ჩემი სამყარო 37

TinaTin evdoSvili

daviT bataSvili oTar janeliZe revaz gaCeCilaZe qeTevan qanTaria giorgi margiSvili arCil CaCxiani arCil qiqoZe sulxan salaZe

zurab batiaSvili

garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `cota ram qarTuli sacxovreblis Sesaxeb~

Jurnali gamoicema SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (Sida) finansuri mxardaWeriT gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saagentos Tvalsazriss

or meridians) Soris. 75. cxenis Weneba. 79. Zv. andamati; sxeuli, romelsac aqvs zogi sxeulis mizidvis an ganzidvis unari. 80. samSoblos, istoriuli movlenis, gmirebis madidebeli poetur-musikaluri, sadResaswaulo nawarmoebi. saxelmwifos erT-erTi simbolo. 81. raime saqmis, wamowyebis CaSla, warumatebloba. 82. raime saqmianobis, miswrafebis umaRlesi mizani, srulyofileba. 84. adamianis an cxovelis fizikuri Zala, SeZleba. 85. masobrivi komunikaciis beWdviTi an eleqtronuli saSualeba. 86. ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelsac exeba msjeloba, gamokvleva, saubari da misT. 87. Tavisuflebas moklebuli, uuflebo, Cagruli adamiani, romelic vinmes sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. 88. nesti, sinotive. 89. ZiriTadi genealogiuri xazis (gvaris) ganayofi. wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

4. sasamarTlo dawesebulebaTa sistema. 6. egviptis dedaqalaqi. 11.dramaturgiuli nawarmoebi, romelsac scenaze warmoadgenen. 12. afrikaSi, samxreT amerikaSi, aziasa da avstraliaSi balaxeuli mcenareebiT dafaruli vrceli vake, sadac jguf-jgufad xarobs xeebi da buCqebi. 13. modis siaxleTa sademonstracio scena. 15. wylis dinebis gamo miwis zedapiris daSla da Camorecxva. 16. rCeva-darigeba, romelsac specialisti iZleva. 17. ama Tu im organizaciis wevrTa Tavmoyra raimes gansaxilvelad, saTaTbirod. 18. Txeli ficari, romelsac mxatvrebi xmaroben saRebavebis Sesazaveblad. 23. kldovani, CaRrmavebuli adgili. 24. xis an buCqis qerqqveS arsebuli mkvrivi nawili. 25. ama Tu im movlenis Suaguli. 26. saomari moqmedebebis momzadebisa da dawyebis adgili. 28. dramatuli saxe (scenaze, kinofilmSi…): gadat. am Tu im saqmeSi vinmes (raimes) monawileobis mniSvneloba. 29. musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesrulebis Cqari tempi. 30. nawarmoebis, naSromis gamoqveyneba, beWdva. 31. winaswar Seqmnili, momzadebuli garemo raimes Sesasruleblad, gasakeTeblad. 37 erTgvarovani obieqtebis calkeuli nimuSi, cali. 38. oficialuri Sekrebis monawile piri, arCeuli an daniSnuli romelime organizaciis an saxelmwifos warmomadgenlad. 39. damnaSaved miCneva. 41. qandakeba, romelic gamosaxavs adamianis Tavsa da gulmkerds. 44. raimes gasakeTeblad saWiro Zala, SesaZleblobebi. 45. fizikis dargi, romelic swavlobs siTburi moZraobis kanonzomierebas da siTburi moZraobis gavlenas sxeulTa fizikur Tvisebebze. 46. kapitalisturi warmoebis forma, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia xelis iaraRebis gamoyeneba da Sromis ganawileba daqiravebul muSebs Soris. 48. araverbaluri komunikaciis erT-erTi saxe, saxis gamomxatvelobiTi moZraoba. 49. sxvisi Sromis nayofis miTviseba. 50. okeanis uzarmazari talRebi, romlebic warmoiqmneba fskerze an sanapiro zolSi momxdari miwisZvris an vulkanis amofrqvevis Sedegad. 51. rwmena, SexedulebaTa da faseulobaTa sistema, qcevis wesi. 54. zRvari. 56. ama Tu im organos paTologiuri gamkvriveba, gamowveuli funqciurad aqtiuri elementebis kvdomiT. 58. sportuli Sejibreba siswrafeSi. 59. ama Tu im movlenis SesaZlo ganviTarebisa da Sedegebis winaswar ganWvreta. 60. Zlieri, dauokebeli survili. 65. mefis Ze. 67. TandaTanobiT gauareseba, daqveiTeba, gadagvareba. 68. umaRlesi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis ganyofileba, romelic erT romelime sferos uZRveba. 70. dedamiwis zedapiris sxvadasxva uswormasworobis erToblioba. 71. piri, romelic mogzaurobs romelime qveynis, mxaris daTvalierebis da dasvenebis mizniT. 72. qalaqi yirimSi, Savi zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiroze. 73. saxelmwifoebis, partiebis, sazogadoebrivi jgufebis gaerTianeba. 74. jgufad mdgari xeebiT dafaruli miwis patara monakveTi. 76. garkveul sazRvrebSi moqceuli didi adgili. 77. saxelmwifo aziis samxreT-dasavleTSi. 78. arCeviTi xelmZRvaneli organos sxdoma, romelsac yvela wevri eswreba. 81. Zveli xalxuri gadmocema qveynis warmoSobaze, RmerTebsa da gmirebze. 83. cxenis samarTavi mowyobiloba. 86. eris nebis gamoxatva sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis an erovnuli mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva sakiTxSi. 87. mwvervali saqarTveloSi, xevSi. 90. brge da Ronieri mamakaci; sportsmeni. 91. sityva an mokle gamonaTqvami, romelic gamoxatavs adamianTa jgufis an organizaciis moqmedebis ZiriTad mizans, ideas. 92. gorasamarxi. 93. raimes dawyebis momenti. 94. ukrainis dedaqalaqi. 95. gonebrivi SesaZlebloba, raimes keTebis, Seqmnis gansakuTrebuli unari.

4. qronologia 5. zarbazani 6 raixi 7. veqtori 8. moxele 12. mivlineba 13. alternativa 15. raindi 17. qvanaxSiri 21. avazaki 22. aristokratia 23. mTavarsardali 24. konfiguracia 27. centri 30. biuro 31. veterinari 32. angariSi 35. msxverplSewirva 38. reparacia 39. vatikani 40. ganwyoba 42. imunizacia 44. tenoCtitlani 46. gamWriaxoba 51. iustiniane 53. mejlisi 54. problema 56. obsidiani 57. mundiri 60. romantikosi 62. fanatikosi 64. kvarcxlbeki 65. doqtrina 71. imitacia 72. diplomatia 76. optika 77. gavlena 78. oratori 79. kvali 82. gripi 86. alafi 87. mavri 91. cila 2. holi 9. interesi 10. armia 11. trefikingi 12. metoqe 14. proqsenosi 16. dalaqi 18. arbaleti 19. infeqcia 20. avtonomia 26. Spicruteni 28. arbitraJi 29. Tambaqo 33. fiureri 34. kompetencia 36. uro 37. koreqtivi 41. revanSi 43. prospeqti 45. paTogeni 47. baqteria 48. idea 49. intuicia 50. Woki 52. mWevrmetyveleba 55. kakao 57. madli 58. linza 59. zraxva 61. brinjao 63. memkvidreoba 65. dizaini 66. despani 67. sababi 68. amala 69. denTi 70. qimi 73. Samili 74. strategia 75. citomegalovirusi 80. vena 81. qomagi 83. motivi 84. begi 85. galicia 88. aliansi 89. xazina 90. reaqcia 92. sionizmi 93. forumi 94. Stami

oTar janeliZe

ukrainis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

daviT bataSvili 2022 wlis seqtemberSi, roca am sityvebs vwer, ruseTi ukrainasTan omSi marcxdeba ama wlis 24 Tebervals rusebi ukrainas daesxnen Tavs da misi dapyroba scades am TavdasxmisTvis isini mravali weli emzadebodnen da egonaT, rom mizans iolad miaRwevdnen, magram mwared Secdnen ukrainelebi mters medgrad daxvdnen maT jer rusuli jaris winsvla SeaCeres, Semdeg ki Tavad gadavidnen Setevaze da qveynis dampyroblebisgan gaTavisuflebas Seudgnen am omSi ruseTs rom gaemarjva, amas saSineli Sedegebi mohyveboda rogorc ukrainisTvis, ise zogi sxva qveynisTvis, saqarTvelos CaTvliT. ukrainelTa gamarjveba ki imas niSnavs, rom mravali aTeuli milioni adamiani Tavisuflad da Rirseulad cxovrebas SeZlebs. mas mere, rac XV saukunis bolos moskovma rusuli samTavroebi gaaerTiana, ruseTi yovelTvis cdilobda mezobeli qveynebis damorCilebas. ukrainis SemoerTeba ruseTma XVII da XVIII saukuneebSi moaxerxa. ruseTis imperia lamobda ukrainuli enisa da erovnuli identobis mospobas, magram ukrainelma xalxma isini mainc SeinarCuna.

rodesac 1918 wels uzarmazari rusuli imperia daiSala, ukrainelebma Tavisi qveynis damoukidebloba aRadgines magram ruseTis saTaveSi im dros mosul bolSevikur reJims imperiis aRdgena surda Zveli ruseTis nangrevebze maT ganizraxes axali, totalitaruli, adrindelze bevrad ufro Zlieri da sastiki imperiis aSeneba 1920 wels maT xelaxla daipyres ukraina, iseve, rogorc 1921 wels – saqarTvelo

bolSevikebis sabWoTa imperiaSi ukrainelma xalxma bevri saSineleba gamoiara. 1932-1933 wlebSi sabWoTa reJimis mier xelovnurad gamowveuli SimSiliT milionobiT ukraineli daiRupa 1937-1938 wlebSi reJimma ukrainaSi, danarCeni sabWoTa kavSiris msgavsad, uamravi adamiani mokla, daapatimra da gulagis sakoncentracio banakebSi gamoamwyvdia

1939 wels sabWoTa kavSiri nacistur germanias aRmosavleT evropis gayofaze gaurigda amis Sedegad daiwyo meore msoflio omi, xolo nacisturi germania ufro gaZlierda orive am totalitarul imperias evropaSi batonoba surda, amitom maTi garigeba maleve CaiSala 1941 wels germania sabWoTa kavSirs Tavs daesxa am omis Sedegad ukraina umZimesad dazaralda da kidev erTxel dakarga uamravi adamiani

omSi sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjvebis Semdeg, dasavleT ukrainaSi wlebis manZilze arsebobda ukrainel meamboxeTa partizanuli moZraoba, romelic ukrainis damoukideblobisTvis ibrZoda sabWoTa reJimma es moZraoba sabolood mxolod 1950-ian wlebSi daamarcxa

meore msoflio omis Semdgom aTwleulebSi ukrainelebs, sabWoTa imperiis sxva xalxebis msgavsad, komunisturi reJimis batonobis qveS uwevdaT cxovreba es reJimi adamianebs uspobda pirovnul Tavisuflebas, azris gamoxatvis SesaZleblobas, ocnebebis ganxorcielebis Sanss Tuki yvelafers erTad gaviTvaliswinebT, daTvlac ki SeuZlebelia im zianisa, rac ukrainas moskovSi gabatonebulma sabWoTa reJimma miayena

bolo-bolo, arabunebrivi da antiadamianuri sabWoTa sistema sruliad gaixrwna. 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala da ukrainam, saqarTvelosa da ruseTis mier dapyrobili bevri sxva qveynis msgavsad, damoukidebloba daibruna

magram jer kidev sabWoTa imperiis daSlis dros moskovSi ukve fiqrobdnen gaTavisuflebuli qveynebis xelaxla damorCilebis gzebze. ruseTisTvis imperiis sabolood dakargva miuRebeli iyo. im dros saqarTvelom revanSistuli ruseTisgan gansakuTrebiT mZime dartyma miiRo. 1992-1993 wlebSi ruseTma saqarTvelos afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionebis umetesi nawili waarTva, xolo afxazeTSi qarTvelTa usastikesi xocva-Jleta moawyo. ukrainaSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan pirvel wlebSi aseTi ram ar momxdara.

amis miuxedavad, im dros ukve Canda, rom rusebs ukrainis mimarT iseTi damokidebuleba hqondaT, romelsac momavalSi didi ubedurebis motana SeeZlo. bevri rusis TvalSi ukraina ar iyo namdvili qveyana, xolo ukrainelebi ar iyvnen namdvili eri. aseTi adamianebis gagebiT, ukraina ruseTis istoriuli nawilia, ukrainelebi sinamdvileSi rusebi arian, xolo ukrainuli ena mxolod rusuli enis dialeqtia.

damoukidebeli ukrainis armia 1918-1920 wlebSi

dabrunebuli Tavisufleba da axali safrTxe

`holodomori~ xarkovis quCebSi

`holodomoris~ memoriali kievSi

samezoblo

ukrainuli saxelmwifosa da calke eris arseboba am adamianebisTvis miuRebeli iyo, xolo is, rom ukrainelebi Tavis erovnul identobas ar Tmobdnen, maT sastikad abrazebda amis gamo jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan pirvel wlebSi, bevri rusi da ukraineli davobda ukrainis istoriisa da identobis Sesaxeb da erTmaneTSi verafriT Tanxmdebodnen.

kremlis mizanSi amoRebuli ukraina

1991 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, moskovs sul undoda dakarguli imperiis raime formiT aRdgena, magram mas Semdeg, rac 1999-2000 wlebSi ruseTis mmarTveli vladimir putini gaxda, am mizans meti Zalisxmeva moxmarda

es axleburi rusuli imperializmi sxvadasxva qveyanas exeboda, magram ukrainis damorCileba misi erT-erTi umTavresi prioriteti iyo geografiuli, istoriuli da sxva mizezebis gamo ukrainis gareSe rusuli imperiis aRdgena SeuZlebelia moskovSic viTarebas swored ase xedavdnen

Tavdapirvelad rusebs ukrainis erTianad damorCileba surdaT amisTvis ki saWiro iyo ukrainaSi prorusuli politikuri Zalebis gabatoneba es kinaRam moxda 2004 wlis bolos, roca ruseTis momxrem, viqtor ianukoviCma, pirvelad scada ukrainis saTaveSi mosvla maSin, gayalbebuli arCevnebis gamo, ukrainelma xalxma „narinjisferi revolucia“ moawyo, ris Sedegadac ianukoviCma Zalaufleba ver moipova kremlma es miiRo, rogorc mZime marcxi da ganrisxebulma ukrainis damorCilebis momzadeba ganagrZo

2003 wlis saqarTvelos „vardebis revoluciisgan“ gansxvavebiT, „narinjisferma revoluciam“ ukrainas reformebi ver moutana aman ukraineli xalxi gaawbila Sedegad, 2010 wels ianukoviCma, romelic xalxs eubneboda, TiTqos is ruseTis morCili ar iyo, arCevnebi moigo da ukrainis prezidenti gaxda misi mmarTvelobis dros ukrainaSi rusuli gavlena Zalian gaizarda, xolo ukrainuli jari ukiduresad dasustda

2013 wlis Semodgomaze ruseTma gadawyvita, rom ukrainis damorCilebaSi axal etapze gadasvlis dro movida moskovma ianukoviCi aiZula evropasTan integraciaze sajarod eTqva uari da rusuli gavlenis sferosken aeRo gezi

ukrainuli partizanuli moZraobis droSa

ukraineli meamboxe partizanebi

ukrainis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

ukrainelebi

ianukoviCis reJimis am nabijs ukraineli xalxi ar Seegua ukrainis dedaqalaq kievSi didi saprotesto aqciebi daiwyo pasuxad, reJimma quCaSi gamosuli xalxis winaaRmdeg Zala gamoiyena, xalxma ki moZaladeebs organizebuli winaaRmdegoba gauwia 2013-2014 wlebis zamTari kievis quCebSi mudmiv dapirispirebaSi gailia bolos reJimis msaxurebma xalxs sabrZolo iaraRidan cecxli gauxsnes da bevri adamiani mokles amis miuxedavad, ukrainelebma brZola ganagrZes 2014 wlis 21 Tebervals ianukoviCi kievidan gaiqca, Semdeg ki ruseTSi wavida ukraina prorusuli reJimisgan gaTavisuflda es ambavi istoriaSi Sevida „maidanisa“ da „Rirsebis revoluciis“ saxelebiT rusuli jari yirimSi SeiWra. Tavidan moskovi ityueboda, viTom aseTi araferi xdeboda, Semdeg ki ukve sajarod aRiara yirimze kontroli da ukanonod miuerTa ruseTs. es rusuli Canafiqris mxolod dasawyisi iyo – ruseTma danarCeni ukrainis orad dayofa ganizraxa. amisTvis misi agentebi aRmosavleT da samxreT ukrainis rva olqSi ajanyebebis mowyobas Seecadnen, rasac ukrainelebi win aRudgnen. rusuli mcdelobebi yvelgan Cavarda, ori olqis – doneckisa da luhanskis – garda. am or olqs erTad donbasis regioni hqvia. iq ruseTma moaxerxa omis gaCaReba, iseve, rogorc 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi es saqarTveloSi afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionebSi gaakeTa

am revoluciiT ukrainelma xalxma moskovs naTlad daanaxa, rom politikuri gavlenis gziT mTeli ukrainis damorCilebas ruseTi veRarasdros SeZlebda amitom rusebma ukrainis nawilebad gaxleCa gadawyvites

vladimer putini da viqtor ianukoviCi

vladimer putinis pirveli inauguracia

TavisuflebisTvis brZolas iwyeben

Tavidan ruseTi cdilobda am omis farulad warmoebas ukrainis winaaRmdeg omobdnen ruseTis adgilobrivi agentebi da momxreebi, daqiravebulebi da calkeuli rusi samxedroebi ukrainelebs Tavdapirvelad brZola gauWirdaT, radgan maTi jari Zalian dasustda wina wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, ianukoviCis mmarTvelobis dros magram TandaTan ukrainelebi Setevaze gadavidnen da sul ufro win waiwies bolos maT donbasSi rusebis Seqmnili Zalebi daamarcxes da am regionis srul gaTavisuflebamde sul cota iyo darCenili amis gamo 2014 wlis agvistoSi ruseTi donbasSi ukve pirdapir Tavisi jariT SeiWra ukrainelebs nawilobriv ukandaxeva mouwiaT, donbasi or nawilad gaiyo, erTi ukrainas darCa, meore ki rusul okupaciaSi moeqca afxazeTisa da cxinvalis msgavsad, rusebma donecksa da luhanskSi Tavisi marionetuli reJimebi Seqmnes

gza 2022 wlis 24 Tebervlamde yirimis ukanono mierTebis miuxedavad, 2014 weli ruseTisTvis ukrainaSi marcxebis dro iyo jer maT morCil prezident ianukoviCs ruseTSi gaqceva mouwia, Semdeg rusebs ukrainis gaxleCis gegma CauvardaT nacvlad ukrainis orad gayofisa, ruseTs mxolod donbasis nawili SerCa xelSi. ukrainis rogorme damorCilebis mizani moskovisTvis kvlav miuRweveli rCeboda. amis gareSe ki ar gamodioda putinis wadilis asruleba – axali rusuli imperiis Seqmna. amitom kremli aseT viTarebasTan Seguebas ar apirebda.

2014 wlis Semdeg ruseTi cdilobda donbasi mTlianad ukrainaze gavlenis mosapoveblad gamoeyenebina rusi diplomatebi ukrainaze zewolas axdendnen, raTa ruseTis mier okupirebul donbasTan ukrainis gaerTianeba rusuli pirobebiT momxdariyo Sedegad, moskovi ukrainis sa-

protesti yirimSi ruseTis jarebis Sesvlis winaaRmdeg ruseTis jarebi yirimSi

maidani

ukrainis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

gareo da Sida politikaze gavlenis mZlavr berketebs miiRebda magram ukrainelebs esmodaT, rom es maTTvis katastrofa iqneboda da ruseTis am zewolas ar daemorCilnen

amave dros rusebs gaCaRebuli hqondaT saomari mzadeba. 2015 wlidan moyolebuli isini ukrainis sazRvarze axal samxedro nawilebs qmnidnen da, zogadad, yovelmxriv emzadebodnen ukrainaSi farTomasStabiani SeWrisTvis.

2021 wlisTvis kremlisTvis gasagebi gaxda, rom ukrainas verafers uxerxeben. politikuri gavlena, qveynis Signidan gaxleCa, diplomatiuri xrikebi – yvela es meTodi fuWi gamodga. piriqiT, ukraina sul ufro Zlieri da ruseTis gavlenisgan Tavisufali xdeboda. es moskovis imperiuli zraxvebis dasamarebas niSnavda. amave dros, ruseTis samxedro mzadebam iseT dones miaRwia, rom putins egona, TiTqos rusuli samxedro Zala ukrainis dasapyrobad sakmarisad gaizarda. amrigad, putinma ukrainis samxedro gziT dapyroba gadawyvita.

ruseT-ukrainis didi omi ruseT-ukrainis omi sinamdvileSi 2014 wlidan midioda, Tumca fronti mxolod donbasSi iyo putinis sabediswero gadawyvetileba ki sul sxva masStabis omis dawyebas niSnavda

2021 wlis martidan rusebma ukrainis sazRvarTan Tavisi samxedro Zalebis gagzavna daiwyes. zafxulSi es procesi Senelda, Tumca Semodgomaze axali ZaliT gaCaRda. saboloo jamSi, omis

ruseTis jarebis mobilizeba ukrainis sazRvarTan, 2021-2022

volodimir zelenski aRmosavleT ukrainaSi, frontis xazze

wina periodSi ukrainis sazRvarze TiTqmis mTeli rusuli jari dadga. amerikisa da britaneTis dazvervam Seityo ruseTis zraxvebis Sesaxeb. am qveynebis xelisufleba sajarod acxadebda, rom kremli ukrainaze srulmasStabian Tavdasxmas apirebda.

omis wina wlebSi ruseTma uamravi fuli daxarja Tavis jarze da, aseve, ukrainis SigniT moRalateebis mosyidvaze amasTan, radgan omis garda ukrainis damorCilebis sxva gza ruseTs aRar darCa, putinma Tavi daajera, rom es omiT mainc gamovidoda. rusebis warmodgenebi momavali omis msvlelobaze da ukrainelTa winaaRmdegobaze sruliad araadekvaturi iyo. maTi molodiniT, ukraineli xalxis didi nawili rusul jars sixaruliT Sexvdeboda, ukrainuli xelisufleba kievidan gaiqceoda, xolo ukrainuli jari agresorebs xeirian winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevda. moskovis aseTi molodini saSineli Secdoma aRmoCnda.

2022 wlis 24 Tebervals, diliT adre, ruseTma ukrainis winaaRmdeg farTomasStabiani omi daiwyo. ukrainuli qalaqebis masiur saraketo da saaviacio dabombvasTan erTad, rusuli jari ukrainaSi erTdroulad mravali mimarTulebidan SeiWra. ruseTis teritoriisa da okupirebuli yirimis garda, rusuli jari ukrainaSi aseve belarusidanac Sevida. amis neba moskovs belarusis mmarTvelma diqtatorma – aleqsandre lukaSenkom misca.

rusebma Tavidanve scades ukrainis mTavari qalaqebis – kievisa da xarkivis – aReba. swored aq gamoCnda rusebis omiswina molo-

dinis sicrue. ukrainelebma omis pirvelive wuTebidan mters sastiki winaaRmdegoba gauwies. rusebs ar gamouvidaT arc kievsa da xarkivSi SeWra da arc am qalaqebis alyaSi moqceva. amasTan, aSS-m, britaneTma da sxva dasavlurma qveynebma ukrainelebisTvis saWiro SeiaraRebis miwodeba daiwyes.

samxreTSi rusebs ufro meti winsvla hqondaT yirimidan gamosulma rusulma jarma qalaqi xersoni aiRo amis Semdeg maTi gegma iyo mikolaivisa da mere odesis aReba, riTac ukraina zRvaze gasasvlels srulad dakargavda. Tumca, mikolaivis olqSi rusebi sastikad damarcxdnen da ukuiqcnen.

martis bolosTvis rusebi kievis brZolaSi damarcxdnen kievTan darCena rusuli jarisTvis katastrofas moaswavebda amitom moskovma ukandaxeva gadawyvita 3 aprilisTvis rusulma jarma kievis olqi datova man aseve datova Cernihivisa da sumis olqebi, sadac rusebs aseve gmiruli winaaRmdegoba gauwies da rusuli jari kievisken ar gaatares. amis garda, ukrainelebma rusebi xarkivis misadgomebidanac ukuagdes.

omis pirvelive dReebSi rusul alyaSi moeqca qalaqi mariupoli, ukrainis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi rusebma qalaqi dabombvebiT miwasTan gaaswores da Tan misi Sturmi daiwyes mariupolis damcvelebi didxans ibrZodnen gmirulad rusebs qalaqis yoveli nawilis aReba quCis umZimes brZolebSi uwevdaT. roca quCebSi winaaRmdegoba SeuZlebeli gaxda, damcvelebi gamagrdnen „azovstalis“ qarxanaSi, romelic maT cixesimagred iqca, da mters iq ebrZodnen.

aleqsandre lukaSenkos da vladimer putinis Sexvedra omis pirvel dReebSi

ukrainis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

bolos maT tyvia-wamali, sakvebi da sxva maragebi gauTavdaT da brZolis gagrZeleba SeuZlebeli gaxda amitom ukrainis xelisuflebam mariupolis damcvelebs kapitulaciis brZaneba misca 20 maiss mariupolis garnizoni tyved Cabarda

kievis brZolaSi marcxis Semdeg rusebma donbasis mTlianad dapyroba gadawyvites amisTvis mas didi ZaliT Seuties, magram winsvla Zalian gauWirdaT ukrainelebi rusebs yovel metrSi did fass axdevinebdnen. rusebma SeZles donbasis erTi nawilis aReba, magram ukrainelTa winaaRmdegobis gamo maTi Seteva ivlisSi gamoifita da gaCerda ise, rom donbasis didi nawili kvlav ukrainelTa xelSi darCa

amis Semdeg erTxans arcerT mxares ar hqonda didi winsvla: rusebs es aRar SeeZloT, xolo ukrainelebi, rogorc aRmoCnda, SetevisTvis emzadebodnen. momzadebis Semdeg ki, 29 agvistos, ukrainelebi xersonis frontze Setevaze gadavidnen.

