ჩემი სამყარო #40

2023 40

saqarTvelo

dimitri yifiani – gmiri da wmindani

zRva da saqarTvelo Zvel evropul rukebze

omis xelovneba

didi adamianebi

qalebi israelis erTadrTi qali premieri – golda meiri

didi qarTvelebi

istoria venis kongresi

SesaniSnavi patara omi

rabindranaT Tagori

presa

mecniereba

qalaqi

Jurnali `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~

didi Zalaufleba – didi pasuxismgebloba

`grand centralis~ gadarCena

40 2023

mtacebeli cxoveli katisebrTa ojaxidan. 60. tropikuli giganturi xe. 62. muSaoba, romelic tardeba garkveul periodSi raime mniSvnelovani amocanis Sesasruleblad. 63. ama Tu im regionaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis damoukidebloba. 64. msxverplad Sesawiravi saklavi. 68. saxazo gemi.

71. sagangebo sasamarTlo. 72. sagnis mdebareobis xiluli cvlileba damkvirveblis Tvalis gadanacvlebis Sedegad. 73. is, rac marTla xdeba, marTla arsebobs, sinamdvile. 74. mzis sistemis planeta, siSoriT meore adgilzea mzidan. 75. xelisuflebis meTvalyureoba nabeWd produqciaze, sasceno dadgmebze, radio da telegadacemebze, rom ar moxdes xelisuflebisTvis miuRebeli informaciis gavrceleba. 78. samsaxurebriv asparezze, sazogadoebaSi adgilis damkvidrebisa da warmatebis misaRwevi gza. 79. mdinare indoeTsa da bangladeSSi, erTvis bengalis yures. 80. fizikuri sxeulebis, sagnebis, nivTierebis wonis sazomi xelsawyo. 84. Ria an daxuruli nageboba wylis dasagroveblad; xelovnuri wyalsatevi. 85. tvirTis erTi simaRlidan meoreze gadasatani danadgari.

87. specialur firfitaze gamoyvanili reliefuri gamosaxuleba, gamoiyeneba stamburi beWdvisas, reproduqciebisTvis. (gadataniTi) moaruli, gacveTili sityva an gamoTqma. 88. manZilis sazomi erTeuli (sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva sididisa). 89. TaRliTuri fandi, xerxi raimes misaRwevad.

91. garkveuli movlenis, procesisa da misT. ganviTarebis, xarisxis maCvenebeli. 94. Tavisufali formis narkvevi, romelSic ganxilulia literaturuli, filosofiuri, socialuri da sxva problemebi.

TinaTin evdoSvili

giorgi badriZe levan berZeniSvili sulxan salaZe revaz gaCeCilaZe arCil CaCxiani arCil qiqoZe oTar janeliZe levan CxeiZe Tamar kvaWaZe

2. wylis didi masa, romelic xmeleTiT aris SemosazRvruli da okeanesac ukavSirdeba. 4. kargi bedi.

10. specialuri asasxleti mowyobiloba xtomis sigrZisa da simaRlis gasazrdelad. 12. raime sazogadoebis, organizaciis, partiis SigniT umravlesobis sawinaaRmdego politikis gamtarebel adamianTa jgufi. 13. sruli uimedoba. 15. norma, Cveuleba. 19. saqmianoba, romlis mizania bunebis, sazogadoebisa da azrovnebis sxvadasxva sferoSi kanonzomierebebis Seswavla-dadgena da garesamyaros Sesaxeb zusti codnis miReba. 20. vinmes gulwrfelobis, patiosnebis, simarTlis dajereba. 21. igivea, rac sakvebi. 22. specialuri ganaTlebis da codnis mqone adamiani, romelic gonebriv Sromas eweva. 25. specialuri teqnikiT aRWurvili mrewveloba. 27. sayovelTao gafrTxileba mosalodneli saSiSroebis Sesaxeb. 28. urwmuno, RmerTis uarmyofeli. 29. fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, romelic afinansebs ekonomikur proeqts, socialur RonisZiebebs. 32. dawesebulebisa Tu organizaciis ganyofileba, nawili, romelic sxvagan mdebareobs. 33. rTuli xerxis gamoyeneba xeliT muSaobisas, (gadataniTi) raime fandis gamoyeneba, yalTabandoba. 34. saxelmwifos sruli damoukidebloba saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi. 36. saxatavad da saxazavad gankuTvnili specialuri wylis saRebavi Savi an wiTeli ferisa. 42. Tavxedoba, mouridebloba, utifroba. 43. kanonis farglebSi iseTi saqmianobis moqceva, rac manamde ukanono, akrZaluli an mkacrad reglamentirebuli iyo. 44. garemo pirobebSi, situaciaSi garkvevis unari. 48. xifaTi, saSiSroeba. 49. religiuri an filosofiuri koncefcia adamianis gardacvalebis Semdeg dedamiwaze misi sulis xelaxla dabadebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnavs sikvdilis Semdeg sxva sxeulebriv cxovrebas. 50. karCaketili sazogadoebrivi jgufi. 53. mkvdari cxovelis sxeuli. 55. Zveli berZeni mecnieri, maTematikosi da meqanikosi. 57. risame gamoqveyneba, sayovelTaod gamocxadeba. 58. ama Tu im qveynis (raionis da misT.) sameurneo cxovreba, meurneobis mdgomareoba. 59. fizikis cneba, veqtoruli sidide, romelic axasiaTebs materialuri wertilis siCqaris cvlilebas. 61. undobloba, daeWveba raimes sisworeSi an SesaZleblobaSi. 62. SexedulebaTa sistema; movlenis aRqma, gageba, nawarmoebis, Txzulebis ZiriTadi azri. 65. wonis erTeuli, udris 1000 kilograms. 66. viwro da grZeli sibrtye an raimeze gavlebuli xazi. 67. gaTanabreba, wonasworoba.

69. ganukiTxaoba, Tavisuflebis da damoukideblobis agresiuli CaxSoba. 70. risame xelmZRvaneli organo. 72. kamaTi, dava raime sakiTxis Sesaxeb. 73. kerZo pirTa an sazogadoebriv organizaciaTaTvis saxelmwifo organos mier qonebis samudamo an droebiTi CamorTmeva anazRaurebiT. 76. adamianis Tandayolili (fizikuri da fsiqikuri) SesaZlebloba, potenciali. 77. sistema da meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba saidumlos Sesanaxad; saidumlos mkacrad dacva. 81. ciuri sxeuli, romelic mzis garSemo brunavs da areklili mzis SuqiT anaTebs. 82. raime saerTo niSnis mixedviT gamoyofili sivrce; zoli, raioni. 83. gemTa mimosvla, naosnoba, zRvaosnoba. 86. mecniereba swori azrovnebis formebisa da kanonebis Sesaxeb. 90. Sesaferisi, msgavsi. 92. specialurad gayvanili wylis sadeni Txrili, gamoiyeneba sarwyavad, sanaosnod. 93. mogebis nawili, romelsac aqcioneri iRebs mis mier dabandebuli kapitalis Sesabamisad. 95. qvewarmavlisa da zogi mweris Sxami; (gadataniTi) boroteba, RvarZli. 96. piri, romelic gamosacdeli vadiT muSaobs romelime organizaciaSi an dawesebulebaSi. 97. saxelmwifo aRmosavleT afrikaSi. 98. wigni, romelic Zalian didi raodenobiT iyideba.

99. brZolasa da SromaSi Tavdadebuli adamiani.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `israelis erTaderTi qali premieri – golda meiri~

Jurnali gamoicema SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (Sida) finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saagentos Tvalsazriss.

1. freska 2. meurneoba 3. mowme 4. batalioni 5. maiori 6. fena 7. satusaRo 8. Rirseba 10. RvTaeba 14. eklesia 15. fraqcia 16. dramaturgia 20. publicistika 22. kulaki 26. litva 27. aznauri 28. babiloni 29. memoriali 30. aqcia 31. statistika 33. transformacia 38. bundestagi 39. deklaracia 41. skandinavia 42. SaSxana 43. diapazoni 44. modernizmi 47. cimbiri 50. zrunva 52. izolacia 53. holodomori 55. ciliswameba 56. operacia 60. deputati 64. oficeri 66. regulacia 67. prezidiumi 68. patriotizmi 70. redaqcia 72. fskeri 73. identoba 75. anketa 79. yurani 80. jiSi 82. daSna 83. lideri 86. saga 88. Cini 89. unia 9. proeqti 11. dogma 12. gamgeoba 13. qsenofobia 17. aRWurviloba 18. konversia 19. revolveri 20. paradoqsi 21. cneba 23. orbita 24. adiutanti 25. biblioTeka 30. algirdasi 32. kontroli 34. civilizacia 35. bedi 36. brigada 37. trabzoni 39. doqturantura 40. luvri 43. dokumenti 45. demobilizacia 46. tituli 48. estafeta 49. asparezi 51. atamani 54. daRi 57. diskusia 58. mitropoliti 59. pozicia 61. fasadi 62. Wiri 63. metropolia 65. warmateba 68. platforma 69. reorganizacia 71. studenti 74. gimnazia 76. kvintesencia 77. individi 78. tyvia 81. gegma 84. kursi 85. legacia 86. statuti 87. xafangi 88. Cibuxi 90. ianusi 91. Tavganwirva 92. dro 93. misia

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istoria

giorgi badriZe venis kongresi didi qarTvelebi levan berZeniSvili dimitri yifiani – gmiri da wmindani saqarTvelo sulxan salaZe zRva da saqarTvelo Zvel evropul rukebze qalebi revaz gaCeCilaZe israelis erTaderTi qali premieri – golda meiri

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omis xelovneba

arCil CaCxiani SesaniSnavi patara omi

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didi adamianebi arCil qiqoZe rabindranaT Tagori

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presa oTar janeliZe Jurnali `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ mecniereba levan CxeiZe didi Zalaufleba – didi pasuxismgebloba

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68

qalaqi

Tamar kvaWaZe `grand centralis~ gadarCena

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istoria

Congrès de Vienne venis kongresi giorgi badriZe 1814-1815 wlebSi gamarTulma venis kongresma, romelSic monawileoba miiRes safrageTis winaaRmdeg meomari koaliciis wevri qveynebis warmomadgenlebma, dasabami misca axal evropul wesrigs, romelmac didwilad gansazRvra XIX saukunis istoria. es iyo msoflio istoriaSi erTerTi pirveli warmatebuli mcdeloba, romelmac mravalmxrivi diplomatiiT xangrZliv da mdgrad mSvidobas miaRwia evropis kontinentze. miuxedavad imisa, rom kongresma gaaxangrZliva dromoWmuli evropuli monarqiebis batonoba (kongresis monawile qveynebi jer franguli revoluciis, Semdeg ki napoleonis sawinaaRmdegod iyvnen gaerTianebuli), man saxelmwifoTa Soris mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis erT-erTi pirveli warmatebuli platformis – „evropis koncertis“ (anu evropuli Tanxmobis) Seqmnas Cauyara safuZveli.

Sedegi TvalSisacemi iyo. evropaSi, wina periodebTan SedarebiT, didi xniT damyarda mSvidoba, daCqarda industriuli revolucia, mecnierebis da kulturis ganviTareba. is energia, romelsac evropuli imperiebi manamde erTmaneTTan ganuwyvetel omebze xarjavdnen, gareT, axali koloniuri eqspansiisken, miemarTa. amitomac XIX saukune evropis oqros xanad iqca. kongresSi napoleonze gamarjvebuli koaliciis wevri qveynebis warmomadgenlebma miiRes monawileoba. masSi wamyvani roli oTx did saxelmwifos ergo, eseni iyo: avstria, romelic Tavis dedaqalaqSi maspinZlobda molaparakebebs, didi britaneTi (am droisTvis mas ukve oficialurad „gaerTianebuli samefo“ erqva), prusia da ruseTi. maTTan erTad gavleniani adgili daikava safrangeTma, romelSic jer kidev 1789 wlis revoluciiT damxobili burbonebis mmarTveloba aRdga. garda wamyvani oTxeulisa da safrangeTisa, kongresSi aseve monawileobdnen espaneTi, portugalia, dania da kidev aTeulobiT evropuli saxelmwifo, maT Soris, ramdenime germanuli samefo da samTavro.

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venis kongresi

amasTanave, kacobriobis gamocdileba imasac gvaCvenebs, rom saxelmwifoTa Soris, dapirispirebuli interesebis pirobebSic ki, omi gardauvali araa. msoflios istoriaSi mravlad arsebobs periodebi, rodesac mSvidoba sakmaod didi xniT damyarebula. swored amgvar dros yvelaze swrafad viTardeboda kultura, ekonomika da sazogadoebis keTildReoba. maS, ra viTarebaSi yalibdeba mSvidobis da stabiluri ganviTarebis yvelaze xangrZlivi periodebi? istoria gvaCvenebs, rom mdgradi saerTaSoriso sistemis Camoyalibebas SeiZleba win uZRodes sul sami, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli, winapiroba.

