cortex and spinal cord.

Left cerebral hemisphere

Right cerebral hemisphere

Frontal pole The most anterior part of the forebrain Superior frontal gyrus

Longitudinal fissure The division between the two cerebral hemispheres

Precentral gyrus Contains the motor area of the cortex that controls the skeletal muscles. As well as moving the limbs, this part of the cortex controls movement of the fingers, thumbs and lips

Precentral sulcus

Central sulcus Separates the frontal and parietal lobes

Postcentral gyrus Contains the sensory area of the cortex

Parieto-occipital sulcus Forms a boundary between the parietal and occipital lobes

Sulcus An infolding of the cerebral cortex

Calcarine sulcus Contains the visual part of the cortex

Gyrus A raised ridge of cerebral cortex

Ridges and furrows Primary motor cortex Frontal lobe Part of the forebrain that deals with emotions

Primary somatosensory cortex Receptive speech area (Wernicke’s area) Parietal lobe An area involved with orientation in space

Motor speech (Broca’s area) Temporal lobe The area concerned with sound and spoken language

The four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres are highlighted on this left hemisphere.

Primary auditory cortex

Occipital lobe Part of the hindbrain and the main area for visual interpretation

The central sulcus runs from the longitudinal fissure to the lateral fissure, and marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes. The precentral gyrus runs parallel to and in front of the central sulcus and contains the primary motor cortex, where voluntary movement is initiated. The postcentral gyrus contains the primary somatosensory cortex that perceives bodily sensations. The parieto-occipital sulcus (on the medial surface of both hemispheres) marks the border between the parietal and occipital lobes. The calcarine sulcus marks the position of the primary visual cortex, where visual images are perceived. The primary auditory

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Inside the brain

The brain is the part of the central nervous system that lies inside the skull. It controls many body functions including our heart rate, the ability to walk and run, and the creation of our thoughts and emotions.

Above: These Chinese ZTD-05 amphibious tanks feature

285 x 225mm (11¼ x 9”) 176pp 430 col photos & a/ws 90,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-517-4 £16.99 Hardback

Whether looking to identify a medical complaint, seeking further information about a diagnosis, or just keen to understand the processes of the human mind, How the Brain Works is an excellent, accessible reference work written by medical professionals.

BG - Reference

CA M O U FL AG E I N LA ND WA R FA R E

How the Brain Works

How the Brain Works takes the reader from the physiology of the brain through to its processes—such as what happens in the brain while we sleep—and on to traumas, diseases, and psychological conditions. From learning about the blood vessels in the head to what goes wrong when someone has a stroke, from how the brain processes language to diagnosing meningitis, from anorexia nervosa to post natal depression, How the Brain Works expertly explains the processes of the brain in a way that we can all understand.

General Editor: Professor Peter Abrahams

Packed with 200 colour and black and white photographs and colour artworks, Camouflage at War explores uniforms, military vehicles and buildings from World War I to the present day. From dummy tanks and the uniforms of Waffen-SS in World War II to zebra-striped dazzle ships and today’s pixelated pattern uniforms used by US soldiers in Iraq, the book is a fascinating exploration of how warfare has changed over the last hundred years.

VIKING SOCIETY

May 18–July 4, 1863 Warren County, Mississippi Union victory

Facing page: The remains of a Viking longhouse in the Shetlands, an archipelago 170km (105 miles) northeast of the British mainland.

J OHN C. PEMBERTON

R ANK : M AJOR GENERAL B ORN : 1822 E DUCATED : U NITED S TATES M ILITARY ACADEMY M ILITARY C AREER V ETERAN OF M EXICAN WAR

D IED : 1885

VIKING SOCIETY

V I C K S BU RG

Above: Here, re-enactors play the part of “Karls”, or free men, who represented the majority of men in Viking-Age Scandinavia.

U LYSSES S. G RANT

CHIEF OF THE ARMIES

threatened area to the next.

these results were shaped by experiences they had had earlier in their careers.