2022 wlis 6 seqtembers ukrainaSi rusuli jaris kraxi daiwyo. donbassa da xarkivs Soris ukrainelebma Seteva wamoiwyes da rusuli fronti maSinve gaarRvies. rusebma xeiriani winaaRmdegobac ver gawies. Semdgom dReebSi ukrainelebma swrafad Seuties, gaaTavisufles didi teritoria, ramdenime qalaqi da uamravi sofeli. rusebi ise swrafad garbodnen, rom didZali SeiaraReba darCaT, romelic ukrainelebs CauvardaT xelSi. amgvari marcxi rusul jars meore msoflio omis Semdeg ar ganucdia.

ukrainis momavali

roca amas 2022 wlis seqtemberSi vwer, ruseTis samxedro Zala ukrainaSi gamofitulia didi Seteva maT ukve aRar ZaluZT ukrainelebi ki, piriqiT, Setevas ganagrZoben CrdiloeTSic da xersonis frontzec marTalia, omi jer kidev grZeldeba, magram ukve cxadad Cans – ukraina imarjvebs

kreiseri `moskva~ dangreuli `azovstali~ ruseTs da piradad putins ukrainuli saxelmwifosa da eris ganadgureba surda, magram amis nacvlad maT sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiwvies 2014 wlamde ukrainis SigniT qveynis sagareo politikaze bevri uTanxmoeba arsebobda magram mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma yirimis ukanono okupacia moaxdina da donbasSi omi daiwyo, ukrainelTa didi umravlesoba mixvda, rom ruseTis politika aris agresiuli da imperialisturi ukrainelebi erTmaneTSi SeTanxmdnen, rom ruseTis Tavdasxmas winaaRmdegoba unda gauwion

2022 wlis 24 Tebervlis Semdeg ukraineli xalxi kidev ufro metad Seikra mSvidobiani mosaxleoba rus jariskacebs yvelgan ise xvdeba, rogorc dampyroblebs, xolo ukrainis jari da xelisufleba ruseTTan brZolis saqmeSi xalxisgan did mxardaWeras iRebs ukrainelebs omSi gamarjvebis sjeraT da kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian nebismier iseT zavs, romelic ukrainuli teritoriebis daTmobas gamoiwvevs

ruseTisgan TavisuflebisTvis mravalsaukunovan brZolaSi ukraina imarjvebs. ruseTis TavdasxmiT gamowveuli ngrevisa da msxverplis miuxedavad, ukrainas kargi momavali aqvs qveynis damoukideblobisTvis omSi gamarjveba ukrainelebs did perspeqtivebs gauxsnis, xolo evropa da amerika maT dangreulis aRdgenaSi daexmareba sakuTari gmiruli brZolis, samxedro saqmis codnisa da dasavleTis mxardaWeris wyalobiT ukrainelebma daicves TavianTi ufleba –icxovron, rogorc Tavisufalma adamianebma

ukrainis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

sabWoTa sistema

100wlis didangadasaxe-

oTar janeliZe 2022 wlis 30 dekembers saukune sruldeba im dRidan, rac msoflio politikur rukaze gamoCnda axali saxelmwifo, saxelwodebiT sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri (SemoklebiT ssrk) es veeberTela saxelmwifo dedamiwis erT meeqvsedze iyo gadaWimuli da 22,4 milion kvadratul kilometrs moicavda ssr kavSirs aRmosavleT da Crdilo evropaSi, aziasa Tu axlo aRmosavleTSi 11 qveyana esazRvreboda masve ekvroda aseve CrdiloeT yinulovani da wynari okeaneebi 1988 wlis monacemebiT, ssrk-is mosaxleobis ricxvi 286,717 milions utoldeboda ssrk-is Seqmnis idea v. lenins ekuTvnoda. misive azri iyo, rom am saxelmwifosaTvis „evropisa da aziis sabWoTa respublikebis kavSiri“ ewodebinaT, magram es ar ganxorcielebula. im dros bolSevikuri partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi bevrs sjeroda, rom msoflio komunisturi revolucia Sors aRar iyo, amitom Tu sxva kontinentebzec aRmocenebuli socialisturi respublika sabWoeTs SeuerTdeboda, maSin misi saxelwodeba Sesacvleli gaxdeboda. i.stalinis proeqtiT, romelsac l. kamenevi, v. molotovi da sxvebic iziarebdnen, ararusuli sabWoTa respublikebi rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiis uflebiT unda gaerTianebuliyvnen. sabolood gadawyda, rom respublikebi „Zmur“, TanasworTa kavSirs Seqmnidnen. sabWoTa kavSiri misi dafuZnebisas oTx subieqts – ruseTis, ukrainis, belorusiisa da amierkavkasiis sabWoTa socialistur respublikebs aerTianebda 1936 wels es ukanaskneli daiSala

ssr kavSiri 100 wlis gadasaxedidan

da saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi ssrk-Si calke mokavSire respublikebis saxiT Sevidnen maTve daemataT centraluri aziis teritoriaze aRmocenebuli kidev xuTi mokavSire respublika – yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi, yirgizeTi, tajikeTi da TurqmeneTi 1940 wels ssrk dasavleTiTa da CrdiloeTiT gafarTovda da Tavis SemadgenlobaSi moaqcia litva, latvia, estoneTi, moldaveTi da karelia-fineTi (1956 wels es ukanaskneli gauqmda da rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi Sevida kareliis saxelwodebiT)

sabWoTa kavSiri formalurad mokavSire respublikebis federalur kavSirad iwodeboda, sinamdvileSi ki uaRresad centralizebul saxelmwifos warmoadgenda qveyanaSi konstituciurad dakanonebuli ar yofila, magram, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifo ena rusuli iyo sabWoTa imperiaSi Semavali erebi nominalurad suvereuli qveynebi iyvnen, TavianTi mTavrobebic hyavdaT da deklaraciulad ssr kavSiridan gasvlis uflebac ki hqondaT, magram politikas damoukideblad ver gansazRvravdnen da mTlianad moskovze iyvnen damokidebuli.

imis gamo, rom xsenebuli saxelmwifo sabWoTa ruseTis ZalisxmeviTa da mis garSemo Camoyalibda, imperiuli centri – moskovi, saidanac qveyana imarTeboda, erTdroulad iyo ssrk-isa da ruseTis dedaqalaqi, teritoriis 78 procenti sakuTriv ruseTs ekuTvnoda da dominantur

sabWoTa sistema

2

rolsac igi asrulebda, sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri dasavlur samyaroSi „ruseTad“, sabWoTa an, kidev, moskovis imperiad aRiqmeboda.

sainteresoa isic, rom am qveynis mTavari dResaswauli iyo ara misi daarsebis TariRi, aramed 1917 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTSi ganxorcielebuli e. w. didi oqtombris socialisturi revoluciis dRe – 7 noemberi (Zv. stiliT – 25 oqtomberi).

marTalia, sabWoTa kavSiri Tavs antiimperialistur, saxalxo demokratiul saxelmwifod acxadebda, magram avlenda istoriuli imperiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saerTo tendenciebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg ssrk-s „varSavis blokis“ saxiT hyavda sateliti qveynebi: albaneTi, bulgareTi, germaniis demokratiuli respublika, poloneTi, rumineTi, ungreTi, Cexoslovakia, romlebzec hqonda dominanturi politikuri da ideologiuri gavlena.

ssrk-is dedaqalaqi mTeli misi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi ucvlelad moskovi iyo, romlis kremlis SenobaSi saqmianobdnen partiisa da xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebi amitomac „moskovi“, „kremli“ da „komunisturi xelisufleba“ xSirad sinonimebad gamoiyeneboda.

ssrk-is simtkicis safuZvlad miCneuli iyo misi politikuri wyoba, muSaTa klasisa da kolmeurne glexobis mWidro kavSiri, sa-

kavSiris respublikebi 16

2

2

2 12. latvia (riga) - 64,589 km

2 11. litva (vilniusi) - 65,300 km 2 13. estoneTi (talini) - 45,228 km

xelmwifos birTvad, „epoqis gonebad, Rirsebad da sindisad“ aRiarebuli, komunisturi partiis xelmZRvanelobiT. qveyanaSi akrZaluli iyo pluralizmi da mravalpartiuloba gabatonebuli iyo komunisturi ideologia, romelic marqsizm-leninizmad iwodeboda da misi moTxovnebidan nebismieri gadaxra sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas eqvemdebareboda sabWoTa kavSiris mdgradobas ideologiis garda ganamtkicebda saxelmwifo iZulebiTi aparati, penitenciuri sistema, uSiSroebis samsaxuri, sakoncentracio banakebi da sxv amasTan, sabWoTa imperias mravalmilioniani armia hyavda da mZlavri SeiaraReba hqonda (ssrk-is daSlis droisTvis armiaSi iricxeboda 3 400 000 jariskaci, 3800-ze meti ufrosi oficeri da arsebobda 65-milioniani rezervi), magram qveynis umTavres Zlierebad miiCneoda, rom is, aSS-is msgavsad, flobda birTvul – atomur da wyalbadis iaraRs da kontinentTaSoris balistikur raketebs

amierkavkasiis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi centraluri aziis socialisturi respublikebi 1940 wels SemoerTebuli teritoria

da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis (КГБ) saxiT. qveyana mofenili iyo patimarTa banakebiT, koloniebiTa da specdasaxlebebiT.

sabWoTa reJimiT nebismieri ukmayofilebis sajarod gamoxatva isjeboda. xelisufleba Tavis mowinaaRmdege adamianebs akerebda „xalxis mtris“, „samSoblos moRalatis“, „mavneblis“, „diversantis“ iarliys da fizikurad uswordeboda. Zaladoba, terori da represiebi sabWoTa sistemis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi iyo. represiebi socialuri motiviT (kazakobis likvidacia, samRvdeloebis devna-Seviwroeba, kulakobis ganadgureba), ekonomikur niadagze (kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmeba, miwebis konfiskacia, mrewvelobis nacionalizacia), politikuri mizandasaxulobiT (brZola Zalauflebis SenarCunebisaTvis, dapirispireba mowinaaRmdege politikur ZalebTan da TviT bolSevikuri partiis SigniT) an kidev eTnikuri niSniT warmoebda.

politikurma represiebma arnaxuli SiSi da adamianebs Soris undoblobac danerges. didwilad swored am SiSs efuZneboda arsebuli reJimisadmi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis Semguebloba da loialobac. im droidan SemorCa fraza: „kedlebsac ki yurebi aqvT“, rac imas niSnavda, rom garSemo aravis ndoba SeiZleboda.

gansakuTrebiT 1930-iani wlebisaTvis totalitarulma reJimma qveyanaSi umZimesi socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati Seqmna usafuZvlo dasmenebma da ciliswamebam masobrivi xasiaTi SeiZina aseTi moqmedeba dasaZrax movlenad ar aRiqmeboda, metic – xelisufleba mas „adgilebidan signalebs“, drouli informirebis wyaros uwodebda, „socializmis sadarajoze dgomad“, pirovnebis „revoluciur sifxizled“ miiCnevda da axalisebda.

specdasaxleba – gausamarTleblad, administraciuli wesiT gaZevebuli kulakebisa da maTi ojaxebis wevrTa SromiTi dasaxleba, ewyoboda mxolod rkinigzis magistralidan, soflebidan Tu qalaqebidan 200 km-is daSorebiT

bolSevikuri gadatrialeba –zamTris sasaxlis Sturmi

ssr kavSiri 100 wlis gadasaxedidan

sabWoTa sistema

varSavis blokis qveynebi

sabWoTa kavSiri 2 (moskovi) – 22,402,200 km

poloneTis saxalxo respublika 2 (varSava) – 312,685 km

rumineTis socialisturi respublika 2 (buqaresti) – 238,397 km

Cexoslovakiis socialisturi respublika 2 (praRa) – 127,900 km

bulgareTis saxalxo respublika 2 (sofia) – 110,994 km

germaniis demokratiuli resplublika 2 (aRmosavleTi berlini) – 108,333 km

ungreTis saxalxo respublika 2 (budapeSti) – 93,011 km

albaneTis socialisturi respublika 2 (tirana) – 28,748 km

„didi terori“ Seexo sazogadoebis yvela fenas, yvela eTnikur jgufs. mxolod saqarTveloSi, arazusti monacemebiT, 63 aTasi adamiani moxvda sapyrobileSi, maTgan 10 aTasze meti daxvrites. jerac daudgenelia represiebis sxva msxverplTa – e w gulagebSi (gulagi abreviaturaa da iTargmneba, rogorc SromiT-gamosasworebeli banakebis da koloniebis mTavari sammarTvelo) gardacvlilebis zusti raodenoba

represiebis erT-erTi forma iyo deportacia, romelic sabWoTa xelisuflebam araerTxel gamoiyena, komunisturi reJimisaTvis saSiSad gamocxadebuli calkeuli pirovnebebisa Tu mTeli xalxebis winaaRmdeg (gansakuTrebiT sastiki iyo meore msoflio omis droindeli deportaciebi, romelTa Soris unda davasaxeloT 1944 wlis noemberSi saqarTvelos teritoriidan mahmadiani mesxebis gadasaxleba Sua aziaSi da sxv)

sabWoTa sistemis (socializmis sabWouri modelis) Teoriuli safuZvlebi v. leninma SeimuSava, praqtikulad ki i. stalinma ganaxorciela. es modeli sam ZiriTad fundaments – industrializacias, koleqtivizaciasa da kulturul revolucias unda dayrdnoboda

industrializacia, romelic upiratesad mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebas iTvaliswinebda, sastiki meTodebiT ganxorcielda, magram moitana xelSesaxebi Sedegebi istoriulad mokle droSi daCqarebuli tempiT aSenda giganturi sawarmoebi, metalurgiuli kombinatebi, hesebi, manqanaTmSenebeli qarxnebi, aTasobiT kilometri rkinigza da sxv industriul obieqtTa profili imgvarad ganisazRvreboda, rom respublikebis calke ekonomikuri arseboba sxvebis, pirvel rigSi – ruseTis, dauxmareblad SeuZlebeli yofiliyo. amasTan, industrializacias Tan sdevda wiaRiseul simdidreTa ukontrolo eqspluatacia, tyeebis gaCexva, mdinareebis, zRvebisa da tbebis dabinZureba, ekologiur moTxovnaTa ugulebelyofa, rac safrTxes uqmnida da ganadgurebiT emuqreboda garemomcvel bunebas.

zogierTi avtori sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnasa da arsebobas – proeqts – socialur eqsperiments uwodebs bevri am Sefasebas ar eTanxmeba, magram veravin uaryofs, rom komunisturi xelisufleba namdvilad iyo sazogadoebaze araerTi cdis iniciatori, maT Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT koleqtivizacia, axali adamianis aRzrda, sabWoTa xalxis formireba da sxva.

deportacia – sakuTari sacxovrisidan piris (mosaxleobis) iZulebiTi gadasaxleba, gaZeveba sxva adgilas an sxva saxelmwifoSi, dacvis – konvois TanxlebiT

koleqtivizacia iyo socialuri eqsperimenti, romelic glexobaze umagaliTo ZaladobiT, misTvis Tavisuflebis warTmeviTa da tradiciuli iersaxis moSliT ganxorcielda sakolmeurneo moZraobaSi sakuTari nebiT mxolod mojamagireebi da umiwawylo glexoba monawileobda glexTa sxva kategoria kolmeurneobebSi agitacia-propagandis, daSinebis, dapatimreba-gadasaxlebis muqariT SehyavdaT vinc uars ambobda kolmeurneobaSi Sesvlaze, „partiis xazis“ mowinaaRmdeged cxaddeboda mas sarCo-sabadebels arTmevdnen da mSobliuri soflebidan erekebodnen. koleqtivizaciis msxverpli gansakuTrebiT SeZlebuli (e. w. kulakoba) da saSualo glexoba gaxda.

koleqtivizaciis Sedegad sabWoTa reJimma dasaxul mizans miaRwia socialurad da qonebrivad gaTanabrebuli glexobis mravalmilioniani masa xelisuflebisadmi loialuri gaxda soflis meurneoba, msgavsad mrewvelobisa, saxelmwifos xelSi aRmoCnda koleqtivizaciis procesma Zireulad Secvala soflis iersaxe, ramdenadme amaRlda mosaxleobis materialuri keTildReobac, magram am eqsperimentma glexoba axal „saxelmwifo ymobaSi“ Caagdo, adamian-

Ta mentalobis rRveva, pirovnebis usaxur koleqtiur masaSi gaTqvefa gamoiwvia

bolSevikebi did rols akisrebdnen kulturul revolucias, romlis oficialuri mizani sazogadoebis sulieri gardaqmna, sabWoTa inteligenciis formireba, socializmisa da komunizmis mSenebeli axali adamianis aRzrda iyo

sabWour sistemas sWirdeboda sakuTari nebis gamomxatveli axali tipis kultura da am nebis aRmsrulebeli sazogadoeba, romelic moklebuli iqneboda namdvil SemoqmedebiTobas, damoukidebel azrovnebas. amitom xelisufleba eswrafoda eqcia kultura politikis iaraRad, Caeyenebina igi reJimis ganmtkicebis samsaxurSi. am mizans emsaxureboda iseTi axali saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis Seqmna, rogoric iyo: i sverdlovis saxelobis komunisturi universiteti, komunisturi akademia, wiTel profesorTa instituti, marqsizm-leninizmis instituti Tu universitetebSi gaxsnili muSaTa fakultetebi

gafarTovda saxalxo Teatrebis, klubebis, biblioTekebis qseli, warmoiSva da ganviTarda „mxatvruli TviTSemoqmedeba“ –kultmasobrivi muSaobis forma, romelmac kultura „sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi“ gaxada da sxv

gulagi

patimarTa banakebis qseli sabWoTa kavSirSi

ssr kavSiri 100 wlis gadasaxedidan

sabWoTa sistema

kulturuli revolucia farTo sazogadoebaSi wera-kiTxvis masobrivi ucodinarobis likvidaciasTan, savaldebulo dawyebiTi da, cota mogvianebiT, ufaso saSualo ganaTlebis SemoRebasTan, umaRlesi ganaTlebis aRmavlobasTan asocirdeba, magram amis paralelurad ganaTlebaze, kulturaze, literaturasa Tu xelovnebaze, romelic mTlianad politizebuli gaxda, SemzRudavi ideologiuri kontroli damyarda zedamxedveloba da Tvalyuri axali tipis SemoqmedebiTi gaerTianebebis – mweralTa, mxatvarTa, arqiteqtorTa, kompozitorTa da a. S. SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda, romlebic totalitaruli sistemis nawils warmoadgendnen. damaxasiaTebeli iyo, rom „nacionalizmis“ braldebiT idevnebodnen Zveli Taobis TvalsaCino mecnierebi, kulturis moRvaweni, romelTa nacvlad politikurad saimedo kadrebs awinaurebdnen.

yovelive amasTan aucilebelia aRiniSnos TvalsaCino miRwevebi Teatris, kinos, mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi (kvanturi meqanika, fardobiTobis Teoria, birTvuli energetika, kosmonavtika, gamomTvleli teqnika ...) da is faqtic, rom maRali iyo mecni-

nikita xruSCovi (1894-1971)

1956 wels komunisturi partiis XX yrilobaze

erTa da SemoqmedebiT moRvaweTa socialuri statusic, Tumca samecniero kvlevebis Sedegebi sustad inergeboda praqtikaSi

ssrk-Si ramdenjerme miiRes konstitucia (1924, 1936, 1977 wlebSi. 1988 wels sabWoTa konstituciaSi Sevida mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi da damatebebi), romlebic TavianTi demokratiuli xasiaTiT arc erT civilizebuli saxelmwifos konstitucias ar Camouvardeboda, magram maTi muxlebis didi nawili fiqtiuri iyo da cxovrebaSi naklebad sruldeboda.

arsebobis TiTqmis Svidi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSirs saTaveSi 7 sxvadasxva lideri edga eseni iyvnen: vladimir lenini (1922-1924), ioseb stalini (19241953), nikita xruSCovi (1953-1964), leonid breJnevi (1964-1982), iuri andropovi (19821984), leonid Cernenko (1984-1985) da mixeil gorbaCovi (1985-1991) leninsa da stalins „proletariatis beladebsa da maswavleblebs“ uwodebdnen

yvela sabWoTa meTauri, leninis garda, TanamdebobasTan gamoTxovebisa Tu gardacvalebis Semdgom ulmobeli kritikis obieqti xdeboda stalinis gardacvalebidan sami

leonid breJnevi (1906-1982)

ssr kavSiri 100 wlis gadasaxedidan

wlis Tavze, 1956 wels, komunisturi partiis XX yrilobaze, nikita xruSCovma mkacrad dagmo stalinis pirovnebis kulti; xruSCovi misi gadayenebis Semdgom voluntaristuli politikis gatarebaSi daadanaSaules; breJnevis, andropovisa da Cernenkos mmarTvelobis wlebi „uZraobis periodad“ moinaTla, xolo gorbaCovs sulac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlaSi edeba brali. miuxedavad amisa, komunistur partias yovelTvis hqonda SeuzRudavi uflebamosileba, rac diadi koleqtiuri miznis – komunizmis mSeneblobis ideiT marTldeboda. sazogadoebis mTeli energia am zogadsakacobrio amocanis xorcSesxmisaken iyo mimarTuli

zemoT iTqva, rom arsebuli reJimisadmi mosaxleobis erTi nawilis loialobas imperiis masStabiT danergili „socialuri SiSi“ ganapirobebda amasTan, saxelmwifom sazogadoebis garkveuli wreebi maTTvis boZebuli privilegiebiTac gaierTgula, magram Zalze didi iyo imaTi ricxvic, vinc qveyanas rwmeniTa da enTuziazmiT emsaxureboda. es garemoeba ar yofila SemTxveviTi: „muSaTa da glexTa qveyanaSi“ adre Cagruli Raribi fenebis socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba SesamCnevad gaumjobesda. elementaruli socialuri keTildReoba TiTqmis yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda marTalia, xelfasi da sxva Semosavlebi gacilebiT dabali iyo gaweuli Sromis safasurad, magram adamianebs hqondaT dasaqmebis asparezi, garantirebuli saarsebo minimumi da TviTrealizebis sakmarisi SesaZlebloba, rasac winaT moklebuli iyvnen

sabWoTa kavSiri Tavs momavlis sazogadoebad miiCnevda, magram mas momavali aRar ewera. 1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvis TvalnaTliv gamoCnda, rom sazogadoebis swori ganviTarebisaTvis Seuferebeli, maxinji da mouqneli sistema seriozulad dauZlurda da misi aRsasruli gardauvali iyo – ssr kavSiri 1991 wlis dekemberSi oficialurad daiSala

Cveni qveynis mcxovrebTa TiTqmis naxevari sabWoTa qveyanaSi daibada da gaizarda maT cxovrebaSi komunisturi warsuli, sabWoTa cxovrebis wesi jer kidev ver iqca istoriad da igi dResac xan sad da xan sad Zalumad iCens xolme Tavs.

mixeil gorbaCovi (1931-2022)

iuri andropovi (1914-1984)

konstantin Cernenko (1911-1985)

civilizacia

saqristiano samyaro I da II aTaswleulebis mijnaze (da Semdeg)

revaz gaCeCilaZe

qristeSobidan I da II aTaswleulebis mijnaze saqristiano samyaro dedamiwis SedarebiT momcro nawilze vrceldeboda da moicavda dasavleT da centralur evropas, mcire aziisa da samxreT kavkasiis sagrZnob nawils, eTiopias, balkaneTsa da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTs

aRmosavleT evropaSi qristianoba is-is iyo iwyebda gavrcelebas kievis mTavarma vladimirma dRevandel ukrainaSi axali aTaswleulis dawyebamde sul ramdenime wliT adre, 988 wels, konstantinopolidan miiRo qristianoba da bizantiel mRvdelmsaxurebs mdinare dneprSi moanaTlina Tavisi qveSevrdomebi kievis CrdiloeTiT jer isev mZlavrobda warmarToba (litvaSi, magaliTad, XIV saukunamde), aRmosavleTiT momTabare xazarebis elitam iudaizmi amjobina, xolo Sua volgispireTSi, bulgarebTan (axla yazanel TaTrebad rom vicnobT) IX saukuneSi misuli islami myar bariers uqmnida qristianobis aRmosavleTiT winsvlas

kidev xuTi saukune unda gavides, vidre qristianoba daiwyebs Tavis triumful svlas „axal samyaroSi“, samxreT da CrdiloeT amerikaSi, da ufro gvian – afrikaSi, avstraliasa da, nawilobriv, aziaSi

dro da adamianebi

qristeSobidan II aTaswleulis dadgomas zeimiT ar Sexvedrian. religiur wreebSi iyo meored mosvlisa da apokalifsis amao molodini – rogorc yovelTvis, maT ar gaumarTlaT! im dros evropis mosaxleobis umravlesobam ar icoda, romel welSi cxovrobda da mxolod saeklesio pirebisgan Tu gaigebda, rom Turme 1000 weli sruldeboda ubralo xalxma (mTel msoflioSi!) arc saaTi icoda: meqanikur saaTs sami saukunis Semdeg gamoigoneben da mis gavrce-

lebas kidev saukuneebi dasWirdeba. eklesiebsa da monastrebSi, sadac ritualebs mkacri Tanamimdevroba hqonda, dros an mzis saaTis meSveobiT (dRisiT, isic, Tu Rrubliani dRe ar idga) adgendnen, an sanTlis wvis zomiT. eklesiis zari, romelic locvis dros amcnobda xalxs, sizustiT ar gamoirCeoda. sxvaTa Soris, mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis, anu glexobisaTvis, eklesiis zari erTaderT xelovnur xmas gamoscemda, romelsac isini Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze ismendnen, Tu ar CavTvliT TviTnakeTi stvirebisa da salamurebis adgilobriv nairsaxeobebs. umciresobisaTvis, anu aristokratiisaTvis, xelmisawvdomi iyo sakmaod primitiuli musikaluri instrumentebis mosmenac simebiani musikaluri instrumentebi evropaSi Semova dasavleT aziidan da gavrceldeba mxolod jvarosnuli laSqrobebis droidan, XII saukunidan sxvaTa Soris, iqidanve Semova gudastviric, romelic axla SotlandielTa da irlandielTa erovnul sakravadaa miCneuli

islandia

atlantis okeane

civilizacia

romis imperiis dacemidan xuT saukuneze cota meti iyo gasuli. dasavleT evropam ki am droisaTvis ukve moaswro Rarib, CamorCenil sasoflo mxared gadaqceva mTel evropaSi, skandinaviidan peloponesis naxevarkunZulamde da atlantis okeanidan uralis mTebamde, romelic mxolod XVIII saukuneSi daadgines evropis aRmosavleT sazRvrad, I da II aTaswleulebis mijnaze, savaraudod, sul 70-mde milioni adamiani saxlobda (es naklebia, vidre dRevandeli germaniis mosaxleoba). xalxis 9/10-ze meti soflad cxovrobda. imdroindeli evropis udidesi qalaqebi, magaliTad, romi da parizi, im dros 20 aTasze nakleb mcxovrebs iTvlidnen, maSin, rodesac romis imperiis dros, I-V saukuneebSi, urbanizacia evropaSi ufro mZlavrad igrZnoboda, xolo, magaliTad, III saukunis qalaq romSi milionamde mcxovrebi iyo.

aTaswleulebis mijnaze dasavleT evropis kulturul landSaftSi dominirebda mZime romanuli stiliT agebuli eklesiebi, galavniani monastrebi, feodalebis tlanqad nagebi cixesimagreebi. is natifi cixekoSkebi, magaliTad, sxvadasxva Satoebi, romlebiTac dRevandeli safrangeTi ase izidavs turistebs, bevrad ufro gvian aages. eklesiebi da cixe-koSkebi mkveTrad gamoirCeoda axlomdebare glexuri qoxmaxebis fonze. goTika jer arc warmoSobila: arqiteqturis es stili CrdiloeT safrangeTSi mxolod XI saukuneSi gamoCndeba

sanTlis saaTebi

Tavisi warmoSobidan sul sam-naxevar saukuneSi islamma (Caisaxa VII saukuneSi da maleve gaifurCqna kidec) Tavisi gavrcelebis arealiT gadaaWarba qristianobas. islami ukve myarad batonobda dasavleT da centralur aziaSi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, pireneis naxevarkunZulze, xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebze (sicilia, malta) da miiswrafoda samxreT aziisaken. Tbilisi ki erT-erTi arabuli saamiros centri iyo.

sakmaod ganviTarebuli islamuri saqalaqo civilizacia warmatebiT iyenebda elinizmisa da induri kulturis miRwevebsac. imdroindel arab mecnierebs (sakmaod xSirad „arabebs“ miaTvlian xolme araarab muslim mecnierebsac), magaliTad, maTematikis, astronomiis, qimiis, geografiis, istoriis sferoebSi axlosac ver daudgebodnen imdroindeli evropeli mecnierebi, Tuki isini saerTod arsebobdnen!

ganviTarebuli kulturebi da didi saqalaqo centrebi evropidan ufro aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda X saukunis dasasruls baRdadi, damasko, alepo, deli bevrad aRematebodnen xalxmravlobiTa da simdidriT evropul qalaqebs CineTSi, romelic teqnologiurad mkveTrad uswrebda imdroindel evropas da am upiratesobas XV saukunemde inarCunebda, mdebareobda maSindeli msoflios udidesi qalaqi – sunis dinastiis imperatorebis dedaqalaqi kaifeni (misi mosaxleobis ricxovnobas 600-700 aTass varaudoben). X saukunis CineTSi ukve iyenebdnen denTs, icnobdnen magnituri isris funqcias, romelic CrdiloeTis mimarTulebas aCvenebs. sunis dinastiis (960-1279 ww.) zeobis dros CineTSi gamoiyeneboda qaRaldis fuli, Seiqmna mudmivi samxedro floti. im periodSi „CineTis didi arxis“ (sigrZe 1770 km) efeqtianad gamosayeneblad gamoigones rabebi (poundlocks), romlis analogs evropaSi, kerZod holandiaSi, mxolod XIV saukunis meore naxevarSi gamoigoneben.

aTasi wlis win ramdenime aseuli aTasi mcxovrebi iyo bizantiis dedaqalaq konstantinopolSi bizantiam erTgvarad SeinarCuna winaqristianuli berZnul-romauli kulturis elementebi misi kulturuli gavlena aRmosavleT evropisa da samxreT kavkasiis qristianobaze moqceul eTnosebze (qarTvelebze, somxebze, balkaneTis slavebze, kievel rusebze) Zalian sagrZnobi iyo da aZlevda maT impulss swrafi kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis. amas Tan sdevda maTi politikuri ganviTarebac da bizantiisagan gansxvavebuli saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebac.

iqamde am saxelmwifos berZnuli TviTsaxeli iyo ΒασιλείατώνΡωμαίων (basileia ton romaion, anu „romaelTa samefo“). misi xalxi Tavs „romaelebs“ uwodebda, Tumca saxelmwifo ena VII saukunidan iyo berZnuli. imdroindeli qarTvelebi mas moixseniebdnen „saberZneTad“ an, xandaxan „hromad“

konstantinopoli X saukuneSi kaifeni, XII saukunis naxati

saqristiano samyaro

civilizacia

romis imperiis dacemasTan (V s ) da misi legionebis daSlasTan erTad, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen monebis didi masis usityvo Sromas, gafuWda dasavleT da centralur evropaSi romaelTa mier gayvanili gzebi, daiqca qalaqebis umetesoba. amave dros romis armiis kedelSemovlebuli samxedro banakebis (laTinurad – castrum) adgilebze zogan SenarCunda mcire dasaxlebebi, romlebic mogvianebiT qalaqebad iqca aseTia, magaliTad, inglisis qalaqebi manCesteri, uinCesteri, lesteri, glosteri, donkasteri, Cesteri da sxv germaniaSi aseTive warmoSobis qalaqia boni aTaswleulebis mijnaze uinCesteri iyo inglisis umTavresi qalaqi da ara londoni

mosaxleobis migracia im dros minimaluri iyo: adamianebis umetesoba imave sofelSi kvdeboda, sadac ibadeboda

aTaswleulebis mijnaze da, zogadad, Sua saukuneebSi evropaSi gadaadgileba saSiSi saqme iyo. Saragzis yaCaRebi SiSis zars scemdnen mogzaurebs vaWrebs, romlebsac yaCaRebis winaaRmdeg dacvis daqiraveba uxdebodaT, unda exadaT didi baJi yvela feodalisaTvis, romlis samflobeloSic Sevidodnen es saqonlis fass Zalian zrdida

VIII-X saukuneebSi mTel evropaSi uSiSrad mxolod skandinavieli vikingebis (variagebis) kargad SeiaraRebuli bandebi gadaadgildebodnen. isini soflebsa da qalaqebs Zarcvavdnen da am naZarcviT vaWrobdnen.