Pax Romana – 207-wliani periodi romis imperiaSi (Zv.w. 27-ax.w. 180), romelic mSvidobiT da ekonomikuri aRmavlobiT gamoirCeoda.

omi da mSvidoba sanam uSualod kongresis ambebs ganvixilavdeT, Tvali gadavavloT imas, Tu rogor myardeboda msoflioSi mSvidoba mravalricxovani omebis Semdeg. msoflio istoria, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, omebis istoriaa. konkurencia teritoriis da resursebis gamo da aqedan gamomdinare konfliqti kacobriobis dasabamidan arsebobda, xolo saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebis Semdeg manamde calkeul jgufebs da tomebs Soris qaosuri qiSpoba ara marto ar gamqrala, aramed ufro didi masStabi da organizebuloba SeiZina. TiTqos civilizaciis ganviTarebas xeli unda Seewyo saxelmwifoebs Soris davebis usisxlod mogvarebisTvis, magram, samwuxarod, SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs istoriis yovel axal etapze, TiTqmis yovel jerze, sul ufro didi adamianuri msxverpli da ngreva mohqonda: ixveweboda omis warmoebis meTodebi da erTmaneTis ganadgurebis saSualebebi da ara – mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis gzebi.

pirveli – esaa erTi Zlieri saxelmwifos mier Tavisi hegemoniis damyareba, rodesac danarCenebi mis morCilebaSi arian da mis wesebs iziareben an saerTod wyveten arsebobas. amgvari sistemis Camoyalibeba, rogorc wesi, romelime imperiis aRmavlobas ukavSirdeba xolme da mis Zalas (da ufro xSirad mis Zalmomreobas) efuZneba. Pax Romana, anu romis imperiis droindeli mSvidoba amis saukeTeso magaliTia. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi msoflio or did saxelmwifos hqonda gayofili TavianTi gavlenis sferoebad – amerikis SeerTebul Statebs da e.w. „borotebis imperias“ – sabWoTa kavSirs, rac umetesad stabilur viTarebas qmnida TiToeulis gavlenis sferos SigniT, Tumca am ors Soris „civi omis“ saxeliT cnobili dapirispireba mimdinareobda.

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istoria

meore – rodesac didi Zalis mqone saxelmwifo erTze metia, maT Soris saerTod aRiarebul wesebze dafuZnebuli mSvidobis miRweva ufro rTulia, magram amis gamocdilebac arsebobs. amis saSualeba stabiluri saerTaSoriso sistemis CamoyalibebisTvis dapirispirebul saxelmwifoTa Soris Zalebis wonasworobaa, egreT wodebuli ZalTa balansi. amgvar viTarebaSi wamyvani saxelmwifoebi sakuTari interesebis ZaliT ganxorcielebis cdunebas nebayoflobiT izRudaven, radgan ician, rom maTi metoqec sakmao Zalis mqonea da omi zaralis mets arafers moitans. amgvari sistemis yvelaze aSkara nakli isaa, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifoebis Zala icvleba da maTi ekonomikuri, socialuri da demografiuli viTarebis cvlilebiT gamowveuli ZalTa Tanafardobis cvlasTan erTad isev Cndeba konfliqtis riski.

mesame gza, romelic saxelmwifoTa Soris yvelaze xangrZlivi mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobas iZleva, maT saerTo interesebsa da faseulobebze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmebaa. amisi magaliTi dRevandeli evropis kavSiria, romelmac evropis da mTeli kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze sisxlismRvreli konfliqtis – meore msoflio omis Semdeg daiwyo Camoyalibeba. evropis qveynebis nebayoflobiTma TanamSromlobam, romelic maleve integraciaSi gadaizarda, evropis istoriaSi yvelaze xangrZlivi, uwyveti mSvidoba da keTildReobis uprecedento zrda mogvca. amgvari sistemis mTavari nakli isaa, rom saerTo faseulobebs gansxvavebuli istoriis da kulturis erebi iSviaTad iziareben da amitom faseulobebze damyarebuli sistema mTel msoflios ver moicavs – is erT an, maqsimum, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul ramdenime regionze vrceldeba xolme. amisi magaliTebia iseTi gaerTianebebi, rogoricaa evropis kavSiri, Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (evropa plus aSS da kanada), didi Svideuli – wamyvani ekonomikebis mqone demokratiebis kavSiri, romelSic evropul da Crdiloamerikul qveynebTan erTad iaponiac Sedis (romelmac dasavluri liberaluri faseulobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaiziara). amave faseulobebis gamo xsenebul qveynebTan mWidrod TanamSromloben avstralia, axali zelandia, israeli, laTinuri amerikis demokratiuli qveynebi da sxvebi.

Sesabamisad, warumatebeli globaluri samSvidobo sistemis Seqmnis mcdelobis magaliTia erTa liga, romlis wevrebs, erTi mxriv, arc saerTo interesebi da faseulobebi hqondaT da arc TiTqosda SeTanxmebuli principebis dacva-iZulebac itvirTa

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venis kongresi

samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadeba vestfaliaSi

vinmem (erTa ligis iniciatori aSS masSi saerTod ar gawevrianda). Tanac, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli axali mowyoba bevrs (pirvel rigSi, germanias) usamarTlod miaCnda, amitom amgvari saerTaSoriso wesrigi, romelic arc samarTlianobiT gamoirCeoda, arc monawileTa saerTo faseulobebiT da arc romelime qveynis ZaliT, romelic sistemis principebis iZulebiT morCilebas uzrunvelyofda, Tavidanve warumateblobisTvis ganwiruli aRmoCnda: 1930-ian wlebSi, rogorc ki germaniam, sabWoTa kavSirma, iaponiam da italiam sakmaod Zlierad igrZnes Tavi, isini aqtiurad Seudgnen agresiuli omebis warmoebas. marTalia, didi evropuli saxelmwifoebis mier miRweuli TanxmobiT evropaSi metnaklebad xangrZlivi mSvidoba adrec damyarebula, kerZod, 1648 wlis vestfaliis samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT, magram venis kongresi mainc gamoirCeoda imiT, rom garda ZalTa balansis principisa, is saerTo faseulobebsac eyrdnoboda, ramac ufro mdgradi evropuli wesrigi Camoayaliba. ra Tqma unda, „evropis koncerti“ dRevandeli evrokavSiris analogia ar yofila, radgan is evropuli monarqiebisTvis saerTo interesebs (reJimis da Zalauflebis SenarCunebas) da konservatiul faseulobebs efuZneboda,

xolo evrokavSirisa – Tavisuflebas, kanonis uzenaesobas da adamianis uflebebs. Tumca, maT Soris msgavsebac arsebobs da is omis Semdgomi wesrigis axali gziT – TanxmobiT da saerTo faseulobebiT CamoyalibebaSi gamoixata. safrangeTis revolucia da frangul-evropuli dapirispireba marTalia, britaneTis da kontinenturi evropis qveynebis ramdenime omi napoleonis safrangeTis winaaRmdeg 1803-1815 wlebSi warmoebda,* magram safrangeTsa da danarCen evropas Soris konfliqti jer kidev 1789 wels safrangeTis revoluciiT daiwyo, romelmac bolo mouRo burbonebis dinastiis erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas safrangeTSi da SiSis zari dasca evropis sxva monarqiebs.

* napoleonis da misi omebis Sesaxeb uamravi literatura arsebobs, Tumca guliTadad girCevT waikiTxoT Cveni Tanamemamulis, luizianis universitetis profesoris – aleqsandre miqaberiZis msoflioSi aRiarebul wigni: The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History.

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istoria rogorc iTqva, safrangeTis winaaRmdeg wamyvani evropuli saxelmwifoebi ramdenime koaliciaSi, pirvel rigSi, sakuTar qveynebSi revoluciebis SiSma gaaerTiana. maT safrangeTSi Zveli reJimis aRdgena ganizraxes, Sedegad ki, erTi piroba sapirispiros miaRwies: safrangeTis revoluciuri respublika maleve Caanacvla niWieri da metad ambiciuri generlis – napoleon bonapartis mier Camoyalibebulma imperiam, romelmac bevrad ufro didi safrTxe Seuqmna danarCen evropas, vidre Zveli monarqiebis stabilurobis Seryeva iyo.

eJen delakruas safrangeTis revoluciisadmi miZRvnili naxati `Tavisufleba barikadebze~

napoleonis armiebma erTxans praqtikulad mTeli evropa daipyres, risi dagvirgvinebac iyo 1812 wels moskovis aReba, Tumca es ufro safrangeTis warmatebis dasasrulis dasawyisi aRmoCnda da, saboloo jamSi, 1815 wels napoleonisTvis yvelaferi saSineli marcxiT da britanelebis tyveobiT dasrulda. is 1821 wels wminda elenes kunZulze tyveobaSi gardaicvala.

Sesabamisad, pirveli antifranguli koalicia evropaSi jer kidev 1792 wels Seiqmna. avstriis, prusiis, ruseTis da sxvaTa mTavari sadardebeli swored is iyo, rom revoluciuri procesebi maT qveynebsac gadaedeboda. britanelebi ki, romlebic aseve ar miesalmebodnen revoluciur cvlilebebs, tradiciulad ewinaaRmdegebodnen evropul ZalTa balansis nebismier cvlilebas da romelime evropuli qveynis potenciur hegemonias. am principis Sesabamisad, britaneTi yovelTvis mzad iyo eTanamSromla sxva evropul qveynebTan, raTa ar daeSva evropaSi romelime erTi qveynis gabatoneba. amis gamo is xan espaneTTan iyo dapirispirebuli, xan safrangeTTan da bolo or msoflio omSi – germaniasTan.

gamarjvebis miuxedavad, evropulma monarqiebma CaTvales, rom omis Semdgomi axali xana TavisiT ver moitanda mdgrad mSvidobas da maTi reJimebis stabilurobas da amitom gadawyvites, evropis momavlis Sesaxeb erTmaneTTan molaparakebebiT garkveul Tanxmobamde misuliyvnen. Tanac es ar iyo erTi saxelmwifos meoreze gamarjveba, romlis Semdeg gamarjvebuli Tavis gavlenas, teritorias da simdidres zrdida damarcxebulis xarjze. uCveulo isic iyo, rom gamarjvebuli erTdroulad ramdenime wamyvani evropuli imperia iyo da maTi molaparakebis gareSe evropaSi simSvidis damyareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. swored aman Camoiyvana avstriis dedaqalaq venaSi wamyvani evropuli qveynebis warmomadgenlebi.

napoleoni wminda elenes kunZulze tyveobaSi

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venis kongresi

kongresis monawileebi venis kongresi mravalmxrivi molaparakebebis ramdenime fazisgan Semdgar process warmoadgenda. napoleonze gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi pirvelad 1814 wlis seqtemberSi Seikribnen. venaSi evropuli qveynebis delegatebis vinaoba ukve bevrs ambobda am qveynebis damokidebulebaze omis Semdgomi evropuli mowyobis Sesaxeb. maspinZel avstrias warmoadgenda am qveynis yvelaze gamocdili saxelmwifo moRvawe da diplomati, qveynis sagareo saqmeTa ministri, Tavadi klemens fon meternixi. bunebrivia, avstriis imperatoric xSirad monawileobda sxvadasxva RonisZiebaSi, magram molaparakebebis da sxva sakiTxebis mTavari tvirTi meternixs ebara. prusiis saxeliT venaSi Tavadi karl avgust fon hardenbergi Cavida, qveynis pirveli ministri, prusiaSi mniSvnelovani progresuli reformebis avtori. misi damsaxurebiT prusiam daZlia feodaluri gadmonaSTebi, gauqmda batonymoba, ganxorcielda warmatebuli samxedro reforma, ramac qveyana sxva germanul saxelmwifoebs Soris liderad aqcia (aTwleulebis Semdeg, 1871 wels, germaniis gaerTianeba swored prusiis garSemo moxda). Tumca Tavisi karieris bolosken hardenbergi reaqciuli konservatizmis aRmsareblad iqca. britaneTs, anu gaerTianebul samefos, warmoadgenda qveynis sagareo mdivani, lordi keselris tituliT cnobili robert

karl avgust fon hardenbergi (1750-1822)

stiuarti, irlandiuri warmoSobis britaneli saxelmwifo moRvawe, romelmac didi wvlili Seitana 1798 wlis irlandiuri amboxebis CaxSobaSi da 1800 wlis didi britaneTis da irlandiis gaerTianebis aqtis miRebaSi (swored am aqtis Sedegad ewoda saxelmwifos „gaerTianebuli samefo“). is sicocxlis bolomde gamorCeuli reaqcioneri iyo. ruseTs Tavad imperatori aleqsandre warmoadgenda, romelsac napoleonTan urTierTobebis sakmaod ucnauri istoria akavSirebda. Tavdapirvelad is Tavs liberalad da napoleonis mokavSired moiazrebda, magram mogvianebiT antifrangul koalicias SeuerTda da mis damarcxebaSi didi wvlili Seitana. man Tavis miznad daisaxa Tavisuflebis nebismieri gamoxatulebis aRmofxvra ara marto ruseTis imperiaSi (romelSic isedac Sua saukuneebis droindeli feodaluri sistema iyo gamefebuli, batonymobis yvelaze araadamianuri formiT), aramed ganizraxa evropis Jandarmis rolis Sesrulebac. kongresis mexuTe didi saxelmwifo Tavad damarcxebuli safrangeTi iyo, oRond burbonebis aRdgenili xelisufleba da misi meTauri lui XVIII Tavs praqtikulad antinapoleonuri koaliciis wevrad moiazrebda. es imis miuxedavad, rom mas venaSi Tavadi taleirani warmoadgenda (Sarl moris de taleiran-perigori), romelic venis kongress safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris rangSi SeuerTda, xolo misi dasasrulisTvis premier-ministri iyo. saqme isaa, rom es igive taleirania, romelic safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri jer kidev revolu-

klemens fon meternixi (1773-1859)

robert stiuarti (1769-1822)