. PEMBERTON: VICKSBURG, 1863

Bridge, where about 550 Georgians stalled an attack

Date Location Result

GRANT VS. PEMBERTON

Perhaps the greatest

Federal debacle of the battle occurred at Burnside’s

time wisely.

had been rejected, various Federal operations at places like Columbus,

members of McClellan’s army sat idle. Lee again used the

securing the Mississippi and splitting the South in two. Although Scott’s plan

Gulf of B o

away at the Bloody Lane for nearly four hours, other

River. The campaign clearly showed both Grant’s genius as a modern general and Pemberton’s limitations. In both men,

GRANT

While Sumner bludgeoned

. MCCLELLAN: ANTIETAM, 1862

A NTIETAM , 1862

LEE

. MCCLELLAN: ANTIETAM, 1862

12:23

285 x 213mm (11¼ x 8½”) 224pp 160 col & b/w photos 50 line drawings & 10 col maps 60,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-515-0 £19.99 Hardback

297 x 227mm (11¾ x 9”) 224pp 160 col & b/w photos 50 line drawings & 10 col maps 60,000 words ISBN: 978-1-78274-513-6 £19.99 Hardback

The Viking Warrior

3/10/16

Great Commanders of the American Civil War

LEE

Beginning in 789 CE, the Vikings raided monasteries, sacked settlements and invaded the Atlantic coast of Europe. But that is only part of their story. Sailing their longboats, they discovered Iceland and North America, colonised Greenland, founded Dublin, and also sailed up the River Seine and besieged Paris. Illustrated with more than 200 maps, photographs and artworks, The Viking Warrior examines these fearsome warriors through their origins, social structure, raiding culture, weapons, trading networks and settlements.

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The Viking Warrior

cortex is located towards the posterior (back) end of the lateral fissure. On the medial surface of the temporal lobe, at the rostral (front) end of the most superior gyrus, lies the primary olfactory cortex, which is involved with smell. Internal to the parahippocampal gyrus lies the hippocampus, which is part of the limbic system and is involved in memory formation. The areas responsible for speech are located in the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) in each individual. The motor speech area (Broca’s area) lies in the inferior frontal gyrus and is essential for the production of speech.

A midline section between the two cerebral hemispheres reveals the main structures that control a vast number of activities in the body. While particular areas monitor sensory and motor information, others control speech and sleep. SPEECH, THOUGHT AND MOVEMENT

The receptive speech area (Wernicke’s area) lies behind the primary auditory cortex and is essential for understanding speech. The prefrontal cortex has high-order cognitive functions, including abstract thinking, social behaviour and decisionmaking ability. Within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres are several masses of grey matter, known as the basal ganglia. This group of structures is involved in aspects of motor function, including movement programming, planning and motor programme selection and motor memory retrieval.

DIENCEPHALON

The medial part of the forebrain comprises the structures surrounding the third ventricle. These form the diencephalon which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus of either side. The thalamus is the last relay station for information from the brainstem and spinal cord before it reaches the cortex. The hypothalamus lies below the thalamus in the floor of the diencephalon. It is involved in

Corpus callosum A thick band of nerve fibres, found in the depths of the longitudinal fissure that connects the cerebral hemispheres

Precentral gyrus

Central sulcus

Postcentral gyrus

Pineal gland Part of the epithalamus that synthesizes melatonin

Right cerebral hemisphere One of two hemispheres that form the largest part of the forebrain

Parietooccipital sulcus Divides the occipital and parietal lobes

Ventricle Fluid-filled cavity Thalamus Directs sensory information from the sense organs to the correct part of the cerebral cortex

Calcarine sulcus Where most of the primary visual cortex lies

Optic nerve Carries visual information from the eye to the brain

Cerebellum Controls body movement and maintains balance; consists of grey matter on the outside and white matter on the inside

Pituitary stalk The pituitary gland is not included when the brain is removed from the skull Hypothalamus Concerned with emotions and drives, such as hunger and thirst; it also helps to control body temperature and the water-salt balance in the blood