VIII-X sakuneebSi vikingebma dapyrobil miwaze damkvidreba daiwyes da qristianobazec gadavidnen swored maT daasaxles dRevandeli CrdiloeT safrangeTis nawili, romelsac am „Crdiloeli adamianebis“ (Nordman) gamo daerqva normandia. daaxloebiT IX saukuneSi vikingi (variagi) beladebi Caudgnen saTaveSi axalSeqmnil saxelmwifoebs slavuri da finurenovani tomebiT dasaxlebul dRevandel dasavleT ruseTsa da ukrainaSi

XI saukunis Cinuri qaRaldis fuli uinCesteris sakaTedro taZari, XI saukunis Senoba

vikingebis SeWra inglisSi, IX saukune

vikingebma TavianTi mkvidrad nagebi, oTxkuTxaafriani xomaldebiT aRmoaCines da daasaxles kunZuli islandia (islandiuri ena igive Zveli norvegiulia) meore aTaswleulis mijnaze, daaxloebiT 1000 wels, maT gadalaxes atlantis okeane da fexi dadges CrdiloeT amerikis kontinentze, rogorc pirvelma evropelebma kolumbamde kidev xuTi saukune rCeboda!

saxelmwifo da religia

evropeli erebi im saxiT, rogorc axla vicnobT, is-is iyo iwyebdnen warmoqmnas aTaswleulTa mijnaze, jer ar arsebobda arc ingliseli da arc frangi, espaneli, germaneli, poloneli, rusi Tu sxva erebi Tanamedrove gagebiT. amasTan, ukve oriode saukune iyvnen mmarTvelebi, romlebsac icnobdnen ingliselTa, skotTa (SotlandielTa), frangTa, polonelTa, xorvatTa, bohemielTa (CexTa), qarTvelTa, ungrelTa, rusTa, bulgarTa, burgundTa an sxva eTnikur jgufTa (jer maT erebad/naciebad ver miviCnevT) mefeebad an mTavrebad Tavidan TiTqmis yvela es mefe Tu mTavari batonobda SedarebiT momcro teritoriaze, romelic momdevno saukuneebSi erovnuli saxelmwifos birTvad iqceva. „qarTvelTa mefe“, zustad am saxeliT, mxolod IX saukuneSi Cndeba, Tumca iqamdec iyvnen „qarTlis mefeebi“

X saukunis bolosaTvis Seiqmna skandinavielTa met-naklebad mdgradi samefoebi –dania, norvegia da SvedeTi. arsebobda „germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperia“ (germanulad – Heiliges Rőmisches Reich Deutscher Nation, laTinurad – Sacrum Romanum Imperium Nationis Germanicae), romelic didad gascda germanulenovani mosaxleobis gansaxlebis ares da moicavda sxva enobrivi jgufebis gansaxlebis sivrcesac. „germanuli nacia/eri“ Tanamedrove gagebiT jer ar arsebobda

evropas, bizantiasa da kavkasias kulturuli TvalsazrisiT aerTianebda saerTo sarwmunoeba – qristianoba. magram am religiis SigniT ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo mZafrad dapirispirebuli mimarTulebebi, magaliTad, diofizitoba, romlis mimdevrebs „qalkedonitebad“ icnobdnen, da monofizitoba.

I da II aTaswleulebis mijnaze qristianobis diofizituri mimarTuleba jer ar iyo gayofili kaTolikur da marTlmadidebel eklesiebad (sqizma, anu ganxeTqileba, 1054 wels moxdeba). magram ukve arsebobda mZafri metoqeoba marTvaSi pirvelobisaTvis romis episkopossa (romelsac „pap“-s uwodebdnen) da konstantinopolis patriarqs

centraluri evropis xelmwifeebis oficialur titulad iqca korol/krul/kral: es VIII saukunis frankTa mefis, 800 wlidan ki dasavleT romis imperatoris, Sarlemanis, anu karlos didis, laTinuri saxelis, “Carolus”-is sxva enebze aJRereba iyo germanuli „kaizeri“ (Keiser) da bulgarul-rusuli „cari“ (царь) ki romaeli mxedarTmTavrisa da saxelmwifo moRvawis iulius cezaris/kesaris saxelis germanuli da slavuri gamoTqmaa

sqizma, Sua saukuneebis ilustracia

saqristiano samyaro

civilizacia

bulgarelTa mTavris, borisis, naTloba

Soris. am ukanasknels zurgs umagrebda uZlieresi saero xelisufali – bizantiis keisari. qristianobis sakuTari versiis gavrcelebisaTvis, ufro zustad ki, sakuTari mrevlis gasamravleblad, romi da konstantinopoli mZafrad metoqeobdnen.

aRmosavleT balkaneTSi, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi, aRmosavleT evropaSi konstantinopolma imarjva da es mxareebi marTlmadideblobis sayrdenad aqcia: 864 wels marTlmadideblad moinaTla bulgarelTa mTavari borisi, 988 wels – kievis rusTa mTavari vladimiri dasavleTi da centraluri evropa, dasavleTi balkaneTi ki romis papebis samwysod iqca. bohemielebi, anu Cexebi, IX saukuneSi papis wargzavnilebma monaTles. 966 wels romis papisagan miiRo naTloba polonelTa mTavarma mieSko I-ma, xolo 1001 wels – ungrelTa mefe iStvan I-ma.

kaTolicizmis aRmosavleT forpostebad iqcnen xorvatia, poloneTi, ungreTi (es ukanaskneli dRevandel slovakeTsac moicavda) maT aRmosavleTiT ki konstantinopolidan gavrcelebuli marTlmadidebloba gabatonda pirobiTi sazRvari marTlmadideblobasa da kaTolicizms Soris aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropis kulturuli wyalgamyofic gaxda

eklesia kontrols uwevda adamianis aRzrdas da mis qcevas, SeiZleba iTqvas, dabadebidan sikvdilamde im dros eklesia iyo erTaderTi, kargad Camoyalibebuli da mowesrigebuli instituti sakmaod mouwesrigebel socialur garemoSi eklesia hpirdeboda adamians saiqioSi sulis gadarCenas, rac mas amqveyniuri sirTuleebis gadatanas uadvilebda samRvdeloeba xanda-

polonelTa mTavris, mieSko I-is, naTloba

xan sakmaod efeqtiani saero xelisuflis rolsac asrulebda adamianebs im epoqaSi WeSmariti RvTismosaoba axasiaTebdaT da isini yvelaferSi endobodnen RvTismsaxurebs

abatebis, episkoposebis, kardinalebisa da TviT romis papis moralur saxeSi eWvis Setana aTaswleulebis mijnaze ar xdeboda es sami-oTxi saukunis Semdeg daiwyeba, rodesac xalxis ganaTlebis done gaizrdeba, rac dagvirgvindeba saeklesio reformiTa da evropaSi Sua saukuneebis dasasruliT maSin ki mRvdeli udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobda xalxSi da es arc unda iyos gasakviri: mxolod saeklesio pirebma icodnen we-

ra-kiTxva dasavleT evropaSi werdnen laTinurad, aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi qristianebi ki werisas iyenebdnen an berZnul enas, an adgilobriv enebs, romelTac sakuTari anbani hqondaT, anu werdnen arabulad, arameulad, qarTulad, somxurad, amharulad (eTiopurad), slavurad alfred

rogorc aRmosavleTiT, ise dasavleTiT mefeebisa da didebulTa absoluturi umravlesoba uwignuri iyo. amitomac iyvnen Tavisi wignierebiT aseTi iSviaTi gamonaklisebi ueseqsis (samxreT inglisi) mefe alfred didi (mefobda IX saukuneSi, misi sataxto qalaqi uinCesteri iyo) da saqarTvelos mefe daviT IV aRmaSenebeli (mefobda XI-XII saukuneebSi).

kievis rusTa mTavris, vladimiris, naTloba

civilizacia

oto I didi (962-973)

maSin, roca aRmosavleTis qristianobaSi mravalcentrulobis tradicia damkvidrda, dasavleT evropaSi eklesiis uzenaesi xelmZRvaneli iyo romis papi

aTaswleulebis mijnaze dasavleT evropaSi papTan erTad formalurad arsebobda saero xelmZRvanelic –„qristiani imperatori“, germaniisa da italiis mravalricxovani samefo-samTavroebis meTauri, romelsac unda „daecva romis eklesia RvTis udidesad sadideblad“ (es formula Sarlemanma daakvidra) I aTaswleulis bolos Teoria TiTqos praqtikadac iqca: realuri saero Zalauflebis mqone imperatori oto I didi (962-973) papis erTgulebasac icavda da eklesias SewirulobiTac avsebda evropaSi Cndebodnen sxva monarqebic, romlebic romis papisagan elodnen kurTxevas Tavisi samflobelos samarTavad da amisaTvis mzad iyvnen didi ZRvenic gaeRoT

dasavleTis qristianobisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic wirva-locvaSi mxolod laTinurs iyenebda da erovnul enebze wminda werilis Targmnis cdasac ki mwvaleblobad acxadebda (mogvianebiT kaTolikuri eklesia aseTi mwvaleblobisTvis sasjelad daawesebs koconze cocxlad dawvas), aRmosavleTis qristianoba ufro liberaluri iyo adgilobriv enebze wminda werilis Targmnis mimarT magaliTad, saxarebis qarTulad Targmnas ukve V saukunidan Seudgnen

berZenma Zmebma, kirilem da meTodem, balkaneTisa da centraluri evropis slavebs IX saukuneSi Seuqmnes anbani (is mniSvnelovanwilad eyrdnoba berZnuli enis grafikas), romliTac daiwera Zvelslavur enaze Targmnili wminda werili es anbani, romelsac misi gamomgoneblis pativsacemad „kirilicas“ uwodeben, mcire modifikaciiT gavrcelda ufro aRmosavleTiT mcxovreb rusebSic.

saqarTvelos magaliTi ki, SesaZloa, qrestomaTiuladac ki miviCnioT imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor Seuwyo xeli qristianobam eTnikur konsolidaciasa da erovnuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobas X saukuneSi damkvidrda qarTuli bibliis kanonikuri teqsti da imave periodSi gaCnda e w „merCules doqtrina“, romelic „grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi“ aisaxa: „qarTlad friadi queyana aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis“.

qarTvelTa sxvadasxva subeTnosis erT naciad (erad) konsolidaciisaTvis arsebobda mZlavri kulturuli winapirobebi: erTi religia da saerTo saRvTismetyvelo ena, romelsac sakuTari anbani hqonda mniSvnelovania isic, rom ukve IX saukunidan iwyeba

kirile da meTode

moqnili da eleganturi qarTuli mxedruli anbanis Seqmna, romelic farTod gamoiyeneboda nakleb moxerxebuli asomTavrulisa da nusxa-xucuris paralelurad an nacvlad

II aTaswleulis dawyebidan oriode saukuneSi mTeli dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoria Sedioda „merCules doqtrinis“ areSi da ukve arsebobda saxelmwifo – „yovelni saqarTveloni“, romelic eswrafoda gamxdariyo kavkasiuri imperiis birTvi sxva saqmea, rom sxvadasxva geopolitikuri faqtorebis gavleniT es miswrafeba dausrulebeli darCa

da Sroma

dRevandeli standartiT Tu SevafasebT, adamianis cxovreba aTaswleulebis mijnaze (iqamdec da mas Semdegac) iyo mZime, arajansaRi da xanmokle. magram imdroindeli adamianebi am simZimes ar uCiodnen: maT sxva, ukeTesi cxovreba arc icodnen

Sua saukuneebSi axalSobilTa sikvdilianoba 40 procents aRwevda. adamianis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba daaxloebiT 30 weli iyo. 45-50 wlis kaci Zalian xnierad iTvleboda. bavSvebis didi nawili xeirianad ar icnobda sakuTar bebias an babuas:

saqristiano samyaro

979 wls gadawerili oTxTavi, romlis avtoria ezra qobuleanisZe, xelnawerSi qarTuli damwerlobis samive saxeobaa gamoyenebuli, sinas mTa, wm. ekaterines monasteri

am ukanasknelTa umetesoba SviliSvilebis gazrdas ver moeswreboda Sua saukuneebSi mefeTa asakic ki gardacvalebisas 50 wels iSviaTad scdeboda am epoqidan saukuneze odnav meti xnis Semdeg, daviT aRmaSenebeli, romelmac 36 weli imefa, 52 wlisa miicvala; xolo Tamar mefe, istorikosebis azriT, daaxloebiT 47-53 wlisa gardaicvala

im epoqaSi qalebi kacebze naklebs cxovrobdnen es Sefardeba evropaSi Sua saukuneebis dasasrulidan Seicvala da iqidan moyolebuli qalebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba kacebisas sWarbobs

amasTan, rogorc arqeologebma daadgines, aTasi wlis winandel dasavleT evropaSi soflad mcxovrebi mosaxleoba, romelTa Sorisac bunebrivi SerCeva ulmobeli iyo (Tandayolili avadmyofobis an raime simaxinjis mqones gadarCenis umciresi Sansi Tu hqonda), ufro tanmaRali, dRevandeli evropelis simaRlisa unda yofiliyo, vidre evropis samrewvelo revoluciis xanis (XVIII-XIX saukuneebis) industriuli qalaqebis mZime pirobebSi mcxovrebi da cudad nakvebi adamianebi

demografia

civilizacia

qorwineba adreul asakSi xdeboda, TiTqmis yovelTvis – garigebiT meuRlis erTguleba aucilebeli moTxovna iyo: Sua saukuneebis evropaSi RalatSi eWvmitanil qals qvebiT qolavdnen an cocxlad wvavdnen.

sasoflo-sameurneo Sroma mZime iyo da dabalproduqtiuli. glexs, rogorc ymas (soflad ymebi mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgendnen), ise Tavisufals, Sroma ZiriTadad xeliT uxdeboda moyvanili marcvleulis TiTqmis mesamedi glexs saTesled momavali wlisaTvis unda daetovebina, mexuTedamde – batons mihqonda, meaTedi ki – eklesias danarCeniT glexs unda erCina sakuTari Tavi da ojaxi erT sulze gamodioda dReSi, saSualod, girvanqamde qeris, Wvavis an xorblis puri, rac sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad Tu iqneboda sakmarisi, magram mRrRnelebi, xanZari, wyaldidoba anda mezobeli didebulebis Semoseva glexsa da mis ojaxs ulukmapurod tovebda SimSiliT sikvdili maSin ufro xSiri iyo, vidre epidemiebisa an Wrilobebisgan.

X saukunemde evropaSi miwis xvnisas cxens ar iyenebdnen, radgan amisaTvis saTanado aRkazmuloba ar hqondaT: uReli, romlis dadgmas xari itanda, cxens daaxrCobda amitom iyo, rom dasavleT evropaSic da mcire aziasa da kavkasiaSic soflis meurneobaSi gamwev Zalad uRelSi Sebmul xars iyenebdnen X saukuneSi dasavleT evropaSi gamoigones cxenis saimedo caluRi (rusuladхомут) cxeniT miwis damuSaveba erT-naxevarjer ufro nayofieria, vidre zanti xar-kameCiT – amiT evropaSi daCqarda soflis meurneobis nayofierebis zrda. meore aTaswleulidan es Warbi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis Seqmnis erT-erTi faqtori gaxdeba, rac evropis saqalaqo mosaxleobis zrdasac Seuwyobs xels.

kveba

bevri ram, rac Tanamedrove evropelis yoveldRiur racionSi Sedis, Cvens winaprebs aTasi wlis winandel evropasa da kavka-

siaSi (da arc aziaSi!) ar unaxavT maT jer ar icodnen, ra iyo simindi, kartofili, pomidori, mzesumzira, lobio, gogra, wiwaka, Tambaqo, kakao, yava, Cai; arc indauri unaxavT es yvelaferi amerikidan Semova xuTieqvsi saukunis Semdeg (yavis garda, romelsac arabebi afrikidan Seitanen da Cais garda, romelic evropaSi CineTidan Seva) imdroindel xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi arc forToxali unaxavT: am sityvaSi, romelic aseve gamoiTqmis berZnulad da Turqulad („portakal“), SegviZlia „portugalia“ gavSifroT, qveyana, romlis zRvaosnebmac es mcenare CineTidan evropaSi Seitanes.

icodnen TavTaviani kulturebis Sesaxeb – xorbali, qeri, Wvavi, Svria, brinji XVI saukuneSi iq evropidan Seva kolumbamdel amerikaSi ar enaxaT Zroxa, cxvari, Txa, cxeni, viri, aqlemi, kameCi evropelebis mier am Sinauri cxovelebis Semoyvanamde arc inkebs da arc actekebs dedis rZis garda sxva rZe ar ugemiaT da arc rZis produqtebi daumzadebiaT: mewveli pirutyvi ar hyavdaT! iq arc borbals iyenebdnen – gamwevi pirutyvi ar hyavdaT!

aqve gavixsenoT, rom aTasi wlis winandel CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaSi jer araferi

marko polos qaravani abreSumis gzaze, detali kataloniuri katalogidan, 1375 w.

aTasi wlis win evropelebi, bizantielebi da Cveni kavkasieli winaprebi Wamdnen TavTaviani marcvleulisa da parkosnebisagan (muxudo, ospi, barda) damzadebul saWmels Wamdnen kovziTa da xeliT saerTo xis gobidan (aqedanaa qarTuli sityva „megobari“) an Tixis qoTnidan Cangali bizantiis aristokratias ukve hqonda, magram dasavleT evropaSi is kidev oriode saukune ar gamoCndeba romaelebs Cangali xelSi ar sWeriaT! xorcs ubralo xalxi mxolod sagangebo SemTxvevaSi Wamda, ufro – saeklesio dResaswaulebis dros

CrdiloeT da dasavleT evropaSi, sadac pirutyvisaTvis zamTris sakvebis momarageba Wirda, Warb suladobas SemodgomiT klavdnen da xorcs SeZlebisdagvarad bolavdnen an amarilebdnen marili Zviri produqti iyo: mas ZiriTadad amzadebdnen zRvis iseT napirze, sadac zafxulSi cxeloda, magaliTad, samxreT safrangeTSi CrdiloeT evropasa da britaneTis kunZulebze ki marilis deficiti xSirad igrZnoboda. Sebolil xorcs suni dahkravda, romlis gasaqarwyleblad iyenebdnen saneleblebs evropis aristokratiuli ojaxebis didi moTxovnileba pilpilze, dariCinze, zafranze da sxva sunelebze kmayofildeboda samxreT aziidan qaravnebiT Semoziduli importiT im epoqaSi „abreSumis gzaze“ yvelaze ZviradRirebuli saqoneli indoeTsa da iranSi moyvanili saneleblebi iyo

aTasi wlis winandel evropaSi arc Saqars icnobdnen – mas mogvianebiT Semoitanen indoeTidan, sxvaTa Soris, indoeTidanve moyolil saxelTan erTad, romelic sxvadasxva modifikaciiT – shakar, sheker, sugar, sucre, azucar, zuker – yvela evropul da axloaRmosavlur enaSi damkvidrdeba imdroindeli evropelebi sitkbosaTvis mxolod Tafls iyenebdnen, romlisganac alkoholur sasmelsac amzadebdnen

samxreT evropaSi Rvinos praqtikulad yoveldRe svamdnen, luds – CrdiloeTiT, maT Soris, monastris berebic. Rvinos wyalSi amatebdnen, rac arcTu sufTa sasmeli wylis erTgvari profilaqtika iyo, magram es qolerisa da dizenteriisagan ver icavda.

saqristiano samyaro

civilizacia

XI saukunidan aRmosavleTiT mdebare qristianul samyaros – bizantias, saqarTvelos, somxeTs ukve axali politikuri gansacdelis Jami udgeba: iwyeba selCukiani Tiurqebis Semosevebi mcire aziasa da samxreT kavkasiis sagrZnob nawilSi II aTaswleulis manZilze gamoicvala ara mxolod sarwmunoeba, aramed mosaxleobis eTnikuri Sedgenilobac ki. centraluri aziidan mosuli Tiurqebi damkvidrdebian anatoliaSi, iransa da kavkasiaSi da bevrgan moaxdenen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimilacias.

dasavleT evropas aseTi demografiuli problema im periodSi ar Sehqmnia aziidan mosuli momTabare ungrelebi, romlebic IX-X saukuneebSi did safrTxes uqmnidnen centraluri evropis ukve gaqristianebul saxelmwifoebs, 955 wels sastikad daamarcxes saqsonelebma, oto didis meTaurobiT. amis Semdeg ungrelebi TviTon moeqcnen qristianebad, centralur evropaSi, panoniis dablobze binadar cxovrebaze gadavidnen da evropuli tipis ganviTareba daiwyes. monRolebmac ver miaRwies dasavleT evropamde: isinic poloneTSi, ungreTsa da germaniaSi xanmokle SeWriT dakmayofildnen.

XI-XII saukuneebSi dasavleT evropam axlo aRmosavleTSi jvarosnuli laSqrobebi moawyo, magram am laSqrobebma islamis samyaros bevri veraferi daaklo: ierusalimi jvarosnebs mxolod 88 wlis ganmavlobaSi eWiraT xelSi. 1187 wels qalaqi muslimebma daibrunes. amasTan, ufro ganviTarebul axlo aRmosavleTSi evropelebisaTvis bevri kulturuli da teqnikuri siaxle aRmoCnda, romlebic maT Sin waiRes da evropaSi daamkvidres.

islamis samyaroze metad dasavleTevropelma jvarosnebma aRmosavleTis qristianoba daazarales 1204 wels maT aiRes da gaZarcves konstantinopoli, romelsac iqamde marTlmadidebeli (maTTvis „mwvalebeli“) imperatorebi flobdnen. es qalaqi mterma orjer aiRo: pirvelad – jvarosnebma, meored – osmalebma (1453 w.).

meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSi dasavleT evropaSi socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli cvlilebebi nela xdeboda, XIVXV saukuneebidan ki evropis ganviTarebis tempi mkveTrad daCqarda da XV saukunis bolodan evropam danarCeni msoflio ukan Camoitova.

Turq-selCuki meomrebi

jvarosnuli laSqroba, XIV s-is miniatura

lexis brZola oto didis meTaurobiT, 955 w.

XIV saukuneSi italiaSi da maleve mTel dasavleT evropaSi daiwyeba aRorZineba XIV saukunis bolos inglisSi faqtobrivad gadavardeba batonymoba XV saukuneSi germaniaSi daiwyeba wignis beWdva imave saukunidan evropa daiwyebs danarCeni msoflios aRmoCenas da bevrgan – mis dasaxlebasac ki CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikisa da avstraliis kontinentebs, CrdiloeT azias, samxreT afrikas faqtobrivad evropelebi aiTviseben da gardaqmnian iseTad, rogoric amJamadacaa

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, CrdiloeTi amerika da avstralia SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc „zRvisgadaRma evropa“. iq yvelgan adgilobrivi, winaevropuli mosaxleoba mcirericxovania, misi kultura ar dominirebs da verc gavlenas axdens iq gadmonergil evropul kulturaze. rac Seexeba laTinur amerikas, iqac mZlavrobs evropuli kultura, magram Crdilo amerikisa da avstraliisagan gansxvavebiT, iq bevrgan mainc SenarCunda sakmaod mravalricxovani winaevropuli mosaxleoba da maTi enebic ki (magaliTad, keCua – peruSi, guarani – paragvaiSi, maia – meqsikaSi da sxv ) da, Sesabamisad, araevropuli kulturis elementebic samxreT da centraluri amerikis, karibis auzis bevr qveyanaSi ki naTlad vxedavT evropelebis mier XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi monebad Semoyvanili afrikelebis rasobriv niSnebs da maT kulturul gavlenas

evropelebma aiTvises yvela sasargeblo gamogoneba, rac msoflioSi arsebobda da amas sakuTari uamravi gamogoneba daumates – is, rom Cinelebma jer kidev pirvel aTaswleulSi aRmoaCines magnitis Tviseba, gamoigones denTis formula, rom arabebma ganaviTares algebra; indoelebma ki SemoiRes aTobiTi sistema da Semoitanes nulis cneba, romelic arabebis meSveobiT (aqedan – „arabuli cifrebi“!) axlo aRmosavleTSi, evropasa da Semdeg – mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda – es yvelaferi evropelebma miiRes, SeiTvises da ganaviTares.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom meore aTaswleulis bolo saukuneebSi „kulturuli evropa“ gafarTovda msoflios mraval sxva regionSic. magram demografiulad evropa, samwuxarod, knindeba... 1001 wels, meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSi, Znelad vinme Tu ityoda, rom CamorCenil evropas hqonda raime kulturuli an politikuri winsvlis perspeqtiva magram, sabolood, ise aRmoCnda, rom meore aTaswleuli aSkarad evropis, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleT evropis, epoqad iqca da visi iqneba mesame aTaswleuli? – amas, danamdvilebiT, mxolod aTasi wlis Semdeg ityvian!

osmalebis mier konstantinopolis aReba

saqristiano samyaro

qalebi

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi

nawili I

qeTevan qanTaria 1920 wels, evropeli socialistebis delegaciasTan erTad saqarTveloSi stumrobis dros, baronesa eTel snoudenma, sityviT gamosvlisas, ganacxada: „me pirveli vlaparakob am tribunidan, vinaidan es damavala mTelma delegaciam da amis mizezia guSindeli Tqveni Sexvedra, roca droSebiT pirvelad mogvesalma qalTa organizacia Zalze gvaxarebs is roli, romelsac qalebi saqarTveloSi TamaSoben samwuxarod, CvenSi, es jer ase ar aris TqvenSi qali mamakacTanaa gaTanasworebuli“

es iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani Sefaseba damoukidebeli evropeli damkvirveblisgan, romelic qarTuli demokratiis Sesafaseblad bolSevikuri ruseTidan Camovida da radikalurad gansxvavebuli ori qveyana naxa delegaciis wevrebma saqarTvelos „bednieri qveyana“ uwodes

bednieri drois dadgoma 1918 wlis 26 maiss erT-erTma pirvelma ekaterine gabaSvilma miuloca Tavis qveyanas. „bebia kato gabaSvili“ – erisadmi am mimarTvas xels awerda asakovani mwerali da moRvawe, romelmac qveyanas aTwleulebis mZime da daufasebeli Sroma Sealia da marTlac bebiad ekuTvnoda imediT savse saxelmwifos, romelic xelaxla imarTeboda welSi. Tu simbolurobis povnas vecdebiT, Sors wasvla ar mogviwevs – kato gabaSvili marTlac bebia iyo axalgazrda qalisa (maro mayaSvilisa), romlis axalgazrda sicocxle da sikvdili saqarTvelos xanmokle damoukideblobis simbolod iqca. qveynis msaxurebiT gamorCeulma ojaxma Tbilisis misadgomebTan bolo msxverpli gaiRo Tumca damoukideblobis xelaxla mosapoveblad, Semdeg ki pirveli respublikis sazogado cxovrebaSi wvlili yvela socialuri fenis qalebs SehqondaT es jer bevrs ar aqvs gacnobierebuli am problemis gamoxatulebaa saqarTvelos okupaciis muzeumis eqspoziciac

evropeli socialistebis delegacia saqarTveloSi, centrSi eTel snoudeni, 1920

SesaZloa, mcdari iyos damkvidrebuli xedvac, TiTqos damoukideblobis periods mxolod is qalebi miemarTebian, vinc am arasruli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi iRebda monawileobas qveynis mSeneblobaSi. am periodis qalebi arian isinic, vinc ufro adre gamovidnen asparezze da TavianTi SromiTa da saqmiT gauadviles gza Semdgomi Taobis qalebsa da gogonebs, vinc damoukidebloba cotaTi mainc moaaxlova da erovnuli damoukideblobis Taviseburebebi gansazRvra.

salami damoukidebel saqarTvelos!