9

istoria

aleqsandre I (1777-1825)

lui XVIII (1755-1724)

ciuri direqtoriis dros, 1797 wels, gaxda da es Tanamdeboba napoleonis drosac SeinarCuna. taleirani marTlac unikaluri politikosi iyo – misi karieruli aRmasvla jer kidev revoluciamde, lui XVI-is dros daiwyo, rodesac episkoposis sasuliero wodeba miiRo da safrangeTis samRvdeloebis generaluri mdivani gaxda. rogorc iTqva, is revoluciis merec ar daikarga da maSin, roca sasuliero pirebi da aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi masobriv represiebSi moyvnen, taleirani jer parlamentis wevri gaxda, xolo bolos – revoluciuri safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri. man es Tanamdeboba napoleonis mier Zalauflebis uzurpaciis Semdegac SeinarCuna da saerTaSoriso molaparakebebSi mis mTavar warmomadgenlad iqca. swored amitomaa gasaocari, rom napoleonis damxobis Semdeg taleirani ara marto ar aRmoCnda represirebulebs Soris, aramed gaagrZela safrangeTis saxeliT diplomatiis umaRles doneze warmoeba. amis axsna ki isaa, rom mas arasdros uWirda Tavisi mokavSireebisa da mfarvelebis Ralati da axal, misTvis ufro xelsayrel ZalebTan garigeba. amitom taleiranis saxeli istoriaSi gaqnilobis (da zogjer gaiZverobis) sinonimad iqca.* kongresis msvleloba da Sedegebi rogorc iTqva, kongresis farglebSi warmoebuli molaparakebebi ramdenime fazisgan Sedgeboda. rodesac misi monawileebi pirvelad Seikribnen 1814 wlis seqtemberSi, napoleoni damarcxebuli da kunZul elbaze datyvevebuli iyo. magram kongresis msvlelobisas, 1815 wlis martSi, man gaqceva moaxerxa da Tavisi Zalauflebis aRdgena scada. Sedegad, napoleonis winaaRmdeg evropel mokavSireebs kvlav mouwiaT axal, meSvide koaliciaSi gaerTianeba da axal omSi Cabma, romelic napoleonis saboloo marcxiT da wminda elenes Soreul kunZulze datyvevebiT dasrulda. kongresis erT-erTi pirveli sazrunavi, bunebrivia, safrangeTSi „kanonieri“ xelisuflebis, anu burbonTa mmarTvelobis uzrunvelyofa iyo, radgan 25-wliani konfliqti swored maT damxobas mohyva. magram, rogorc nebismieri omis Semdeg xdeba Sarl moris de taleirani (1754-1838)

10

* Sarl-moris taleiranis Sesaxeb statia ix. „Cemi samyaro“, N14

venis kongresi

parizis samSvidobo konferencia

„saRvTo aliansi“, karikatura

xolme, yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxad evropis axali teritoriuli mowyoba iqca, Tan iseTi, romelic xangrZlivi mSvidobis safuZveli iqneboda. amitom venis kongress istoriaSi gamoarCevs damarcxebulisadmi zomieri midgoma. koaliciis wevrebs SeeZloT safrangeTis teritoriebis didi nawilis erTmaneTSi gadanawileba da politikurad damcireba, magram mas mxolod is miwebi CamoarTves, romlebic napoleonma daipyro. safrangeTi aseve kongresis mier Seqmnil axal sakonsultacio sistemaSi miiRes, romlis farglebSi wamyvani evropuli saxelmwifoebi periodulad ikribebodnen mimdinare sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad da potenciuri problemebis molaparakebis gziT mosagvareblad. es sistema erTa ligis an gaerTianebuli erebis erTgvar prototips warmoadgenda. unda iTqvas, rom izolacionizmisaken midrekili britaneTi am konsultaciebis sistemas 1818 wels, pirvelive Sekrebis Semdeg, gamoeTiSa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarjvebulebi mxolod safrangeTis keTilganwyobis imedze ar darCenilan. britaneTis, avstriis, prusiisa da ruseTisgan Semdgarma kvartetma „oTxmxrivi aliansi“ Seqmna, romlis mizani swored safrangeTidan momdinare nebismieri potenciuri safrTxis ganeitraleba iyo. amis garda, avstriam, prusiam da ruseTma „saRvTo aliansi“ daafuZnes, romlis amocana, „oTxmxrivi aliansis“ msgavsi iyo, magram safrangeTis garda evropaSi revoluciebis safrTxis aRmosafxvrelad iyo mimarTuli. amgvari ultrakonservatiuli gaerTianebis iniciatori ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre I iyo, romelic sul mcire xniT adre Tavis evropel partniorebs liberaluri iniciativebiT abezrebda Tavs, axla ki reaqciuli konservatizmis liderad iqca. britaneTma uari Tqva am naxevradreligiur organizaciaSi monawileobaze, radgan misTvis miuRebeli iyo „saRvTo aliansis“ erT-erTi mTavari principi, romelic monawileebs sxva saxelmwifoebis saSinao saqmeebSi Zalismieri Carevis uflebas aZlevda (magaliTad, iq revoluciis ar dasaSvebad). ruseTis mtaceblur instinqts am aliansSi mxolod is zRudavda, rom romelime monarqiis winaSe warmoqmnili safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, mas avstriasa da prusiasTan SeTanxmebis gareSe ar SeeZlo moqmedeba.

safrangeTisadmi amgvari lmobieri midgoma imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom kongresis monawileebi xedavdnen, rom evropa ufro usafrTxod iqneboda, Tu safrangeTs daCagrulobis gancdas da SurisZiebis survils ar gauCendnen (pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Catarebuli parizis samSvidobo konferenciis monawileebs msgavsi midgoma damarcxebuli germaniis mimarT rom gamoeyenebinaT, SesaZloa meore msoflio omis Tavidan aridebis meti Sansi yofiliyo). ase rom, es ara marto gamarjvebulTa didsulovnebis, aramed maTi pragmatizmis gamoxatulebac iyo.

Tu kongresis Sedegad safrangeTi SedarebiT naklebi danakargebiT gamovida, rac aseve taleiranis ubadlo diplomatiuri niWis da gaqnilobis damsaxureba iyo, sxva evropel erebs, romlebic napoleonTan Tanam-

11

istoria Sromlobdnen, bevrad uaresi bedi ewiaT. kongresis finalur dokuments 1815 wlis 9 ivniss moewera xeli. SeTanxmebis mixedviT, poloneTi, romlis damoukideblobac napoleonis mier iyo aRdgenili, kvlav mezobel imperiebs Soris aRmoCnda gayofili. misi udidesi nawili (varSavis sahercogo) nominaluri avtonomiis saxiT ruseTs ergo, poznani da gdanski (dancigi) ki – prusias. ruseTma axlidan daimkvidra fineTi, romelic SvedeTs jer kidev 1809 wels waarTva. prusiam aseve miiRo saqsoniis udidesi nawili (saqsoniac napoleonis mokavSire iyo), Sveduri pomerania da ramdenime teritoria, romelsac manamde safrangeTi akontrolebda. kongresma safuZveli Cauyara germanuli konfederaciis Seqmnas, romelSic 39 germanulenovani samefo da samTavro gaerTianda da wertili dausva habsburgebis mravalsaukunovan mcdelobas, Tavisi mmarTvelobis qveS gaeerTianebinaT sruliad germania.

Seiqmna niderlandebis gaerTianebuli samefo, romelsac gadaeca dRevandeli belgiis, maSindeli samxreT niderlandebis teritoria (Tumca 1830 wlis revoluciis Sedegad belgia damoukidebeli saxelmwifo gaxda). kongresma aseve neitralitetis garantia misca 22 kantonisgan Semdgar Sveicariul konfederacias. teritoriuli cvlilebebi evropis kidev bevr regions Seexo. kongresis progresul gadawyvetilebebs Soris iyo monebiT vaWrobis dagmoba (miuxedavad imisa, rom rusuli batonymoba realurad monaTmflobelobis formas warmoadgenda) da evropis mdinareebze navigaciis Tavisuflebis gamocxadeba.

venis kongresis Temaze Seqmnili karikatura

12

Tavisi SedegiT venis kongresi udides miRwevas warmoadgenda. mas ar moutania sayovelTao samarTlianoba da harmonia (magaliTad, mas arcki ganuxilavs uamravi evropeli eris TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxi), magram didi xuTeulis SeTanxmebis Sedegad, evropaSi mis istoriaSi am dromde yvelaze xangrZlivi uwyveti mSvidoba damyarda. kongresis Semdeg yvelaze didi konfliqti evropis periferiaze, yirimSi, 1853-1856 wlebSi moxda ruseTsa da britanul-frangul koalicias Soris (romelic ruseTTan omSi osmaleTs gamoeqomaga). 1870-1871 wlebis safrangeTis da prusiis oms SedarebiT adgilobrivi masStabi hqonda da saerTo evropuli omis xasiaTi ar miuRia. ase rom, kongresis sistemam, mcire gamonaklisebiT, praqtikulad mTeli

venis kongresi

XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi gastana da rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Sedegad moitana evropis oqros xana. im droisTvis, rodesac „evropis koncerti“ da venis kongresis mier Seqmnili stabiluroba sabolood moiSala, evropis wamyvani imperiebi TavianTi gavlenis pikSi iyvnen da mcire gamonaklisis garda, praqtikulad mTeli msoflio hqondaT gadanawilebuli TavianT koloniur samflobeloebad. maTi ekonomikuri, samecniero da kulturuli ganviTareba danarCen msoflios Seudareblad uswrebda, ris gamoc evropa msoflios WeSmarit liderad iyo qceuli. `evropis koncertis~ CamoSlas bevri mizezi hqonda, magram maT Soris umTavresi albaT mainc 1871 wels momxdari germaniis gaerTianeba iyo, ramac evropul saxelmwifoTa Soris venis kongresis meSveobiT miRweuli ZalTa balansi sabolood moSala. 1815 wels kongresis Sedegad konfederaciaSi gaerTianebuli 39 germanulenovani samefo-samTavro saRvTo romis imperiis erTgvar adgilmonacvles warmoadgenda, oRond habsburgebis avstriis an romelime sxva gamokveTili hegemonis gareSe. evropis centrSi germanuli konfederacia idealuri politikuri konstruqcia aRmoCnda: is sakmarisad organizebuli da unariani iyo, rom aravin (magaliTad, safrangeTi) dasxmoda Tavs, magram arc ise Zlieri, rom Tavad gasCenoda teritoriuli eqspansiis unari da interesi. prusiis liderobiT germanuli saxelmwifoebis (avstriis garda) erT imperiaSi gaerTianebam ki evropis SuagulSi didi Zalis mqone axali moTamaSe warmoSva, romelmac ocwliani TavSekavebis Semdeg, 1890-iani wlebidan, axali teritoriebis dapyrobaze daiwyo fiqri, riTac safrTxe Seuqmna mezoblebs da isini antigermanul koaliciebSi gaaerTiana. yvelaferi ki 1914 wlis didi omiT dasrulda, romelic kacobriobis istoriaSi im droisTvis yvelaze damangreveli da sisxlismRvreli aRmoCnda. radgan evropuli saxelmwifoebi am dros globalur imperiebs warmoadgendnen, maT Soris omic msoflio omSi gadaizarda. yvelafris miuxedavad, venis kongresma istoriaSi friad TvalsaCino adgili daikava. rogorc iTqva, man didi xniT gansazRvra evropis ganviTarebis gza Tavisi rogorc uaryofiTi, ise dadebiTi mxareebiT. ra Tqma unda, mis udides nakls warmoadgens evropis mravali eris TviTgamorkvevis uflebis sruli ugulebelyofa da reaqciuli wesrigis damyareba. aseve, kongresis sistemam, rogorc ukve iTqva, sicocxle gauxangrZliva yvelaze ufro regresul monarqiul reJimebs. magram SeuZlebelia ar davafasoT is faqti, rom venis kongresis sistemam evropas, istoriaSi am dromde yvelaze xangrZlivi mSvidobis da stabiluri ganviTarebis saSualeba misca, ramac, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, evropis oqros xanas daudo dasabami. venis kongresis monawileebi

13

didi qarTvelebi

dimitri yifiani

gmiri da wmindani levan berZeniSvili

`qarTvelobas misTvis, garda sicocxlisa, ara miucia ra!.. yoveliferi rusobam moaxveWina, magram daxeT gulgautexlobas, imas samSoblo mainc ar daviwyebia, im Tavidan am bolomde, siyrmidan siberemde, sul Turme saqarTveloze hfiqrobda – cotas hfiqrobda piradobaze. didkacoba da Zala mitom undoda, rom xalxSi meti gavlena hqoneboda da meti sargebloba moetana saqarTvelosaTvis~. akaki wereTeli

a, awmi n Cafi qr s c kr v skvl a a, hy mna bi s bs R T hfen s fl a a. v d du b a awmi n , mtkvr a: ns dud mdin e n umR ind , C mtr a.

yvelam viciT akakis Sedevris, „ganTiadis“, es sityvebi. vin aris es mtris urCi, Tavdadebuli raindi? visze fiqrobs mTawminda, vis Sehyurebs da maRlidan sxivebs hfens „ciskris varskvlavi“, igive planeta venera, visze dudunebs mtkvari, vis umReris mdinare nanas, vis exeba mTeli es kosmiuri suraTi? – dimitri yifians – saqarTvelos istoriis gmirsa da qarTuli eklesiis wmindans. aseTi adamianebi aTaswleulSi erTxel ibadebian.

dimitri yifiani daibada 1811 wlis 26 aprils goris mazris sofel mereTSi, qoCo (ivane) yifianisa da barbare furcelaZis ojaxSi. dimitris mama, qoCo, saabaSiodan wamosuli aznauri iyo. akaki wereTeli aRniSnavs, rom „saabaSio, sabatono aznauriSvils, ubralo Camomavlobisas, ufro meti niWi da mecadineoba eWirveboda, vidre romelime gvarisSvils, rom cxovrebaSi biji gadaedga!.. STamomavlobiT ara miuZRoda ra!.. momxre aravin hyolia da TavisTavad unda gaekvlia gza momavlisa“.

