Re-purposing Rural Mud-Brick Architecture in The Gambia Light Straw, Clay Construction
A gleaming example of our blocks coming together to create a wall system.
Project Overview Our project began with an assessment of problems with buildings (wall systems) in The Gambia. From our assessment, we concluded that afford-ability, ventilation, and water conservation were among the highest concerns. By using light straw, clay construction to replace typical mud brick construction, we came up with a wall system that provided multiple solutions. Our wall system was designed specifically to allow winds to pass through, cooling off inhabitants. It was also designed with available resources from The Gambia in mind, making it highly affordable and simple. Finally, to address the lack of rainwater in The Gambia, we designed our wall system to allow water to flow through it vertically, collecting water to be used around the household .
ABSTRACT This project is about utilizing available materials in The Gambia to create a sustainable wall system which addresses multiple problems.
TEAM
MYAT HTOO AUNG THOMAS JOSEPH BERK IV ANTHONY BRYANT MOON JR
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS NILS GORE BAKARY SUSO
THE GAMBIA Light Straw, Clay Construction
University of Kansas School of Architecture Studio 409 Fall 2014
LIFE EXPECTANCY
ARGRICULTURE WORKFORCE
65 YEARS
75%
CORRUPT GOVERNMENT NO BUILDING CODE
GDP 2,000
NATIONAL SYMBOL
THE GAMBIA
AVG AGE
21 YRS
1,925,527
BANJUL
NATURAL RESOURCES 20 YRS
POPULATION
1.1 BEDS PER 1000
POOR SANITATION LACK OF ACCESSIBLE
DRINKING WATER
CLAY BEANS
SAND FISH
RAINY SEASON 3 MONTHS
CLIMATE
Current Building Conditions
Building in the Gambia provided our group with many opportunities to explore. The unique environment and lack of available building materials presented us with several challenges. Some of the problems we focused on were dealing with the hot/humid climate of the Gambia, collecting water from the very short and arid rainy season, and making all of it affordable convenient while aesthetically pleasing. Being able to address all of these problems with one wall system was our initial goal.
Thermal comfort is an established practice in architecture. Creating a comfortable environment for patrons of future buildings is highly taken into consideration during the design. Light straw, clay construction is much lighter, and airy than a traditional mud brick. This gives more appropriate thermal properties for The Gambia. Along with this, we designed our block to be arranged in a multitude of ways. These arrangements should be in coordinance with the amount of ventilation the consumer/client desires. Spreading the blocks further apart will allow for more air to pass through, but also inhibit the visual security.
The rainy season in The Gambia consists of only 3 months of the year, and provides very little. Some villages have a centralized well (if they’re lucky) that the villagers must travel to in order to collect water for their household. Our goal was to limit the amount of trips one must make to collect this water. We designed our blocks to allow water to pass through, collecting at the foundation to be used by the household. The blocks will slide into place, down the water pipes. This creates an easy method to install blocks, and collect water. A possible irrigation system could be explored to promote agricultural households.
An important factor in the process of this project was making it site specific and affordable to rural parts of The Gambia. A vast majority of the country’s cement is imported. This can lead to heavy expenses, and does not necessarily promote The Gambian economy. Straw, clay, sand, and water are all natural resources in The Gambia. We used these components to create our building material. To optimize the forming of the block, we invented a mold system that allowed us to make several blocks at once. Further developing this idea could lead to a system in which these blocks can be mass produced.
Initial Block Design
Initial block design with arch
Weight testing to determine the durability and structural support of our block.
Rainwater Our initial design was a block with an arch with holes on either side to pass water through. These blocks could be arranged in many ways, allowing for different fenestrations, and plants. Structurally, this shape proved to be successful, but was difficult to construct because of the arch. The openings created by the arches caused a discrepancy because we wanted more privacy visually. Our goal was to be able to pass enough air through to ventilate properly, but to also keep the fenestrations small enough to avert unwanted eyes having multiple holes in the brick also weakened the integrity, as some of our bricks began to crumble at the holes.
Wind (thermal comfort)
Final Block Design
Blocks used in the final “wall” curing after being molded and set into place.
We contemplated a lot of different factors when designing the final shape of our block. These included ease of construction (optimization), allowing maximum rainfall through the system, maximum ventilation while limiting vision inside, and how the bricks would be arranged in a wall. The “L” shaped brick provided ample solutions to all of these considerations. Thin, tall fenestrations allow air to flow through the building while averting the eyes of those passing by. The basic water conservation system not only provides a way for water to pass through, but keeps all of the bricks in place and gives some structural support. Having a family of different shaped blocks together was an idea we played with, but the simplicity of having one type of block worked to our best benefit.
Rainwater
1.5”
Wind (thermal comfort)
8” 2” 12”
6”
Molds for Creation
Photo of our finished “wall”. This wall is composed of (8) of our “L” blocks. The pipe which water runs through inside the blocks also helps keep the blocks in place for structural support.
