Circle of Food a landscape architecture thesis Jessica Li
Melbourne School of Design Supervised by Professor Ray Green
Abstract This thesis is an experimental framework exploring how urban agriculture can be implemented in Arden-Macaulay with adaption to the existing structure plan by the City of Melbourne. The proposal aims to provide people at Arden-Macaulay psychological well-being and food education through the urban farm system, which will achieve the goal of ‘driving the circle of life by the circle of food’. A progressive plan will be drawn from the proposed road hierarchy system by the City of Melbourne within 40 years time frame in 4 stages (greenway, laneways, connectors and local centres), the scales and target users of the programs will evolve progressively according to the aging demographics of the residents in the area. The resolved framework will be the result of a collaboration between scientific and theoretical methodologies to reflect the sciences and arts of landscape architecture.
1. Background
Content
The Circle of Food Why? Urban Farming The Comparison The Programs Precedent Scientific Theory
3. The Design 5 7 9 16 19 20 24
The Sites (A, B, C) Design Process Urban Farm System Story of Polly Plant Selection Evaluation
2. Arden-Macaulay
4. References
Demographics Existing Context Long-term Plan Lynch Map Unoccupied Lots The Vision Site Selection
References
27 32 33 34 35 36 53
57 58 66 74 90 92
94
1. Background
The Circle of Food
Distribution
Cooking
Agriculture
Serve
Background 5
Sustainable agriculture is defined as “agriculture that follows the principles of nature to develop systems for raising crops and livestock that are, like nature, self-sustaining.” Source: Fox, T. (2011)
The “Circle of Food” represents the food cycle people experience everyday from food production at varied-size farms to distribution at grocery stores, then process through cooking and finally a delicious meal is served. Moreover, the food waste from cooking and serving can potentially be used as compost in agriculture. There is a complete cycle of food. The aim of this thesis is to drive the “circle of life” by the “circle of food”. There are two major reasons behind this contention: (1) food waste; (2) food education. Australia as a nation wastes $8 billion worth of edible food every year. Nowadays, children lack food education, therefore they tend not to appreciate or recognise food. It is important to educate our next generation about agriculture and food. 6 Background
This thesis will demonstrate how the “circle of food” will drive the “circle of life”. Daily life and life-long life will be represented through arousing/pleasure experience and food education at the hybrid urban farm design respectively. Various programmes will be designed to achieve these two major goals. The design will be presented as an experimental framework adapting the existing Arden-Macaulay structural plan by the City of Melbourne. The proposed 40 years progress strategy and street hierarchy by the City of Melbourne will also be used as the guideline to present the potential stages of this thesis.
Why?
Australia
Every Australian average household discards 1 out of 5 bags of purchase. Over 40% of the bin is food waste. Every year, every Australian average household throws around $1000 worth of food, which can feed an average household for a month and equal to 6 months of electricity bill. Australia as a nation, we throw out $8 billion worth edible food every year, which equals to 4 million tonnes of food. Therefore, there are 3 average size fridges of food per household. Fresh food takes up the largest portion of food waste. It is essential to educate the public, especially the next generation about the value of fresh food and appreciate it.
The entire nation throw out $8 billion worth edible food every year 4 million tonnes of food every year = 3 average size fridges of food per household
Variety of food waste
7%
9%
Takeaways
Frozen Food
9% Drinks
33% Fresh Food
15%
Packaged & Long-life Products
27% Leftovers
20% of purchase over 40% of bin is food
discard up to
around $1000 of food is thrown away every year = feed average household over a month = 6 months of electricity bill Source: Do Something (2017)
Background 7
=
?
Holding up some tomatoes, Oliver asked:
“Do you know what these are?” He was met with stumped faces until one boy shouted:
“Potatoes!”
Source: Gamble, L. (2014)
over 1,600 Australian children between 6 - 17 years old
92% didn’t know bananas grew on plants. Source: Koelma, G. (2014)
Source: Oliver, J. (2015)
8 Background
“Urban farming defined in simple terms is the growing, processing, and distribution of food and other products through intensive plant cultivation and animal husbandry Source: Bailkey, M. & J, N. (2000) in and around cities� Horizontal
CERES community environment park, Melbourne, Australia
Vertical
Newark Farm, New Jersey, U.S.A
HK Farm, Hong Kong
Urban Farming
Source: CERES (2016); AeroFarms (2017); HK Farm (2015)
Background 9
Horizontal Farming is defined in this thesis as any farm larger than 1 hectare near or within urban setting and developed on ground level basis
10 Background
CERES community environment park Melbourne, Australia - non-profit sustainability centre - 4.5 hectares on the Merri Creek in East Brunswick, Melbourne - intend to provide a place for community-based learning and action - various community activities including extensive environmental education programs, urban agriculture projects, green technology demonstrations and a number of social enterprises including a market, grocery, cafĂŠ, community kitchen, organic online supermarket and a permaculture and bushfood nursery Source: CERES (2016)
Farming
Community
Local Economy
Job Employment
Education
Background 11
Vertical Farming is defined in this thesis as “a way of producing food in vertically stacked layers using co n t ro l l e d - e n v i ro n m e n t agriculture technology� Source: Hoppe, J. (2016)
12 Background