Tavisufali da bednieri, srulqmnili iyav iyav lmobier, kacTmoyvare, samarTliani da qveli didi! viT TviT didia da sxivmosili Tavisuflebis RmerTi Zrieli.

iyav bednier da nu moakleb bednierebas sxvasac, gareSes mieci xeli daCagruls Sehqen kavSiri moZmeTa Soris da am kavSirzed aayvavile ara martoka simZlavre mklavisa, aramed fiqri sufTa, azri ankara, zneobis wminda lampari mnaTi win waimZRvare

sulgrZeloba, rainduli gulubryviloba, Tavganwirva samSoblosaTvis, simarTlisaTvis!

mWrel far-xmalTan da rkinis mklavTan SeerTdeboda odesRac SenSi yovelive ese simdidre kacis zneo- ekaterine

gabaSvili (1851-1938)

bis samkaulT ride da Tu dRes yvela aRniSnuli mtverwayrilia, daJangebuli, gaabrwyinvale, gadaaxalise da kvlav Cadeqi im erTa Soris, romelnic mxolod Rirsni arian Tavisuflebis droSis tarebis! es aris Cemi locva-kurTxeva, nanatri imedi Cemi, romelic mdevda xangrZliv sicocxlis tanjvisa drosa da WirSiac gamamxnevebda mosamkalad ukeTesis momavalisa!

da dRes, rodesac TiTqmis aRsrulda natvra dedisa, Tvalcremliani muxls vidrek Sens winaSe, Cemo samSoblov, geamborebiT Zmebo, Svilebo, SviliSvilebo, imedno awmyos da momavlisano, saxelovanTa winaparT Svilno aw aRadgineT mamulTan erTad saxeli maTi, dideba eris, spetaki droSa raindis eris iveriisa, raindulaTve aafrialeT!

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi

Tavisufal saqarTvelos Cemi salami da survilebi: Zmoba, erToba, WeSmaritebis Zieba, povna!

ai, sityvebi, romelTac giZRvni, Cemo samSoblov, aw damoukidebelo, Tavisufalo! Tavisufalo, maS bedniero!

wina aTwleulebis qalebs Soris erTgvarad ikveTeboda Tbilisisa da quTaisis (albaT, aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos) qalebis „paeqroba“, Tumca am qalebis erT nawils saintereso ram aerTianebda – ruseTis imperiis umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebebSi (aqa-iq gaxsnil umaRles kursebs Tu ar CavTvliT) qalebs 1920-ian wlebamde swavla akrZaluli hqondaT (gamonaklisi mxolod 1907 wels dauSva peterburgis politeqnikurma institutma) da amitom TavisTavad ise moxda, rom qarTveli qalebi „Tergdaleulobas“ ascdnen da albaT, SeiZleba asec iTqvas, rom evropuli gavlenis pirvelSemomtanebad swored isini iqcnen – ciurixsa da JenevaSi naswavli „nikolaZis jgufis“ qalebi (olimpiada da kato nikolaZeebi, olRa guramiSvili, maSiko wereTeli da keke meliqiSvili, pelagia nacvliSvili da sxvebi). am SesaniSnav pirovnebebs tols ar udebda peterburgidan dabrunebuli „swavlul qalTa meore Taoba, – wers erT-erTi mkvlevari, – quTaisis e w meore jgufi “ maT 1880-iani wlebis dasawyisSi peterburgSi hqondaT damTavrebuli iq 1878 wels gaxsnili e w bestuJevis kursebi, romelic Tavisi programiT da xasiaTiT universitets eTanadeboda am kursebzec, maTi gaxsnis pirveli dRidanve, saqarTvelodan Sevida sami qali da samive quTaisidan – liziko da fefiko xelTufliSvilebi (nikolaZeebis axlo naTesavebi) da frosiko nikolaZe iTvleba, rom am wreSi iSva pirvelad quTaisis saxalxo universitetis daarsebis idea es „qalTa wre“ mraval saorganizacio sakiTxs ganagebda zogadad, nikolaZeebis wre da, gamorCeulad, am ojaxis qalebi sruliad mowinaveni iyvnen ganaTlebisaken swrafviT da TanamedroveobiT, rac Taobidan Taobas estafetad gadaecemoda – debi nikolaZeebiT (ekaterine da olimpiada – niko nikolaZis debi/Taoba) da olRa guramiSvili-nikolaZiT (nikos meuRle) dawyebuli, sportuli sazogadoeba „Sevardenis“ axalgazrda „mwurTneli“ Tamar nikolaZiT dasrulebuli, yvelani am ukanasknelis (cxadia, gviandel) devizs – „vguSagob ers!“ – iziarebdnen.

ganaTlebul qarTvel qalebs, „qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi“ moRvaweobis garda, didi (da konkretuli) wvlili miuZRviT qarTul enaze ganaTlebis gavrcelebaSic: 1906 wels mariam jambakur-orbelianis saxsrebiT daarsda pirveli qarTuli saSualo skola gogonebisTvis, mariam demuriam xelmokle moqalaqeebisaTvis daaarsa „avWalis audito-

olimpiada da kato nikolaZeebi

qalebi

ria“, sadac klasikuri da Tanamedrove literaturis mixedviT idgmeboda warmodgenebi qarTul enaze, imarTeboda sajaro kiTxvis saRamoebi, 1904 wels misive TaosnobiT daiwyo qarTuli saganmanaTleblo sabavSvo Jurnal „nakadulis“ gamocema manve daayena fexze nino nakaSiZe – sabavSvo literaturisa da Teatris moamage.

sanam evropulad ganaTlebuli qalebis Semdeg TaobaTa damsaxurebas SevexebodeT, SeuZlebelia damoukidebeli saqarTvelos, rogorc saxelmwifosa da masSi qalis rolis Sefasebis mxriv is roli ar aRiniSnos, romelic movlenaTa ganviTarebaSi unda eTamaSa guriis respublikis (1902-1906) gamocdilebas da qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis iq ganxorcielebul ideas – xmis micemis ufleba im wlebis guriaSi imTaviTve vrceldeboda qalebzec. erT-erTi damkvirvebeli werda: „guruli glexi qalebi soflis Tavyrilobebze quTaisis guberniaSi rezoluciebs iRebdnen, romlebSic mamakacebTan politikur Tanasworobas moiTxovdnen“.

wina Taobebis am gabeduli, keTilmoRvawe qalebis pirobiT erTobas axali Semateba eloda kato miqelaZis saxiT pirvel feminist qalad saqarTveloSi, albaT, swored misi moxseniebaa marTebuli, mkafiod swored is miiCnevda Tavs aseTad kato miqelaZea yvelaze gamokveTili figura qarTvel qalTa moZraobisa, xolo misi konfliqti (mogvianebiT) damoukidebeli saqarTvelos rig moRvaweebTan im wlebis xanmokle saxelmwifoebriobis, rogorc gamorCeulobis, ise naklovanebebis, erTgvar TvalsaCinoebad iqca.

kato miqelaZis saxels ukavSirdeba yovelkvireuli politikur-literaturuli gazeTis „xma qarTveli qalisa“ daarseba 1917 wlis aprilSi quTaisSi kato miqelaZe 1878 wels daibada sofel kulaSSi. araerTi moRvawe qalis msgavsad, miqelaZec quTaisis wminda ninos saswavlebelSi swavlobda. 2728 wlis asakSi kato briuselSi gaemgzavra, iqauri universitetis socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti daamTavra da parizSi gadavida sacxovreblad. aTiode weli sakmarisi gamodga, raTa igi evropis qalTa moZraobis nawili gamxdariyo da es ideebi saqarTveloSi gaevrcelebina. misi gazeTi araerT qals STaagonebda eswavla, ganviTarebuliyo, yofiliyo pirovneba da ara mxolod ojaxis deda Tu meuRle. 1918 wels kato miqelaZe werda:

kato miqelaZe (1878-1942)

„arsebul usamarTlobasTan sabrZolvelad saWiroa qalebisaTvis ara mamakacebis kudSi devna, aramed TavianTi individualurobis ganviTareba, rom poulobdnen sulier kmayofilebas TavianTi pirovnuli simaRliT, raTa orTave sqesis azrovnebisa da aqtiurobis ganviTarebiT SesaZlo iyos im sicarielis aRmovseba, romelic erTi sqesis gonebrivma da sulierma moqmedebam warmoSva da rodesac Cven, uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli qalebi, moviTxovT erovnulsa da moqalaqeobriv yovel uflebas da vebrZviT qalTa adamianuri uflebis mtrebs, Cven vebrZviT ara adamians mamakacis saxiT, aramed im tradiciul usamarTlobas, romelic mamakacTa umravlesobas SeuTvisebia da romelsac miyavs eris naxevari nawili gonebriv da sulier gamofitulobamde“

olRa guramiSvili-nikolaZe (1855-1940)

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi

qalebi

„xma qarTveli qalisa“ sul ormocdaaT nomrad gamoica. saintereso da sakvlevia faqti, rom igi swored saqarTvelos damoukideblobis wlebSi daixura

„Cven vsaubrobT demokratiuli respublikis damoukideblobaze, Tavisuflebaze, qalTa uflebebis daculobaze, – wers qarTvel qalTa moZraobis mkvlevari lela gafrindaSvili, – Tumca kato miqelaZes hqonda problemebi respublikis mTavrobasTanac, gazeTis ramdenime nomeri ar gamosces, rac SeiZleba ganpirobebuli yofiliyo imiT, rom raRac politikuri dapirispireba arsebobda kato miqelaZesa da im dros Zalian gavlenian akaki Cxenkels Soris, romelic social-demokratiuli partiis xelmZRvaneli gaxldaT“

1917 wlis 20 noembers tfilisSi gamarTul social-demokratiuli partiis yrilobaze „qalTa ligam“ kato miqelaZe delegatad gagzavna, magram akaki Cxenkelma mas sityvis warmoTqmis saSualeba ar misca. aseve moeqcnen nino tyeSelaSvils, romelic social-demokratiuli partiis Sekrebas (Tbilisis universitetSi) daeswro da aRmoaCina, rom partiuli mamakacebi yrilobis delegatTa siaSi arcerTi qalis Seyvanas ar apirebdnen. ninom lamis ZaliT moipova sityva da Sekrebis organizatorebs ase mimarTa: „Tqven axla iseTi usamarTlobis winaSe dagvayeneT, rom qvasac enas amoaRebinebT qali ojaxs uvlis, Svilebs uzrdis qveyanas, sazogadoebas emsaxureba, riTac da rogorc SeuZlia, cota gvyavdnen revolucioneri qalebi? Tqven oc kacSi erTi qalic ver amogirCeviaT esaa Tqveni samarTali?!“

Tamar nikolaZe (1892-1939) mariam demuria (1860-1910)

nino nakaSiZe (1872-1963)

mariam jambakur-orbeliani (1852-1941)

saukuneze meti xnis gadasaxedidan am SesaniSnavi qalebis cxovreba saintereso da met-naklebad umtkivneulo Cans, magram „or wyals Sua“ grZnobdnen Tavs isinic ki, visac dabadebiT meti privilegia ergo – amis gasagebad ekaterine gabaSvilis „frTebdaglejilis“ wakiTxvac sakmarisia: am avtobiografiul piesaSi qeTos, axalgazrda mwerali qalis, erTi mZime dRea aRwerili. piesis personaJis gansxeuleba iyo TiTqos mwerali babilina xositaSvili (dab 1884) – misi dRiuri swored pirveli respublikis wlebSi iwyeba

sulieri wyurvilia: Tavisufleba! sinaTle! vborgav da guls cecxlis ali edeba. sinaTlisaken! codna mwyurian! mwyurian! am saxlSi vin damamwyvdia!“

Tumca bolSevikuri reJimis damyarebasTan erTad mis tanjvas axali emateba:

„vfiqrobdi, rom poemas davwerdi qarTlis midamoebis, borjomis xeobaze magram redaqtors unda staxanour moZraobaze leqsi me es ar SemiZlian; SemoqmedebiTi erosi ar ekareba amgvar Temas, rac samrewvelo davTrebis masalaa“

saqarTvelos demokratiul respubli kas, Tavisi progresuli politikuri siste miT, marTebulad miiCnevdnen evropis erT erT sanimuSo demokratiad, pirvel rigSi –evropeli damkvirveblebi damoukideblo bis gamocxadebisTanave saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis politikur saqmi anobaSi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTuli qali po litikosebi qalebi sakanonmdeblo organo Si ikavebdnen komisiebis moadgilis, mdivnis da damfuZnebeli krebis mTavari organos prezidiumis wevris Tanamdebobebs qaleb monawileobdnen qarTuli eklesiis avtoke faliis aRsadgenad wamowyebul moZraobaSi Tbilisis universitetis daarsebaSi (elisa bed orbeliani, vanda hope-RambaSiZisa) eli sabed orbelianis wyalobiT, misi werilebiT vrceldeboda ucxo enebze informacia ax algazrda qarTuli respublikis Sesaxeb ev ropaSi

qalebi politikur asparezze pirvelad am periodSi gamodian masStaburad, iseTebi vinc TavianTi axalgazrda saxelmwifos saxes ayalibebdnen – sul sxvadasxva socia luri warmoSobisa araerTi wveuli socia

elisabed orbeliani (1871-1942)

babilina xositaSvili (1884-1973)

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi

„Cemi

listi ixsenebda Semdgom, rogor exmianeboda adgilobrivi Tavadaznaurobis zogi warmomadgeneli social-demokratiul reformebs britanel istorikos erik lis, Tavis wignSi „eqsperimenti“, remzi makdonaldis mogonebebidan moaqvs fraza: „Sevxvdi Tavadebs, romlebic aRfrTovanebulebi iyvnen am TavianTi axalmopovebuli TanasworobiT“, xolo eTel snoudenma gaicno „memamuleebi, romlebic xalisiani mzadyofniT damorCilebuliyvnen axal sistemas, aristokrat qalebs, romlebic sixaruliT Sexvdnen axalmopovebul ekonomikur Tavisuflebas“.

ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba imis gaxsenebac, sad iyvnen da rogori iyo im qalebis saqmianoba, visac TiTqos uSualod ar ukavSireben am periods, magram vinc kvali datova imdroindel saqarTveloSi.

elene axvlediani ojaxTan erTad TbilisSia dasaxlebuli samxatvro saswavlebelSic dadis saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg Tbilisis samxatvro akademiaSi swavlobs gigo gabaSvilis klasSi

qeTo maRalaSvili moskovidan, sadac ferweris skolaSi swavlobda, tfilisSi 1917 wels brundeba da giorgi jabadaris Te-

atrstudiisTvis qarTuli nacionaluri tansacmlis eskizebis Sesaqmnelad iwyebs masalebis Segrovebas monawileobs saqarTvelos mxatvarTa sazogadoebis mier organizebul eqspediciebSi, romlis wevrebic Zveli qarTuli freskebis aslebs iReben 1919 wels, rogorc bolo dros aRmoCenili werilebi cxadyofs, dimitri SevardnaZesTan Rrma, magram uSedego siyvaruli ibadeba 1921 wlidan suraTebis nacionalur galereaSi muSaobs 1923 wlidan miunxenSi, mogvianebiT ki parizSi cxovrobs

veriko anjafariZem 1919 wels Salva amirejibTan iqorwina 1924 wlis ajanyebis marcxis gamo Salva amirejibi iZulebuli xdeba saqarTvelodan gaemgzavros am ojaxs tragikulad iwiravs bolSevikuri okupacia

sanam 1921 wels Tsu-s studenti gaxdeba, 1916 wlidan (daaxl 21 wlisa) aleqsandra jafariZe quTaisSi, Tavissave gimnaziaSi muSaobs maTematikis maswavleblad, manamde ki Tavis sofel xreiTSi skolis gaxsnac moaswro

marijani literaturul asparezze 1916 wels Cndeba. 1921 wels misi pirveli poeturi wigni gamodis „xom ici, vgavar velur warmarTebs da survilebi mZlavrad mereva “ – werda ioseb griSaSvilis muza da megobari erotikuli siTamamiT gamorCeul sadebiuto krebulSi. avtorobis sadavo sakiTxs specialistebs mivandobT da aq mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom im wlebis marijani SesaZloa, Tavisi megobris elene darianis poetur figurasac gvagonebdes, romelmac 50-ianebis bolos mware sityvebiT, lakoniurad aRwera Tavisi Taobis bedi: „midis Zveli Taoba, ver moaswro ra sibrZnis moxveWa. 30 wlis SiSma CaCqmala maTSi Zliereba meraniseuli gaqanebisa. aravis pativs aRar scemen. samSobloc aRar JRers romantikuli gatacebiT“.

1923 wels, giorgi nikolaZis TaosnobiT, myinvarwverze pirveli laSqroba moewyo 18 alpinists Soris 5 qali iyo, xuTive – axalgazrda, maT Soris yvelaze norCi, asmaT nikolaiSvili, 16-iode wlisa iyo da, ojaxis naTesavis mogonebiT, saxlidan gaiqca, am laSqrobaSi monawileoba rom mieRo am laSqrobiT daiwyo qarTuli alpinizmis istoria, magram qalebisTvis sabWoTa periodSi aRar gagrZelebula. es faqtic aucileblad imsaxurebs aRniSvnas – es axalgazrda qalebi is guSindeli gogonebi iyvnen, TavianT qveyanasTan erTad rom izrdebodnen, masTan erTad eRviZebodaT Tavisuflebis da damoukideblobis wyurvili, masTan erTad ganicades marcxi da im tragikuli wyvetis xanaSi Seabijes, romlis Semdegac qveyana veRarasodes moaxerxebs „saxis aRdgenas“.

Tamar vaxvaxiSvili or sabaleto nawarmoebs wers: „baxusis dResaswauli“ (1919), „siyvarulis bangi“ (1920). elene

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi

siria gza samoTxidan jojoxeTisken

zurab batiaSvili

siria aris erT-erTi samwuxaro magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba iqces erT dros „civilizaciis akvnad“ miCneuli adgili namdvil amqveyniur jojoxeTad, sadac ukve wlebia grZeldeba usastikesi samoqalaqo omi, sadac yoveldRiurad ixocebian udanaSaulo adamianebi (maT Soris moxucebi, qalebi da bavSvebi) da uamravi omis danaSauli xdeba

rogor mivida siria am mdgomareobamde da ra iyo konfliqtis gamomwvevi mizezebi?

mokle istoria

siria uxsovari droidan Sedioda e w „nayofieri naxevarmTvaris“ regionSi, sadac adamianma pirvelad Tqva uari monadire-Semgrovebluri cxovrebis wesze, binadari cxovreba daiwyo da xeli mohkida soflis meurneobas – miwaTmoqmedebas (gamoiyvana marcvleulis jiSebi) da mecxoveleobas (moaSinaura cxovelebi)

sicocxlisTvis saWiro resursebis (sakvebis) siWarbes mosaxleobis gamravleba mohyva, ramac, Tavis mxriv, damwerlobis da ierarqiuli wyobis Seqmnis aucilebloba gamoiwvia gaCnda saxelmwifos pirveli niSnebi swored amitom uwodeben am regions „civilizaciis akvans“

siria sxvadasxva dros Sedioda egviptis, xeTebis, asureTis (aqedan modis dasaxeleba siria), sparseTis, babilonis, aleqsandre makedonelis samefoebisa da selevkidebisa da romis imperiebis SemadgenlobaSi aq pirveli saukunidanve gavrcelda qristianoba da es adgili iqca qristianobis erT-erT umTavres kerad qristes mowafeebidan sirieli iyo petre mociquli – romis eklesiis damfuZnebeli siriidan iyo romis 7 papi, aq iyo qristianuli kulturis umniSvnelovanesi centri – antioqiis sapatriarqo

romis imperiis orad gayofis Semdeg (IV s.) siria bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. VII saukuneSi igi arabebma daipyres da aq axali religia – islami gaavrceles. qveynis islamizacias ki arabizaciac mohyva.

siria gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda 661-750 wlebSi, rodesac damasko omaianTa saxalifos dedaqalaqi iyo

es teritoriebi X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi Turq-selCukebis xelSi gadavida, ris Semdegac igi jvarosnebma daikaves SemdgomSi siria jer salah ad-din aiubs (saladins), mogvianebiT ki monRolebsa da mamluqebs epyraT

1516 wels siria osmaleTis imperiis provincia gaxda 1760-1771 wlebSi damaskos marTavda osman-faSa al-qurji (qarTveli), romelmac didi yuradReba dauTmo piligrimTa gzebis keTilmowyobasa da dacvas, daamyara wesrigi qalaqSi, Seumsubuqa sagadasaxado tvirTi damaskelebs da siriis istoriaSi erT-erTi saukeTeso gamgeblis saxelic daimkvidra

pirvel msoflio omSi germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis damarcxebis Semdeg didma britaneTma da safrangeTma axlo aRmosavleTSi mdebare osmaleTis imperiis teritoriebis gadanawileba daiwyes siriaze mandati safrangeTs ergo

Tumca, didma britaneTma da safrangeTma (ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT) maleve dainaxes marTvis aseTi sistemis nakli da uari Tqves koloniebis marTvaze.

omaianTa saxalifo – arabTa feodaluri saxelmwifo 661-750 wlebSi, romelsac ganagebdnen omaianTa dinastiis xalifebi xalifebs ekuTvnodaT sasuliero da saero xelisufleba omaianebma daipyres CrdiloeTi afrika, pirenes naxevarkunZuli da mcire azia VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaze ganimtkices mdgomareoba amierkavkasiaSic saqarTvelos teritoriaze ki Seqmnes saxalifos administraciuli erTeuli – Tbilisis saamiro

Sedegad, 1945 wels siriis damoukidebloba gamocxadda da maleve daiwyo seriozuli problemebi, radgan qveyanas ar gaaCnda saxelmwifoebriobis tradiciebi da arc demokratiuli ganviTarebis gza aurCevia. amgvarad, savalalo Sedegebmac ar daayovna.

siria gaxda israelis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli yvela omis aqtiuri monawile da Sesabamisad, didad dazianda kidec am omebSi (magaliTad, israels dRemde dakavebuli aqvs golanis maRlobebi)

kidev ufro did problemad iqca arastabiluri Sidapolitikuri situacia da 1940-iani wlebidan dawyebuli mudmivi samxedro gadatrialebebi

1958 wlis 1 Tebervals siria da egvipte erT saxelmwifod gaerTiandnen da Seqmnes arabTa gaerTianebuli respublika moiaz-

petre mociquli (Zv.w1-68)

„nayofieri naxevarmTvaris“ regioni

axlo aRmosavleTi

siriis dedaqalaq damaskoSi mdebare omaianebis meCeTi erT-erTi uZvelesi taZaria msoflioSi am adgilas jer kidev rkinis xanaSi aigo wvimis RvTaeba hadidis taZari romaelebis periodSi igi imperiuli kultis iupiteris (romSi Weqa-quxilis da elvis RmerTi, igive RvTaebaa, rac zevsi berZnul panTeonSi) taZrad gadaakeTes.