Midbrain Important in vision; links the forebrain to the hindbrain

a variety of homeostatic mechanisms, and controls the pituitary gland that descends from its base. The anterior (front) lobe of the pituitary secretes substances that influence the thyroid and adrenal glands, and the gonads and produces growth factors. The posterior lobe

Pons Part of the brainstem that contains numerous nerve tracts

Spinal cord

produces hormones that increase blood pressure, decrease urine production and cause uterine contraction. The hypothalamus also influences the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and controls body temperature, appetite and wakefulness. The epithalamus is a relatively small part of the

Medulla oblongata Contains vital centres that control breathing, heart-beat and blood supply

dorso-caudal diencephalon that includes the pineal gland, which synthesizes melatonin and is involved in the control of the sleep/wake cycle. The subthalamus lies beneath the thalamus and next to the hypothalamus. It contains the subthalamic nucleus that controls movement.

Brainstem and cerebellum Parietal lobe Frontal lobe

Primary visual cortex

Primary olfactory cortex Parahippocampal gyrus

Temporal lobe Brainstem

Occipital lobe

The posterior part of the diencephalon is connected to the midbrain, which is followed by the pons and medulla oblongata of the hindbrain. The midbrain and hindbrain contain the nerve fibres connecting the cerebral hemispheres to the cranial nerve nuclei, to lower centres within the brainstem and to the spinal cord. They also contain the cranial nerve nuclei. Most of the reticular formation, a network of A view of the medial surface of the right hemisphere, with the brainstem removed, allowing the lower hemisphere to be seen.

nerve pathways, lies in the midbrain and hindbrain. This system contains the important respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor centres. The cerebellum lies posterior to the hindbrain and is attached to it by three pairs of narrow stalk-like structures that are called peduncles. Connections with the rest of the brain and spinal cord are established via these peduncles. The cerebellum functions at an unconscious level to co-ordinate movements initiated in other parts of the brain. The cerebellum also controls the maintenance of balance and influences posture and muscle tone.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Depression

Depression is a mental state that involves mood disorder, leaving the person feeling ‘low’. There are a variety of symptoms, both physical and mental, which can be mild or severe. An episode of depression may occur singly or recurrently (with intervening periods of normal mood). In both cases, the condition is referred to as unipolar depression, because there is only one direction of mood change. Some people, however, develop depression in the context of a manic-depressive illness, called bipolar affective disorder. In this case, there are manic (‘high’) episodes as well as low mood swings. Although the vast majority of features of unipolar depression would apply equally to bipolar depression, it is thought that there may be some subtle differences between the two.

CLASSIFYING DEPRESSION

As well as the distinction that is currently made by psychiatrists between unipolar and bipolar disorders, classification is based on its severity, recurrence and the presence or absence of psychotic symptoms. Only rarely, however, does a depressive illness become so severe that the individual loses touch with reality and becomes psychotic (whereby delusions or hallucinations are experienced).

Frontal lobe The part of the brain concerned with controlling voluntary movement and other functions; it is also the centre for conscious emotion

Area of abnormal activity It is thought that in depressed people, part of the cortex of the frontal lobe is overactive, leading to an abnormal fixation on emotional state

Research has attempted to identify the specific areas in the brain that are affected when an individual is depressed. This cross-section through the brain shows one such area.

elderly, the degree of impairment can be such that it is difficult to distinguish between depression and dementia. Other symptoms that occur as part of a depressive illness include anxiety and phobias,

obsessions, irritability, agitation and restlessness. n Behavioural symptoms The ability to function from day to day, both socially and at work, is decreased – at least to some extent. People may avoid leaving home and isolate or neglect themselves, and facial expressions and body language of the severely depressed may be easily recognizable.

MILD DEPRESSION

Depression is primarily a disorder of the mood. This is in contrast to mania, in which there is elation and elevation of mood.

Who is affected?