Newark Farm New Jersey, U.S.A - 400 Ferry Street, Newark - 0.27 hectare (30,000 square feet) - former indoor paintball and laser tag arena - productive farm invested and managed by American agriculture company, AeroFarms, which aims to “transform agriculture by leveraging our patented technology and farming locally� with the use of modern technology Source: AeroFarms (2016); Garfield, L. (2016)
1
Aeroponics
process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without soil
Replace sunlight with LED lights
2
Hydroponics
a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions in water and without soil
Fertiliser spray regularly
Fans spin continuously
2 million pounds of leafy greens Background 13
Pocket Farming is defined in this thesis as a practice of utilising unused land in urban environment from spare plots to rooftops which are relatively in smaller scale Source: Pocket City Farms (2015)
14 Background
HK Farm Ngau Tau Kok, Hong Kong - 4000 square feet rooftop on an industrial building in Ngau Tau Kok - founded by designer, Micheal Leung, and compatriots Matthew Edmondson and Glenn Ellingsen - grow organic herbs and vegetables - open the farm and sell the produce to public on Saturdays and Sundays, - represented Hong Kong at the Venice Architecture Biennale in 2012 Source: Pocket HK Farm (2015); Alberts, H,. (2012)
HK Farm
THE GOAL Trade
soil from local farmers
food waste from local restaurants to make fertilisers
Food waste
Local cafes/residents Background 15
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.� Source: World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)
16 Background
The Comparison Sustainability
Performance
Environmental
Produce
Horizontal Farming
Vertical Farming
Pocket Farming
medium
high
low
high
medium
low
high
low
high
high
low
high
medium
high
low
medium
high
low
Space Requirement
Education
Social Community
Economic
Trade
Cost
Background 17
The Comparison Sustainability
Environmental
Social
Performance
Horizontal Farming
Vertical Farming
Advantage
remains existing environment as much as possible by adding soil and crates without large infrastructure
uses indoor space within abandoned buildings, especially warehouses
uses spare space around the city, such as pocket parks or rooftops
Disadvantage
changing the local environmental surroundings, such as attracting pests and animals
requires high amount of electricity which is potentially generated using fossil fuels
changing the local environemntal surroundings; rooftop garden may damage building structure
strengthens community bonding by social activities
encourages technology research
encourage local community to participate by casual setting
lacks of privacy for alone time and potential loss of produced due to shared garden
requires a few people to operate, very low social interaction
limited space to accomodate people
provides local economy income
year-round crops for income
provides local cafes affordable local ingredients
takes up spaces for other potential development
expensive to maintain operation
unable to support local economy by large scaled farming
Advantage
Disadvantage
Economic
Advantage
Disadvantage
18 Background
Pocket Farming
The Programmes Horizontal Farming
Greenhouse
Animal Farm
Garden Patch
Market
Cafe
Restaurant
Restrooms
Ventilation
Stacked Plants
Office
Laboratory
Restrooms
Learning Centre
Children Playground
Vertical Farming
LED lights
Fertiliser Spray
Pocket Farming
Plant pots
Learning Centre
Seats
Background 19
My Space by Liya Mairson - created by a graduate from Shenkar Institute for Engineering and Design - cardboard folding play area designed for children aged 3-6 - developed to fit small space for a play room - folding design for easy storage - disadvantages: possibly easy to be damaged; not suitable for outdoor environment Source: Designboom (2010)
20 Background
Kitchen Kids by Josefine Bentzen and Charlotte Skak - created by Denmark-based designers Josefine Bentzen and Charlotte Skak - kitchenwares made specifically for children - allows safe participation and encorages healthy lifestyles at young age - by using colours and forms to highlight the dangerous parts of the kitchen tools Source: Designboom (2011)
Background 21
Adam Wiercinski uses container frames and grid to build modular kids city - created by Polish architect Adam Wiercinski - used recycled container frames and grid organization to build ‘kids city’ as a modular kindergarten - appearance was dictated by how children typically imagine buildings - small ‘cottages’ with sloping roofs - different sizes and modules allows the flexibility of varied building arrangement to adapt all sorts of neefs and developments Source: Designboom (2015)
22 Background
Horizontal Farming
Pocket Farming
Educational Programmes
? Overall Form
Vertical Farming
Educational Programmes
Background 23
Scientific Theory Psychological well-being Psychological well-being can be driven by (1) social adhesion and (2) healthy diet. Social relationships play a key role in our well-being (Cohen, S. 2004). “The structures of our social networks, the support we receive from others, the quality and quantity of our social interactions, and our feelings of isolation and loneliness have all been identified as predictors of health and well-being. Cohen focused on two major properties which contribute to psychological well-being: (1) social integration and (2) social support.”Social integration is defined as participation in a broad range of social relationships.” The level of social integration depends on how much active engagement in various types of social activity or relationship, and it is a positive correlation between them. Social support is defined as the provision of psychological and material resources by a social network to assist an individual’s ability to cope with stress. However, not all scenarios are ideal. Negative interactions may lead to psychological stress. Therefore, it is important to implement programs that increase the chance for social support and social integration but reduces negative interactions.