IV saukuneSi erTiani romis ukanasknelma imperatorma Teodosius I-ma igi qristianul sakaTedro taZrad gadaakeTa. aq iyo damarxuli ioane naTlismcemlis Tavi (Sesabamisi nageboba dResac Semonaxulia meCeTSi) VIII saukunis dasawyisSi ki am adgilas bazilikis formis meCeTi aages, ris mSeneblobazec maSindeli romis, konstantinopolis, aTenisa da axlo aRmosavleTis saukeTeso arqiteqtorebi, mxatvrebi da qvismTlelebi iyvnen mowveuli

muslimuri tradiciis mixedviT, ieso qristes meored mosvlis adgili swored omaianebis meCeTi iqneba (ufro konkretulad ki, miwaze daeSveba am meCeTis samxreT-aRmosavleT minareTidan, romelic iesos saxels atarebs)

aqvea dakrZaluli muhamedis SviliSvilis, huseinis, Tavi (Sesabamisad, Siitebis piligrimobis adgilicaa), aseve XII saukunis cnobili mxedarTmTavari saladini

am yvelafris gamo omaianebis meCeTi, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, meqis, medinisa da ierusalimis Semdeg meoTxe mTavari wminda adgilia islamisTvis igi Setanilia iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis ZeglTa siaSi

reboda, rom maT danarCeni arabuli qveynebic SeuerTdebodnen Tumca, es utopiuri idea iyo – xelovnurad Sekowiwebuli gaerTianeba maleve, 1961 wlis 28 seqtembers, siriaSi momxdari morigi saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg daiSala

1966 wlis 23 Tebervals morigi samxedro gadatrialebis Sedegad, siriis saTaveSi baasistebi (memarcxene orientaciis arabTa socialisturi aRorZinebis partia, romelic aerTianebs arabuli socializmis, arabuli nacionalizmis, igive panarabizmisa da

antiimperializmis ideebs) movidnen bunebrivia, maT ideologiurad axlomdgom sabWoTa kavSirTan daaxloeba da TanamSromloba daiwyes

1970 wlis 16 noembers axali samxedro gadatrialeba moxda, romelic maSindelma Tavdacvis ministrma baasistma hafez al-asadma moawyo am faqtma panarabuli baasis partiis SigniT ukmayofileba gamoiwvia organizacia prosiriul da proerayul nawilebad (erayis baasisturi partia am qveyanas 1968-2003 wlebSi marTavda, erayis pre-

apirispireba jer kidev israelis saamde (1948 w.) daiwyo. orive mxare erTsa da miiCnevs sakuTar samSoblod konfliqts aremoebac, rom mxareebi, sxva sakiTxebTan inda adgilebzec davoben siria, rogorc li nacionalizmis erT-erTi umTavresi edroSe, aqtiurad CaerTo israelis winaaRmdeg warmoebul yvela omSi mas, zogierTi arabuli qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, xeli ar mouweria israelTan samSvidobo SeTanxmebisTvis da ar aRiarebs am qveynis arsebobas

omaianebis meCeTi

siria

siriis eTnokonfesiuri ruka

sunitebi qurTebi druzebi qristianebi alavitebi

Sereuli mosaxleoba

eTnokonfesiuri suraTi eTnokonfesiuri TvalsazrisiT siria sakmaod mravalferovani qveyanaa. mosaxleobis umravlesobas arabebi warmoadgenen. arabebis umravlesoba ki suniti muslimia da isini mTeli qveynis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60%-s Seadgenen mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 15% arabi alavitia, 3% ki –druzebi arian

qurTebi qveynis mosaxleobis 9-10%-s Seadgenen. isini qveynis CrdiloeTSi cxovroben da maTi raodenoba daaxloebiT 1,6 milionia (qurTebis umravlesoba sunitia, mxolod 40 000 iezidia). siriaSi aseve cxovroben Turqomanebi (sunitebi), asurelebi (qristianebi), Cerqezebi (sunitebi), somxebi (qristianebi).

saerTo jamSi, mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10% qristiania (maT Soris arian marTlmadideblebi, nestorianelebi, grigorianelebi, maronitebi, kaTolikeebi, protestantebi da a.S.)

zidenti sadam huseinic baasisti iyo) gaiyo siriaSi asadis 30-wliani diqtatura damyarda, romelic qveyanas klanuri meTodebiT marTavda alaviti asadi ZiriTadad alavitur umciresobas eyrdnoboda isini akontrolebdnen SeiaraRebul Zalebs, dazvervasa da specsamsaxurebs

1982 wels suniturma islamisturma organizaciam „muslimTa saZmom“ asadis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba moawyo magram es wamowyeba warumatebeli aRmoCnda asadis xelisuflebam ajanyeba sisxlSi CaaxSo, rasac aTeul aTasobiT sirielis sicocxle Seewira

alavitebi – islamis erT-erTi ganStoebis, alavizmis mimdevrebi. ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia siriaSi, TurqeTsa da libanSi isini axlos dganan SiitebTan alavitebi Tayvans scemen xalifa alis (muhamedis biZaSvili, siZe da memkvidre) da saxeli alavi aRniSnavs alis mimdevars

hafez al-asadi (1930-2000)

qveyana, romelic arabul socializms „aSenebda“, aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi korufciis WaobSi Caeflo. amas daemata „demografiuli afeTqeba“ (SedarebisTvis, siriis mosaxleoba 1960 wels 4,5 mln iyo, 2011 wels ki 21,1 mln gaxda). xelisufleba ki ver aswrebda mosaxleobis aseTi swrafi zrdis Sesabamisi infrastruqturis (gzebi, eleqtroenergia, bunebrivi airi da a.S.) da servisebis (skolebis, sabavSvo baRebis, universitetebisa da saavadmyofoebis Senobebis ageba, maswavleblebis, leqtorebisa da samedicino personalis momzadeba da a S ) miwodebas umuSevrobam 24,4%-s miaRwia, mosaxleobis 34,4% (soflad 62%) ki siRaribis zRvars miRma cxovrobda

2007-2010 wlebSi, klimatis cvlilebis gamo, siriaSi arnaxuli gvalva dafiqsirda, ramac uprecedento siRaribe, sursaTze fasebis rekorduli zrda da migracia gamoiwvia. moqalaqeebi qveynis periferiebidan siriis did qalaqebs miawy

am yvelafris Sedegad, yvelaze metad qveynis sunituri umravlesoba grZnobda Tavs daCagrulad, romelsac ar gaaCnda araviTari berketi (magaliTad, qveyanaSi ar arsebobda arc realuri arCevnebi, arc opoziciuri partia da arc damoukidebeli sasamarTlo), rom mSvidobiani gzebiT raime saxis gavlena hqonoda politikur procesebze

rogor daiwyo samoqalaqo omi

2000 wels hafez al-asadis gardacvalebis Semdeg Zalaufleba misi vaJis – baSar alasadis xelSi gadavida, romelic mamaze ufro mkacri mmarTveli gamodga. igi sastikad axSobda yvelanair gansxvavebul azrs

sirielebs erTgvari imedi CaesaxaT gulSi, rodesac axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi „arabuli gazafxulis“ saxeliT cnobili revoluciebis talRa daiwyo, rasac ramdenime arabul qveyanaSi reJimis Secm hyva.

arabuli gazafxuli

siriaSi saprotesto gamosvlebi 2011 wlis 6 marts samxreTSi mdebare q daras skolis 15 moswavlis dakavebisa da wamebis Semdeg (maT skolis kedelze gaakeTes tunisSi dawyebuli „arabuli gazafxulis“ cnobili warwera „xalxs surs reJimis damxoba“) daiwyo da maleve did mRelvarebaSi gadaizarda, romelic mTel qveyanas moedo asadi samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT Seecada mRelvarebis CaxSobas, rasac msxverpli mohyva. bevrma saSualo da dabal rgolSi myofma sunitma samxedrom uari Tqva cecxli gaexsna saprotesto aqciebze gamosuli sakuTari moqalaqeebisTvis maT male „Tavisufali siriuli armia“ Camoayalibes da miznad daisaxes asadis represiuli reJimisgan qveynis gaTavisufleba asadis reJimi sastikad, magram uSedegod cdilobda qveynis sxvadasxva qalaqSi dawyebuli ajanyebebis CaxSobas samoqalaqo omis protesti asadis reJimis winaaRmdeg, 2011

dawyebis pirvel etapze siriis opozicia SedarebiT zomieri iyo Tumca, maTi nawili brZolebSi daixoca da garedan daxmarebis sakiTxi dadga.

ajanyebulebs sunituri solidarobis egidiT gverdiT daudgnen saudis arabeTi, arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi, katari da TurqeTi. cocxali Zala TiTqmis mTeli sunituri samyarodan daiZra didwilad swored sazRvargareTidan Casulma ucxoelma mebrZolebma Caitanes radikaluri ideologia siriaSi da iq Seiqmna iseTi teroristuli jihadisturi organizaciebi, rogorebicaa e.w. „islamuri saxelmwifo“, „alkaida“ da sxva

maTgan yvelaze Zlieri „islamuri saxelmwifo“ aRmoCnda, romelmac siriis teritoriebis garda, erayis nawilic daikava da Zalze moZlierda kidec msoflio istoriaSi pirvelad moxda, rom teroristulma organizaciam saxelmwifos funqciebis SeTavseba daiwyo: man Seqmna sakuTari saministroebi, Camoayaliba skolebi, SemoiRo SariaTis kanonebi, dabeWda sakuTari fuli da a S dasavleTSi (gansakuTrebiT evropaSi) gaxSirda organizaciis mier mowyobili teraqtebi

bunebrivia, aseT situacias ver Seegueboda dasavleTi (da upirveles yovlisa, aSS) da siriaSi moZebna mokavSireebi proqurTuli „xalxTa dacvis nawilebis“ saxiT, radgan adgilze ukve aRar iyo darCenili sxva zomieri siriuli opozicia vaSingtoni wlebis ganmavlobaSi intensiurad wvrTnida da aiaraRebda siriis proqurTul Zalebs, aseve uzrunvelyofda maTTvis amerikul sahaero mxardaWeras e w „islamuri saxelmwifos“ wi-

sirieli marTlmadideblebi sirieli qurTebi

siria

naaRmdeg brZolaSi. Sedegad, sagrZnoblad Semcirda e.w. „islamuri saxelmwifos“ gavlenis sferoebi (Tumca, maTi winaaRmdegobis kerebi siriaSi jerac arsebobs)

TurqeTi ki „xalxTa dacvis nawilebs“ teroristul organizaciad aRiarebuli PKK-is („qurTistanis muSaTa partia“) gagrZelebad miiCnevs da mas egzistencialur safrTxed aRiqvams TurqeTi cdilobs ar dauSvas qurTuli warmonaqmnis Seqmna siriis teritoriaze. amitom xSirad bombavs kidec maT adgilsamyofels Sesabamisad, Turqul-amerikuli urTierTobebi am mizeziT xSirad mkveTrad iZabeba xolme

2015 wlis Semodgomidan konfliqtSi ruseTic CaerTo, romelsac sakuTari Tavis msoflio donis superZalad warmoCineba surda. moskovis Carevam kidev ufro sisxlismRvreli gaxada isedac sastiki samoqalaqo omi ruseTma, romelmac miwasTan gaaswora siriuli qalaqebi da ar daindo samoqalaqo mosaxleoba (maT Soris, qalebi, bavSvebi da moxucebi), iranTan erTad SeZlo Camogdebis piras myofi asadis reJimis gadarCena (opoziciaze sahaero Setevebs rusuli samxedro TviTmfrinavebi axorcieleben, xmeleTze ki moqmedeben proiranuli Zalebi, maT Soris, libanel SiitTa organizacia „hezbola“, romelsac irani wvrTnis, aiaraRebs da afinansebs da romelsac bevri qveyana teroristul organizaciad aRiarebs)

iranma am omSi CarTvis Semdeg, erayi-siriis teritoriebis gavliT, xmelTaSua zRvaze moipova metad mniSvnelovani gasasvleli da fizikurad miuaxlovda israels

rusuli samxedro Zalebi siriaSi

axlo aRmosavleTi

siria

proqurTuli Zalebi

Tavis mxriv, israeli ver dauSvebda irani mis sazRvrebs miaxloeboda, radgan iranis erTerTi mTavari sagareo-politikuri mizani israelis saxelmwifos ganadgurebaa. amitom israelis samxedro-sahaero Zalebi periodulad bombavs iranul samxedro bazebs siriis teritoriaze.

saboloo jamSi miviReT konfliqti „yvela yvelas winaaRmdeg.“ siriaSi „arabuli gazafxuli“ „arabul zamTarSi“ gadaizarda. siriis samoqalaqo omi ukve iqca XXI saukunis kacobriobis erT-erT umTavres sircxvilad. Tavad siriac da msoflio Tanamegobrobac uZluri aRmoCndnen SeeCerebinaT konfliqti, romelic gamoirCeva samoqalaqo pirebis (maT Soris, qalebis, bavSvebis da moxucebis) mimarT Cadenili danaSaulebiTa da araadamianuri mopyrobiT, wamebiT, gaupatiurebiT, adamianebiT vaWrobiT, qimiuri iaraRis gamoyenebiTa da religiuri fundamentalizmis aRzevebiT.

prodasavluri opozicia TurqeTis da proTurquli opoziciis mier kontrolirebuli teritoriebi 51

siriis samoqalaqo oms dRemde 600 000-ze meti adamianis (maT Soris daaxloebiT 55 000 bavSvis) sicocxle Seewira, 3 milionamde sirieli dasaxiCrda, xolo sakuTari sacxovreblis datoveba mouwia daaxloebiT 12 milion adamians (aqedan daaxloebiT naxevarma sxva qveynebs Seafara Tavi) qveynisTvis miyenebulma materialurma zaralma 1,2 trilion aSS dolars gadaaWarba 11-wliani samoqalaqo omis Sedegad qveyanaSi gaizarda fsiqologiurad travmirebulTa mTeli Taoba, romlebic moklebuli arian rogorc ganaTlebis (daaxloebiT 2,5 milioni bavSvi ver dadis skolaSi, radgan maTi umetesoba omis Sedegad daingra), ise samedicino momsaxurebis miRebis saSualebas (omis Sedegad samedicino personalis 70% qveynidan gaiqca). sirielTa 60% (maT Soris bavSvebi) ver iRebs srulyofil sakvebs

uSedegod dasrulda siriis sakiTxze gamarTuli yvela molaparakebac. siriam, rogorc qveyanam (xelisuflebam, opoziciam, sazogadoebam), ver SeZlo gamoenaxa Zala, romelic mas gauTavebeli ubedurebebisgan ixsnida Sesabamisad, Zalze dasustda da veRar SeZlo gare aqtorebis pirdapiri Carevebisgan Tavis dacva samwuxarod, arc axlo perspeqtivaSi Cans problemebis mogvarebis realuri gzebi, radgan ar aRmofxvrila konfliqtis mizezebi piriqiT, samoqalaqo omma kidev ufro gaaRrmava arsebuli problemebi.

saqarTvelo-siriis urTierTobebi

saqarTvelosa da sirias Soris urTierTobebs didi xnis istoria aqvs es gansakuTrebiT qristianobis gavrcelebis periods exeba, radgan siria qristianobis erT-erTi mZlavri kera iyo. Zveli wyaroebi miuTiTeben V saukuneSi antioqiis sapatriarqosTan qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiul damokidebulebaze siriasTan axlo urTierToba hqonda V saukunis cnobil qarTvel Teologsa da filosofoss, qristianuli neoplatonizmis fuZemdebel petre ibers man ierusalimSi aaSena qarTvelTa monasteri da Seqmna skola, romlis birTvs siriaSi myofi qarTvelebi da sirielebi Seadgendnen is siriaSic moRvaweobda da siriulic SesaniSnavad icoda petre iberis biografia, „petre iberis cxovreba“, dawera misma mowafem da mimdevarma ioane rufusma (V-VI ss.). berZnulad Sedgenili teqsti daikarga, mxolod misi siriuli redaqcia gadarCa da Semdgom iqidan iTargmna qarTulad VI saukuneSi, qristianobis dacva-ganmtkicebis mizniT, saqarTveloSi asureli mamebi (daviT garejeli, Sio mRvimeli, anton martyofeli, stefane xirseli da a S ) movidnen (zogi mkvlevris azriT, isini swored petre iberis mier daarsebul skolaSi iyvnen aRzrdili) maTi saqmianobiT mtkicdeboda bizantiuri (anu dasavluri) orientacia kulturisa da politikis sferoebSi da iqmneboda niadagi iranis gavlenis winaaRmdeg brZolisTvis

saqarTveloSi asurel mamaTa daarsebulma samonastro centrebma xeli Seuwyo udabur-ukacrieli adgilebis sameurneo aTvisebas es monastrebi qarTuli mwignobrobisa da ganaTlebis centrebad iqca

arabuli dapyrobebis Semdeg saqarTvelo-siriis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo urTierTobebi sagrZnoblad Sesustda

siria

aseT viTarebaSi Cavardnili siriis xelisufleba advilad iqca marionetad da sxvaTa interesebis gamtareblad magaliTad, 2018 wels man ruseTis moTxovniT aRiara saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebis e.w. „damoukideblobebi“, ris Semdegac saqarTvelom gawyvita diplomatiuri urTierTobebi siriis arabTa respublikasTan.

siriis magaliTma kidev erTxel gviCvena, rom stabiluroba arademokratiul qveynebSi umetesad moCvenebiTia da rodesac qveynis moqalaqeebs ar aqvT sakuTari uflebebis mSvidobiani gziT gamoxatvisa da dacvis saSualeba, situacia SesaZloa nebismier dros did sisxlisRvraSi gadaizardos.

palmira

siriis centralur nawilSi mdebareobs antikuri periodis ulamazesi da umdidresi palmiris naqalaqari, romelic saqaravno vaWrobisa da xelosnobis erT-erTi umsxvilesi centri iyo axlo aRmosavleTSi misi moxsenieba jer kidev Zv w II aTaswleulis droindel Zvel aRmosavlur teqstebSi gvxvdeba Semosevebisa da omebis Sedegad palmira mravaljer aaoxres Zv w X saukuneSi igi israelis legendarulma mefe solomonma aRadgina palmiris arqiteqtura gamoirCeva masStabiTa da gansakuTrebul formaTa didebulebiT, skulpturuli morTulobis siuxviT aq SemorCenilia uamravi warmarTuli taZari, Teatri, koSkura da a S 1900 wlidan palmiraSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebi tardeboda, ra drosac aRmoCenilia mravali qandakeba, reliefi, mozaika, moxatuloba da sxv igi Setanilia iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis ZeglTa siaSi

palmiris naqalaqari siriis samoqalaqo omis periodSi dazianda mas gansakuTrebuli ziani 2015 wels „islamurma saxelmwifom“ miayena gaanadgures taZrebi, Zeglebi da samuzeumo eqsponatebi eqsponatebis nawili gadarCa, nawili ki „Sav bazarze“ moxvda

islamuri saxelmwifos mier palmiris taZaris afeTqeba

palmiris taZari

kultura

cota ram qarTuli sacxovreblis Sesaxeb

giorgi margiSvili

Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom Cvenamde moRweuli tradiciuli qarTuli sacxovrebeli sivrce/garemo da Senoba-nagebobebi sakmaod xangrZlivi warsulis mqone, Taviseburi da mravalgvaria maT am mravalferovnebas Cveni samSoblos TiToeuli istoriuli kuTxis garemo-pirobebi, yofa-cxovreba, sameurneo da kulturuli Taviseburebebi ganapirobebda saxls sxvadasxva mxareSi hqonda sacxovrebeli, sameurneo da TavdacviTi funqciebi, zogjer – SeTavsebuli, zogjer ki mxolod nawilis Semcveli svaneTSi, xevsureTSi, fSavsa da xevSi gavrcelebuli iyo cixesaxlis tipis Senobebi, qarTl-kaxeTsa da mesxeTSi (soflebsa Tu qalaqebSi, TbilisSi, axalcixeSi) – darbazis tipis sacxovrebeli da oda-saxlis tipi – dasavleT saqarTvelos dablob raionebSi

saxli sacxovrebeli sivrcis mTavari nagebobaa, Tumca yovelTvis mosaazrebelia sameurneo-damxmare da TavdacviT nagebobebTan erTad, midamosTan kavSirSi vinaidan yoveli maTgani calke yuradRebas da ganxilvas moiTxovs, bunebrivia, erT werilSi yvelaferze detalurad ver vimsjelebT da zogierT saxeobas metad SevexebiT

kavkasia da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelo adamianis erT-erTi uZvelesi, mkvidri sacxovrebeli keraa. rac Seexeba naSeni, winaswargaazrebuli, mowesrigebuli dasaxlebebis naSTebs, SegviZlia vimsjeloT Zv. w. VI aTaswleulidan samxreT kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli arqeologiuri kulturis mixedviT, romelic Sulaver-SomuTefes saxeliTaa cnobili. dRevandeli saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi am kulturas miekuTvneba Sulaveris gora, xramis didi gora, gadaWrili gora, imiris gora, aruxlo da sxva mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri Zeglebi im drois nagebobebi aliziT (mzeze gamSrali, gamoumwvari aguri) da tkepnili miwiTaa nagebi da msgavsad regionis Tanadrouli nagebobebisa, wriuli gegmareba aqvT

aRsaniSnavia, rom imiris goris (Zv. w. V aTasw.) da qvacxelebis (Zv. w. III aTasw.) namosaxlarebSi gamovlenilia dedaboZis (Sua oTaxSi mdgari xis sayrdeni sveti/boZi) saZirkvlebi, aseve – Suacecxlis/keris adgilic miCneulia, rom es aris winare saxe sacxovrebeli saxlis im saxeobisa, romelsac darbazul-dedaboZians, gvirgvinians, erdo-gvirgvinians, erTobis saxls vuwodebT

gvirgvinian-dedaboZiani (erTobis, darbazuli, erdoiani) sacxovrebeli saxlebis nairsaxeobebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli istoriuli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi (mesxeT-javaxeTi, qarTl-kaxeTi, mTiuleTi, dvaleTi), gvirgvinis saxecvlili formebi SemorCenilia imereTSi, samegrelosa da lazeTSi msgavsi agebulebis sacxovrisi aseve farTod iyo warmodgenili dRevandel azerbaijanSi, somxeTSi, iranSi da pamiris mTianeTSi gvirgvinian-dedaboZiani saxlebi aqa-iq dRemdea SemorCenili

am saxlebis agebulebisa da gegmarebiTi Taviseburebebis msgavsebaze dayrdnobiT savaraudoa, rom gvirgvinian saxlebs (nagebobebs) saerTo saTave hqondaT migvaCnia, rom gvirgvinian-dedaboZiani nagebobebis dRemde cnobil uZveles nimuSs warmoadgens amJamindel TurqeTSi gobeqli Tefes jer bolomde Seuswavleli kompleqsi, romlis asaki 11 500 welia misi msgavsi „dedaboZiani“ struqturebi TurqeTSi sxvaganacaa gamovlenili, Tumca umetesi aseve jer kidev Sesaswavlia

„erTobis saxli“ kargad asaxavs mis daniSnulebas, radgan erT WerqveS an erT kompleqsSi ramdenime Taobis ramdenime ojaxi, saSualod 40 sulamde, cxovrobda aqve SevniSnavT, rom qarTlSi biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebs bolo xanamde saxlikacebs eZaxdnen darbazi, anu ZiriTadi oTaxi, erTdroulad iyo ojaxis saerTo oTaxi, saZile, samzareulo da sasadilo. mis Sua nawilSi ganTavsebuli kera (keria, Suacecxli) aTbobda saTavss da amavdroulad masze saWmelic mzaddeboda. cecxli mudam enTo da misi patroni da momvleli diasaxlisi iyo. es wesi

mTel saqarTveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli mogvianebiT Suacecxli zogan buxarma Caanacvla kerasTan idga ojaxis ufrosis – mamasaxlisis savarZeli radgan ojaxis meurneobis da urTierTobebis gonivrul marTvaze iyo damokidebuli misi wevrebis keTildReoba, mamasaxlisis Wkua-gonebas mis saxlsa Tu TemSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda (aqve aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTveloSi uxsovari droidan ojaxis wevrebis rolebi da adgilebi, rogorc Sin, aseve gareT, maTi asakis, sqesis da statusis mixedviT iyo danawilebuli).

kedlis gaswvriv grZel, erTian taxtze (sarecelze) ojaxis wevrebs eZinaT, erTmaneTis gverdigverd, mis win ki akvnebs dgamd-

Zv w VI aTaswleulidan samxreT kavkasiaSi vrceldeba arqeologiuri kultura, romelic Sulaver-SomuTefes saxeliTaa cnobili Sulaveris goris garda am kulturas miekuTvneba xramis didi gora, gadaWrili gora, imiris gora, aruxlo da sxva mniSvnelovani Zeglebi

kultura

nen. adamianebi (darbazebSi) da pirutyvi (boselSi, bakSi) erTian kompleqsSi gaerTianebul saTavsebSi cxovrobdnen. kedlebSi datanebuli niSebi Taroebad da karadebad gamoiyeneboda.

am saxeobis sacxovreblebs ramdenime ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aqvT – Sesasvlelis mopirdapire mxare da nawilobriv gverdiTi kedlebic, Cveulebriv, miwaSia SeWrili. Sesabamisad, nagebobebi naxevradsardafebia. am xerxiT, garda konstruqciuli simyarisa, wlis ganmavlobaSi temperaturuli stabilurobac daculi iyo gare kedlebs, rogorc wesi, sarkmlebi ar aqvT da oTaxebi/saTavsebi gvirgvinebSi datovebuli Riobebidan naTdeba da niavdeba, Tu Sesasvlel karebs ar CavTvliT saxuravebi, garda maTze amoziduli gvirgvinebisa, brtyeli iyo da maT damatebiTi sameurneo ezos funqcia hqonda. imis gamo, rom dasaxlebebSi saxlebi umetesad mWidrod ekvroda erTmaneTs, gadaadgileba SeiZleboda saxuravebiT, miwaze Camousvlelad.

saqarTveloSi SemorCenilia gvirgviniani (darbazuli) saxlebis gasaocrad daxvewili nimuSebi. maTi agebuleba kuTxeebis mixedviT garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba rogorc gvirgvinis formebiT da simaRliT, aseve maTi konstruqciuli struqturiT – erTi an meti dedaboZiT saTavsos/oTaxis Sua sivrceSi an garSemowerilobaze, kedlebze yrdnobiT

dedaboZs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda, razec misi saxelic metyvelebs. SemorCenili dedaboZebis umetesoba moCuqurTmebulia da es CuqurTmebic xazs usvams maT sakralur-simbolur mniSvnelobas dedaboZze ZiriTadad gamosaxuli iyo mze, mTvare, sxva ciuri mnaTobebi, jvrebi da mzis cargvalze moZraobis gza gvirgvinSi datovebuli Riobi iyo Sida da gare samyaros ZiriTadi kavSiri. misi saSualebiT xdeboda RvTisadmi locvis aRvlena, caze da mosalodnel amindze dakvirveba, marCieloba, axali wlis Tu aRdgomis mekvlis gamocxadeba da sxva. gvirgiorgiwmindis darbazi (XIX s) WaWkaris darbazi (XVII s.)

dedaboZiani saxlebi (aRdgenili): imiris gora da qvacxelebi

gvini SeiZleba martivad cis gumbaTis simbolodac moviazroT, xolo dedaboZi – cisa da miwis damakavSireblad. saqarTveloSi, aqa-iq, XX saukunemde SemorCa tradicia – Tu ojaxi sacxovrebel adgils icvlida, gansakuTrebuli ritualebis TanxlebiT gvirgvinis koWebi (iSviaTad) da dedaboZi didi pativiT Tan mihqondaT.

saqarTveloSi gasabWoebis Semdeg erTobis saxlebi cal-calke ojaxebad daiSala amis ZiriTadi mizezi is iyo, rom saxnav-saTesi, SeSa da sxva saWiro sanovage komlobiT nawildeboda da ara suladobiT es kompleqsebi erT komlad miiCneoda da, Sesabamisad, did ojaxad macxovreblebs mouwiaT gancalkeveba, raTa Tavi SeenaxaT. Sedegad, sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis movla-patronoba garTulda, radgan momvlelebi Secotavdnen. iataks da bans/erdos tkepnili miwis/Tixis zedapiri hqonda, rac mudmiv movlas saWiroebda. am procesma nel-nela gamoiwvia maTi rRveva da sacxovreblad naklebad vargisianoba.

sagulisxmoa, rom aRa mahmad xanis Semosevamde Tbilisi umetesad gvirgvinian-erdoiani saxlebiT iyo ganaSenianebuli. maTgan dRemde mxolod foraqiSvilebis darba-

dedaboZebis nimuSebi

ordedaboZiani saxli

gvirgviniani sacxovrebeli kompleqsi axalcixeSi

qarTuli sacxovrebeli

kultura

zi SemorCa mWidro, urTierTdakavSirebul dasaxlebaSi quCebTan (SukebTan) erTad banebi (erdoebi) zeda doneze damakavSirebeli sibrtyeebi iyo da, saerTo jamSi, quCebTan erTad mravalsibrtyian kavSirebs iZleoda im saxlebis gadarCenil sardafebze aSenda Zveli guli Tbilisi rusebis Semosvlis Semdeg. aseve mTeli Zveli qalaqis qsovili gvirgvinian-erdoiani da baniani saxlebisa iyo mcxeTaSi, axalcixesa Tu gorSi, aseve bevr sxva adgilas

ganaSenianebis mWidro qsovilebs qmnida aseve baniani saxlebi, romlebic SegviZlia gvirgviniani saxlebis monaTesave struqturebad ganvixiloT da saqarTvelosa (mag , aRm mTianeTi, javaxeTi ) da regionis mTianeTSi aqamde SemorCa aqac saxlis banebi/erdoebi sameurneo saqmianobisTvis, Sekrebisa da erTmaneTTan dakavSirebisTvis gamoiyeneba calke gansaxilvelia aseve baniani saxlebis nairsaxeobebi, mxareebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT

sacxovrebeli garemo/midamo an viTardeboda, an knindeboda, yofa-cxovrebis da garemo xelSemwyob-xelSemSleli pirobebis Sesabamisad. gvirgviniani da baniani saxlebi XIX saukunis miwurulidan da, miT ufro, sabWoTa xanaSi axali tipis saxlebma Caanacvla da gvirgvinian-baniani Senobebi mcire raodenobiTRa SemorCa

saqarTvelos teritoriaze, garda gvirgviniani da baniani saxlebisa, Zveli sacxovrisebis sxva saxeobebic arsebobs, kerZod, cixe-saxlebi, svanuri saxli, oda saxli, lazuri Tu SavSuri saxli

sof. xeoTi,

cixe-saxlebi, savaraudod, zogad-qarTuli erT-erTi uZvelesi sacxovreblis tipia, umetesad SemorCenili saqarTvelos mTianeTSi – svaneTidan dawyebuli hereTiT (saingiloTi) damTavrebuli. es saxlebi 2-4, umetesad ki 3-sarTuliania. miwis doneze saqonlis sadgomia, meore sarTulze, erTian sivrceSi, ojaxis sacxovrebelia SuacecxliT/keriT da kedlis gaswvriv sawolebiTa da avejiT, xolo zeda sarTuli Wirnaxulis Sesanaxi da TavdacviTi funqciisaa. sarTulebi Sida kibeebiT aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. kedlebi qvisaa (mSrali an duRabiani wyobis), gadaxurvebi – xis, saxuravi –