14

dimitri yifiani

ojaxs, dimitris garda, sami vaJi da ori qaliSvili hyavda. ufrosi Zma, qaixosro yifiani, dimitrize 20 wliT ufrosi iyo. gardaicvala 1867 wels sofel qviSxeTSi. misi meore Zma, giorgi yifiani (1800-1874), sikvdilamde sofel qviSxeTSi, dimitri yifianTan cxovrobda, mesame Zma ioseb yifiani (18051841/1851) iyo. dimitri yifianis debi iyvnen TinaTin yifiani-musxeliSvilisa da anastasia yifiani-kvaliaSvilisa. nikoloz yifianis (dimitris ufrosi vaJis) Canawerebis mixedviT, dimitris mama adreul asakSi gardacvlila, dedac – ramdenime welSi, roca dimitri 7-8 wlis iqneboda. dimitris wera-kiTxva, angariSi da saRvTo sjuli jer kidev mereTSi, bavSvobisas Seuswavlia. obol Zmebze ufrosi Zma – qaixosro – zrunavda. qaixosros dimitri samsaxurSi, suramSi dahyavda, sadac man TbilisSi mcxovrebi praporSCiki nikifore fedorovi gaicno. nikifore fedorovis meuRlec yifiani iyo da erTxans qaixosrosTan cxovrobda. dimitris niWiereba da rusuli enis swrafi aTvisebis unari gamouvlenia. nikiforem gadawyvita dimitri eSvila da amgvarad igi erTxans rusul-qarTul ojaxSic izrdeboda.

nikoloz yifiani (1846-1905)

erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dimitri jer Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi swavlobda, Semdgom – tfilisis keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi. igi memuarebSi amis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: „rogorc sasuliero seminariaSi, agreTve keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSiac erTs adgenen: anidan hoemde uazroT gazepirebas da raime danaSaulisaTvis ki xelis gulze saxazaviT cemas. es iyo da es maSindeli pedagogiuri sibrZne. me jer seminariaSi mimabares. Semdeg ki saWiro dokumentebi Semikribes da keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi gadamiyvanes~.

akaki wereTeli (1840-1915)

tfilisis keTilSobilTa saswavlebeli

15

didi qarTvelebi dimitrim keTilSobilTa saswavlebeli 1830 wels, 17 wlisam, daamTavra. 1830 wlis 1 noembers ukve gimnaziad gadakeTebul saswavlebelSi pedagogiurma sabWom, Sesabamisi gamocdebis Semdeg, umcrosi maswavleblis Tanamdebobaze miiRo. igi pirvel klasSi aswavlida geografias, ariTmetikas, qarTul da rusul enebs, xolo meore klasSi – sufTad weras. qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da danarCeni samefo-samTavroebis ruseTis imperiasTan SeerTebis Semdeg ar wydeboda winaaRmdegobis moZraoba guberniebad dayofil saqarTveloSi. amis erT-erTi magaliTia 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, romelic saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiisagan gaTavisuflebis ideisken mimarTuli erT-erTi yvelaze organizebuli winaaRmdegobrivi moZraoba iyo. SeTqmulebis organizatorTa Soris iyvnen dimitri batoniSvili, oqropir batoniSvili, daviT orbeliani, solomon dodaSvili, giorgi erisTavi. organizacias male SeuerTdnen aleqsandre WavWavaZe, grigol orbeliani, dimitri yifiani da sxvebi. dimitri yifiani maSin 19 wlisa iyo. igi am SeTqmulebis yvelaze axalgazrda monawile gaxldaT. SeTqmulebisTvis mzadeba daiwyo 18261827 wlebSi sanqt-peterburgSi. SeTqmulebis idea gaCnda ruseTSi myofi qarTveli axalgazrdebis wreSi, romlebic STagonebuli iyvnen dekabristebis ajanyebiT, aseve, dasavleT evropis qveynebis konstituciuri mowyobiT, safrangeTis revoluciis ideebiT. dimitri da oqropir batoniSvilebma

axalgazrda dimitri yifiani

16

dekabristebis ajanyeba

Semoikribes ruseTSi saswavleblad Casuli qarTveli axalgazrdebi da Seudgnen momzadebas momavali SeiaraRebuli ajanyebisaTvis. SeTqmulebis erT-erT organizatorad da xelmZRvanelad elizbar erisTavi dainiSna. dekabristTa ajanyebis Semdeg sanqtpeterburgidan saqarTveloSi dabrundnen SeTqmulebis liderebi: batoniSvili farnaozi, dimitri bagrationi, elizbar, dimitri da giorgi rafielis Ze erisTavebi, aleqsandre da vaxtang orbelianebi, solomon razmaZe, zaqaria da aleqsandre ColoyaSvilebi, dimitri jorjaZe, solomon dodaSvili da sxvebi. solomon dodaSvili iyo SeTqmulebis organizatoric da ideologic.

SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen rogorc qarTvelebi, aseve rusebi da polonelebi. saqarTveloSi myof SeTqmulebs mudmivi kavSiri hqondaT ruseTSi darCenil qarTvel SeTqmulebTan. SeTqmulebis erT-erTi sulisCamdgmeli da organizatori iyo mRvdel-monazoni filadelfos kiknaZe. misi roli SeTqmulebaSi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc ideuri xelmZRvanelisa. man Seadgina SeTqmulebis wesdeba „akti goniuri“, romelsac safuZvlad daedo mis mierve Sedgenili fici.

giorgi erisTavi (1802-1891)

ajanyebis warmatebiT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, igi mTel kavkasias unda mosdeboda. magram SeTqmulebs ruseTTan politikuri kavSiris srulad gawyveta ar hqondaT ganzraxuli, maT surdaT, ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris damyarebuliyo saerTo interesebze dafuZnebuli urTierToba.

dimitri yifiani

aleqsandre WavWavaZe (1786-1846)

grigol orbeliani (1804-1883)

1830 wels poloneTis ajanyebis dawyebis Sesaxeb cnobam SeTqmulebs xeli Seuwyo aqtiur moqmedebaze gadasvlaSi. 1830 wels saqarTveloSi Camovidnen elizbar erisTavi da oqropir batoniSvili, saqarTveloSi moiwvies dimitri batoniSvili. SeTqmulebs momzadebuli hqondaT saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis proeqti. proeqtis avtorebi iyvnen giorgi revazis Ze erisTavi da elizbar erisTavi. proeqtis mixedviT saqarTveloSi unda aRdgeniliyo mefoba. mefed moiazrebdnen aleqsandre batoniSvils. samxedro ministris Tanamdebobas daikavebda WavWavaZe, iusticiisas – muxranbatoni, finansTa ministrisas – falavandiSvili, Sinagan saqmeTa da ganaTlebis ministrisas – WilaSvili, sagareo saqmeTa ministrisas – bebuTaSvili. mTavrobis qveda palatas Seadgendnen mazrebis deputatebi. ajanyeba 1832 wlis dekemberSi unda dawyebuliyo. SeTqmul aristokratebs ajanyebis gegmis, „pirveli Ramis gankargulebis“ mixedviT, wveulebaze unda moewviaT msxvili rusuli biurokratiis moxeleebi, ganeiaraRebinaT, Semdeg Tbilisis mosaxleobisTvis moewodebinaT da aejanyebinaT. saboloo gegmiT, maT unda gamoeyenebinaT 1832 wlis 20 dekembers daniSnuli Tavadaznaurobis sagubernio yriloba. ajanyebulebs unda daekavebinaT arsenalisa da xazinis Senobebi.

solomon razmaZe (1797–1860)

farnaoz batoniSvili (1777-1852)

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didi qarTvelebi ajanyebamde ramdenime dRiT adre, 29 dekembers, SeTqmulebis erT-erTma xelmZRvanelma iese falavandiSvilma SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb acnoba Tavis Zmas, nikolozs, romelsac kavkasiaSi ruseTis mefisnacvlis administraciaSi maRali Tanamdeboba ekava. am ukanasknelma SeTqmuleba gasca. SeTqmulebi daapatimres, yazarmebSi gamoamwyvdies da maTi „antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis“ gamosakvlevad sagangebo komisia daniSnes, romelmac 145 „damnaSave“ gamoamJRavna. ruseTis maSindelma imperatorma nikoloz I-ma SeTqmulebs sikvdiliT dasja gadauwyvita, magram Semdeg gadawyvetileba Secvala da isini ruseTis Soreul mxareebSi gadaasaxla. mRvdeli filadelfosi gamoZiebis dasrulebamde gardaicvala yazarmaSi.

solomon dodaSvili (1805-1836)

filadelfos kiknaZe

aleqsandre (1802-1869) da vaxtang (1812-1890) orbelianebi

18

sisastikiT cnobili nikoloz I-is es „gulCviloba“ da qarTvelTa Sewynareba imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom ruseTi msoflios umtkicebda, TiTqos saqarTvelo sakuTari nebiT SeuerTda ruseTs da isini maTi dampyroblebi ki ara, mfarvelebi iyvnen. garda amisa, im periodSi ruseTs omi hqonda gaCaRebuli CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebTan da maTi damorCileba surda. bunebrivia, ruseTis mefes qarTvelebTan urTierTobis gauareseba kargs arafers moutanda, vinaidan imierkavkasiis dapyrobiT operaciebSi monawileobas iRebda maRali samxedro wodebis araerTi eTnikuri qarTveli, romlebic ruseTs erTgulad emsaxurebodnen. nikoloz I Tavisi imperiuli zraxvebis dasayrdens isev saqarTveloSi xedavda aqauri Tavadaznaurobis saxiT. amitom surda, rom ara dasjil, aramed „Sewyalebul“ sazogadoebasTan hqonoda saqme.

SeTqmulebis sagamomZieblo komisiam elizbar erisTavi meore jgufis damnaSaved cno, anu iseT pirad, „vinc iyvnen SeTqmulebis wamomwyebi da sxvebsac ubiZgebdnen SeTqmulebis da TviT ajanyebisken“. igi gadaasaxles fineTSi, sadac jer kronStadtSi, Semdeg ki helsingforsSi (dRevandel helsinkiSi) jariskacad msaxurobda. sasamarTlo procesi dasrulda 1834 wlis aprilSi. SeTqmulebis 145 monawilidan 38 ruseTis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT guberniebSi gadaasaxles.

dimitri yifiani

dimitri yifiani 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis gamo vologdaSi gadaasaxles. sasamarTlo procesidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg elizbar erisTavi da yvela sxva SeTqmuli samSobloSi dabrunda, maT Soris ar iyo solomon dodaSvili, romelmac Soreul viatkaSi daasrula Tavisi xanmokle sicocxle (31 wlis asakSi). amiT wertili daesva qarTvelTa Tavganwirul mcdelobas, SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis gziT Tavi daeRwiaT ruseTis imperiis batonobisagan da Selaxuli erovnuli Rirseba aRedginaT. nikoloz yifianis CanawerebSi vkiTxulobT:

„sanam gamoZieba gaTavda, gavida TiTqmis erTi weliwadi, roca [dimitri yifiani] metexis cixeSi daamwyvdies, moiTxova franguli wignebi da Seudga gul-mxurvaled franguli enis swavlasa. manam metexis cixeSi ijda, iswavla franguli safuZvlianad, ase rom Tavisuflad kiTxulobda frangul wignebsa“. vologdaSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg, 1834 wels dimitri yifians neba darTes vologdis gubernatoris kancelariaSi daewyo muSaoba. Tavdapirvelad rigiTi mwerlis funqcia hqonda, eqvsi Tvis Semdeg mdivnad daawinaures, xolo 1835 wlisaTvis vologdis gubernatoris kancelariis mmarTveli gaxda. dimitri yifianis Tavdauzogavma muSaobam, sxartma azrovnebam da progresulma Sexedulebebma iqauri inteligenciis yuradReba miiqcia. ganaTlebul sazogadoebaSi male gansakuTrebuli adgili daikava. vologdis gubernatoris simpaTia iqamde mivida, rom dimitris Tavis qaliSvilze daqorwineba moisurva. SeTavazeba dimitrim ar miiRo da gubernators umaRles xelisuflebasTan saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Suamdgomloba sTxova.

nikoloz I (1796-1855)

aleqsandre batoniSvili (1770-1844)

dimitri yifiani 1837 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi dabrunda, magram TbilisSi cxovrebis neba ar misces da quTaisSi Cavida, sadac „imereTisa da guriis gubernatoris“ kancelariaSi gaamweses. igi imereTis mmarTvelis, general-maior iakim (mixeil) mixeilis Ze espexos mdivnad daniSnes da am Tanamdebobaze 1839 wlis 16 ianvramde imsaxura.

Semdeg dimitri yifiani gadaiyvanes TbilisSi, mTavarmarTeblis kancelariaSi, 8

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didi qarTvelebi dimitri yifiani

pavle lebedevi (1827-1892)

Tebervals daniSnes kancelariis sameurneo ganyofilebaSi magidis ufrosad. 1840 wlis 16 oqtombridan paralelurad iyo amierkavkasiis sastatistiko komitetis saqmismwarmoebeli. 1840 wlis 15 dekembridan 1845 wlis 28 agvistomde msaxurobda mTavarmarTeblis kancelariis ganyofilebis gamged, 1845 wlis 28 agvistos daniSnes kancelariis saqmismwarmoeblad, imave wlis 28 seqtembers – kancelariis direqtoris movaleobis Semsruleblad; 1846 wlis 1 ianvridan kancelaria gauqmda da mis nacvlad mTavarmmarTvelobis sabWo Seiqmna. dimitri yifiani sabWos saqmeTa mmarTvelad dainiSna. am Tanamdebobaze igi 1857 wlis 9 aprilamde msaxurobda. aq msaxurebis periodSi mefisnacvalma nikoloz muraviovma dimitri yifiani daawinaura da mefisnacvlis kancelariis direqtorad daniSna, magram es Tanamdeboba mas peterburgSi ar daumtkices da mTavarmmarTvelobis sabWos saqmeTa mmarTvelad dabrunda. mefisnacvalma aleqsandr bariatinskim dimitri yifiani amierkavkasiis mxaris mTavarmmarTvelobis sabWoSi wevrad Seiyvana, am Tanamdebobaze imperatorma aleqsandre II-m igi 1857 wlis 8 maiss daamtkica. dimitri yifiani 1862 wlamde iyo mefisnacvlis sabWos wevri, 1859-1867 wlebSi – samegrelos mTavris qoneba-mamulis meurve.