24 Background
Healthy eating habit associates with better mental health (BeyondBlue 2010). Eating a wide variety of nutritious food gives people an overall sense of well-being. Different kinds of food can improve mood, maintain healthy brain functioning and help people with depression, anxiety and related disorders. For example, eating lean meat, fish and poultry provides good source of protein and long chain omega-3 fatty acids. A healthy diverse diet is a good preventative measure for mental health, as well as physical health. Source: Cohen, S. (2004), BeyondBlue (2010)
Social Adhesion
Healthy Diet
Psychological Well-being
Source: Cohen, S. (2004)
Background 25
2. The Site
Arden-Macaulay is the third populated area of The City of Melbourne, after CBD and Docklands. Over 40% of households are family-based, which family is defined as two or more persons with one of whom is at least 15 years old, who are related by blood, marriage (registered or de facto), adoption, step or fostering, and who are usually resident in the same household.
According to long-term plan and street hierachy plan by the City of Melbourne, new activity centres will be designed to accomodate future population and facilitate the new Arden Station. The hybrid urban farm may provide the existing and future residents alternative destinations to go and strengthen the connection between Kensington and North Melbourne.
Moreover, there are a lot of unoccupied lots at ArdenMacaulay due to its former industrial site. Arden-Macaulay will provide future young population and space as a suitable testground for the hybrid urban farm implementation.
This experimental framework is proposed to be carried out among 40 years time frame, which is the existing vision by the City of Melbourne for the new Arden Station. Details regarding to site selction will be illustrated in this chapter.
Source: City of Melbourne (2013)
Arden-Macaulay 27
KEY METRICS
KENSINGTON
NORTH MELBOURNE
CITY OF MELBOURNE
AGE & RACE R E S I D E N T I A L P O P U L AT I O N
9, 790 (10% OF CIT Y OF MELBOURNE)
11,754 (13% OF CIT Y OF MELBOURNE)
93,627
YOUNGER RESIDENTS (12-25YEARS)
18%
29%
33%
OLDER RESIDENTS (60YE ARS +)
10%
11%
10%
MEDIAN AGE
32
29
28
RESIDENTS BORN OVERSEAS
32%
41%
48%
M O S Y C O M M O N L A N G U A G E S P O K E N AT HOME (OTHER THAN ENGLISH)
MANDARIN (4%)
MANDARIN (8%)
MANDARIN (10%)
W E E K LY P E R S O N A L I N C O M E < $ 3 0 0
17%
24%
26%
W E E K LY P E R S O N A L I N C O M E > $ 1 2 5 0
28%
18%
23%
M E D I A N P E R S O N A L W E E K LY I N C O M E
$921
$613
$711
FINANCIAL INCOME
Source: The City of Melbourne (2013)
28 Arden-Macaulay
Demographics of Arden Macaulay
KEY METRICS
KENSINGTON
NORTH MELBOURNE
CITY OF MELBOURNE
E D U C AT I O N H I G H E R E D U C AT I O N ( U N I V E R S I T Y ) S T U D E N T S
10%
18%
21%
BACHELOR DEGREE OR HIGHER
39%
37%
40%
M O S T P R O M I N E N T B U I LT S PA C E
R E S I D E N T I A L A C C O M O D AT I O N
R E S I D E N T I A L A C C O M O D AT I O N
OFFICE
MOST PROMINENT INDUSTRY BY FLOOR
A R T S A N D R E C R E AT I O N S E R V I C E S
MANUFACTURING
A R T S A N D R E C R E AT I O N S E R V I C E S
MOST PROMINENT INDUSTRY BY EMPLOYMENT
A R T S A N D R E C R E AT I O N S E R V I C E S
BUSINESS SERVICES
BUSINESS SERVICES
C AFE/RESTAUR ANT/BISTRO
30
90
1951
FOOD COURT
0
0
32
B A R / TAV E R N / P U B / N I G H TC L U B
2
17
252
O F F I C E S P A C E ( M 2)
58,694
128,186
5,204,070
V A C A N T F L O O R S P A C E ( M 2)
63,093
182,002
3,092,962
B U I LT S PA C E U S E
Demographics of Arden Macaulay
Arden-Macaulay 29
Industrial Building
Potential to activate street for social interaction
Amenity for Cyclists
Resid
Moonee Ponds Creek Amenity for Cyclists 30 Arden-Macaulay
Wall of industrial building block visibility
dential Buillding
Potential to activate existing green space for social interaction
Train Connection
Amenity for Cyclists
Arden-Macaulay 31
Tram 55 to West Coburg
Tram 57 to West Maribyrnong Train to Upfield
Melbourne Zoo
Newmarket Flemington Bridge
Royal Park Flemington Racecourse
The Royal Children’s Hospotal
Boundary Road Reserve Kensington Macaulay
Clayton Reserve
University of Melbourne The Royal Hospital Tram 19/59 to North Coburg/ Airport West
North Melbourne Recreation Centre South Kensington
North Melbourne Football Club
Parkville
Arden
Legend Recreation
Rail
Water
Medical Institution
Tram Route
Parcel
Proposed Rail Station
Proposed Underground Rail
(Metro Tunnel 2016)
Á
Rail Station
(Metro Tunnel 2016)
Tram 55 to Domain Interchange