Dado cuts were made into several pieces of wood, making grooves to allow these pieces to slide. We used this method to compress straw.
We wanted to have multiple molds so we could make several bricks at a time. Dado cuts were made so we could slide the molds in and out of place.
Finding the Correct Mixture
Water
Straw
Clay
5%
20%
75%
Positive
Negative
-good starting point -well constructed mold
-too much clay -too long to cure -too much water -did not hold together -water holes crumbled
Straw
Water
Sand
Clay
50%
10%
5%
35%
Positive
Negative
-worked finally -stable -dry quicker -water holes remain intact -good load bearing
-could be faster (making) -still a little mushy -sustains life (grass)
Water
Straw
Clay
5%
75%
20%
Positive
Negative
-able to make multiple (quickly) -does not grow grass -dries quickest -water holes remain intact -good load bearing -less chunky, more of a clay coating
-Joint in “L� would weaken
Arrangements of Blocks
Shredding the straw was our first step in creating the mixture for our bricks.
After mixing clay and water in a bucket, we added the mixture to the straw. Giving it a thin adhesive coating.
With the mold slid into position, the mixture is placed inside the mold and compressed. A pipe runs vertically through the mold to produce the hole inside the brick
What our bricks look like directly after pulling the mold off of them.
This arrangement is completely sealed. No fenestrations, has the smallest footprint, and most structurally sound.
Our personal favorite block arrangement. Mirroring each (2) blocks every row created taller fenestrations. This creates a light, but structurally sound wall.
A sample of how the bricks can be arranged to form an arch, or different building components
This arrangement is the weakest due to its vast fenestrations. To create wider openings, we needed to place each block further apart, which weakens the load.
This arrangement has the same spacing as the second (our favorite) but the openings are half the height.
These two wall types have the same spacing, but the left wall uses the mirrored row method, while the right wall repeats the same pattern throughout.
Building and Using the Forge Water Conservation Wall Cap (Funnels water into pipes)
Water Pipe
Water tank
A clay piece surrounds the heated aluminum. The heat proved too much as the clay encasement cracked in multiple places within minutes.
Grinding edges of framing to weld onto pre-cut table top. All of the pieces used to build the forge were scrap metal.
Melting recycled materials such as aluminum and plastic (bottles) interested us from the beginning of the project. With a blower from over a century ago, and scavenged metal, we grinded, cut, welded and bolted this forge together. After using a plasma cutter to create the openings in our table top, we cut down and grinded angles and piping to create the legs and supports. To support the weight of the steel drum where the heat will be centralized, we built a cradle from excess angles. To connect the blower to the steel drum, we use thin aluminum sheets, which we rolled up creating a path for air to travel through. Even though our poor was unsuccessful, the forge itself worked without any problems.
Welding supports to the bottom of the steel drum, which holds the coals and centralizes the heat/ airflow
Positioning the crank (arm) to be bolted to the table-top and supporting angle piece.
Air is cranked by the blower up through the steel drum into the flaming coals, producing more heat. Some other miscellaneous pieces of flammable material were used to ignite the flame.
A short “wall� was welded on top of the platform to contain the coal for ease of mobility. We placed a cap on the bottom of the piping to disallow airflow downward, and collect ash/coals
Business Plan
Sifter
Recycler
extracts clay for farmer in return for compensation
(plastic, metal, glass)
Farmer
Fisherman
Our idea was to make a more aesthetically pleasing facade to our wall using recycled aluminum cans.
Compressor Makes bales for farmer in return for compensation
There were several factors which inhibited us from making a consistent pour. The first being that the top of the container holding the melted aluminum was too cold to keep the metal melted. It began to harden and form at the spout, disabling us from making solid pours. It would have also benefited us to make an in-place pouring contraption that would cause less human error when actually pouring in the mold.
Consumers
Hires (fenestrator) Buys bricks (brick fab) Make their own house
Unused straw now has a purpose in building construction Hire sifters to turn unused land into money Create job opportunities
transports straw to (brick fab) transports water to the farmer carries recycled products
Brick fabricator
Bricks
bricks come in various sizes and shapes ready to build.
Buys supplies (farmer) Buys supplies (from recycler) could create a building code in The Gambia solves building problems Stimulates economy creates various building blocks
Fenestrator
Buys supplies (from recycler) makes aesthetic improvement to building forging metal/ plastic
Bibliography “Archive: The Gambia From Space (Archive: NASA, International Space Station, 12/04/10).” Flickr. Yahoo!, 30 June 2014. Web. 14 Dec. 2014. BAKER, LAURIE. “Mud.” Earth Architecture (n.d.): n. pag. Eartharchitecture. Web. “Brake Drum Forge for Beginning Blacksmiths.” Brake Drum Forge for Beginning Blacksmiths. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2014. Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2014. “Design Coalition.” Design Coalition. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2014. “MONKEY ON BOAT WITH MANGO TREES. Galoya, GAMBIA. 2011.” Flickr. Yahoo!, 11 Sept. 2011. Web. 14 Dec. 2014.