1864-1870 wlebSi – Tbilisis guberniis, xolo 1885-1886 wlebSi – quTaisis guberniis Tavadaznaurobis winamZRoli. monawileobda saglexo reformis proeqtis SedgenaSi;

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saTaveSi edga qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis liberalur frTas. 1876-1879 wlebSi iyo Tbilisis qalaqisTavi.

1845 wels TbilisSi colad SeirTo duSeli memamulis, general giorgi WilaSvilis asuli nino.

1886 wlis 24 maiss tfilisis sasuliero seminariis erT-erTma studentma, ioseb laRiaSvilma moulodnelad xanjliT mokla seminariis reqtori dekanozi pavle Cudecki. es kriminaluri SemTxveva mogvianebiT saqarTveloSi sazogadoebriv-politikuri mRelvarebis dasawyisad iqca. Cudeckis dakrZalvisas imdroindelma egzarqosma pavle lebedevma sionis sakaTedro taZarSi Semdegi sityvebi warmoTqva:

aleqsandre II (1818-1881 )

dimitri yifiani

„daiwyevlos samudamod Seni mklavica da is ojaxica, romelmac Soba igi, romelmac dabada is, qveyana, romelmac gamozarda mkvleli.“

am wyevlis (SeCvenebis) adresatebi iyvnen sasuliero seminariis reqtoris, pavle Cudeckis, mkvleli ioseb laRiaSvili da mTeli saqarTvelo. swored am sityvebis gamo sadgur mixailovodan (axlandeli xaSuri) gaugzavna werili dimitri yifianma egzarqos pavles. dimitri yifiani imJamad quTaisis guberniis Tavadaznaurobis winamZRolad msaxurobda: ioseb laRiaSvili (1866-ucnobia)

„Tqveno usamRvdeloesobav! moiReT Cemze mwyemsmTavruli mowyaleba da Tu, gatacebuli xmebiT, vcodav, SemindeT Secodeba, magram es xmebi amboben, rom Tqven daswyevleT is qveyana, romelSiac samwysod xarT mowodebuli da romelic amitom martooden siyvarulsa da mowyalebas moeloda Tqvengan, rogorc qristes pirvelmsaxurisa da warmomadgenlisgan. igive xmebi, ar kmayofildebian ra Tqveni Rirsebis amgvari SeuracxyofiT, imasac amboben, viTom Tqven ganzraxva gqondeT bodiSi moixadoT samwysos winaSe im uucodviles sityvebis gamo, romelnic Tqven warmogiTqvamT. Tu yovelive es, meufeo, marTalia, Tqveni xarisxis Rirsebis gadarCena mxolod imiT SeiZleba, rom Seuracxmyofeli dauyovnebliv gavides Seuracxyofil qveynidan. amas mogaxsenebT Tqven wminda guliT da wrfelis surviliT, Tavidan aacilos qveyanas axali didi Secodeba, Tqveni samwysos erTi wevri. xolo, Tu yovelive es marTali ar aris, SemindeT me da moiReT Cemze Tqveni mwyemsmTavruli locvakurTxeva. Tqveni meufebis morCili msaxuri d. i. yifiani“.

estate mirianaSvilis (1866-1954) mogonebebis mixedviT, egzarqosma pavle (lebedevma) dimitri yifians 1886 wlis 9 ivliss aseve werilobiT upasuxa da uaryo qarTveli xalxis dawyevlis ambavi, Tumca sakiTxi amiT ar amowurula. ruseTis imperatorma, Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moxsenebis gamo, 4 agvistos gamosca brZaneba: „namdvili statski sovetniki“ yifiani daTxovnil iqnes quTaisis guberniis Tavadaznaurobis winamZRolis Tanamdebobidan da sacxovrebel adgilad mas daeniSnos q. kavkasiis stavropoli.“

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didi qarTvelebi „patimrobiT daviwye cxovreba da patimrobiT vaTaveb! ukeTes jildos verc ki movifiqrebdi! erTi saukunea, rac qarTvelebi cud kacobisTvis igzavnebian cimbirSi da jer ideurad aravin dasjila da dee pirveli mercxali me viyo!“ – uTqvams dimitri yifians gadasaxlebis win.

1887 wlis 24 oqtombers, RamiT, stavropolSi mokles dimitri yifiani. qarTulma sazogadoebam es ambavi presis furclebidan 29 oqtombers Seityo. 30 oqtombers gazeTi „iveria“ aqveynebs depeSas, sadac dimitri yifianis mkvlelobazea saubari. pirveladi versiiT weren, rom igi mZinarea mokluli, gvams TavSi mZime nivTi, kerZod, sasworis qva hqonda Cartymuli da xel-fexi Sekruli. misi saqarTveloSi Camosvenebis nebarTva 29 oqtombris saRamos gasces. gansvenebulis neSti stavropolidan 31 oqtombris dilas, 08:00 saaTze gamoasvenes, romelsac Tan mohyvebodnen mixeil zaalis Ze yifiani da kote dimitris Ze yifiani. gazeT „iveriis“ furclebze amave dReebSi gamoqveynda, rom panaSvidebi gaimarTeboda Tbilisis qaSveTis, Tbilisis anCisxatis, mcxeTis, duSeTis, goris, stavropolis eklesiebSi. mas Semdeg, rac dimitri yifianis cxedris samSobloSi Camosvenebis ambavi gadawyda, Seiqmna misi damkrZalavi komisia, romelSic monawileobas iRebdnen ilia WavWavaZe, eqvTime TayaiSvili da sxva imdroindeli qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebi. eqvTime TayaiSvili wers:

„komisiaSi amirCies mec. vin damasaxela, aRar maxsovs. magram saerTod maSin ukve yvela aseT komisiebSi masaxlebdnen xolme, imitom, rom cota iyo asarCevi adamianebi. komisiaSi sul TxuTmeti kaci iqneboda, magram amasTanave damxmarec auarebeli gvyavda. SevimuSaveT dakrZalvis gegma. Wirisufloba ikisra gansvenebulis naTesavma daviT yifianma – cnobilma moRvawem da kargma kacma; TbilisSi didad miRebulma notariusma, ilia WavWavaZis, iv. poltarackis, al. jabadarisa da sxvaTa megobarma. oficialuri mimowera, nebarTvis miReba da sxva aseTi rameebi sul mas daekisra“.

Tedo saxokias mogonebiT, dakrZalvis xelmZRvanelad arCeuli iyo valerian gunia. dakrZalvis procesias uamravi moqalaqe daeswro. samgloviaro lentebiT iyvnen warmodgenilni saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan, dawesebulebebidan. cxedars TbilisSi, veraze aRmarTul jvarTan daxvdnen. procesiac aqedan unda dawyebuliyo. eqvTime TayaiSvilis mogonebebiT vigebT, rom komisiis gegmiT, cxedari unda gaetarebinaT maSinde-

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li golovinis (axlandeli rusTavelis) dimitri yifianis prospeqtiT erevnis (axlandel Tavisufleukanaskneli foto bis) moednamde. Semdgom unda aexviaT sololakis quCaze da petre didis quCiT unda asuliyvnen mTawmindaze, sadac dimitri yifiani unda daekrZalaT. procesias win miuZRoda episkoposi aleqsandre (oqropiriZe). procesias gansakuTrebulad meTvalyureobda policia. imdroindel xelisuflebas ar surda cxedris centralur quCaze gatareba, amitomac gaica brZaneba aleqsandre WavWavaZisa da griboedovis quCiT waeyvanaT mTawmindisaken, Tumca aman sazogadoebis protesti gamoiwvia. policias SeewinaaRmdegnen Tavadi niko diasamiZe, daviT yifiani da episkoposi aleqsandre (oqropiriZe). policiis winaaRmdegoba gaarRvies da mefisnacvlis sasaxlis win demonstraciulad micvalebulis saxelze locva gadaixades. cxedars gansvenebulis ojaxTan erTad mihyvebodnen: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, daviT yifiani da sxva mwerlebi da sazogado moRvaweebi. procesia sololakis quCiT avida mTawmindisaken, sadac pirveli sityva aka-

dimitri yifiani

ki wereTelma warmoTqva. eqvTime TayaiSvilis mogonebebiT, ilia WavWavaZe sajarod sityviT ar gamosula, Tumca rogorc igi aRniSnavs, ramdenime kacisTvis uTqvams: „ra ambavsac dRes aq vuyurebT, amas araviTari sityva ar sjobiao!“ 1899 wlis 24 oqtombers, didi mondomebisa da molodinis Semdeg, mTawmindaze, mama daviTis eklesiis galavanTan, dimitri yifianis saflavze gansvenebulis Zegli akurTxes. rogorc gazeTi „iveria“ gvamcnobs, biusti TeTri marmarilosagan daamzades italiaSi, mxatvar fiodor xodoroviCis modeliT. amave dRes saRmrTo liturRia da panaSvidi gadaixada goris episkoposma leonidem da alaverdis episkoposma kirionma (SemdegSi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi). panaSvids daeswrnen dimitri yifianis qvrivi nino WilaSvili da ojaxis sxva wevrebi, agreTve, imdroindeli qarTuli inteligencia. Zeglis gaxsnis Semdeg sityva warmoTqva mama daviTis eklesiis winamZRvarma, mama nestor maWaraSvilma. gaixsenes dimitri yifianis wvlili qarTveli eris winaSe. modi, Cvenc gavixsenoT dimitri yifianis Rvawli... dimitri yifiani iyo:

erovnuli xsnis programis avtori glexebis ganTavisuflebis reformis avtori tfilisis kerZo saamxanago biblioTekis damaarsebeli Tbilisis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis ideis avtori „qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis“ damaarsebeli da pirveli Tavmjdomare qarTuli profesiuli Teatrisa da „qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoebis“ erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiuri damaarsebeli Seqspiris „romeo da julietas“ mTargmneli, es iyo Seqspiris pirveli qarTuli Targmani Janlisis, oqtav felies, molieris, bomarSes mTargmneli g. erisTavis „gayris“ rusulad mTargmneli „axali qarTuli gramatikis“ avtori Jurnal „ciskris“ erT-erTi damaarsebeli mefisnacvlis sabWos wevri kavkasiis soflis meurneobis sazogadoebis vice-prezidenti da SemdgomSi prezidenti

qaliSvilebTan

dimitri yifianis ukanaskneli foto

samegrelos mTavris qoneba-mamulis meurve tfilisis guberniis Tavadaznurobis marSali tfilisis qalaqisTavi quTaisis guberniis marSali istorikosi wmindani

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saqarTvelo

zRva da saqarTvelo Zvel evropul rukebze sulxan salaZe arsebobs mosazreba, rom saqarTvelos evropisgan Savi zRva yofs. sinamdvileSi, Savi zRva saqarTvelos evropisgan ki ar yofs, aramed evropasTan akavSirebs. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Savi zRva evropis ukidures aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare saqarTvelosTvis SesaZleblobebis umniSvnelovanesi fanjaraa, rom umoklesi gziT erTmaneTTan daakavSiros evropa da azia.

Txrobis amgvarma dasawyisma ar dagabnioT, Savi zRvis ekonomikur, satransporto da usafrTxoebis mniSvnelobaze namdvilad ar vapireb saubars. es ambavi erTgvari mogzaurobaa evropul kartografiaSi. ufro zustad ki, minda im Zveli evropuli rukebis Sesaxeb mogiTxroT, sadac zRvebze saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli aRniSvnebia datanili.

Zvel evropul rukebze, Sav da kaspiis zRvebze, saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli eqvsi sxvadasxva aRniSvna gvxdeba. esenia: Mare de Giorgian – qarTvelebis zRva; Phasianum Mare – fazisis zRva; Colchicum Mare – kolxeTis zRva; Mare di Mengrelia – samegrelos zRva, Mare de Gurgistan – gurjistanis (saqarTvelo) zRva, CHAVI ZGUA – Savi zRva. CvenTvis saintereso rukebis Sesaxeb saubris dawyebamde, Tavdapirvelad, unda vupasuxoT kiTxvas: rodis da romel evropul rukaze daitanes pirvelad saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli saxeli? am kiTxvas ori pasuxi aqvs: erTi – qronologiuri, meore – Sinaarsobrivi. qronologiu-

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zRva da saqarTvelo

ri TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze gvian, 1570 wels, evropaSi ukve arsebobda ruka, sadac zRvis saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebul saxelwodebas vxdebiT. Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT ki, rukebze aRniSvnebi Zvel kolxeTs ukavSirdeba. amdenad, Sinaarsobriv da qronologiur sakiTxs Tu gavaerTianebT, aRmoCndeba, rom Zvel evropul rukebze imaze didi informaciaa saqarTvelos sazRvao warsulis Sesaxeb, vidre amis warmodgena SeiZleba. swored amis Sesaxeb gvinda, rom qvemoT moPersici Sive Sophorum Regni Typus. sparseTis samefo kartografi abraham orteliusi, antverpeni, 1570 wyaro: D D avid Rumsey Historical Map Collection www.davidrumsey.com

abraham orteliusi (1527-1598)

giTxroT. rukebs zRvebze datanili aRniSvnebis mixedviT gavaerTianebT da qronologiurad yvelaze Zveli aRniSvnidan daviwyebT. „Mare de Giorgian“ gagikvirdebaT, albaT, magram Cvenamde moRweuli, savaraudod, pirveli Zveli evropuli ruka, sadac zRvis saxelwodeba saqarTvelos ukavSirdeba, ara Savi, aramed kaspiis zRvaa. saubaria 1570 wels antverpenSi flandrieli kartografis – abraham orteliusis mier gamocemul sparseTis rukaze, sadac kaspiis zRvis aRsaniSnad am zRvis saxelebia CamoTvlili da sxva saqveynod cnobili saxelebis gverdiT vkiT-