Tram 55 to Flinders Street Station
Green Space
Tram 19/59 to Flinders Street Station
Site Boundary Train to City
Á North Melbourne
32 Arden-Macaulay
[
0
125
250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Existing Context Map
Source: City of Melbourne (2013)
Tram 55 to West Coburg
Tram 57 to West Maribyrnong Train to Upfield
Melbourne Zoo
Newmarket Flemington Bridge
Royal Park Flemington Racecourse
The Royal Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hospotal Kensington Macaulay
University of Melbourne The Royal Hospital Tram 19/59 to North Coburg/ Airport West
South Kensington
Parkville
Arden
Tram 55 to Domain Interchange
Legend Proposed Arden Central
Potential School Site
Proposed Local Activity Centres
Retained Community Centre
Proposed Mixed Use Activities
Proposed Community Centre
Tram 55 to Flinders Street Station
Tram 19/59 to Flinders Street Station
Retained Residential Activities Retained Commercial Activities Retained Industrial Activities
Long-term Plan Source: City of Melbourne (2013)
Train to City
Ă North Melbourne
[
0
125
250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Arden-Macaulay 33
Tram 55 to West Coburg
Tram 57 to West Maribyrnong Train to Upfield
Melbourne Zoo
Newmarket
SPORTS PRECINCT
Flemington Bridge RACECO
URSE RD
MOTOR PRECINCT
PARSON
S ST
EP SO
ALFRED
M
Royal Park
ST
MELROS
BUNCLE
BOUNDA
ST
E ST
RD
C PM N
A
ARDEN ST
HAINES
ST
ST
D ST
RK HA
Tram 19/59 to North Coburg/ Airport West
OSHANASS
Y ST
Parkville
EY TN
UR
O ST ST
ST
CHAPEL ST
Retail Precinct
HOWARD
CHETWYND
Industrial Precinct
ENROL ST
CURZON
ST
Residential Precinct
LEVESON ST
Edge
Tram 55 to Domain Interchange
C
RETAIL PRECINCT
Legend Node
The Royal Hospital
ER
ABBOTSFOR
DRYBURGH
RD
SPORTS PRECINCT
ST
ST
Y
LA
GREEN ST
WOOD ST
Arden
Landmark
University of Melbourne
HA
T
LS
IE
SH
ST
INDUSTRIAL PRECINCT
AU
FORD
INDUSTRIAL PRECINCT
ST
ST
AC
LANG
TE
N
CIE
INDUSTRIAL PRECINCT
ST
ST
TO
CANNING
M
D
N
SO
Y NN
ST
G
RESIDENTIAL PRECINCT
RD
RA
ST
SR
South Kensington
MACAULAY
G
NA
ON
TO
BS
SPORTS PRECINCT
BROUGHAM
ERSKINE
RESIDENTIAL PRECINCT
RESIDENTIAL PRECINCT
AL
HO
INDUSTRIAL PRECINCT
Macaulay
The Royal Children’s Hospotal
ST
IN
IN
NS
KE
RD
MARK ST
EM
N
O GT
CURRAN
ST
FL
Kensington RETAIL PRECINCT
ST RY RD
SUTTON
ROBERTSON
Y ST
RESIDENTIAL PRECINCT
SMITH ST
FOGART
C
IN
PR
ST OOD EASTW IR ST BELLA
ES
MCCRACKEN ST
RD
Flemington Racecourse
Y HW
Tram 55 to Flinders Street Station
Tram 19/59 to Flinders Street Station
Sports Precinct Train to City
Motor Precinct
34 Arden-Macaulay
Á North Melbourne
[
0
125
250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Lynch Map
Legend Unoccupied Lots Site Boundary Moonee Ponds Creek
Unoccupied Lots Source: City of Melbourne (2013)
[
0
125
250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Arden-Macaulay 35
The Vision Urban Farm System
place with high connectivity
place near school
psychological well-being
food education
social adhesion
healthy diet
daily ‘circle of life’ 36 Arden-Macaulay
appreciation of food
understanding of agriculture
lifelong ‘circle of life’
Proposed New Arden Station Existing Development Potential New Development
present
Life-long â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Circle of Lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 1st generation
couple
10
20 - Arden Station Completion - Hybrid Urban Farm implement within Greenways
baby
30 - Hybrid Urban Farm implement within Laneways
child
40 years - Hybrid Urban Farm implement within Connectors (Secondary Road)
adult
- Hybrid Urban Farm implement within Local Centres (Primary Road)
elderly
2nd generation
baby
child
Arden-Macaulay 37
Across the 40 years time frame, the hybrid urban farms will be located at Greenways in the first 10 years, then Laneways, Connectors and Local Centres in the next 30 years respectively, each street category will be developed 10 years apart. Arousing/pleasure experience will be designed to reflect daily “circle of life”, and food education will be designed to reflect life-long “circle of life”.
38 Arden-Macaulay
In order to achieve the two major goals: (1) psychological well-being (2) food education, the site must be well connected and close to educational institutes. Centroids will be generated from the existing parcels within Arden-Macaulay and buffered to count the number of road start/ end/intersection points in order to measure connectivity of each parcel. Existing and potential education sites will be identified to measure the parcels’ proximity to educational institutes.