XX s-is pirveli naxevris erT-erTi tipuri saxli kaxeTSi

axalcixe, knous naxati (XIX s.), sadac kargad Cans erdoebze amoziduli gvirgvinebi

dRevandeli TurqeTi

fiqlis an yavris am tipis cixe-saxlebi gvxvdeba TuSeTSi, xevsureTSi, raWaSi, svaneTSi, hereTSi

calke gamoiyofa svanuri sacxovrebeli, radgan gamokveTilad TviTmyofadi, Camoyalibebuli da gansxvavebulia umetesad esaa saxlis (maCubi/qoor) da cixis (muryvami, koSki) erTianoba arsebobs mosazreba, rom maCub-muryvamis erTobas win uswrebda cixesaxlebi (svinir, anu svanuri) cixeebSi/muryvamSi adre arc cecxli inTeboda da arc qali Sedioda Sesasvleli karic adreul Senobebs miwidan 2 sarTulis simaRleze aqvT maT ormagi daniSnuleba hqondaT – TavdacviTi da gvaris prestiJis, winaparTa pativiscemis, simboluri muryvamis msgavsi sagvareulo cixeebi, garda svaneTisa, TiTqmis mTeli kavkasiisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli

maCubi kavkasiuri/qarTuli cixe-saxlebis monaTesave saxeobaa mas mkacrad gansazRvruli da daxvewili gegmareba aqvs. maCubebic gansxvavdeba gegmarebiT erTmaneTisgan, Tumca saerTo maxasiaTeblebic aqvT: umetesad 2-sarTuliania; zeda sarTuli umetesad Tivis Sesanaxad gamoiyeneba da darbazs an maJiibs eZaxian. iatakSi datovebuli Riobidan yrian qveda sarTulSi saqonlisTvis Tivas qveda sarTuli adamianebisa da pirutyvis erToblivi sacxovrebelia; mas Sesasvleli, rogorc wesi, kuTxidan aqvs ori kedlis gaswvriv saqonlis bagaa (sadgomi) mow-

yobili. oTaxis danarCeni sivrce ojaxis wevrebs Soris sqesisa da funqciebis danawilebis mixedviT iyo dayofili da gansazRvruli centraluri adgili keras/Suacecxls uWiravs

Senoba qviTaa nagebi kiris duRabze, gadaxurvebi xis morebisaa, aseve – saxuravis ConCxi, xolo gadaxurulia sipi qvis filebiT.

cixe-saxlebis saxeobebi (TuSuri, xevsuruli, raWuli, svanuri)

TuSuri cixe-saxlis fasadi da Wrili

kultura

istoriuli kolxeTis sacxovrisebi SemorCenili araa, radgan xisgan iyo nagebi da isliT gadaxuruli, nestian klimatur pirobebSi maleve iSleboda. Tumca maTze cnobebi arqiteqturis „mamad“ wodebul romael vitruviuss aqvs naSromSi „aTi wigni arqiteqturis Sesaxeb“ da am aRwerilobebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia imdroindeli nagebobebis warmodgena. garkveul warmodgenebs aseve gviqmnis Sua saukuneebis evropeli mogzaurebis Canaxatebi (mag , arqanjelo lamberti).

dasavleT saqarTveloSi (ZiriTadad, samegrelo, imereTi, guria, saxesxvaobiT raWaSi) sacxovrebeli kompleqsi Sedgeboda calkeuli Senobebisagan – sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebisgan (sasiminde, saqaTme, samzareulo) dRemdea SemorCenili oda saxlebi, romelTa ganviTarebis wina etapi iyo jargvali – ficrebis (gaCorknili Zelebis) an wnelis kedlebiani saxli, miwuri iatakiT, gadaxuruli winamoTi, umetesad erToTaxiani masSi cxovrobda mTeli didi ojaxi, SuaSi hqondaT keria, romelsac iyenebdnen saWmlis mosamzadeblad da gasaTbobad kedlis gaswvriv idga sawoli

mogvianebiT am nagebobas ufro samzareulos daniSnuleba SerCa („quxna“, rogorc rusulis gavleniT dRemde uwodeben) da mimdebared daiwyes ufro didi zomis sacxovreblis aSeneba saxli Tavsdeboda boZkintebze (mcire svetebze), rac misi bunebrivi ganiavebisTvis saukeTeso SesaZleblobas iZleoda. saxls, rogorc wesi, mzian mxares erTi an ori aivani hqonda. aivnis moajiri da WerqveSa nawili umetesad Wviruli CuqurTmebiT iyo morTuli aivanze xdeboda saSinao sameurneo saqmeebis mogvareba da Wirnaxulis dasabinaveblad momzadeba. oda saxli gadaxuruli iyo yavriT an isliT kramitis saxuravebi XIX saukunis bolodan gavrcelda

maCubis da muryvamis Wrili

maCubis interieri

kolxuri saxlebis aRdgena vitruviusis aRwerilobis mixedviT (I s )

megruli saxli (XIX s.)

„duroiani“ saxli, Rebi, raWa

aWaruli saxlis fasadi, Wrilebi da gegmebi

sacxovreblis erT-erTi tipia lazuri saxli, romlis ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris ficrebisgan nagebi kedlis ConCxi, damuSavebuli qvebiT Sevsebuli da xsnariT amolesili, romelsac dolabiani an tolmiani wyoba ewodeba. aseve gamorCeulad daxvewilia tipiuri ficruli, Wirnaxulis Sesanaxi sameurneo nagebobebi – lazuri naliebi. maT sxva kuTxeebis naliebisgan ganasxvavebs sayrdeni boZebis morkaluli ganbrjenebi.

aqve unda vaxsenoT SavSuri saxli, romelic umetesad xis Zelebisganaa nagebi da gamoarCevs ganviTarebuli aivani, romelsac emateba Sverili/konsoluri aivani.

amrigad, zogadad warmovadgineT qarTuli tradiciuli sacxovrebeli sivrceebis saxeobebi, maTi funqcia-daniSnuleba da gavrcelebis areali unda iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli samSeneblo da yofiTi kultura, wesCveulebebi, niSnebi, tradiciebi jer kidev saWiroebs seriozul kvlevas da gasajaroebas. kargadaa Sesaswavli ruseTis imperiis gavlena qarTul sacxovrebel garemosa da cxovrebis wesze, aseve sabWoTa drois saxlebis saxecvlileba da saxelmwifos mier dagegmarebul-aSenebuli dasaxlebebis gavlena socialur yofasa da sxvadasxva periodis esTetikur faseulobebze.

qarTuli sacxovrebeli

lazuri saxli

lazuri nalia

svanuri sacxovrebeli kompleqsi

megruli oda

istoria

arCil CaCxiani

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze, 1899-1902 wlebSi mimdinare inglis-burebis meore omi an, ufro zustad, didi britaneTi-burebis II omi mravali TvalsazrisiT iyo axali tipis omi msoflios omebis istoriaSi – is sainteresoa politikuri, teqnologiuri, taqtikuri, moraluri, aRsrulebiTi Tu gamoyenebiTi aspeqtebiT.

daviwyoT politikuriT. XVI-XVIII saukuneebis dasavleT evropis qveynebis sagareo urTierTobebisa da ekonomikuri politikis warmmarTveli Zala da am periodis xSiri evropuli omebisa da kolonialuri eqspansiis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori iyo merkantilizmi – is ekonomikuri doqtrina, sadac mTavroba sagareo vaWrobis kontrols saxelmwifos keTildReobisa da samxedro usafrTxoebis umniSvnelovanes pirobad ganixilavda merkantiluri politika gulisxmobda: koloniebTan komunikaciebis ganmtkicebas, maTTvis sxva qveynebTan savaWro urTierTobebis akrZalvas, Sualedur portebSi marketingis monopolizacias, oqrosa da Zvirfasi liTonebis dagrovebis xelSewyobas, eqsportis subsidirebasa da sakuTari nedleulis eqsportis zrdas.

XIX saukunis meore naxevridan swored merkantilizmi iqca im saxelmwifo politikis qvakuTxedad, rasac mowinave evropuli qveynebi misdevdnen teritoriuli eqspansiisas msoflio politikaSi ase gaCnda da XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan damkvidrda imperializmis cneba – saxelmwifoTa Soris dominantobisa da subordinaciis principze warmoqmnili, imperiis formiT arsebuli araTanabari ekonomikuri, kulturuli da teritoriuli damokidebulebiTi sistema swored imperializmi da merkantilizmi iyo im samxedro dapirispirebis mTavari politikuri komponenti, romelic samxedro xelovnebis istoriaSi inglis-burebis omis saxeliT aris Sesuli

inglis-burebis omi afrikis kontinentis samxreT nawilSi mimdinareobda mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi afrikis kontinentis am arealSi evropuli qveynebi cdilobdnen gaefarToebinaT TavianTi koloniebi, ris gamoc regioni mudmivi dapirispirebis kera iyo es qveynebi iyo portugalia (daipyro dRevandeli angola da mozambiki), germania (dRevandeli namibia), belgia (dRevandeli kongo) da safrangeTi (dRevandeli dasavleTi da centraluri afrika, aseve madagaskari) am arealSi erTiani saxelmwifos Sesaqmneladac moxda SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba, rac samma mTavarma faqtorma ganapiroba: 1 indoeTisaken mimavali sazRvao marSrutebis kontroli; 2 samxreT afrikaSi almasisa da oqros umdidresi sabadoebis aRmoCena da 3. sxva evropuli qveynebis mxridan mosalodneli teritoriuli eqspansiis saSiSroeba.

afrikis kontinentis ukidures samxreT nawilSi aborigen mosaxleobasTan erTad cxovrobdnen burebi – ZiriTadad, im pirve-

inglis-burebis omi

li holandieli kolonizatorebis STamomavlebi, romlebic 1652-1795 wlebSi dasaxldnen afrikis kontinentis am nawilSi – keTili imedis koncxsa da mimdebare teritoriaze Zvelniderlandur enaze sityva buri (boer) glexs niSnavda. pirveli niderlanduri dasaxleba samxreT afrikis teritoriaze, centriT q kapstadi (mogvianebiT keiptauni), kapis kolonia iyo axalmosaxleTa Soris iyvnen germanelebi da frangi hugenotebic.

male am teritoriebiT britanelebic dainteresdnen. pirvelad britanelebi 1795 wels gamoCndnen keTili imedis koncxze. britanelTa mosvlisa da kapis koloniis dapyrobis Semdeg, 1835 wlidan, burebma kontinentis siRrmeSi gadainacvles da adgi-

espaneTi portugalia italia didi britaneTi germania safrangeTi belgia damoukidebeli

uganda

siera leone kotd’iuari

burkina faso gana benini togo jibuti

portugaliis gvinea eritrea somali

eTiopia samxreTi sudani

madagaskari evropis

istoria

lobriv tomebTan warmoebuli brZolebis fonze daaarses TavianTi saxelmwifoebi –oranji (oranjis Tavisufali respublika), transvaali (samxreT afrikis respublika) da natali iyo ra burebis saqmianobis ZiriTadi sferoebi fermeroba, mecxoveleoba da miwaTmoqmedeba, male maT afrikis kontinentis veluri garemo ayvavebul mxared aqcies. Tavisi axali saxelmwifos – transvaalis –mTavar qalaqs, pirvel moaxalSeneTa lideris – martinus pretoriusis pativsacemad pretoria uwodes.

1852-1854 wlebSi es saxelmwifoebi cno didma britaneTma magram burebis mSvidi patriarqaluri cxovreba male dairRva –1866 wels burTa samxreT afrikaSi pirveli almasi moipoves am faqtma mniSvnelovnad imoqmeda britanelTa koloniuri politikis Semdgom kursze. 1875 wels didi britaneTis premier-ministrma benjamin dizraelim, britanuli gavlenis gafarToebis mizniT, wamoayena burebis oranjisa da transvaalis respublikebTan erTad britanul-burebis federaciis Seqmnis idea, kanadis 1867 wlis britanul-franguli provinciebis modelze. burTa liderebma ar miiRes SeTavazeba. 1877 wels britanelebma transvaalis aneqsia moaxdines burebma saomari samzadisi daiwyes da 1880 wels es dapirispireba Ria saomar moqmedebebSi gadaizarda – daiwyo inglis-burebis I omi... britanelebma kargad icodnen koloniu-

oranjis respublikis gerbi da droSa

bis wesSi amerikis samoqalaqo omisas (18611865) Sesuli fundamenturi cvlilebebi –arasaTanadod Seafases burebis sabrZolo SesaZleblobebi, ar gaiTvaliswines sasangre brZola da sakavalerio reidi, moZvelebuli iyo sabrZolo taqtikac da zogjer –iaraRic

britanelTa sapirispirod, burebi ufro adaptirebuli iyvnen garemosa da sabrZolo pirobebTan maTi ZiriTadi sabrZolo Zala iyo msubuq qveiTTa formaciebi, e w „komandoebi“, romelTa moqmedebebi erTob efeqturi gamodga mTeli XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi, adgilobriv tomebTan dapirispirebebis gamo, burebi iZulebuli iyvnen mudmivad yofiliyvnen SeiaraRebuli da sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi didi regularuli jaris Sesanaxad saxelmwifos ar gaaCnda adamianuri da finansuri resursi, amitom maT swored mcire, moqnili da manevruli qvedanayofebi hyavdaT. burebis warmatebas sabrZolo moqmedebebSi ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda: isini iyvnen kargi fermerebi, kargi monadireebi da kvalis maZieblebi, kargi msrolelebi, kargi cxenosnebi da mojiriTeebi. isini kargad icnobdnen adgilebsa da reliefs da landSaftsac kargad iyvnen morgebuli. Sesabamisad, Seiqmna burTa miliciuri tipis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi – sayovelTao-teritoriuli rezervis principze agebuli samxedro organizacia.

1881 wlis 27 Tebervals majubas mTasTan inglis-burebis I omis mTavari brZola gaimarTa. britanelebs, romlebsac general-maiori jorj koli meTaurobda da majubas maRlobi hqondaT dakavebuli, burebma Seuties. ingliselebi tradiciul TeTr-wiTel

kapstadi (keiptauni)

formebSi (samTo qvedanayofebi Wrel kiltebSi) iyvnen Cacmuli da karg samiznes warmoadgendnen Sori distanciidanac ki. SeniRbulma da garemos morgebulma burebma, romlebic nel-nela miiwevdnen win, Sori da saSualo distanciebidan zusti srolebiT sagrZnoblad SeaTxeles ingliselTa rigebi. ramdenime saaTSi 280 ingliseli daxoces, maT Soris – generali jorj kolic. ingliselebi danebdnen... amiT dasrulda inglis-burebis I omi 1881 wels xeli moewera samSvidobo xelSekrulebas, romlis ZaliTac transvaalma sruli TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba miiRo, magram samagierod cno didi britaneTis siuzereniteti ise Canda, TiTqos britanelebma Tavi damarcxebulad cnes magram mxolod droebiT

transvaalis gerbi

inglis-burebis omi

istoria

1886 wels transvaalSi oqros didi maragi aRmoaCines da burTa es respublika umal iqca afrikis umdidres da potenciurad Zlier saxelmwifod. am maragebis asaTviseblad qveyanas arc Sesabamisi samrewvelo infrastruqtura gaaCnda da arc sakmarisi adamianuri resursi. evropidan transvaalisken bedis maZiebelTa axali talRa daiZra, ZiriTadad inglisidan. male CamosulTa raodenobam burTa ricxvs gadaaWarba 1899 wlisaTvis moaxalSeneTa raodenobam transvaalSi 200 aTass gadaaWarba (aqedan 159 aTasi britaneli iyo, daaxloebiT 15 aTasi – germaneli, danarCenebi ki – holandielebi, frangebi da sxvebi) moaxalSeneebma daiwyes samoqalaqo uflebebis moTxovna, iyo eko-

nomikuri, socialuri da religiuri xasiaTis sxva moTxovnebic. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT ingliselebi gamoirCeodnen burebsa da inglisel axalmosaxleebs Soris damokidebuleba ukiduresad daiZaba, 1899 wlis 12 oqtombers ki burTa jarebma gadakveTes kapis koloniis sazRvrebi da britanelebs daartyes ase daiwyo inglis-burebis meore omi marTalia, burebma pirvelebma Seuties, magram omi mTlianad britanelebis provocirebuli iyo – maT ramdenjerme uaryves burTa SeTavazeba, mSvidobianad gadaewyvitaT arsebuli konfliqti da Tan mudmivad zrdidnen sakuTar sajariso kontingents kapis koloniaSi da omisTvis emzadebodnen.

inglis-burebis

inglis-burebis II omi I omidan 18 wlis Semdeg daiwyo da ingliselebs isev didi msxverplis gaReba mouwiaT... mobilizaciis TvalsazrisiT burebs problemebi ar hqondaT, radgan transvaalisa da oranjis prezidentebis mier gamocemuli dekretis Sesabamisad, 30-40 aTasi buris Sekreba erT kviraSi xerxdeboda. saerTo jamSi, omis dawyebis momentisaTvis orive mxare daaxloebiT 30-30 aTas mebrZols iTvlida. SemdgomSi Tavisi jarebis raodenoba britanelebma 15-jer gazardes, burTa mxares ki saomar moqmedebebSi ucxoeli moxaliseebi CaerTnen, magram maTi ricxvi britanul sajariso kontingentTan SedarebiT gacilebiT mcire iyo aq unda gavixsenoT Cveni Tanamemamule niko bagrationi – niko buri,* romelic did britaneTs, am msoflio imperias, Soreul afrikaSi ebrZoda patara, Tavisuflebismoyvare xalxis mxares

prevenciuli omi (frang Préventif, laT Praevenio, ingl Preemptive – winmswrebi) – omi, romelsac erT-erTi dapirispirebuli mxare iwyebs mowinaaRmdegis mxridan mosalodneli aucilebeli Tavdasxmisa da agresiuli qmedebebis Tavidan asacileblad prevenciul oms iwyeben imisTvis, rom mowinaaRmdegem Tavis sasargeblod ver SeZlos ZalTa arsebuli balansis darRveva. xSirad Zalian Znelia imis garkveva, ama Tu im mxaris mier dawyebuli samxedro moqmedebebi prevenciuli omia Tu pirdapiri samxedro agresia.

* niko buris Sesaxeb ix statia „niko buri da misi omi“, Cemi samyaro, 36, 2022.

unda iTqvas, rom niko buris msgavsad burTa mxares sxva evropeli moxaliseebic ibrZodnen, gansakuTrebiT, holandielebi, germanelebi da frangebi iyvnen irlandielebi, polonelebi, italielebi, amerikelebi, rusebic gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT iyvnen skandinavielebi – Svedebi da norvegielebi swored franguli korpusis Sveduri diviziis SemadgenlobaSi ibrZoda ingliselebis winaaRmdeg niko buri 1900 wlidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom pretoriaSi Casuli niko buri didi pativiT miiRo TviT respublikis prezidentma paul kriugerma – niko buri moxalised ewereboda burTa armiaSi da misi es gadawyvetileba respublikis prezidentisTvis, cxadia, sasiamovno iyo, magram ufro mniSvnelovani burebis „glexTa armiis“ rigebSi uZvelesi samefo dinastiis warmomadgenlis yofna iyo – es faqti msoflio sazogadoebis winaSe kidev erTxel warmoaCenda da adasturebda maTi brZolis samarTlianobas

inglis-burebis II omSi britanelebs daviwyebuli hqondaT I omis dros miRebuli mware gakveTilebi – burTa zusti srolis praqtika, taqtikuri moqniloba da adgilmdebareobisa da landSaftis kargi gamoyeneba. maT mxolod erTi ram gaiTvaliswines –savele formebi Secvales, rom naklebad SesamCnevi yofiliyo – britaneli qveiTebis aRWurva savele komuflirebuli formebiT mxolod burebis pirveli omis Semdeg SemoiRes

samxedro xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT burTa sawyisi SeteviTi moqmedeba prevenciuli dartyma iyo, xolo samxedro dapirispireba mTlianad – prevenciuli omi. aRsaniSnavia axali samxedro teqnologiebis roli am omSi, upirveles yovlisa – axlad gamogonili ukvamlo denTi, romelsac didi upiratesoba hqonda manamde arsebul Sav denTTan SedarebiT (sizuste, swrafsrola, faruloba, maRali letaloba, saimedooba); mniSvnelovani iyo sangrebis gamoyeneba (TavdacviTi brZolisTvis), aseve ingliseli inJineris mier 1880 wels Seqmnili msxvilkalibriani (37 mm) tyviamfrqvevi (QF-1PounderPom-pom), romelic Wurvebs avtomaturad isroda srolis dros warmoqmnili specifikuri xmis gamo mas „pom-poms“ eZaxdnen britaneTis mTavrobam am axali iaraRis Sesyidvaze uari ganacxada, sxva qveynebma da maT Soris burebis transvaalis respublikam ki Seisyida da britanelebma male sakuTar Tavze gamoscades am iaraRis „sikeTe“

paul kriugeri (1825-1904)

inglis-burebis omi

istoria

britanelebisTvis saziano gamodga maT saartilerio batareebSi qvemexebis swori, mowesrigebuli ganlageba – ukvamlo denTis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSic ki samxreT afrikis mxurvaleba gasrolisas erTgvar buruss qmnida TiToeuli qvemexis Tavze es burusi naklebad iqneboda TvalSi sacemi mxolod erTi qvemexi rom gamoeyenebinaT, magram erT xazze gamwkrivebuli ramdenime qvemexi roca erTad isroda (zalpuri cecxli), burusis mixedviT buri meTvalTvaleebi zustad xedavdnen batareebs da maT damangreveli, zusti cecxliT pasuxobdnen

britanelebis sapirispirod, burebma kargad gaiazres axali samxedro teqnologiebisa da sainJinro inovaciebis upiratesoba da droulad aRWurves sakuTari jari axali Taobis iaraRiT saartilerio saqmis Sesaswavlad maT evropeli oficrebi daiqiraves saerTo jamSi, 25000 buri komandosi uaxlesi tipis cecxlsasroli da saartilerio SeiaraRebiT aRiWurva. swored maSin daiwyes imdroindeli sainJinro siaxleebis – aerostatisa da heliografis, rogorc sahaero dazvervisa da operatiuli Setyobinebis sakomunikacio sistemis farTo saomari gamoyeneba

rac Seexeba britanel da bur samxedro meTaurebs, burTa nadirobis principebi faqtobrivad iseTive iyo, rogoric SemdgomSi maTi sabrZolo moqmedebebis meTodebi da adamianebi, romlebic mSvidobianobis dros monadireTa jgufebsa Tu eqspediciebs xelmZRvanelobdnen, omis dros komandosTa meTaurebad iqcnen burTa liderebs komandosebi savele meTaurebad samxedro-taqtikuri unar-Cvevebis, velur garemosa da afrikul savanebSi cxovrebis wesis, lomebze nadirobisas gamovlenili simamacisa da pirovnuli niWis mixedviT irCevdnen

burebi inglis-burebis II omSi

buri samxedroebi tyviamfrqvev QF-1PounderPom-pom-Tan britaneli samxedroebi inglis-burebis II omSi

sami buri generlis Sesaxeb werda niko buric Tavis memuarebSi: „erTi maTgani iyo generali Juberi, burebis SesaniSnavi mTavarsardali igi SiSis zars scemda ingliselebis mier ajanyebul kafrebsa da TviT ingliselebs xangrZlivi samxedro karieris ganmavlobaSi mas ar unaxavs arc erTi damarcxeba Jubers araerTxel hqonda movlili germania, safrangeTi da holandia rogorc yoveli frangi hugenoti, romelsac winaT gamudmebiT devnidnen, Juberic cota zedmetad frTxili da eWviani iyo imave dros mas metad Rrmad swamda RmerTi da uyvarda Tavisi qveyana am siyvaruls saxelovani mxedarTmTavari unergavda Tavis mebrZolebsac rac Seexeba general kronies, misTvis omi gmirobisa da moxerxebulobis asparezi iyo igi gansakuTrebiT did simarjvesa da gamomgoneblobis unars iCenda mtris garemocvis pirobebSi. erTi SexedviT, kronie saTno kacis STabeWdilebas tovebda da mxedrisaTvis uCveulo simsubuqe igrZnoboda mTel mis aRnagobaSi, magram namdvilad mtrisaTvis RvTis risxvas warmoadgenda. igi ganagebda artileriis saqmes da yovelTvis energiulad aqezebda Tavis xelqveiTebs – jozef Cemberlenis quxilisaTvis gamanadgurebeli grgvinviT epasuxaT. ingliselebi araerTxel gaukvirvebia kronies Tavisi samxedro talantiT. mesame generali – delarei ki, namdvili giganti iyo, uSiSari, samxedro suliskveTebiT mTlad gamsWvaluli. zogjer, wregadasuli sificxis gamo, SeeZlo gaebeda marto SebrZoleboda yvela inglisels da rogorc gvelebi, gaesrisa Tavisi magari terfebiT. mas Tavisi taqtikiT araerTxel Cauyenebia ingliselebi mZime mdgomareobaSi“.

kronie 1836–1911)

britanuli jarebis sardali ki samxreT afrikaSi 1899 wlis oqtombridan iyo generali redvers buleri, romelic, warumatebeli samxedro moqmedebebis gamo, imave wlis dekemberSi feldmarSalma frederik robertsma Secvala, 1900 wlis seqtembridan ki britanuli kontingentis sardlis Tanamdeboba generalma horacio kiCenerma daikava, 1910 wlidan feldmarSalma da pirveli msoflio omis sawyis etapze didi britaneTis samxedro ministrma.

sainteresoa aseve mxareTa samxedro moqmedebebis taqtika burebis sabrZolo taqtika poziciebis SerCevisa da flobis principze iyo damyarebuli. maT mier SerCeuli TavdacviTi poziciebidan kargad Canda mowinaaRmdege. Tu poziciebs dakargvis saSiSroeba emuqreboda, burebi dauyovnebliv tovebdnen da winaswar momzadebul sxva TavdacviT poziciebze gadadiodnen. cecxlis warmoebisas burebi iyenebdnen „zRvruli manZilis moniSvnis“ meTods – Setevebis dawyebamde miaxloebis marSrutebze winaswar xdeboda burTa SeniRbuli sabrZolo poziciebidan cecxlsasroli da saartilerio iaraRisaTvis srolis zRvruli distanciebis moniSvna TeTri qvebiTa da lodebiT. „moerideT oficrebsa da TeTr lodebs!“ – mogvianebiT aseT darigebebs aZlevdnen samxreT afrikaSi axlaCamosul britanul kontingentebs.

istoria

burebisagan gansxvavebiT, britanelebi emxrobodnen mowinaaRmdegis SenaerTebze da ara mis poziciebze Setevis mitanis taqtikas. es midgoma miRebuli iyo yirimis omisa da napoleonis epoqis omebis sabrZolo gamocdilebidan Casangrebuli, kargad SeniRbuli da Tanamedroved SeiaraRebuli mowinaaRmdegis dasamarcxeblad britanelTa es taqtika araefeqturi gamodga axalma teqnologiurma miRwevebma, sacecxle Zalisa da cecxlis simkvrivis gazrdam, Ria areze frontaluri SetevebiT SeuZlebeli gaxada Casangrebuli da kargad organizebuli mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba.