What causes depression? Attempts have been made to distinguish between depressive episodes, which are understandable in terms of traumatic life events (reactive or neurotic depression), and those that occur spontaneously, depending on factors within the individual (endogenous depression). Although it is tempting to classify further on this basis, the initial observation that ‘reactive’ depression is less severe, and forms a separate entity, need not necessarily be true. In every case, there must be a mixture of causes that are both internal and external. Genetic factors appear to be important (more so in bipolar depression), as are hormonal changes, such as increased cortisol levels and abnormal control of thyroid hormones. Adverse events, especially those associated with losses

Among the many factors that can increase vulnerability to depression are a lack of social support and a difficulty in forming close relationships.

Anxiety and obsessive symptoms in particular appear to occur more frequently in mild episodes; indeed, rather than differing merely in terms of severity, mild depression may represent a separate syndrome. Other important differences of mild

Some people are reluctant to visit their GP to discuss feelings of depression, but this is often the first step towards receiving treatment.

At any given time, approximately 10–15 per cent of people in this country will be suffering from moderately severe depression and 2–3 per cent from severe depression. Every year, about 10 per cent of the population develop a depressive illness, although many more cases may remain undetected. Typically, onset is in the late 20s and, overall, women are twice as likely as men to get depressed. Innercity housing, low social class, unemployment, poor education and being single are other important associations that have been recognized. New mothers are also at risk of becoming depressed – in the six weeks following childbirth, 10–15 per cent become depressed enough to warrant some kind of help.

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The key features of depression are a persistent lowering of mood and loss of enjoyment, interest and motivation. There are also important changes in biological function, thinking and behaviour. n Biological symptoms These are most prominent in severe depression and include: sleep disturbance, typically with early morning wakening; decreased appetite; weight loss; reduced sex-drive; fatigue; aches and pains; psychomotor disturbance – slowing of movements, thought and speech or, in rare cases, agitation. The mood is often worse in the morning and lifts as the day goes on. In very severe, lifethreatening cases, an individual will refuse to eat or even drink. n Mental symptoms Thought content is extremely negative, with ideas of guilt, worthlessness and hopelessness. People can find it hard to imagine any sort of future, and ideas of self-harm or suicide may be common. Concentration and memory can be severely impaired; in some cases in the

such as bereavement and physical illness, can trigger depressive episodes. It seems that underlying vulnerability to such events can be increased by circumstances – for example, abuse or parental separation in childhood, unemployment, low social class and poor self-esteem.

CHANGES IN THE BRAIN

There is known to be a change in the function of several neurotransmitters and their receptors in the brain during periods of depression. Most research has concentrated on serotonin and noradrenaline, the hypothesis being that depression is associated with decreased activity of both of these chemicals. It is now accepted that this represents a huge oversimplification and that many other neurotransmitters are likely to be implicated.

A common feature of mild and severe depression is insomnia. A chronic lack of sleep can serve to exacerbate symptoms of fatigue.

depression include a tendency to initial insomnia (difficulty falling asleep with subsequent oversleeping in the morning), an increase in appetite and the presence of few biological symptoms. The pattern of variability throughout the day can vary, with a worsening of mood in the evening.

PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION

It is important to identify psychotic symptoms, as they represent a severe illness, where the individual has begun to lose touch with reality. Symptoms are usually in keeping with the patient’s mood: delusions often concern illness, death, punishment, guilt or persecution; hallucinations (which occur less frequently and are usually auditory) are distressing – for example, a voice that accuses, urges suicide or confirms the patient’s low self-esteem.

Depression in older people Although the prevalence of depression is almost identical in elderly and middle-aged people, the diagnosis of the condition can often be missed in the older group. This is probably because the features of low mood can be less obvious; elderly people may not complain of feeling depressed or suicidal at all, perhaps going to see their doctor with physical problems or simply sleep disturbance, a degree of which is normal in old age. It is always important for the doctor to bear the condition in mind, however, because of the relatively poor prognosis in

this group. Elderly depressed patients (especially men) are at a high risk of suicide and, for this reason alone, early detection and treatment is of paramount importance. It is also very important in preventing relapse and depressive episodes of long duration, which are more likely in people of this age group than in younger people. It is easy to overlook depression in older people, but the problem is significant. It is often difficult to diagnose, as it can be hard to distinguish between depression and dementia.

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