1. create start point/end point/ intersection of road network
2. 400m buffer (5mins walk) from centroids of individual parcel
3. count number of points within each centroid buffer zone; higher the number, better the connectivity
4. 400m buffer (5mins walk) from existing/potential educational sites
5. locate parcel with high connectivity and within 400m from educational sites
6. identify candidates sites
Arden-Macaulay 39
Legend Number of Intersections 7 - 24 25 - 42 43 - 57 58 - 74 Area within 400m from Existing/Potential Educational Use Arden-Macaulay Parcel Road
40 Arden-Macaulay
[
0
125
250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Potential Sites within Site Boundary and Walking Distance to Educational Institutes
Legend Greenways Laneways Connectors Local Centres Arden-Macaulay Parcel
[ Street Hierachy Plan by the City of Melbourne Source: City of Melbourne (2013)
0
125
250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Arden-Macaulay 41
Legend
Legend
Distance to Closest Greenways
42 Arden-Macaulay
Distance to Closest Laneways
2 - 25
0 - 13
26 - 44
14 - 31
45 - 76
32 - 63
77 - 115
64 - 117
Arden-Macaulay
Arden-Macaulay
Parcel
Parcel
Greenways
Laneways
Cadidates Sites with Proximity to 4 Street Hierachy
Legend
Legend
Distance to Closest Connectors
Cadidates Sites with Proximity to 4 Street Hierachy
Distance to Closest Local Centres
14 - 50
17 - 146
51 - 95
147 - 236
96 - 148
237 - 339
149 - 232
340 - 474
Arden-Macaulay
Arden-Macaulay
Parcel
Parcel
Connectors
Local Centres
Arden-Macaulay 43
Legend Suitable Locations
44 Arden-Macaulay
Legend Suitable Locations
Arden-Macaulay
Arden-Macaulay
Parcel
Parcel
Greenways
Laneways
Cadidates Sites with Highest Proximity to 4 Street Hierachy
Legend Suitable Locations Arden-Macaulay Parcel Connectors
Cadidates Sites with Highest Proximity to 4 Street Hierachy
Legend Suitable Locations Arden-Macaulay Parcel Local Centres
Arden-Macaulay 45
Connectivity
46 Arden-Macaulay
Proximity to Educational Institutions
Water Resource
Sun Exposure
Land Stability
After selecting the candidate sites in terms of connectivity and proximity to educational institutes, it is essential to evaluate those candidate sites in terms of basic requirements for an urban farm. There will be three criterias to be used to select the most suitable site for the implementation of the hybrid urban farm. Water resource will be examined by locating any streams or lakes from the existing topography of Arden-Macaulay. North-facing aspect will be identified to find the candidate site with the optimal sun exposure. Flat candidate site will be selected by examining the existing slope condition of Arden-Macaulay. The candidate sites which satisfy all five criterias will be the best sites for the experimental framework.
Legend Arden-Macaulay Moonee Pond Creek
Elevation 33 - 36 29 - 33 26 - 29 22 - 26 19 - 22 15 - 19 12 - 15 8 - 12 5-8 1-5
[ Existing Topography Map
Source: Spatial Datamart Victoria (2016)
0
125 250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Arden-Macaulay 47
Legend Arden-Macaulay
Aspect North Northwest West Southwest South Southeast East Northeast North Flat
[ 48 Arden-Macaulay
0
125 250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Aspect Map
Source: Spatial Datamart Victoria (2016)
Legend Arden-Macaulay Flat Not Suitable Suitable
[ Aspect Suitability Map
Source: Spatial Datamart Victoria (2016)
0
125 250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Arden-Macaulay 49
Legend Arden-Macaulay
Degree Range 84.29 - 90.00 45.00 - 84.29 24.89 - 45.00 12.13 - 24.89 5.71 - 12.13 2.66 - 5.71 1.43 - 2.66 0.57 - 1.43 0 - 0.57
[ 50 Arden-Macaulay
0
125 250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Slope Map
Source: Spatial Datamart Victoria (2016)
Legend Arden-Macaulay Not Suitable Suitable
[ Slope Suitability Map
Source: Spatial Datamart Victoria (2016)
0
125 250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Arden-Macaulay 51
Legend Arden-Macaulay Not Suitable Suitable Most Suitable
[ 52 Arden-Macaulay
0
125 250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Aspect/Slope Suitability Map
Source: Spatial Datamart Victoria (2016)
Site Selection The sites for the experimental framework are the candidate sites that meet the five criterias: (1) high connectivity (2) high proximity to educational institutes (3) high water availability (4) high sun exposure (5) stable landform. Arden-Macaulay is situated at low land area where rainwater flows naturally into the site from higher ground. The candidates sites which are located at north-facing area are chosen for the optimal sun exposure in the southern hemisphere. The hybrid urban farm must be located on a stable ground in order to provide accessibility for all and stability for maintenance.
Arden-Macaulay 53
Legend
Legend
Suitable Locations
Suitable Locations
Arden-Macaulay
Arden-Macaulay
Parcel
Parcel
Greenways
[ 54 Arden-Macaulay
Stage 1 0
125 250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Laneways
[
Stage 2 0
125 250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Site Selection Result
Legend
Legend
[ Site Selection Result
Suitable Locations
Suitable Locations
Arden-Macaulay
Arden-Macaulay
Parcel
Parcel
Connectors
Local Centres
Stage 3 0
125 250
500
750
Meters 1,000
[
Stage 4 0
125 250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Arden-Macaulay 55
3. The Design
ALFRED
BOUNDA RY RD
ST
MARK ST
BUNCLE ST
SUTTON
ST
MAC MA M ACA AC AULA LA AY RD D
CIE
ST
RA
G
Y
LA AU
AC
M
ORD ST
FOGARTY
ST
RD
LANGF
GREEN ST
ARDEN ST
Y ROAD
Y ROAD
STEEL ST REET
BOUNDAR
STREET
Continue from the selection for candidate sites of the 4 stages, the best 3 sites of stage 1 have been used to demonstrate the urban farm system design in this thesis. Those 3 sites are labelled as Site A, B and C which represent the 3 components of the urban farm system: (1) Production, (2) Innovation and (3) Sharing.