samxedro-strategiuli TvalsazrisiT, sabrZolo moqmedebebis xasiaTisa da brZolebis dinamikidan gamomdinare, inglis-burebis omi sam fazad ganixileba: I faza – burebis prevenciuli dartyma britanelebze natalSi da kapis koloniaSi, britanuli garnizonebis alyaSi moqceva (ledismiti, mafekingi, kimberli), warmatebuli brZolebi kolenzoSi, magersfonteinsa da spionkopSi II faza – britanelTa mier saokupacio jarebis kontingentis uzomod zrda lord robertsis sardlobiT da konvenciur brZolebSi burTa marcxebis seria; britanelebis mier transvaalisa da dedaqalaq pretoriis dakaveba 1900 wlis ivnisSi. III faza –buri komandosebis partizanul brZolaze gadasvla.

omis pirvel fazaSi warmateba burebs hqondaT. 1899 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi maT warmatebiT ganaxorcieles SeteviTi moqmedebebi kapis koloniaSi, daikaves mowinaaRmdegis mniSvnelovani teritoriebi da alyaSi moaqcies qalaqebi mafekingi, kimberli, magersfonteini warmatebuli iyo burTa TavdacviTi brZolebic

redvers buleri (1839-1908)

frederik robertsi (1832-1914)

horacio kiCeneri (1850-1916)

mafekingis brZola

britanelebi magersfonteinis brZolaSi

inglis-burebis omi

sainteresoa, rom omis msvlelobisas, 1899 wlis 15 noembers, ingliselTa erT-erTi javSanmatarebeli buri komandosebis mier organizebul CasafrebaSi moyva burebma matarebeli gaauvnebelyves, mTeli misi ekipaJi ki tyved aiyvanes. tyveebs Soris iyo ingliseli samxedro korespondenti, maSin sruliad axalgazrda leitenanti da gazeT TheMorningPost-is samxedro Jurnalisti uinston CerCili – SemdgomSi didi britaneTis sazRvao da samxedro ministri, da didi britaneTis premier-ministri niko buri ase ixsenebs am ambavs:

„me erTxel general botas banakSi movxvdi Cemi iq yofnis dros moiyvanes tyved Cavardnili ramdenime ingliseli erTi maTgani iyo wiTelloyebiani 20-25 wlis axalgazrda oficeri, SemdegSi yvelasaTvis cnobili uinston CerCili igi maSin „morning postis“ samxedro korespondentis saxeliT moevlina samxreT afrikas “

aqve unda iTqvas, rom burebi inglisel tyveebs Zalian humanurad epyrobodnen, maT umetesobas ki – saerTod aTavisuflebdnen. am omis monawile iyo mahaTma gandic, SemdgomSi didi indoeli politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, indoeTis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideri igi inglisburebis omSi moxalised msaxurobda britanelTa samedicino qvedanayofSi

miuxedavad omis pirvel fazaSi miRweuli warmatebisa, burebma ver SeZles mopovebuli taqtikuri upiratesobis operatiulSi gadazrda piriqiT, operaciebis dagegmvaSi, marTvasa da aRsrulebaSi maT mniSvnelo-

vani Secdomebi dauSves. maTi winsvla SeCerda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda ledismitis misadgomebTan brZolas. miuxedavad imisa, rom britanelebi sastikad damarcxdnen am brZolaSi, burebis liderebma da maT Soris generalma de vetma, udidesi Secdoma dauSves da britanelebs ukandaxevis saSualeba misces. qalaqebis alyaSi moqceva da xangrZlivi saalyo brZolebis warmoeba burebis Zalebs aRemateboda amisaTvis maT arc Sesabamisi Zalebi hyavdaT da arc Sesabamisi resursi burebis warumatebeli saalyo brZolebisas britanelebma Zala moikribes da daibrunes iniciativa 1900 wlis Tebervlidan axali Zalebis (avstralia, axali zelandia, indoeTi) miRebis Semdeg britanelebma daiwyes axali SeteviTi moqmedebebi burTa winaaRmdeg. am periodisaTvis britanulma sajariso kontingentma samxreT afrikaSi 400 aTass gadaaWarba 1900 wlis 13 marts britanelebma oranjis respublikis dedaqalaqi blumfonteini daikaves, 5 ivniss ki – pretoria. 1900 wlis seqtembrisaTvis britanelebma oranjisa da transvaalis respublikebis aneqsia moaxdines wesebis Tanaxmad, omi dasrulda, Tumca realurad, omi axla iwyeboda

es ukve sul sxva brZola da sul sxva omi iyo. de la rei, luis bota da sxva savele generlebi Seikribnen da erTad dasaxes partizanuli omis strategia. Semdgomi 2 weli isini swored partizanuli omis taqtikiT moqmedebdnen

mahaTma gandi inglis-burebis omSi

istoria

ingliselebma male aRmoaCines, rom realurad isini mxolod im teritoriebs akontrolebdnen, sadac maTi sajariso SenaerTebi idgnen, sxvagan ki burebi dominirebdnen. bur komandosTa manevris ZiriTadi formebi iyo Casafreba, reidi da brZolidan swrafi gasvla yovelive amas maTi kargi SeniRbvis taqtika ganapirobebda.

buri komandosebis samizneebi iyo britanelTa infrastruqtura, telegrafi, rkinigza, lojistikuri bazebi, komunikaciebi. generali de la rei swraf kampaniebs atarebda da didi warmatebac hqonda mudvilTan, noitedaxtTan, drifonteinTan, riTac britanelebs didi adamianuri da materialuri zarali miayena. TviT didi britaneTis premier-ministri benjamin dizraeli ase exmianeboda buri generlebis samxedro niWs da SemarTebas:

„eWvs gareSea, rom sadRac, kabinetis siRrmeSi, gabeduli, logikuri da siRrmiseuli analizis Catarebis Tviseba adamianuri inteleqtis mSvenieri demonstraciaa, magram iseTive saguldagulo, Rrma da naTeli analizis Catarebis unari tyviebis zuzunSi, adamianuri SesaZleblobebisa da niWis sruli triumfia“...

„am saxlSi daTrgunulebi ar dadian Cven ar gvsurs da arc gvainteresebs damarcxebaze saubari aseTi albaToba ubralod ar arsebobs “ – aseTi iyo dedofal viqtoriasa da mTlianad britanuli sazogadoebis ganwyoba am omisadmi – britanelebi idgebodnen manam, sanam prezidenti kriugeri da

benjamin dizraeli (1804-1881)

dedofali viqtoria (1819-1901)

luis bota (1862-1919)

inglis-burebis omi

misi „CamoZonZilTa banda“ (ase moixseniebdnen britanelebi burebs) ar danebdeboda, ramdeni xanic ar unda dasWirveboda amas sxvagvarad moqmedeba maT ubralod ar SeeZloT mTeli msoflios yuradReba da maT Soris britaneTis Zveli metoqis – germaniisa – rendis oqros sabadoebisaken iyo mipyrobili da Tu maT britaneTis imperia ar daeufleboda, amas aucileblad gaakeTebda vinme sxva.

ingliselTa pasuxi iyo strategiuli obieqtebis, sakomunikacio xazebisa da momaragebis gzebis dacva, qveiTi da cxenosani patrulireba, javSnosani matareblebis intensiuri gamoyeneba, mavTulxlarTebiT SemozRuduli gamagrebuli blok-saguSagoTa qselis ageba. burTaTvis yvelze mZime ki britanelebis mier „gadamwvari miwis“ strategiis gatareba, sakoncentracio banakebis Seqmna da maTSi mSvidobiani buri mosaxleobis, maT Soris moxucebis, qalebisa da bavSvebis ganTavseba iyo.

burebis partizanuli omi da britanuli „gadamwvari miwis“ strategia kidev or weliwadamde gagrZelda... sabolood, mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi didi msxverplis gamo, 1902 wels burebma winaaRmdegoba Sewyvites. 1902 wlis 31 maiss pretoriaSi xeli moaweres cecxlis Sewyvetisa da saomar moqmedebaTa dasrulebis sazavo xelSekrulebas miuxedavad gamarjvebisa, britanelebs Zalian didi safasuris – 3 000 000 girvanqa sterlingis gadaxda mouwiaT burebisaTvis, omis Semdgomi rekonstruqciisaTvis garda amisa, burebs piroba misces, rom damyardeboda SezRuduli TviTmmarTveloba. britanelTaTvis inglis-burebis II omi yvelaze xangrZlivi da ZviradRirebuli omi gamodga im omebs Soris, rac ki imperias uwarmoebia 1815-1914 wlebSi. am omis Sedegad burTa respublikebi britaneTis imperiaSi Sevidnen, 1910 wels ki – samxreT afrikis kavSiris Tanamegobrobis wevrebi gaxdnen.

am omma britanul armias bevri ram aswavla Tanamedrove omis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT, Tu rogor unda imoqmedo kargad SeiaraRebuli da maRalprofesiuli msrolelebiT dakompleqtebuli mowinaaRmdegis pirispir. udavoa, rom am gamocdilebis gareSe I msoflio omi sul sxva saxes miiRebda is, rom amas sami weliwadi, uzarmazari materialuri xarji da aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle Seewira, erTdroulad adamianis sixarbis da merkantilizmis, aseve Seupovrobisa da movaleobis grZnobis maCvenebeli gamodga

cecxlis Sewyvetisa da saomar moqmedebaTa dasrulebis sazavo xelSekrulebis xelis mowera

arCil qiqoZe ucnauri bedi aqvs laTinuri amerikis qveynebs da maT Soris – kolumbias. msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi SemTxveviT adamianebs rom hkiTxoT, romeli cnobili kolumbieli axsendebaT, darwmunebuli var, umetesoba narkobaron pablo eskobars da mweral gabriel garsia markess dagisaxelebT am oridan erTi absoluturi boroteba iyo, meore ki – keTili geniosi veWvob, eskobars mainc ufro meti xma eqneba da es eWvi sevdiT mavsebs SeiZleba amitomac minda mogiTxroT XX saukunis udides mweralze da imedi maqvs, Cemi monaTxrobi dagainteresebT da mis wakiTxvas mogandomebT. Cvenda bedad, misi wignebis umetesoba qarTulad naTargmnia.

rodesac 2014 wels mexikoSi gabriel garsia markesi gardaicvala, viRacam TbilisSi feisbuqze postad dawera: ukvdavebi ar kvdebiano. martivi naTqvamia da imdenad swori, rom dRemde maxsovs.

bevri ram maxsovs am kacisa, magram upirvelesi es frazaa:

dasawyisi maSinve giTrevs ra yinulis naxva? saerTod, ra xdeba am wignSi, romelic ase ucnaurad iwyeba – avtori mTavari gmiris sikvdils winaswar gvatyobinebs? ra wignia es wigni?

amaze cota gvian movyvebi. Cemi markesTan Sexvedra ki kinoTi daiwyo 1989 wlis zafxuli idga, ukve momxdari iyo 9 aprili qveyniereba icvleboda me kidev abiturienti viyavi da meore dRes pirveli misaRebi gamocda mqonda. mivxvdi, veRarafers viswavlidi, TavSi axali araferi Semividoda Cemi mTawmindis saxlidan gamovedi da rusTavelisken daveSvi papanaqebaSi vibodiale cariel quCebSi da „oficerTa saxlis“ kinoTeatrSi samsaaTian seansze Sevedi. films „gamocxadebuli sikvdilis qronika“ erqva da amave saxelwodebis romanis mixedviT iyo gadaRebuli

ucnauri iyo is samyaro, romelic Cem Tvalwin „oficerTa saxlis“ lamis cariel darbazSi ekranze gacocxlda uCveuloebi iyvnen gmirebic, ambavic, samxreT amerikis bunebac, junglebiT garSemortymuli patara kolumbiuri qalaqi, uzarmazari mdinare, romelzec orTqlmavali dadioda raRac sxvas, CemTvis ucxos da axals Sevexe, is filmi ki marTla kargi aRmoCnda, radgan ori wlis mere, rodesac „martoobis asi wlis“ kiTxva daviwye, lamis pirveli gverdebidan mivxvdi, rom „is filmi“ am mwerlis nawarmoebis mixedviT iyo gadaRebuli rac imas niSnavs, rom reJisorma markesis jadosnuri samyaros gadmocema moaxerxa. es ki sul ar aris advili saqme markesis pirveli wigni ki, romelic wavikiTxe, misi mTavari romani – „martoobis asi

`gamocxadebuli

weli“ iyo. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, yabardobalyareTSi, vkiTxulobdi, gareT yinavda, mTebidan zvavebi Camodioda, me ki Soreuli, sulisSexuTvamde cxeli qveynis ambebs vkiTxulobdi da mTlianad am wignSi vcxovrobdi, radgan didi literatura ar aris lokaluri, igi msoflios ekuTvnis, 19 wlis qarTvel biWsac rom ise SeuZravs suls, rogorc kolumbiels, espanels an iaponels aRmoCnda, rom polkovniki aureliano buendia, romelic pirvel abzacSive dasaxvretad hyavT kedelTan miyenebuli, gadarCe-

gabriel garsia markesi

pirveli matarebeli makondoSi

sikvdilis qronika~, filmis posteri

ba, uamrav samoqalaqo oms wamoiwyebs, uamravjer damarcxdeba, gulSi tyvias daixlis da gadarCeba, mravali qalisgan eyoleba mravali Svili da TiToeuls Sublze jvari eqneba gamosaxuli Tavad polkovniki, misi mamac, Zmac da mTeli maTi STamomavlobac martoobisTvis ganwiruli, samudamod dawyevlili gvaris Svilebi arian, buendiebis klanidan verc qali gaixarebs da verc kaci, magram arc erTi maTgani ar iqneba ubralo adamiani. qveynad yvelaze lamazi gogo, remedios mSvenieri, sarecxTan erTad gafrindeba caSi da samudamod daikargeba, viRacas vneba moklavs, viRacas – cxeli tyvia, bolos maTi samkvidro, maTive winapris mier daarsebuli qalaqi makondoc ganadgurdeba didi qariSxliT, pirisagan miwisa aRigveba es msoflio literaturis erTerTi saocari wignia, romelSic bevria seqsi, Zaladoba, mkvleloba, omi, magram yvelaze meti mainc martoobaa.

პოლკოვნიკმა

esec zepirad maxsovs, rogorc bevri sxva ram. literatura

„martoobis as welze“ mwerali oci weli fiqrobda 26 wlisam moinaxula patara qalaqi arakataka, sadac 8 wlis asakamde bebia-babuasTan erTad cxovrobda da Sezara cvlilebebma, romlebic misi bavSvobis qalaqSi momxdariyo, dafiqrda yovelives warmavlobaze da zustad mixvda, raoden mniSvnelovania TiToeuli adamianis mexsiereba, miT ufro, Tu aseT adamians wera SeuZlia, mTavris meorexarisxovnisgan gamoyofa „martoobis asi wlis“ wera rom daiwyo, markesi meuRlesTan erTad ukve meqsikaSi cxovrobda, ramdenime kargi romanis avtoric iyo, werda kinoscenarebs da pirvelad cxovrebaSi ar uWirda materialurad yvelaferi gverdze gadado da axal romans SeeWida, ramdenime weli saxlSi gamoketilma imuSava, amasobaSi sruliad gakotrda, bolos misma meuRlem Tmis saSrobi fenic ki Caabara lombardSi, magram markess werisTvis Tavis danebeba arc ki ufiqria dawera Sedevri da gaxda msoflios erT-erTi mTavari prozaikosi, vis azrsac yvelgan uwevdnen angariSs

gaxda qarga markesis araCveulebrivi moTxrobisa „polkovniks aravin swers“, romelic misi Seqmnili kidev erTi absoluturi Sedevria moTxrobis mTavari gmiric uSedegod elis pensias, is da misi moxuci meuRle SimSiloben, magram polkovniki jiutad ar yidis mebrZol mamals, romelic misi Svilis gazrdilia, Svilisa, romelic policiam moukla. markesis moTxrobaSi mamalic da moxuci polkovnikic sulis gautexlobis simbolod qceulan an kidev – rodesac momavali mwerali mSoblebTan erTad qalaq sukreSi cxovrobda, iq mokles axalgazrda kaci, romelTanac markesi megobrobda, mkvlelebi iyvnen ori Zma, romelTa dac axalgazrdam TiTqosda Seacdina mkvleloba mTeli qalaqis Tvalwin moxda da veravin gabeda Careva am SemTxvevam markess daRi daasva da aTwleulebis mere man dawera Tavisi morigi Sedevri „gamocxadebuli sikvdilis qronika“ (romlis mixedviT gadaRebuli filmic zemoT gavixsene). es aris daundobeli patara wigni bedisweraze, mkvlelobaze, romlis Sesaxeb yvelam icis, magram axalgazrda santiago nasars veravin Svelis, radgan is gangebam gawira

„momkles, deida vene!“ – danebiT daCexili santiago nasaris ukanaskneli SeZaxilic maxsovs es romani maSin gamovida, roca markesi popularobis zenitSi iyo da ramdenime dReSi mTeli erTmilioniani tiraJi gaiyida, magram mTavari sxva ram aris – realuri ambebiT STagonebul wignebs mwerali ise werda, rom sruliad jadosnur samyaros qmnida, mxolod misas, romlis mibaZvac da gameorebac SeuZlebelia markesis romanebi da moTxrobebi aris realobis da zRaprulis nazavi, romelic Tan daujerebelia da Tanac yoveli misi sityvisa gjera.

- mainc ra aris Tqveni warmatebis mTavari saidumlo? – hkiTxa erTxel Jurnalistma.

- mkiTxvelma ar unda moiwyinos – upasuxa markesma. sxva laTinoamerikeli mwerlebis darad, gabriel garsia markesic yovelTvis aqtiurad iyo CarTuli politikaSi. Tavisi moRvaweoba man JurnalistikiT daiwyo. laTinur amerikaSi, sadac socialuri uTanasworoba uzarmazari iyo, mwerlebi da inteleqtualebi Zalian xSirad iyvnen gatacebuli memarcxene ideebiT. gamonaklisi arc mar. 1959 wels kuuciam gaimarjsaTaveSi moviastro, romelxada, rom qvelisturi ganvizas adgeboda olucias mar-

gabriel garsia markesi

literatura

kesi da mravali misi kolega da Tanamoazre sixaruliT Sexvda. laTinuri amerikis mwerlebs kuba warmoedginaT Tanasworobis kunZulad, sadac mdidari veRar daCagravda Rataks, magram sul male cxadi gaxda, rom karibis zRvis es kunZuli-saxelmwifo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg sabWoTa kavSiris placdarmad iqca, xolo fidel kastro – Cveulebriv diqtatorad, romelic cixeebSi yrida yvelas, vinc ki misi reJimis winaaRmdeg xmis amoRebas gabedavda represirebulTa Soris iyvnen kubeli mwerlebi da poetebi kastros „gardaqmna“ laTinoamerikel mweralTa umetesobisTvis didi imedgacrueba iyo. kubas inteleqtualebi mxars aRar uWerdnen, iqidan amoikveTa fexi yvelam, gabriel garsia markesis garda is da fidel kastro bolomde megobrebad darCnen, Tumca kubelma diqtatorma verafriT daiyolia mwerali, komunisturi partiis wevri gamxdariyo. am ucnaurma megobrobam bevri kolega ganawyo markesis winaaRmdeg, Tumca iyo erT ram, rasac veravin uaryofda – roca msoflio mwerlebi sxvadasxva peticiebs awerdnen xels havanis dilegebSi Cagdebuli ama Tu im mwerlis da poetis dasaxsnelad, markesi ubralod telefons iRebda, kastros urekavda da patimars aTavisuflebinebda me mgonia, rom markesi ubralod jiuti adamiani iyo, romelsac ar undoda imis dajereba, rac aSkara iyo, magram gabo (rogorc mas moferebiT eZaxdnen) meocnebe iyo, sjeroda, rom samyaros ukeTesobisken gardaqmnas SeZlebda. amerikis prezidenti bil klintoni, romelic misi mwerlobis Tayvanismcemeli iyo, hyveboda, rom markesma is kubisTvis embargos moxsnaze daiTanxma, magram kanonproeqti amerikis senatSi Cavarda

aseTi iyo es kaci – SeeZlo or sruliad urTierTgamomricxav adamianTan – amerikis prezidentTan da kubis diqtatorTan emegobra da isev ewera diadi romanebi.

markesi pataraobaSi

mSoblebi

markesis da komunistebis megobrobaze kidev erTi ambavi maxsendeba. rodesac rusulad naTargmni „martoobis asi weli“ sabWoTa kavSirSi daibeWda, sabWoTa cenzuram iqidan yvela erotikuli scena amoiRo imisaTvis, rom mixvdeT, Tu ramdeni daaklda romans, es wigni wakiTxuli unda gqondeT SeSfoTebulma markesma dasaxmareblad Tavis ufros megobars, Cilel nobeliant poet pablo nerudas mimarTa neruda komunisti da sabWoTa kavSiris didi megobari iyo. moskovsac xSirad stumrobda. markess daxmareba aRuTqva da sabWoTa kavSirSi Casuli, Seecada gamomcemlebisTvis aexsna, rom kolumbieli mwerali Seuracxyofilad grZnobda Tavs, rom erotikuli scenebis gareSe misi wigni warmoudgeneli iyo, rom wignis ase uazrod da umowyalod daCexva, Cveulebrivi danaSauli iyo Seuvalma rusma gamomcemlebma ki Cilel poets aseTi pasuxi gasces: amxanago neruda, SeiZleba Tavad markesi ver xvdeba, magram am scenebis gareSe misi wigni mxolod ukeTesi gaxdao...

saerTod, markesi yovelTvis imas werda, rac mniSvnelovnad miaCnda zogs ukvirda, rogor cdeboda am donis romanisti dokumentur prozaze, magram Tuki gabos rame ambavi SeZravda, is amas aucileblad dawerda. 1970 wels man moismina monaTxrobi mezRvaurisa, romelic Suagul okeaneSi martodmarto aRmoCnda patara tivze da ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi ugzo-ukvlod icura, sanam Semxvedrma gemma ar gadaarCina markesi am adamians piradad Sexvda, yvelaferi wvrilad moayola da dawera patara wigni: „sazRvao katastrofas gadarCenili kacis ambavi“ kidev ufro sainteresoa, rogor daiwera misi sxva dokumenturi wigni – „migel latinis saidumlo Tavgadasavali CileSi“. saqme isaa, rom 1973 wlidan Ciles sastiki xeliT marTavda

bil klintonTan

fidel kastrosTan

„sazRvao katastrofas gadarCenili kacis ambavi“ „migel latinis saidumlo Tavgadasavali CileSi“

migel latini da gabriel garsia markesi

gabriel garsia markesi

diqtatori avgusto pinoCeti, romelic xelisuflebaSi samxedro gadatrialebis gziT movida. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi emigraciaSi wasul mis mowinaaRmdegeebs TavSi mouvidaT Tamami da saxifaTo idea, rom yalbi pasportebiT dabrunebuliyvnen samSobloSi da Cumad gadaeRoT filmi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori iyo cxovreba diqtaturul CileSi. am SeTqmulebis saTaveSi cnobili reJisori migel latini idga ramdenime TavzexelaRebul kinematografistTan erTad is CileSi Seipara, Secvlili ieriT da yalbi pasportiT Tveze metxans icxovra samSobloSi da adgilobrivi moxaliseebis daxmarebiT marTlac gadaiRo filmi Caketili saxelmwifos yofaze es yovlad TavzexelaRebuli gegma iyo gamoaSkaravebis SemTxvevaSi, kinematografistebs an cixe elodaT, an sikvdili, magram latinma da misma Tanamoazreebma, TiTqos dascines diqtaturas, usastikesi samxedro-policiuri reJimis pirobebSi gadaiRes zRva masala da evropaSic mSvidobiT dabrundnen. latinis Tavgadasavalma da misma simamacem markesi SeZra, Sexvda reJisors, misi Tavgadasavalic moismina da wignic dawera

amas meore Tavgadasavali mohyva, amjerad – markesis wignisa, romlis tiraJs pinoCetis mowinaaRmdegeebi aralegalurad aparebdnen CileSi mxolod 1989 wels Ciles sabaJoze „latinis Tavgadasavlis“ 15 aTasi egzemplaris konfiskacia moxda. warmoidgineT, ra raodenobis wignebma SeaRwia qveyanaSi da ramxela iyo am wignis mniSvneloba, Tuki adamianebi mis sazRvarze gadasatanad Tavs sasikvdilo safrTxeSi igdebdnen.

pablo neruda

nobelis premiiT dajildoebaze SvedeTis dedofal silviasTan

`cnoba gatacebis Sesaxeb~

literatura

kidev iciT, ra aris saintereso? markesi, romlis romanebi yovlad gansxvavebuli samwerlo eniT gamoirCeva da literaturuli Txrobis erT-erTi mwvervalia, Tavis dokumentur wignebs Zalian sada, ubralo eniT werda, TiTqos ubralod gviambobda ambavs amaSi me vxedav im adamianebis pativiscemas, visac Tavgadasavali uSualod gadaxda. markesisTvis okeaneSi gadarCenili mezRvauris an latinis ambavi ar iyo masala morigi romanisTvis is iyo didi mwerali, romelsac enaneboda ambavi imisTvis, rom mis Sesaxeb msoflios ar gaego, mis wignebs ki aucileblad gamoscemdnen, Targmnidnen da waikiTxavdnen

statiis dasawyisSi me ori yvelaze cnobili kolumbieli vaxsene unda iTqvas, rom maTi gzebi raRac momentSi gadaikveTa markess, rogorc mwerals da humanists, stkioda mTeli samyaro, gansakuTrebiT – laTinuri amerika, magram yvelaze metad Tavisi samSoblo –kolumbia, romelic narkoomebis asparezad iyo qceuli medelinis karteli, albaT, msoflios istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze Zlevamosili kriminaluri sindikati iyo, misi meTauri pablo eskobari ki – yvelaze daundobeli mkvleli, romelsac sxva yvela danaSaulTan erTad mgzavrebiT savse samoqalaqo TviTmfrinavic ki hqonda afeTqebuli, rom araferi vTqvaT aTasobiT policielis da samoqalaqo piris mkvlelobaze. sakuTari miznis misaRwevad da kolumbiis mTavrobis dasaSantaJeblad eskobaris xalxi politikosebs da Jurnalistebsac itacebda bevri maTgani kartelis tyveobidan cocxali aRar dabrunebula. Jurnalist qals, maruxa peCons, gaumarTla da mravalTviani tyveobis mere cocxali dabrunda, mi-

marTalia, „cnoba gatacebis Sesaxeb“ Zlevamosili pablo eskobaris sikvdilis mere daibeWda, magram markess arasodes hqonia narkobaronebis an politikosebis SiSi. araerTxel iyo momenti, rodesac mas politikuri ryevebiT da diqtaturebiT datanjul samSobloSi dasaWerad hqonia saqme, magram yovelTvis imas laparakobda, rasac fiqrobda. misi avtoriteti ki iseTi didi iyo, rom msoflio usmenda, rogorc mTeli laTinuri amerikis xmas

me aseTi legendac gamigonia, rom rodesac kolumbielma teroristebma mZevlebi aiyvanes da fuli da vertmfreni moiTxoves, mTavrobas garantad „gabo“ mosTxoves, Tuki vertmfrenSi markesi ijdeboda, es imas niSnavda, rom policia da samxedroebi maT ganadgurebas ver gabedavdnen am statiis werisas vcade internetSi am Woris damadasturebeli rame faqti mepova da verafers mivageni, magram Tavad legendis arsebobac ukve bevrs niSnavs.

1982 wels markess msoflios yvelaze prestiJuli – nobelis premia gadaeca literaturis dargSi. premiis misaRebad mwerali stokholmSi uzarmazari amaliT gaemgzavra dajildoebisas warmoTqva ukve klasikad qceuli sityva „laTinuri amerikis martooba“. man, misma meuRlem da sxva kolumbielebma SvedeTis dedaqalaqSi gamarTul banketze ise moilxines, rogorc aravin manamde da mas mere rodesac SvedeTis dedoflisgan komplimenti miiRo, ra kargad cekvavo, mweralma xumrobiT upasuxa: me profesionali mocekvave var, romelic mocaleobis Jams wignebs werso

ai, aseTi adamiani iyo...