Persici Vel Sophorum Regni Typus. sparseTis samefo, gerard merkatori, iodokus hondiusi, amsterdami, 1607 wyaro: David Rumsey Historical Map Collection www.davidrumsey.com

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saqarTvelo

Persia Sive Sophorum Regnum. sparseTis samefo, vilhem ianszon blau amsterdami, 1634

Persia Sive Sophorum Regnum. sparseTis samefo, ian iansoniusi amsterdami, 1650

wyaro: Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps www.raremaps.com

xulobT: „Mare de Bachu, Cunzar, Giorgian“. Tu winadadebas nawilebad davSliT, gamova, rom Mare de Bachu aris baqos zRva, Mare de Cunzar – xunZebis zRva, xolo Mare de Giorgian – qarTvelebis zRva. abraham orteliusis Semdeg kaspiis zRvis lokalur saxelwodebebs Soris saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli „Mare de Giorgian“ niderlanduri kartografiis oqros saukunis araerTi warmomadgenlis mier Seqmnil rukaze gvxdeba. kerZod, gerard merkatorisa da iodokus hondiusis 1607 wlis, vilhem ianszon blaus 1634 wlis da ian iansoniusis 1650 wlis sparseTis rukebze. Sesabamisad, niderlanduri kartografiis istoriaSi, sul cota, 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1570 wlidan 1650 wlamde, sparseTis iseTi rukebi iqmneboda, sadac kaspiis zRvis aRsaniSnad datanilia misi lokaluri saxeli Mare de Giorgian, anu qarTvelebis zRva. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom merkatoris, blaus da iansoniusis sparseTis rukebi arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba orteliusis rukisgan, rac sulac ar akninebs am rukebis mniSvnelobas.

gerard merkatori (1512- 1594)

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iodokus hondiusi (1563-1612)

zRva da saqarTvelo

Descriptio terrarum in quasdispersi sunt structores turris Babel. babilonis godolis ngrevis Sedegad gafantuli samyaros aRwera samuel boSari, 1630 wyaro: birmingemis sajaro biblioTekis cifruli koleqcia www.bplonline.contentdm.oclc.org

kaspiis zRvis „Mare de Georgian“-ad moxsenieba gvxvdeba ara marto Zvel niderlandur, aramed Zvel frangul rukebzec. amis dasturad 1630 wels qalaq kanSi samuel boSaris mier bibliur Tematikaze gamocemuli rukac gamodgeba.

samuel boSari (1599-1667)

Pontus Euxinus. stumarTmoyvare zRva, abraham orteliusi, antverpeni, 1590 wyaro: sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

Phasianum Mare abraham orteliuss ekuTvnis aseve „stumarTmoyvare zRvis“ (igive Savi zRva) ruka, romelzec kolxeTis napirebTan Savi zRvis lokaluri saxelwodebaa aRniSnuli – „Phasianum Mare“, anu fazisis zRva. es aRniSvna Zveli kolxebis cxovrebaSi Savi zRvis gansakuTrebul rolsa da adgilze miuTiTebs. am mosazrebas isic aZlierebs, rom apolonios rodoselis „argonavtikaSi“ saubaria kolxTa mravalricxovani flotis Sesaxeb, romelic didi afriani navebisgan Sedgeboda. orteliusis Savi zRvis rukas Tu daakvirdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom rukaze TiTqmis srulad aris warmodgenili dasavleT saqar-

27

saqarTvelo

Lumen Historiarum per Orrientem. istoriis Suqi aRmosavleTSi abraham orteliusi, balTazar moretusi, antverpeni, 1624 wyaro: sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

balTazar moretusi (1574-1641)

Tvelos mdinareTa sistema. amave rukaze, kolxeTis napirebTan, iq, sadac fazisis zRvaa aRniSnuli, miTiuri kunZulis „Aea“ (aia) naxva SeiZleba, romelsac medeas mamida kirke ganagebda da zogierTi wyaros cnobiT, swored kolxeTis napirebTan unda yofiliyo. „Phasianum Mare“-s vxdebiT orteliusis kidev erT rukaze, saxelwodebiT „istoriis Suqi aRmosavleTSi“. es ruka 1584 da 1624 wlebSi antverpenSi daibeWda da Zveli bibliuri da orteliusis Tanamedrove samyaros erTgvar sinTezs warmoadgens. flandrieli kartografis balTazar moretusiseul 1624 wlis gamocemas Tan erTvis leqsikoni, sadac laTinur „I“-ze pirveli sityva aris „iberia“, xolo ganmartebaSi vkiTxulobT: „qarTvelebi – xalxi Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris“. sakuTriv rukaze ki SesaZlebelia Zveli kolxeTis da iberiis naxva; aseve mdinareebis „Phasus flu“ (rioni) da „Arag flu“ (aragvi) amokiTxva. rionis napirebze, Sav zRvasTan axlos, aRniSnulia uZvelesi qalaqi Phasus – fazisi, romlis CrdiloeTiTac rukaze datanilia warwera „GEORGIANI“, anu qarTvelebi. safiqrebelia, rom „GEORGIANI“ aq

28

zRva da saqarTvelo

mxolod saqarTvelos ar unda aRniSnavdes da XVI saukunis bolos da XVII saukunis evropuli kartografiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mniSvnelobiT unda iyos gamoyenebuli, rac „GEORGIANI“-s maSindeli kavkasiis didi nawilis aRsaniSnad gamoyenebas gulisxmobda. savaraudod, es tradicia evropul kartografiaSi saqarTvelos Zlierebis oqros xanis periodTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos oqros xanis droindel daxvewil evropul rukebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia.

Zveli kolxeTisa da iberiis Temaze Seqmnili rukebidan gansakuTrebiT gamosarCevia franguli kartografiis mamad wodebuli nikola sansonis da misi Svilis, giom sansonis, mier Seqmnili ruka, saxelwodebiT, „kolxeTi, iberia, albaneTi“. rukaze datanili mravali aRniSvnis gverdiT kargad ikiTxeba Zveli kolxeTis napirebTan, Sav zRvaze datanili vertikaluri warwera „Phasianum Mare“, anu igive fazisis zRva. Colchicum Mare

Asia Antiqua.

Zveli azia, ian iansoniusi, nikolas blankaarti, amsterdami, 1652 wyaro: Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps www.raremaps.com

evropul kartografiaSi iseTi rukebic arsebobs, sadac Sav zRvaze, kolxeTis napirebTan ara „Phasianum Mare“, aramed „Colchicum“ – kolxeTis zRva weria. amis saukeTeso magaliTi ian iansoniusis da nikolas

nikola sansoni (1600-1667)

Colchis, Iberia, Albania. kolxeTi, iberia, albaneTi nikola sansoni, giom sansoni, parizi, 1694 wyaro: sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

29

saqarTvelo

jovani jakomo de rosi (1627-1691)

Regno di Persia. sparseTis samefo, jakomo kanteli, jovani jakomo de rosi, romi, 1679 wyaro: sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

blankaartis ori erToblivi namuSevari 1652 wels amsterdamSi dabeWdili Zveli evropisa da aziis didi rukebia. rukebze cxadad weria, rom saxelwodeba „kolxeTis zRva“ strabonis cnobebidan aris aRebuli. Savi zRvis saxelwodebebs Soris kolxeTis zRvis moxsenieba Zveli berZeni geografis CanawerebSic dasturdeba, sadac straboni Savi zRvis nawils „kolxike Talasad“ moixseniebs.

Mare di Gurgistan zemoT naxsenebi „Mare de Giorgian“-is garda, arsebobs Zveli evropuli rukebi, sadac kaspiis zRvaSi saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebul kidev erT saxelwodebas – Mare di Gurgistan-s – gurjistanis, anu saqarTvelos zRvas vxdebiT. swored aseT rukas warmoadgens cnobili italieli kartografebis jovani jakomo de rosis da jakomo kanteli da vinolas mier 1679 wels romSi gamocemuli sparseTis samefos ruka. rukaze derbentidan aRmosavleTiT, kaspiis zRvaSi, vertikalurad ikiTxeba warwera: „Mare di Baku o di Gurgistan“ – baqos an gurjistanis zRva. es ruka imiTac aris sayuradRebo, rom italielma kartografebma rukis Sedgenis dros pietro dela vales, adam oleariusis da Jan batist tavernies cnobebiT ixelmZRvaneles. samive maTgani kargad icnobda XVII saukunis meore naxevris saqarTvelos politikur realobas da sparseTis Sahis karze moRvawe Tu tyved myof araerT qarTvels.

30

zRva da saqarTvelo

L’Asie azia, vinCenco koroneli, Jan baptist nolini, parizi, 1690 wyaro: David Rumsey Historical Map Collection www.davidrumsey.com

vinCenco koroneli (1650–1718)

Zvel evropul rukebze, kaspiis zRvaSi, „Mare di Gurgistan“-is gverdiT, arsebobs identuri Sinaarsis „Mer de Gurgistan“-is aRniSvnac. am mxriv, udavod gamosarCevi rukaa 1690 wels parizSi venecieli vinCenco koronelis da frangi Jan baptist nolinis mier gamocemuli aziis didi ruka. koronelisa da nolinis erTobliv namuSevarze imave Sinaarsis warweraa, rac zemoT naxseneb 1679 wlis rukaze. ufro zustad ki, weria Semdegi: „Mare di Baku o di Gurgistan“ – baqos an gurjistanis zRva. Mare di Mengrelia Mare di Mengrelia, anu igive samegrelos zRva niSnavs, rom kaspiis zRvidan isev Sav zRvasTan unda davbrundeT. swored am saxeliT moixseniebs Savi zRvis aRmosavleT nawils zemoT naxsenebi venecieli kartografi, vinCenco koroneli. es ukanaskneli XVII saukunis meore naxevris evropaSi globusebis erT-erT saukeTeso ostatad iTvleboda da dRemde popularobiT sargeblobs misi Seqmnili didi zomis globusebi. Sesabamisad, samegrelos zRvis naxva koronelis rogorc globusebze, ise rukebzea SesaZlebeli. maT Sorisaa 1688 da 1690 wlebiT daTariRebuli rukebi.

31

saqarTvelo Mare Mengreliae da da Mare i Gurgistan saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi evropul kartografiaSi Seqmnili im rukebidan, romlebzec Sav da kaspiis zRvebze saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli aRniSvnebia datanili, erTi gamorCeulad saintereso da mniSvnelovani ruka arsebobs. es 1680 wels amsterdamSi niderlanduri kartografiis oqros saukunis erT-erTi bolo warmomadgenlis – frederik de vitis mier gamocemuli TurqeTis imperiis rukaa. es is uiSviaTesi evropuli rukaa, sadac Sav da kaspiis zRvebze erTdroulad SeiZleba saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli aRniSvnebis naxva. Savi zRvisTvis esaa „Mare Mengreliae“ – samegrelos zRva, xolo kaspiis zRvisTvis – „Mare di Gurgistan“ – gurjistanis, anu saqarTvelos zRva. frederik de vitis es ruka, Sav da kaspiis zRvebze datanili aRniSvnebis garda, sxva araerT saintereso cnobas Seicavs saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.

Globe Gores. globusis nawili, vinCenco koroneli venecia, 1688 wyaro: sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

32

Asia Divisa nelle sue Parti secondo lo stato presente. azia, vinCenco koroneli, venecia, 1690 wyaro: Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps www.raremaps.com

zRva da saqarTvelo

Turcicum Imperium.

1680 TurqeTis imperia frderik de viti, amsterdami, 1680

wyaro: www.vam.ac.uk

Chavi Zgua evropul kartografiaSi arsebobs erTi ruka, sadac Savi zRvis saxelwodebebs Soris misi Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelwodeba „Savi zRva“ aris datanili. ruka pirvelad 1766 wels parizSi frangma kartografma Jozef nikola delilma dabeWda. parizuli gamocemis garda, arsebobs paolo santinis 1775 wlis veneciuri gamocemac. orive rukaze kargad ikiTxeba warwera „CHAVI ZGUA”. rukis, rogorc 1766 wlis parizuli, ise 1775 wlis veneciuri gamocema, qarTveli kartografis, geografis da istorikosis, vaxuSti batoniSvilis, mier Seqmnili saqarTvelos samefos rukis safuZvelze momzadda da daibeWda. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi es ruka evropaSi rogorc saqarTvelos, ise mTeli kavkasiis regionis yvelaze detalur da zust rukas warmoadgenda manam, sanam 1801 wlidan samefo-samTavroebad daSlili saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis sxva qveynebis dapyrobas ruseTi daiwyebda.

vaxuSti batoniSvili (1696-1757)

Carte de la Georgie. saqarTvelos ruka, Jozef-nikola delili, paolo santini venecia, 1775 wyaro: sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

33

qalebi

revaz gaCeCilaZe 1970-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi golda meiri iyo mxolod mesame qali msoflioSi, romelsac mouxda Tavisi qveynis mTavrobis xelmZRvaneloba. masze adre ori qali, winamorbedis gardacvalebis gamo, gaxda premier-ministri: indira gandi, romlis mama iyo javaharlal neru – indoeTis respublikis erT-erTi damaarsebeli da sirimavo bandaranaike, romelmac Sri-lankis mTavrobis meTauris Tanamdeboba pirvelad mas Semdeg daikava, rac imave postze myofi misi meuRle teroristma mokla. golda meirma ki TviTon gaikafa gza politikuri mwvervalisaken da ganvlo xangrZlivi da arcTu ioli cxovreba, sanam israelis premier-ministri gaxdeboda. xnier asakSi Zalian sainteresod dawerili (ufro zustad, JurnalistisaTvis nakarnaxevi) misi avtobiografiis gacnoba giqmniT STabeWdilebas, rom is ar miiswrafoda Zalauflebisaken. magram es erTgvari TvalTmaqcobaa: politikaSi wasvla Zalauflebisken swrafvas gulisxmobs – sxvanairi motivacia politikoss ar SeiZleba hqondes, Tundac mas sazogadoebis srulyofis keTilSobiluri mizani amoZravebdes (Tavidan mainc!) da ara raRac piradi miznebi. golda meiri marTlac gamorCeuli qali iyo. Rarib ojaxSi dabadebulma, arasruli saSualo ganaTlebis mqonem (universitetSi mas ar uswavlia), xSirad siRatakis zRvarze myofma adamianma, romelic ar Takilobda araviTar samuSaos – yofila damlagebeli, molare, ZiZa, mzareuli – TavisiT gaikeTa didi kariera. marTalia, boroti enebi ambobdnen, rom misi adreuli kariera TiTqmis daufarav romanebs unda umadlodeso, magram es umniSvnelo detalia. golda meiri iyo niWieri, mizanswrafuli, patriotizmiT aRsavse, energiuli, enamoswrebuli qali (misi enamware gamonaTqvamebis citireba dRemde uyvarT), romelsac politikaSic axasiaTebda xucfa – am tipur ebraul sityvas amerikuli gazeTebi laTinuri transkrifciiT uTargmnelad iZlevian xolme, rogorc chutzpah, rac daaxloebiT niSnavs „zrdilobas gadacdenil siTamames“. Tavis politikur oponentebTan golda uxeSic ki iyo. zogi megobari misi oponenti gaxda, magaliTad, israelis pirveli premier-ministri, legendad qceuli david ben-gurioni.