LANGFORD
The Sites (A, B, C)
MACAULA
Site A Site B Site C
STRAKER
STREET
[ The Design 57
Design Process After the site selection in the scale of Arden-Macaulay with the use of GIS, the sites (A, B, C) have been selected to demonstrate how the speculation can be implemented to the site-specific scale. In order to identify the areas which are suitable for either indoor or outdoor programs, shadow analysis with the use of grasshopper script is carried out. The precedents used to define horizontal, vertical and pocket farming are also used to define the proportion between indoor and outdoor areas among the three sites (A, B, C).
58 The Design
Grasshopper Script for Shadow Study
The Design 59
Summer (December - February)
Autumn (March - May)
NO
RT
RT
H
H
H
H
9am
NO
RT
RT
RT
RT
H
H
H
H
1pm
1pm
1pm
NO
NO
NO
RT
RT
RT
RT
[
[
[
NO
[
H
H
H
H
5pm
9am
[
NO
NO
[
[
NO
[ 5pm
[
NO
RT
RT
9am
1pm
Spring (September - November)
[
NO
[
NO
[ 9am
60 The Design
Winter (June - August)
5pm
5pm
Shadow Study Result
Y ROAD
BOUNDAR
LANGFORD
Y ROAD
MACAULA
STREET
STEEL ST REET
M
STREET
AC
STRAKER
AU LA Y RO
NO
AD
[
RT
H
Vic Catalanos Auto Centre (Total Area: 863m2)
ST
Potential Area for Outdoor Programmes (225m2)
EE L ST RE ET
Site A
BOU
ND
ROA Y AR
D
The Design 61
Y ROAD
BOUNDAR
LANGFORD
Y ROAD
MACAULA
STREET
STEEL ST REET
M AC
STRAKER
AU
STREET
LA Y RO
NO
AD
[
RT
H
Unoccupied Lot with Existing Building (Total Area: 889m2)
ST EE L ST RE ET
62 The Design
BOU
ND
ROA Y R A
D
Site B
Y ROAD
BOUNDAR
LANGFORD
Y ROAD
MACAULA
OE & DR Pope Pty Ltd
ST
STREET
STEEL ST REET
EE L
STREET
ST
STRAKER
RE ET
NO
[
RT
H ST RA KE R ST RE ET
Site C
BOU
ND
ROA Y R A
D
Potential Area for Street Pocket Farm (Total Area: 374m2) Potential Area for Outdoor Programmes (236m2)
The Design 63
CERES Community Environment Park Stewart St & Roberts St, Brunswick East VIC 3057
HK Farm
140 Wai Yip Street, Ngau Tau Kok, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Total Area: 41937 m2
Total Area: 6593 m2
Total Area: 172 m2
Indoor Area: 4297 m2 = 10.2%
Indoor Area: 6212 m2 = 94.22%
Indoor Area: 16.9 m2 = 9.83%
Outdoor Area: 37640 m2 = 89.8%
Outdoor Area: 381 m2 = 5.78%
Outdoor Area: 155.1 m2 = 90.17%
Scenrio #1: Lots with Potential Space Indoor programmes: abundant Outdoor programmes: abundant Suitable for: horizontal farming partly on occupied lot / fully on unoccupied lot
64 The Design
Newark Farm
400 Ferry Street, Newark, New Jersey, USA
Scenrio #2: Unoccupied Warehouses Indoor programmes: abundant Outdoor programmes: scarce Suitable for: vertical farming within the building
Scenrio #3: Occupied Lots
Indoor programmes: scarce Outdoor programmes: scarce Suitable for: pocket farming coordinated with streetscape
The 3 precedents define the proportion between indoor and outdoor areas, as well as the minimum requirements for horizontal, vertical and pocket farming needed to be applied into the design. 3 different scenarios identified to suit various candidate sites. In Scenario #1, lots with potential space have abundant outdoor space which is highly suitable for horizontal farming. If the lot is unoccupied, the entire lot can be possibly farmed. Otherwise, negotiation between the community and existing land owner will be required to determine how much land can be farmed without disruption to the existing business. In Scenario #2, unoccupied warehouse provides abundant indoor space for vertical farming. In Scenario #3, occupied lots will be suitable for pocket farming by integrating with the streets.
The Design 65
Urban Farm System The best 3 sites of the first stage, Greenways, are used to demonstrate the 3 components of the urban farm system: (1) Production, (2) Innovation and (3) Sharing. The cycle of these 3 components will enhance social adhesion by providing activities for people to interact with each other, and encourage healthy diet to the community in order to maintain psychological well-being of the residents in Arden-Macaulay. Nonetheless, it will also increase the exposure of agriculture to educate people about food and raise the appreciation of food. If there is abundant amount of resources, more urban farm system will be implemented at other candidate sites at the following stages after this urban farm system is completed successfully.