SarSan me meqsikis dedaqalaq mexikoSi movxvdi, qalaqSi, sadac mweralma cxovrebis didi nawili gaatara da sadac gardaicvala. sul ori Tavisufali dRe gvqonda, romlis gatarebac qalaqgareT mTaSi da istoriul Zeglebze gadavwyvite sxva qarTvelma mwerlebma ki markesis saxli moinaxules, ufro sworad, garedan Sexedes, magram taqsistma, romelmac isini saxlis sanaxavad waiyvana, uTxra, rom erTxel mas gabo Caujda is kaci Turme didi siamayiT ixsenebda am ambavs SeiZleba, es misi cxovrebis mTavari ambavic iyo, radgan pirvelad da ukanasknelad Sexvda ukvdavs

si Tavgadasavali ki markesis morigi dokumenturi wignis STagoneba gaxda

gabriel garsia markesi

saqarTvelo

aWaris gamuslimeba zaqaria

WiWinaZis cnobebis mixedviT

sulxan salaZe konstantinopolis aRebisa da bizantiis imperiis damxobis Semdeg osmaleTs SesaZlebloba mieca meti yuradReba daeTmo aRmosavleTisTvis. osmalebma daipyres trapezunti, daimorCiles yirimis saxano, astraxani da saqarTvelos mouaxlovdnen. osmaleTis aRmosavleTiT gafarToeba seriozul safrTxes uqmnida mTel saqarTvelos, pirvel rigSi ki – mis samxreT-dasavleT nawils.

XV saukunis dasawyisSi rumis sasulTnos nangrevebze osmaleTis imperiis Camoyalibeba daiwyo bizantiis teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili mis xelSi gadavida 1453 wels ki osmalebma bizantiis imperiis umTavresi qalaqi – konstantinopoli – aiRes, rasac didi geopolitikuri cvlilebebi mohyva

osmaleTidan momavali safrTxis paralelurad rTuli mdgomareoba iyo qveynis SigniTac. mefis centralur xelisuflebasa da saqarTvelos daSlis momxre Zalebs Soris brZola gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda XV saukunis 60-iani wlebidan. naTlad gamoCnda, rom samefo-samTavroebad daSlili saqarTvelos iuridiulad gaformeba gardauvali iyo. Sedegad, 1490 wels konstantine II-is mier mowveul darbazobaze saqarTvelos gaerTianebis momxre mefes darbazma urCia:

„vinaiTgan mtkiced sdgan erTgulebsa zeda TvisTa rCeulTa mefeTaTa imerni da kaxni da kvalad aTabagisa samcxelni, amisTvis ara gagizraxavT brZolasa, rameTu mre (e i momrevi) veqmneT erTsa, arRara mogvcems meore nebasa, aramed vacadod Jami, ukeTu kvalad agos RmerTman mefobasa Sensa“

II (1447-1505)

aWaris gamuslimeba

sistemis Seqmna mohyva mmarTvelobiTi sistemis Secvlis paralelurad erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo dapyrobili mxareebisa da xeobebis gamuslimeba unda iTqvas, rom osmaleTis mier dapyrobili samxreT da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos gamahmadianeba erTdroulad ar momxdara

qvemoT swored saqarTvelos samxreTdasavleT nawilSi mdebare aWaris gamuslimebaze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas da ZiriTad wyarod gamomcemlis, literaturisa da istoriis mkvlevar-popularizatoris – zaqaria WiWinaZis (1854-1937) cnobebs gamoviyenebT aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom termin „aWaraSi“ moviazrebT mTel im teritorias, rasac dRes aWaras vuwodebT, ramdenadac zaqaria WiWinaZis cnobebi exeba rogorc istoriul qobuleTsa da maWaxelas xeobas, ise zemo da qvemo aWaras.

es rCeva da mefis mxridan misi miReba praqtikulad saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlis iuridiul gaformebas niSnavda

am fonze, XV saukunis bolos da XVI saukunis dasawyisidan Seicvala osmaleTis damokidebulebac da Tu manamde ZiriTadad saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis moxarkeobiT kmayofildeboda, TandaTan es sruli dapyrobis politikaSi gadaizarda safrTxe yvelaze adre saqarTvelos samxreTs da samxreT-dasavleTs daemuqra Sedegad, XVI saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, istoriuli samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelos sxva araerT mxaresTan erTad, osmaleTma mdinare aWariswylis xeobac daipyro, rasac xeobis aRwera da Sesabamisi administraciul-mmarTvelobiTi

zaqaria WiWinaZe XIX-XX saukuneebis gamorCeuli pirovneba iyo mas udidesi Rvawli miuZRvis saqarTveloSi wignierebis ganviTareba-gavrcelebis saqmeSi. igi werda wignebs, awyobda, beWdavda, kinZavda da Tavadve gahqonda bazarze gasayidad. man Seadgina da gamosca mravali istoriuli, bibliografiuli, eTnografiuli, samecnieropopularuli da sxva xasiaTis wigni, Seqmna qarTvel moRvaweTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxveli monografiuli naSromebi, romlebic dResac did daxmarebas uwevs mkvlevarT. miuxedavad imisa, rom zaqaria WiWinaZes istorikosisaTvis saWiro ganaTleba ar miuRia, aWaraSi mravaljer mogzaurobisas man Zalian mniSvnelovani masala Seagrova aWaris gamuslimebisa da im periodis ambebis Sesaxeb. zaqaria ara mxolod agrovebda cnobebs, aramed sistematurad aqveynebda werilebs qarTul presaSi da gamoscemda wignebs. magaliTad, 1895 wels gazeT „iveriaSi“ 18 statia gamoaqveyna samxreT saqarTvelos gamuslimebis sakiTxebze da maTi didi nawili swored aWaras exeboda. mogvianebiT am statiebSi warmodgenili masala mis wignebSic Sevida. aWaris xeobebis gamuslimebaze zaqaria WiWinaZe yvelaze vrclad gadmogvcems 1915 wels gamocemul wignSi –„qarTvelebis gamahmadianeba, anu qarTvelTa gaTaTreba“

konstantine

„mxolod ramdenime Tavgamodebuli mamuliSvili cdilobda daerRvia qarTvel sazogadoebis letargia da kriWaSi udga yvela mters da insinuacias am TavgamodebulTa Soris sapatio adgili uWiravs zaqaria WiWinaZes mas wignis gamocema da gamravleba miaCnia did kulturul da erovnul saqmed am saqmes Seudga igi Tavisi saocari energiiT da Seasrula kidevac pirnaTlad“, – werda poeti kote mayaSvili zaqaria WiWinaZeze

saqarTvelo

mkvlevris urTierToba aWarasTan 1889 wlidan daiwyo, rodesac qobuleTSi Cavida, Semdeg wels ki ukve aWariswylis xeobasac estumra. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX saukunis bolo aTwleulSi zaqaria WiWinaZe mudmivad stumrobda aWaras da ar darCenila xeoba Tu sofeli, sadac fexi ar daudgams. mas maleve moupovebia aWarlebis siyvaruli da pativiscema marto qobuleTis soflebSi 2000 wigni hqonia darigebuli, qobuleTis, maWaxelas da aWaris orasze meti sofeli ki –Semovlili

gamahmadianebasTan dakavSirebiT Segrovebuli cnobebis mniSvnelovani nawili zaqaria WiWinaZes XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi aWaraSi moRvawe muslimi sasuliero pirebisgan miuRia qedis xoja axmed xalifaSvilis monaTxrobiT aris Sevsebuli zemo da qvemo aWaris, maWaxelas xeobis da focxovis gamuslimebis ambavi Tavad xalifaSvils es cnobebi Tavisi winamorbedi xojisgan, gvarad xerxeuliZisgan, hqonia, romelsac kargad xsomebia ara marto aWarlebis gamahmadianebis ambebi, aramed aWaraSi darCenili qristianebis yofa-cxovrebac xalifaSvilis gadmocemiT, Rrmad moxucebuli xerxeuliZis moTxrobili ambebi XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi unda momxdariyo

zaqaria WiWinaZis cnobiT, aWariswylis da maWaxelas xeobebSi gamuslimeba 1670 wlidan dawyebula da TiTqmis asi weli gagrZelebula, qobuleTSi ki es procesi

Tanamedroveebi ambobdnen, rom zaqaria muslimebTan daaxloebis mizniT meCeTSic dadioda da muxlebze daCoqili arabul locvebsac warmoTqvamda Tavis am saqciels Turme ase xsnida: „sjuli, sarwmunoeba sxvaa, erovnrba – sxva sarwmunoebiT SeiZleba sxvadasxva viyvneT, erovnebiT ki erTi ojaxis Svilni varT da unda aseTadac davrCeT“. zaqaria Turme arabul locvebs qarTulad beWdavda, iqve urTavda anbans, qarTvel muslimTa xalxur leqsebs da ufasod avrcelebda

axmed xalifaSvili

zaqaria WiWinaZis wignebi

1680 wlidan dawyebula z WiWinaZesTan vxvdebiT osmaleTidan mahmadianobis gavrcelebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Seviwroebis gamo qarTvelebis samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT migraciis saintereso magaliTebs magaliTad, sagulisxmoa yarseli seid faSa gogitiZis istoria – gogitiZes islami Turme im pirobiT miuRia, rom osmaleTs yarsis qarTveli mosaxleobisTvis ar moeTxova rjulis Secvla, magram mogvianebiT garkveula, rom imperias mosaxleobis gamahmadianeba hqonia gadawyvetili da amas seidfaSasa da sulTnis jars Soris brZola mohyolia sabolood, seid faSa gogitiZe iZulebuli gamxdara momxreebTan erTad aWara-

Si gaqceuliyo da qedaSi, sofel vaioSi, dasaxlebuliyo es istoria zaqaria WiWinaZes vaioSi mcxovrebi gogitiZisgan Cauweria. unda iTqvas, rom gogitiZeebi am sofelSi dResac cxovroben

gamuslimebas ukavSirdeba migraciis sxva faqtic – WiWinaZes maWaxelas xeobaSi Cauweria, rom imereTsa da kaxeTSi mcxovrebi ZnelaZeebi maWaxelas xeobidan gadasaxlebulan imave cnobebiT, imereTSi gadasaxlebulan soflebidan: maRlakuri, gogaZeebi da lomanauri

CanawerebSi vxvdebiT migraciis sapirispiro processac, rodesac mosaxleoba moZraobs ara samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken, aramed, piriqiT – CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken sofel zvareSi 80 wels gadacilebuli selim aRa iSioRlis da vinme TurmaniZis monaTxrobiT, mas Semdeg, rac merisis xeobis soflebis mkvidrTa didi nawili osmaleTisa da gamuslimebis winaaRmdeg brZolas Seewira, xeobis soflebSi guriidan is glexebi Casaxlebulan, visac sakuTari mebatoneebi aviwroebdnen

rogorc z WiWinaZis Canawerebidan irkveva, osmaleTisTvis im adgilebis gamuslimeba ufro ioli yofila, sadac qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebi iyo da faSebi isxdnen qalaqebisgan gansxvavebiT, es procesi Turme rTulad midioda soflebSi

zaqaria WiWinaZe

q. yarsi XIX saukunis bolos

aWaris gamuslimeba

saqarTvelo

erTi Canaweris mixedviT, romelic gazeT „iveriis“ aWareli korespondentis, Zenwmaneli abdul efendi miqelaZis monaTxrobs emyareba, aWaris gamuslimeba kolas, eruSeTis, TorTumis, taoskaris da SavSeTis Semdeg unda momxdariyo abdul miqelaZis mixedviT, aWara 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi ebrZoda osmaleTs, am brZolis pirveli etapi dapyrobis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, xolo meore qristianobis SenarCunebas ukavSirdeboda.

aWaraSi osmaleTis politika mxolod mosaxleobis gamuslimebas ar isaxavda miznad da aseve gulisxmobda qarTuli enis jer SezRudvas, mere ki – akrZalvas. rogorc xalifaSvili ambobs, iyo dro, rodesac is jameSi qarTulad qadagebda, Tumca amis gamo mas stambolSi uCivles da wesebis Secvla mouxda.

rogorc gamuslimebis, ise qarTuli enis daviwyebis procesi samxreTidan iwyeba da TandaTan inacvlebs CrdiloeTisken WiWinaZis mier SavSeTSi Cawerili ambavi mowmobs, rom qarTuli enis dacva yvelaze ukeT aWa-

raSi SeZles maSin, rodesac kolasa da eruSeTSi qarTulad aRar laparakobdnen, iq Casul SavSelebs Turme etyodnen: biWo, raze ver daiswavle mahmadianuri enao? Tqven aWarlebi xom ar xarTo? es Sefaseba adasturebs, rom, erTi mxriv, aWaraSi kvlavac kargad icodnen qarTuli, xolo, meore mxriv, aWaris samxreTiT, kolasa da eruSeTSi, qarTuli ena daviwyebas mieca.

gamahmadianebis politikis Taviseburebaze miuTiTebs qedaSi, sofel orcvaSi, Cawerili Savled nakaSiZis cnoba, rom Tavdapirvelad osmaleTs gamuslimebis procesi aWariswylis xeobis marjvena mxares mdebare soflebSi dauwyia, riTac marcxniv mdebare soflebi gamuslimebuli xeobebisa da soflebis SuaSi mouqcevia

sainteresoa osmaleTis ZalisxmeviT aWaraSi pirvelad romeli socialuri fena gamuslimda zaqarias cnobebiT, es procesi maRal socialur fenaSi dawyebula qedaSi, sofel agaraSi, devaZis monaTxrobiT, Tavdapirvelad Tavad abaSiZes miuRia mahmadianoba, ris sanacvlodac misTvis baTumi, kaxaberi da mTeli aWara miuciaT igive dasturdeba dandalos gamuslimebisas – jer avalianis gvaris warmomadgeneli gamuslimebula da Semdeg – misi ymebi – jalabaSvilebi, geliaSvilebi, giorgaZeebi, gogiaSvilebi, gegeliZeebi, arzanaSvilebi, balaZeebi, zaqaraSvilebi, kakaSvilebi, babuCaSvilebi, ZanaZeebi da sxvebi. sayuradReboa, rom sofel dandalos irgvliv dResac arsebobs soflebi: jalabaSvilebi, gogiaSvilebi, gegeliZeebi, balaZeebi da ZanaZeebi. gogiaSvilebsa da balaZeebSi es gvarebi dRemde cxovroben.

sofeli dandalo, Tamaris xidi

sxalTis xeobasTan dakavSirebiT WiWinaZe sxalTeli memed bolqvaZis monaTxrobs eyrdnoba da aRniSnavs, rom xeobaSi yvelaze didxans qristianoba sofel yinCaurSi SeunarCunebiaT bolos ki soflis gamuslimebaSi mTavari roli adgilobriv begebs SeusrulebiaT maWaxelas xeobaSi yvelaze didxans qristianoba sofel evfratSi SeunarCunebiaT.

sakuTriv aWariswylis xeobis gayolebaze jer qvemo aWara gamuslimebula im droisaTvis axalcixe, SavSeTi da imerxevic ukve gamahmadianebuli yofila zemo aWaris umetes xeobasa da mxareSi qristianoba mahmadianobiT CaunacvlebiaT da rogorc nigazeulel nuri efendi beriZesa da suleiman gelaZes uambiaT, qvemo aWaraSi qristianoba yvelaze didxans dandaloSi SenarCunebula

aWariswylisa da misi mimdebare xeobebis garda, zaqaria WiWinaZis Segrovebuli masala kaxabris, Caqvis da kintriS-qobuleTis gamuslimebis cnobebsac Seicavs qvemo aWaraSi Cawerili monaTxrobis mixedviT, kaxabridan aWarisken mimaval gzaze mdebare soflebidan pirvelad sofel erges gamuslimeba momxdara rac Seexeba Caqvsa da kintriSqobuleTs, as wels gadacilebuli aWyvisTaveli saxalxo mTqmelis xusein qamjaraZis Tanaxmad, es procesi cixisZiris brZolis Semdeg unda dawyebuliyo. roca aWara ukve gamuslimebuli yofila, ramdenadac aWaris-

aWaris gamuslimeba

wylis xeobisgan gansxvavebiT, qobuleTidan guriaSi moxvedra SedarebiT ioli iyo, aRdgomis Rames Turme qobuleTelebi eklesiaSi misasvlelad guriaSi gadadiodnen am faqtis dasturad WiWinaZe qobuleTeli gugunavas da dumbaZis monaTxrobs iSveliebs

gamuslimebis process aWaraSi qristianuli sakulto nagebobebis ganadgureba sdevda xuloSi adgilobrivi eklesiis mRvdlis STamomavlis, 75 wlis bolqvaZis monaTxrobiT, xulos eklesiis daqceva axmed faSa ximSiaSvilis saxels ukavSirdeboda aWyvisTaveli as wels gadacilebuli qamjaraZis monaTxrobiT, rodesac osmaleTidan eklesiebis dangrevis brZaneba mosula, mas mamasTan da biZebTan erTad gauRia aWyvisTavis mTavarangelozis eklesiis kari da iq Senaxuli xatebi, wignebi, jvrebi, fuli da sxva nivTebi saguldagulod momzadebul ormoSi daumarxavs. rogorc WiWinaZe wers, nivTebis damarxvis adgili qamjaraZes misTvisac uCvenebia.

xulos eklesiis nangrevebi

saqarTvelo

la, rom WiWinaZis mogzaurobis drosac ki kargad axsovdaT aWarlebs sofel nigazeulSi zaqarias aseTi ambavi Cauweria: sxalTis taZari

„aq aRdgomas Rebavdnen wiTels kvercxebs da waiRebdnen xolme sxaltis ekklesiazed da Seswiravdnen, xulas eklesiis nangrevebTan, agaris da sxvaTa mxaris eklesiebTan es Cveuleba xulis xeobaSi dRevandlamde aris daSTenili da aq dedakacebi dResac SeReben xolme kvercxebs da aRdgoma dRes zogierTi ekklesiis nangrevebTan miitanen“

qristianobasTan dakavSirebul tradiciebze miuTiTebs qedaSi, sofel derexoxnaSi, mosmenili ambavi, sadac 60 wels gadacilebuli moxuci mxocvaZe yveboda, rom mas kargad axsovda bavSvobisdroindeli ambebi, rodesac naxevari sofeli qristiani iyo da malulad icavdnen qristianobas:

„eseni Rame Seiyrebodnen xolme erTs saxlSi, erTs Wraqs daanTebdnen, iq mRvdeli idga xolme Cumad loculobda da xalxs alocebda. mRvdels veravin ras Seatyobda, radganac is vaJkacurad (eris kacad) iyo Cacmuli“

mxocvaZisve gadmocemiT, avadmyofTa samkurnalodac Turme gamuslimebuli adgilobrivebi qristianul locvebs kiTxulobdnen:

„roca avad gaxdeboda vinme, maSin Cvenidam wavidodnen guriaSi kacebi, iq daiqiravebdnen guruls dedakacebs, moiyvandnen aqa da amaT aTqmevinebdnen xolme qarTul locvebs da galobas, magram bolos esec akrZales xoja-molebma, rom Cvenis kacisTvis qristianis locva ar SeiZlebao“

aseTive Cveulebaze metyvelebs sofel zvareSi Cawerili cnobac, rom Zvelad bavSvebi, avadmyofobis dros, naeklesiarebSi mihyavdaT da maTTvis loculobdnen. ase grZeldeboda Turme manam, sanam muslimma sasuliero pirebma qristianuli locvebi muslimuriT ar Caanacvles.

qobuleTSi Cawerili cnobiT, asakovan qobuleTelebs axsovdaT SemTxvevebi, rodesac gardacvlilebs, umeteswilad qalebs, qristianuli wesiT krZalavdnen. amisTvis ori gza arsebobda: an mRvdeli unda gadmoeyvanaT guriidan, an Tavad micvalebuli unda waesvenebinaT malulad qobuleTSi da iq daekrZalaT

gamahmadianebasTan dakavSirebul cnobebSi aWaris zogierTi toponimis warmoSobis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli legendebic aris Semonaxuli derviS beg beJaniZis monaTxrobiT, qedis sofel vaios saxeli Turme soflis mkvidri qristiani gogos motacebas ukavSirdeba: is sacoled moutacebiaT da ZaliT gaumuslimebiaT gatacebisas gogo iZaxda vai-vaio da es gamxdara soflisTvis „vaios“ darqmevis mizezi. amave wyaros cnobiT, sofel vaioSi ori, didi da patara, eklesia mdgara. didi eklesia selim faSa ximSiaSvilis dros ganadgurebula da xalxi moTqvamda „vaio “ . patara eklesiis naSTebi ki zaqaria WiWinaZes sakuTari TvaliTac unaxavs unda aRiniSnos, rom aWaris soflebSi dResac mravlad Sexvdeba adamiani qristianobasTan dakavSirebul toponimebs, rogoricaa: nasaydrevi, naeklesiari, xatimamuli da sxva

zaqaria WiWinaZes aWaris aTeulobiT sofelSi aqvs aRricxuli dangreuli da ganadgurebuli eklesiebisa da saydrebis naSTebi, maT Soris: dandaloSi, cxmorisSi, abuqeTaSi, kantaurSi, vaioSi, aqucaSi, axoSi, gobroneTSi, qedaSi, merisSi, namonastrevSi, orcvaSi, ZenwmanSi, derexoxnaSi, bzubzuSi, zvareSi, zesofelSi, gulebSi, zeda maxunceTSi, zendidSi, zundgaSi, belturSi, WinkaZeebSi, xixaZirSi, kaloTaSi, raqvTaSi, vernebSi, wablanaSi, ZmagulaSi, furtioSi,

buTuraulSi, cinariZeebSi, papoSvilebSi, tomaSeTSi, agaraSi, vanaZeebSi, almeSi, stefanaSvilebSi, beRleTSi, dioknisSi, kortoxSi, iakobiZeebSi, xuloSi da a. S.

zaqaria WiWinaZe wignSi „musulmani qarTveloba da maTi soflebi saqarTveloSi“ ori religiis – qristianobisa da mahmadianobis – gadakveTaze xSirad miuTiTebs igi aRniSnavs, rom soflebSi sameba, kvaSta, merisi, alioRlebi, silibauri, dRvani, mawyvalTa, darCiZeebi, Rurta da sxva jameebi da meCeTebi eklesiebis adgilas aaSenes

Tavis mxriv, aWaris soflebSi dRemde SemorCenili xis meCeTebi SeiZleba davyoT or jgufad meCeTebi, romlebic XIX saukunis dasawyisidan 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omamde aSenda (mag : sofel axos meCeTi 1818 wliT TariRdeba, sofel bzubzus –1820-1860 wlebiT, goginauris – 1843 wliT, kvirikes meCeTi – 1861 wliT, xolo saRoreTis – 1865 wliT) da meCeTebi, romlebic omis Semdgom aages (beRleTis – 1860-1900 ww , Wvanis – 1894-1895 ww., furtios – 1895 w., xoxnis – 1899-1900 ww, Rorjomis – 1902 w., agaris – 1903 w , dRvanis – 1907 w da Caos –1909-1912 ww )

zaqaria WiWinaZis mier Segrovebuli cnobebi mowmobs, rom aWaris TiTqmis yvela xeobis soflebis gamahmadianebisas mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen sxvadasxva Cinis muslimi sasuliero pirebi. maTi didi nawili CarTuli iyo 1877-1878 wlebis ruseTTurqeTis omis Semdgom dawyebul muhajirobis procesSic da aWaris mosaxleobas aqtiurad mouwodebda osmaleTSi gadasaxlebisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom aWarlebis muhajirobis saxeliT cnobili gadasaxleba osmaleTSi oficialurad 1879 wlis 3 Tebervlidan 1882 wlis 3 Tebervlamde iyo nebadarTuli, gadasaxlebisaken mowodeba arc am vadis amowurvis Semdeg Sewyvetila. qobuleTisa da Caqvis xeobis muslimi sasuliero pirebis Sesaxeb zaqaria WiWinaZe werda:

„es xojebi arc dRes isveneben da umetes nawils TavianT qadagebaSi xalxs sul aqedan ayrasa da gadasaxlebas eCiCinebian“.

Tumca, arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom muslim sasuliero pirebs Soris muhajirobis araerTi mowinaaRmdegec iyo maT Soris unda vaxsenoT sofel samziareli gurji ismail xalifaSvili, gurji loman efendi qarcivaZe, meriseli mufTi, axmed efendi xalifaSvili (surmaniZe) da zundageli hasan efendi verZaZe

selim faSa ximSiaSvili

aWaris gamuslimeba

zaqaria WiWinaZe da akaki wereTeli

1. xelze movaWre Zvel TbilisSi XX s-is 30-ian wlebamde. 2. uwesrigod, araorganizebulad Sekrebili adamianebis didi jgufi. 3. saxotbo lirikuli leqsi. 4. ambavi, cnoba, Setyobineba viRacis an raRacis Sesaxeb. 5. musikosi, momRerali an mocekvave, romelic calke asrulebs ama Tu im partias. 6. sagangebo Txrili miwaSi, sadac moipoveben madneuls. 7. Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi. 8. sidide, romliTac izomeba nivTierebis raodenoba raime sxeulSi, sxeulis inerciis zoma masze moqmedi Zalis mimarT. 9. patara (Cveulebriv, feradi) naxati raime nakeTobaze an Zvel xelnawerebSi. 10. gasanaTebeli mowyobiloba – grZeli xis joxi, romelsac Semoxveuli aqvs navTiT gaJRenTili Cvari. 11. saxelmwifo organo, romelsac evaleba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva. 13. sayovelTao aRiareba, dafaseba. 14. miwis nakveTi, sadac vazia gaSenebuli. 17. raime Tema, garemoeba, Seqmnili situacia, romelic ganxilvas, gadawyvetas, garkvevas saWiroebs. 19. raime adgilis saerTo xedi. 20. mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis atmosferul movlenebs. 21. miwis CaRrmavebuli zedapiri, romelSic wyali miedineba. 22. didi saerTaSoriso Sejibreba sportis sxvadasxva saxeobaSi, imarTeba oTx weliwadSi erTxel. 27. ama Tu im niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi, wre. 32. dargi, romelic moicavs madnidan liTonis miRebisa da misi pirveladi damuSavebis process. 33. risame ganviTarebis mimarTuleba; miswrafeba, midrekileba raimesadmi. 34. werilobiTi dokumenti, romelSic gansazRvrulia SeTanxmebul mxareTa uflebebi da movaleobebi. 35. havis gamSraleba. 36. manZili or punqts Soris. 40. moedani, romelzec sanaxaoba, warmodgena imarTeba. 42. mecniereba, ideebisa da Sexedulebebis sistema samyarosa da adamianis Sesaxeb. 43. wesidan gadaxveva, saerTo normis darRveva. 44. sanaxaobis pirveli Cveneba. 47. samsxverplo, qristianul taZarSi adgili, sadac sruldeba Rvinisa da puris qristes sisxlad da xorcad gadaqcevis saidumlo. 52. gaerTianebuli samefos evrokavSiridan gasvla. 53. brZola wesebis gareSe, romelic Sedioda antikuri olimpiuri TamaSebis programaSi. 55. kontinenti, romelic moTavsebulia samxreT polusis irgvliv. 57. ricxviTi (an asoiTi) mamravli algebrul gamosaxulebaSi. 61. raime samuSaos Sesasrulebeli iaraRi. 62. xangrZlivi unaleqo cxeli amindi, romelic iwvevs niadagis gamoSrobas. 63. sxvadasxva feris myari kristaluri kirqva, gamoiyeneba umTavresad arqiteqturasa da qandakebaSi. 64. TviTSemoqmedeba nawarmoebis Sesrulebisas. 66. saxelmwifo CrdiloeT evropaSi, farTobiTa da mosaxleobiT baltiispireTis yvelaze didi qveyana. 67. musikosi, romelic orkestrs an gunds xelmZRvanelobs. 69. dedamiwis sferos zoli, romelic moqceulia paralelebs (an