34

golda meiri

axalgazrda golda meiri

golda bavSvobaSi

goldas ar axasiaTebda swrafva fufunebisaken. piradi da ojaxuri sakiTxebi misTvis meorexarisxovani iyo. Svilebzec naklebad zrunavda (es pozitiur mxared ver CaiTvleba!) – maT saSualo skolac ki ar daamTavres. damokidebuleba golda meiris mimarT israelSi da mis farglebs gareT araerTgvarovania: israelis xalxs is uyvarda da dRemde amayobs misiT, inteligenciisa da politikuri oponentebis mxridan ki arcTu iSviaTad gamxdara kritikuli ganxilvis obieqti. sazRvargareT, gansakuTrebiT, amerikaSi da bolo dros ukrainaSic ki, sadac is daibada, mis mimarT aRtacebis aura dRemde arsebobs. golda meiri, romlis namdvili gvari iyo maboviCi, daibada 1898 wels qalaq kievSi. mamamisi, moiSe, iyo xuro da hqonda ufleba ecxovra kievSi mxolod imitom, rom misma mamam (goldas babuam) imsaxura rusul armiaSi,

solomon bandaranaike (1899-1959) da sirimavo bandaranaike (1889-1964)

ramac mis STamomavlobas mianiWa ufleba dasaxlebuliyo ruseTis imperiaSi 1791-1917 wlebSi arsebuli ebraelTa „gansaxlebis mijnis“ gareT. ruseTis imperatorma nikoloz I-ma kievi am „mijnis“ gareT datova da rigiT, araprivilegirebul, ebraels iq dasaxlebis ufleba ar hqonda, iseve, rogorc peterburgsa da moskovSi. kievSi maboviCebis ojaxi welSi ver gaimarTa da 1903 wels moiSe wavida amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac saxelad morisi dairqva. im dros amerikaSi emigrireba advili iyo: did qveyanas moqalaqeebi esaWiroeboda da iq siamovnebiT iRebdnen aRmosavleT da centraluri evropidan samudamod wamosul muSaxels. amerikaSi moxvedrili, inglisuri enis ucodinari adamianebi Tavidan cdilobdnen sakuTar eTnikur jgufTan erTad dasaxlebuliyvnen. amerikaSi ki individualizmi fasobda da warmatebas aRwevda is, vinc namdvili amerikeli xdeboda. amave dros, enobrivad mravalgvari, magram religiurad Sekruli jgufi – ebraelebi, amerikis yvela qalaqSi cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT sakuTari ubani, sadac daaarsebdnen sinagogas, skolas, saavadmyofos.

javaharlal neru (1889-1964) da indira gandi (1917-1984)

35

qalebi david ben-gurioni (1886-1973) da golda meiri

Teodor herclis gamosvla pirvel sionistur kongresze

meuRlesTan, moris meersonTan erTad (1893-1951)

amerikaSi wasvlis win maboviCma coli da sami qaliSvili gagzavna Tavis sidedr-simamrTan q. pinskSi (dRevandeli belarusi), sadac ebraul Tems xSirad uxdeboda Sexeba antisemitizmis gamovlinebebTan. pinskSi moiSes ufrosi qaliSvili Seina dainteresda sionizmiT da SeZlebisdagvarad auxsna misi ideebi patara das – goldas. termin „sionizmis“ aRmocenebis TariRad miCneulia 1885 weli, rodesac q. venaSi daarsebul Jurnal „avtoemansipaciaSi“ daiwyo mizanmimarTuli agitacia sionSi (anu ierusalimSi da, Sesabamisad, palestinaSi) ebraelTa erovnuli keris Seqmnis Sesaxeb. „sionizmi“, rogorc ebraelTa erovnuli moZraoba, dafuZnda 1897 wels avstrieli Jurnalistis, Teodor herclis, mier q. bazelSi mowveul pirvel sionistur kongresze. sionizmi Seiqmna, rogorc sekularuli moZraoba, magram ebraelTa gansaxlebis teritoriad palestinis arCevisas gamoyenebul iqna bibliuri argumenti – is, rom RmerTma (iahvem) Tavis rCeul xalxs aRuTqva qanaani, romelic teritoriulad palestinas emTxveva. moris (moiSe) maboviCma qalaq miluokiSi (viskonsinis Stati) muSaobiT Seagrova imdeni fuli, rom 1906 wels ojaxis wevrebi ruseTis imperiidan amerikaSi waeyvana. goldim (ase eZaxdnen goldas amerikaSi) 15 weli icxovra miluokiSi, erTi xanoba – maRalmTian denverSi (kolorados Stati), sadac gaicno Tavisi momavali meuRle, ebraeli imigranti lietuvidan – moris meersoni. 1917 wels isini daqorwindnen. unda iTqvas, rom qorwineba bednieri da myari ver gamodga: 1938 wlidan meuRleebi daSordnen erTmaneTs, Tumca formaluri ganqorwineba ar momxdara. moris meersoni 1951 wels gardaicvala. mSobliuri enis, idiSis, garda, golda meersonma saukeTesod Seiswavla inglisuri. icoda germanulic, romelic miluokiSi iswavla, Tumca „holokostis“ (ebraelTa genocidis) Semdeg daifica, rom arasodes ilaparakebda am enaze. erT germanel diplomatTan Sexvedrisas ki man fici daarRvia!

germanulad Yiddisch (idiS) niSnavs „ebrauls“. am enaze metyvelebdnen rogorc germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis, ise ruseTis imperiis (poloneTis, ukrainis, belarusis, baltiispireTis) ebraelebi. faqtobrivad, idiSi aris germanuli enis dialeqti Sezavebuli sakuTriv ebrauli da slavuri sityvebiT, romelic damwerlobad iyenebs ebraul grafikul niSnebs. sakuTriv ebrauls, semitur enas, ewodeba „ivriT“-i.

36

golda meiri

zixron-iaakovi, 1937

ebrauli (ivriTi) goldam bolomde ver daZlia da amis gamo xandaxan israelSi Tavisi politikuri oponentebis dacinvis obieqtic xdeboda. Tumca man mainc sakmarisad icoda israelis saxelmwifo ena, rom sxvadasxva qveynebidan Casul da sxvadasxva enaze aRzrdil ebrael imigrantebTan yvela maTganisaTvis TandaTan mSobliurad qceul enaze gasagebad esaubra. jer kidev amerikaSi cxovrebisas golda aqtiurad CaerTo sionistur moZraobaSi, kerZod, SeuerTda mis im frTas, romelsac socialisturi ideebi hqonda. 1921 wels is Tavis qmarTan da ufrosi dis ojaxTan erTad sacxovreblad palestinaSi gadavida. palestina, romelic iqamde oTxasi weli iyo osmaleTis imperiis nawili, 1917 wlis noembridan didi britaneTis okupaciis qveS imyofeboda. 1922 wels „erTa ligam“ did britaneTs oficialurad gadasca mandati palestinis marTvaze. gansxvavebiT im mandatebisagan, romlebic gaica erayis, siriis, libanis marTvaze, palestinis mandati ar moicavda muxlebs, romlebic damoukideblobisaTvis mis momzadebas da misTvis konstituciis Seqmnas gaiTvaliswinebda (sxvaTa Soris, israels dRemde ara aqvs konstitucia). sanacvlod, mandatSi Seitanes 1917 wlis 2 noembers didi britaneTis mTavrobis mier micemuli piroba („balfuris deklaracia“) ebraelebisaTvis yovelmxrivi daxmarebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb „palestinaSi erovnuli keris daarsebaSi“. mandator saxelmwifos – did britaneTs erTdroulad ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba

Tel-avivis daarseba, 1909

palestinaSi TviTmmarTvelobis institutebis ganviTarebaze da yvela iqauri mcxovrebis, ganurCevlad rasisa da religiisa, samoqalaqo da religiuri uflebebis dacvaze. londons Zalian gauWirda am uflebebis dacva, radgan arabul da ebraul mosaxleobas „sakuTari uflebebi“ sxvadasxvanairad esmoda. britanul palestinaSi Zalian male gaCnda Seurigebeli dapirispireba arabebsa da ebraelebs Soris. britanuli mandatis moqmedebis periodSi (1922-1947) palestinaSi mcxovrebi yvela adamianis pasportSi moqalaqeoba (inglisurad – nationality) miTiTebuli iyo, rogorc „palestineli~. israelis sagareo saqmeTa ministrobis dros golda meirs uyvarda xolme Tavisi Zveli pasportis Cveneba, sadac is „palestinelad“ iyo Cawerili, imis dasturad, rom „marto arabebi ar arian palestinelebi“!

1901 wels daarsebulma keren kaiemeTma (ebrauli miwis fondi), romelic SemowirulebebiT arsebobda, israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnamde (1948 w.) palestinaSi SeiZina 96 aTasi heqtari miwa. garda amisa, jer kidev „winasionistur“ periodSi mdidari ebraelebi, magaliTad, rotSildTa franguli Sto da sxvebi, yidulobdnen miwas da cdilobdnen ebrauli imigraciis waxalisebas: ase gaCnda nayid miwaze qalaqebi: zixron-iaakovi, rexovoTi, feTax-Tikva, riSon-le-cioni. 1909 wels istoriul qalaq iafoSi dasaxlebulma ebraulma Temma ramdenime kilometriT CrdiloeTiT gadainacvla da qviSian sanapiroze daaarsa qalaqi Tel-avivi („gazafxulis borcvi“).

37

qalebi

ebraelebis kibucebi palestinaSi

1903 wlisaTvis palestinaSi ukve cxovrobda 25 aTasi ebraeli. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg maTi ricxvi ganuxrelad matulobda, Tumca ebraul mosaxleobas arabuli (umravlesoba – muslimi, mexuTedamde – qristiani) mkveTrad sWarbobda 1947-1948 wlebamde, rodesac misi udidesi nawili ltolvilad iqca. socialisturi da sionisturi ideebiT Sepyrobilma axalgazrda ebraelebma, ZiriTadad, ruseTis imperiidan da rumineTidan, ukve XIX saukunis bolos daiwyes kibucebis daarseba palestinaSi: es iyo sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebi absoluturad yvelafris koleqtiuri sakuTrebiT. swored es Sromismoyvare, sekularuli kibucnikebi, romlebsac erT xelSi Toxi eWiraT da meoreSi – Tofi, iyvnen is pionerebi, romlebic aSrobdnen Waobebs, rgavdnen xeebs, gahyavdaT arxebi da qmnidnen momavali ebrauli saxelmwifos ekonomikur xerxemals. amerikidan Casulma meersonebma 1921 welsve iTxoves CrdiloeT palestinaSi arsebul kibuc merxaviaSi miReba, romlis wevrebic Tavgadakluli socialist-sionistebi iyvnen da „saSualo klasis amerikeleerTad an da SvilebTan golda meuRlesT

38

bis“ miRebaze uars ambobdnen. bolos isini mainc daTanxmdnen da goldam Tavisi Sromismoyvareoba uCvena merxavias kibucnikebs. magram misi meuRle xSirad avadmyofobda da 1924 wels ojaxi jer Tel-avivSi da maleve ierusalimSi gadavida sacxovreblad, sadac goldas SeeZina ori Svili – menaxemi da sara.

1928 wlidan golda sazogadoebriv-politikur saqmianobaSi CaerTo. momdevno oci wlis ganmavlobaSi is iyo sionisturi organizaciebis, kerZod, histadruTis (ebrael muSaTa profkavSirebis federaciis) funqcioneri, ebrauli saagentosa da nacionaluri sabWos wevri. 1930 wels is airCies axalSeqmnili partia „mapai“-is („muSaTa partia israelis miwisa“) centraluri komitetis wevrad. es partia dominirebda israelis qneseTSi (parlamentSi) damoukideblobis pirvel aTwleulebSi. 1968 wels mis bazaze Seiqmna „avoda“ („Sromis partia“), romlis pirveli generaluri mdivani gaxda golda meiri (1956 wlidan „ivriTizebuli“ gvariT).