66 The Design
CITYLINK F R E E WAY MOONEE PONDS CREEK
SHARING
I N N O VAT I O N
PRODUCTION
[ NOR CBD
FL
RNE
TO EM
BOU
m IN
MEL
2k GT ON
TO 4km
TH
RA CE CO UR SE
STE
TR EL S
LAN
EET
BO
MAC
AUL
AY
ROA
GFO
RD
STR
EET
D
UN RO
TO
RY
m
DA
2k
AD
TH E UN IV ER SI TY OF M EL BO
UR
4km
NE 2.5km TO MELBOURNE ZOO
TO
MOO
VAL NEE
LEY
RAC
ECO
URS
E
The Design 67
1 Abandoned Container as Tool Shed and Leisure Place Plot for Community Rental
Existing Automobile Shop
PRODUCTION
ND BOU
ARY
ROA
D
M AC AU LA Y RO AD
Carpark
68 The Design
Site A
Site A Perspective
The Design 69
2 Passage to Basement Library
Outdoor Vertical Farm
Fresh Produce Vending Machine I N N O VAT I O N
EE STR
EV TL
M
BAS
EL
AC
EME
NT
AU LA Y RO AD
Laboratory Toilet
Passage to Street Level Biogas Generator
70 The Design
Site B
ELEC
ME TH AN E
FI LT R AT
BASE
Site B Perspective
IO N
FE RT IL IS
T R IC IT
Y
ER
C ROBI ANAE RIA E T C BA
MEN
T The Design 71
3
Community Kitchen
Retail Section
Existing Carpark
Abandoned Container used as Pocket Space for Idea Share Centre
SHARING
ND BOU
ARY
ROA
D
ST RA KE R ST RE ET
72 The Design
Flexible Balcony for Home Garden Display
Site C
Site C Perspective
The Design 73
The Story of Polly An imaginative personnel, Polly, is created to depict the experience within the Urban Farm System at personal scale. Her experience during the 4 stages among 40 years demonstrates how â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the circle of food will drive the circle of lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; on both daily and life-long basis. She is a 15 years old teenager who starts to grow her plot during stage 1. At stage 2, she meets her future husband, Paul while she is planting at her plot. At stage 3, the couple is married and have a daughter together, who is called Pippa. At stage 4, young Pippa turns into teenage period, and follows her mumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s step to contribute into the urban farm system.
74 The Design
10 years later Stage 1
SITE A Production
Letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s meet 15 year-old Polly! The garden enthusiast is growing her own plot.
The Design 75
76 The Design
After lunch, she pours her food waste into the biogas generator to generate electricity for self-sustaining innovation centre.
SITE B Innovation
SITE C Sharing
She volunteers at the retail section for pop-up sharing centre after school.
The Design 77
20 years later Stage 2
78 The Design
SITE A Production
Polly is turning 25 years old. She met her future husband, Paul while sheâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growing her plot. The Design 79
She uses her university knowledge to help research on vertical farming. 80 The Design
SITE B Innovation
SITE C Sharing
She learns how to cook with the produces from her plot at the community kitchen where the grandma in the neighbourhood gives lessons.
The Design 81
30 years later Stage 3
82 The Design
SITE A Production
35 year-old Polly married Paul. They had a daughter called Pippa (who is 6 years old at this stage).
The Design 83
84 The Design
During lunchtime at work, Polly shops from the fresh produce vending machine.
SITE B Innovation
SITE C Sharing
When Polly is free during weekend afternoon, she likes to share home garden ideas at the flexible balcony.
The Design 85
40 years later Stage 4
86 The Design
SITE A Production
Polly turned 45 years old. She enjoys spending family time with her 16 year-old daughter and beloved husband at the community garden.
The Design 87
Pippa starts to volunteer at the innovation centre, especially outdoor vertical farm. 88 The Design
SITE B Innovation
SITE C Sharing
Pippa leanrs how to cook from Polly at the community kitchen and shares their ideas with the neighbours.
The Design 89
Plant Selection
This list of plant selection is suggested to reflect varied scale of Site A, B, C. January
July
April Summer
Autumn
October Winter
December Spring
SITE A
SITE B
SITE C
90 The Design
Source: Cooking Light (2009), First Nature (2015), Gardenate (2017), Gourmet Garden (2014), Whole Foods Market (2011)
SITE A
SITE B
SITE C
Botanical Name
Common Name
Family
Size
Solanum lycopersicum
Cherry Tomato
Solanaceae
height ~1 - 3m
Solanum melongena
Eggplant
Solanaceae
height ~ 40 to 150 cm
Agaricus bisporus
Button Mushroom
Agaricaceae
cap diameter ~ 5 - 10 cm
Lactuca sativa
Lettuce
Asteraceae
overall ~ 0.9 m by 0.3 m
Ocimum basilicum
Basil
Lamiaceae
height ~30 - 60 cm
Allium schoenoprasum
Chives
Amaryllidaceae
height ~ 30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;50 cm The Design 91
Evaluation Due to time and resource limitation, there are constraints to this thesis. The speculation is demonstrated through 3 models which generally represent the ideas of the project. However, the possibility of such speculation does not limit to these 3 models. The circle of life driven by the circle of food can be potentially taken to another level by detailing the programs to influence emotions, beyond psychological well-being. This speculation may not solve the issue of food production, waste and education in global scale since the implementation is limited to local scale at the moment. Nonetheless, it will raise the discussion among community in relation to agriculture and healthy diet, especially children.
92 The Design
The Design 93
4. References
Academic Resources Allen, S. (1999), Points + Lines: Diagrams and Projects for the City, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, U.S.A Bakker, I. et. al (2014), Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance: Mehrabian and Russell revisited, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, U.S.A Cohen, S. (2004), Social Relationships and Health, American Psychologist, November 2004, Carnegie Mellon University, U.S.A Fox, T. (2011), Urban Farming: Sustainable City Living in Your Backyard, in Your Community, and in the World. Lumina Media, New York, U.S.A Pfister, T., Schweighofer, M., Reichel, A. (2016), Sustainability, Routledge, New York, U.S.A Russell, J. et. al (1981), Affective Quality Attributed to Environments: A Factor Analytic Study, Environment and Behavior, 13-3, 259-289 World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), Brundtland Report, United Nations, Oxford University Press, U.K Other Resources AeroFarms (2017), Our Farms, AeroFarms, New Jersey, U.S.A, < http://aerofarms.com/farms/> viewed on 7th Feburary 2017 Alberts, H. (2012), Rooftop Farming in Hong Kong, BBC Travel 27 August 2012, BBC, U.K. < http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20120824-rooftop-farming-in-hongkong>, viewed on 8th Feburary 2017 Bailkey, M., and J. Nasr. (2000), â&#x20AC;&#x153;From Brownfields to Greenfields: Producing Food in North American Cities,â&#x20AC;? Community Food Security News. Fall 1999/Winter 2000:6 BeyondBlue (2010), Healthy eating for people with depression, anxiety and related disorders, BeyondBlue, the National Depression Initiative, Victoria, Australia, viewed on 23 May 2017, https://www.bspg.com.au/dam/bsg/product?client=BEYONDBLUE&type=file&prodid=BL/0353 CERES (2016), Welcome to CERES, Centre for Education and Research in Environmental Strategies, Melbourne, Australia, < http://ceres.org.au/about/> viewed on 7th Feburary 2017 Cooking Light (2009), Guide to Eggplant, Cooking Light, viewed on 27th May 2017, < http://www.cookinglight.com/cooking-101/essential-ingredients/choiceingredient-eggplant> References 95
Do Something (2017), Fast Facts on Food Waste, FOODWISE, < http://www.foodwise.com.au/foodwaste/food-waste-fast-facts/>, viewed on 6th Feburary 2017 Designboom (2010), my space by liya mairson, aug 06 2010, viewed on 13th March 2017, < http://www.designboom.com/design/my-space-by-liya-mairson/> Designboom (2011), josefine bentzen + charlotte skak: kitchen kids, jul 03 2011, viewed on 13th March 2017, < http://www.designboom.com/design/josefinebentzen-charlotte-skak-kitchen-kids/> Designboom (2015), adam wiercinski uses container frames and grid to build modular kids city, feb 24 2015, viewed on 13th March 2017, < http://www. designboom.com/architecture/kids-city-adam-wiercinski-02-24-2015/> First Nature (2015), Agaricus bisporus, First Nature, the U.K., viewed on 27th May 2017, < http://www.first-nature.com/fungi/agaricus-bisporus.php> Foodbank Australia (2015), The Facts, Foodbank, < https://www.foodbank.org.au/hunger-in-australia/the-facts/>, viewed on 23rd Feburary 2017 Gardenate (2017), Growing Lettuce, Gardenate, viewed on 27th May 2017, < http://www.gardenate.com/plant/Lettuce?zone=2> Gardenate (2017), Growing Basil, Gardenate, viewed on 27th May 2017, < http://www.gardenate.com/plant/Basil?zone=2 Garfield, L. (2016), Inside the world’s largest vertical farm, where plants stack 30 feet high, Business Insider, < http://www.businessinsider.com/insideaerofarms-the-worlds-largest-vertical-farm-2016-3/?r=AU&IR=T>, viewed on 8th Feburary 2017 Gamble, L.(2014), Kids still don’t know where their food come from, The Sydney Morning Herald, Lifestyle, May 27 2014, < http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life/ kids-still-dont-know-where-their-food-comes-from-20140526-zrmk1.html>, viewed on 3 Mar 2017 Gourmet Garden (2014), Chives (Allium schoenoprasum), Gourmet Garden, viewed on 27th May 2017, < http://www.gourmetgarden.com/en/herb/255/chives> HK Farm (2015), Local Food, HK Farm, Hong Kong, < http://www.hkfarm.org/local_food.html>, viewed on 7th Feburary 2017 Hoppe, J. (2016), Sky’s the Limit, Food & Drink. Winter2016, Vol. 1, p8-19. 12p. Koelma, G. (2014), New research reveals many Australian children don’t know where fruit and vegetables come from, News.com.au, May 22 2014, < http://www. news.com.au/lifestyle/food/new-research-reveals-many-australian-children-dont-know-where-fruit-and-vegetables-come-from/news-story/548398e1e6b70c 4b9c90594fc1d7dc83>, viewed on 3 Mar 2017 96 References
Pocket City Farms (2015), Urban Farmers, Pocket City Farms, Sydney, Australia, < http://www.pocketcityfarms.com.au/about/>, viewed on 8th Feburary 2017 Spatial Datamart Victoria (2016), Spatial Datamart, State Government of Victoria, Environment , Land, Water and Planning, < http://services.land.vic.gov.au/ SpatialDatamart/ >, viewed on 8th Feburary 2017 Whole Foods Market (2011), Cherry Tomatoes Start the Season, Whole Foods Market, viewed on 27th May 2017, < http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/blog/ whole-story/cherry-tomatoes-start-season> *All infographics are edited from original files from flaticon.com
References 97