1948 wlis damdegs inglisur enaze goldas mWevrmetyvelebam daarwmuna amerikis mdidari ebraelebi, romlebic mis socialistur Tvalsazriss ar iziarebdnen, daefinansebinaT momavali ebrauli saxelmwifo. Segrovebuli 50 milioni dolari daixarja evropaSi SeiaraRebis SeZenaze. imave wlis maisSi gamocxadebuli israelis damoukideblobis Semdeg, rodesac mas oficialurad gamoucxades omi mezobelma arabulma saxelmwifoebma, golda isev gagzavnes amerikaSi, sadac erT TveSi moaxerxa 75 milioni dolaris Semowirulebis Segroveba. man agreTve iSuamavla israelisTvis ramdenime Camowerili B-17 tipis mZime bombdamSenis SeZenisas, romlebic CexoslovakiaSi gadaafrines da iq xelaxla SeaiaraRes. israelSi Camoyvanamde am TviTmfrinavebma moaswres egviptis dedaqalaq kairos dabombva.

golda meiri

israelis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRe, 1948 wlis 14 maisi

golda meersoni orjer – 1947 wlis noembris bolos da 1948 wels, israelis damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde oTxi dRiT adre – saidumlod Sexvda transiordaniis mefe abdalas. araviTari dokumenti ar Seqmnila da orive mxare yrud ambobda, rom garigeba ar Semdgara. transiordania CaerTo israelTan omSi da misma „arabulma legionma“, romelic gawvrTna ingliselma generalma jon begoT glabma (Glubb Pasha), sxva arabul armiebze meti warmatebiT ioma. magram, SesaZloa, golda meersonis sasargeblod metyvelebs is, rom „arabulma legionma“ ar daikava imaze meti teritoria, rasac gaeros mier SemuSavebuli „palestinis gayofis gegma“ sTavazobda. legionma daipyro istoriuli iudea da samaria, riTac Seiqmna e.w. „dasavleTi napiri“ da aRmosavleTi ierusalimi (am qalaqisa da mimdebare teritoriisaTvis „gayofis gegma“ calke statuss iTvaliswinebda).

1950 wels abdalam Tavis samefos (1949 wlidan – iordaniis saxeliT) SeuerTa dakavebuli miwebi, anu moaxdina „palestinis arabuli saxelmwifosaTvis“ gankuTvnili miwis didi nawilis aneqsireba. sxva arabulma saxelmwifoebma ar mouwones es nabiji mefe abdalas, rac sabediswero aRmoCnda palestineli arabebisaTvis: maTi saxelmwifo ar Seiqmna. abdalas SviliSvilma, mefe huseinma ki 1967 wlis omis dros dakarga teritoria md. iordanes dasavleTiT, romlis okupacia israelma moaxdina.

1948 wlis 14 maiss israeli damoukidebeli saxelmwifo gaxda. golda airCies ramdenime mowvevis qneseTis wevrad, mas eWira Sromisa da socialuri dacvis ministris (1949-1956), sagareo saqmeTa ministris (19561966) Tanamdebobebi, xolo 1969-1974 wlebSi iyo premier-ministri.

bis SemuSaveba, sul cota, 120 aTasi ebraeli repatriantis ojaxis, Tundac patara, biniT uzrunvelyofa. ministri maqsimalurad zrunavda nacistur holokosts (genocids) gadarCenili evropeli ebraelebis israelSi „aliaze“ (repatriaciaze) da maTTvis metnaklebad normaluri pirobebis Seqmnaze, rac axalSeqmnil, Rarib saxelmwifoSi advili saqme ar iyo. II msoflio omis dros da mis Semdegac golda cdilobda daxmareboda evropel ebraelebs, romelTac 1948 wlidan daematnen arabuli qveynebidan gamoqceuli ebraelebi. repatrirebulTa Soris umuSevrobis aRmosafxvrelad ministrma SeimuSava masobrivi sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis gegma – sacxovreblebis, saavadmyofoebis mSenebloba, farTomasStabiani gamwvaneba, risi dafinansebac xdeboda saxelmwifo obligaciebis gayidviT. 400 aTasma adamianma miiRo Tundac mcired anazRaurebadi samuSao. sagareo saqmeTa ministrobis dros golda meirma daamyara mWidro kavSiri ara marto dasavleTis wamyvan qveynebTan, aramed „Savi afrikis“ (saharis samxreTiT) axalgaTavisuflebul saxelmwifoebTanac, romlebic gaeroSi kenWisyrisas israelis mxares iWerdnen (marTalia, garkveul periodamde). rogorc premier-ministri, golda meiri agrZelebda qveynis sagareo politikis aSSze orientaciis kurss, cdilobda epova arabul qveynebTan pirdapiri samSvidobo molaparakebis saSualeba, ibrZoda sabWoTa ebraelebis israelSi repatriaciis uflebisaTvis. golda meirs hqonda Secdomebic. maSin, rodesac sagareo saqmeTa ministris postze is sakmaod warmatebuli iyo dasavleTis qveynebSi da „Sav afrikaSi“, misi adreuli diplomatiuri misia elCis rolSi warmatebulad ver CaiTvleba. jon begoT glabi (1897-1986) da mefe abdala I (1882-1951)

Sromisa da socialuri dacvis ministrad 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobis Sedegi iyo israelSi progresuli SromiTi kanonmdeblo-

39

qalebi

viaCeslav molotovi (1890-1986) da polina JemCuJina (1897-1970)

moSe daiani (1915-1981) da golda meiri

golda meiri da icxak rabini (1922-1995)

40

sabWoTa kavSirma mxari dauWira israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnas. is pirveli iyo didi saxelmwifoebidan, vinc de iure cno israeli da ukve 1948 wlis maisSi diplomatiuri misia gaxsna Tel-avivSi. rasakvirvelia, stalini, romelic sabWoeTis absoluturi mmarTveli iyo, amas akeTebda ara raRac „iudofiliis“ gamo, aramed gamomdinare Tavisi antibritanuli ganwyobidan: is fiqrobda, rom amiT daasustebda britanul gavlenas axlo aRmosavleTSi, saidanac londoni isedac Cqarobda wasvlas da mxolod suecis arxis dardi hqonda. nakleb savaraudoa, rom kremlSi arsebobda raRac iluzia, TiTqos israels marTaven socialisturi Zalebi: sinamdvileSi, es sxvanairi „socialistebi“ iyvnen!

1948 wlis seqtembridan 1949 wlis aprilamde golda meersoni iyo israelis pirveli elCi sabWoTa kavSirSi. man ar icoda rusuli ena da ugulebelyo sabWoTa totalitarizmis arsi da praqtika. moskovSi golda xSirad ayenebda sakiTxs sabWoTa ebraelebis palestinaSi repatriaciis Sesaxeb, riTac mxolod aRizianebda kremlis xelmZRvanelobas: ebraelTa repatriaciis ufleba sionizmis aRiarebas niSnavda, rac komunisturi ideologiisaTvis miuRebeli iyo. elCi dadioda moskovis mTavar sinagogaSi, Tumca morwmune ar iyo, sadac aTasobiT ebraeli aRtacebiT xvdeboda mas. saelCom daiwyo israelis sainformacio biuletenebis dagzavna sabWoTa kavSiris ebraul TemebSi. stalinis reaqciam ar daayovna. kremlma mosTxova Cexoslovakias Seewyvita israelisaTvis samxedro SeiaraRebis ukve dawyebuli miwodeba da daexura israelis samxedro mfrinavebisaTvis praRaSi gaxsnili frenis kursebi. male sabWoTa kavSirSi daiwyo kampania ebrauli kulturis moRvaweTa winaaRmdeg, maTi organizaciebis daxurva da calkeuli pirebis dapatimreba. 1949 wels Sewyda savaWro urTierToba israelTan. golda meersonis kontaqti sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministr viaCeslav molotovis meuRle polina JemCuJinasTan (misi namdvili saxeli da gvari iyo perl karpovskaia), romelmac idiSze saubrisas urCia goldas misvla sinagogaSi, damTavrda polinas dapatimrebiTa da xuTwliani gadasaxlebiT. misi qmari ki Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufles. israelis diplomatiuri misiis warumateblobis erT-erTi mizezi elCis qcevac iyo, Tumca TviTon is sxvagvarad fiqrobda. rodesac 1956 wels golda sagareo saqmeTa ministrad dainiSna, umaRlesi diplomatiuri ganaTlebis mqone TanamSromlebma muSaobis avtoritaruli meTodebis moyvaruli axali xelmZRvaneli ucxo sxeulad aRiq-

golda meiri

iom-qifuris omi

ves. Tavis mxriv, ministric ar malavda Tavis zizRs frTxili profesionalebis mimarT, sazRvargareT ki mas aRtacebiT xvdebodnen. yvelaze did Secdomad premier-ministr golda meirs israelSi uTvlidnen imas, rom „iomqifuris oms“ israeli erTgvarad moumzadebeli Sexvda.

1973 wlis 6 oqtombers, „gankiTxvis dRes“ (iom qifur), rodesac ebraelebi marxuloben, egviptisa da siriis armiebma Seuties israels mis mier 1967 wels okupirebul teritoriebze – sinas naxevarkunZulze da golanis maRlobze. israelma Tavidan airida damarcxeba, magram golda meiris mTavrobaSi arsebuli uTanxmoeba da omisaTvis arasaTanado momzadeba israels daujda 2500-ze meti jariskacis daRupvad. specialurma komisiam Seiswavla mTavrobis moqmedeba omis win da omis dros da brali dasdo Tavdacvis saministros xelmZRvanelobas. Tavdacvis ministri iyo moSe daiani, romelic premier-ministrs ar uyvarda. miuxedavad komisiis daskvnisa, romelic premier-ministris saqmianobas uaryofiTad ar afasebda, golda meirma gadawyvita Tanamdebobis datoveba. is mZimed avadmyofobda (sxva daavadebebTan erTad, sisxlis kibo aRmoaCnda) da ukve veRar uZRveboda saxelmwifo saqmeebs. 1974 wlis 11 aprils 76 wlis golda gadadga da male uari Tqva qneseTis wevris mandatzec. mis nacvlad premier-ministri gaxda icxak rabini.

1978 wels, 80 wlis asakSi, golda meiri gardaicvala.

Tavis anderZSi man iTxova, rom misi dakrZalvisas ar yofiliyo sityviT gamosvla, ar daedgaT misTvis araviTari Zegli da ar mieniWebinaT misi saxeli sxvadasxva obieqtisTvis. anderZi mxolod mcire xans daicves. saflavTan sityviT gamosvlebi ar yofila. magram ukve 1979 wels golda meiris saxeli mieniWa erT moedans niu-iorkSi, sadac SemdgomSi daidga misi biusti. ierusalimis erT bulvars da bevr quCas israelis sxva qalaqebSi golda meiris saxeli hqvia. misi saxelobis quCa, memorialur dafasTan erTad, aris kievSi, sadac is daibada da miluokiSi, sadac is swavlobda. misi saxeli sxvaganac aris ukvdavyofili.

Tel-avivis histadruTis parkSi dgas Zegli, sadac Zveli megobrebi, SemdgomSi ki politikuri oponentebi – golda meiri da ben-gurioni – sxedan grZel skamze, magram SoriSors da erTmaneTs ar uyureben... golda meiris da ben-gurionis Zegli Tel-avivSi

41

omis xelovneba

SesaniSnavi patara omi arCil CaCxiani „es aris SesaniSnavi patara omi, romelic daiwyo umaRlesi motivaciiT, grZeldeba brwyinvale gonierebiTa da suliT da xels uwyobs is iRbali, romelsac mamaci adamianebi uyvars“…. „SesaniSnavi patara omi“ – swored am sityvebiT moixsenia espaneT-amerikis omi aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivanma jon milton heim aSS-is samxedro-sazRvao flotis mdivnis moadgilis – Teodor ruzveltisaTvis 1898 wlis 27 ivliss gagzavnil werilSi da marTalic iyo: „patara“ imitom, rom es omi yvelaze ufro xanmokle da mciredanakargiani omi iyo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi. am omis sabrZolo moqmedebebi 3 Tve, 3 kvira da 3 dRe grZeldeboda – 1898 wlis 21 aprilidan 13 agvistomde da amerikuli mxaris danakargebmac mxolod 3 aTasi kaci Seadgina. es ar iyo mxolod sabrZolo danakargebi. amerikuli jaris piradi Semadgenlobis umetesoba tropikulma cxelebam imsxverpla. „SesaniSnavi“ ki imitom, rom swored 1898 wlis espaneT-amerikis omma sabolood daasrula espaneTis koloniuri imperia da SeerTebuli Statebis, rogorc axali Zlieri regionuli moTamaSis, saxelmwifo poziciebi ganamtkica. am omSi gamarjvebiT SeerTebulma Statebma karibis zRvis regionSi upiratesoba moipova da Tavisi strategiuli da ekonomikuri zegavlena wynari okeanis auzsa da aziaSi gaavrcela. es iyo aSS-is axalgazrda saxelmwifos mier gadadgmuli pirveli didi nabiji regionuli hegemonobisa da zesaxelmwifos Seqmnis gzaze. espaneT-amerikis omis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi ki is iyo, rom XIX saukunis bolos, praqtikulad erT dReSi, SeerTebuli Statebi msoflio donis sazRvao Zalad iqca da pozicia mas Semdeg aRarasodes dauTmia. am periodidan saxelmwifoTa globaluri Zalaufleba sazRvao ZlierebiT ganisazRvreboda da am Zalis demonstrirebas Tu strategiul gaSlas aSS yvelgan axdenda, sadac da rodesac ki amas saWirod miiCnevda. miuxedavad espaneT-amerikis omis xanmokleobisa da sabrZolo moqmedebebis intensivobis simcirisa, misi Sedegebi gamaogneblad didi aRmoCnda msoflios istoriul rakursSi.

42

SesaniSnavi patara omi

jon milton hei (1838-1905)

Teodor ruzvelti (1858-1919)

espaneT-amerikis omi mravalwaxnaga samxedro konfliqti iyo, romelic sxvadasxva aspeqtisagan Sedgeboda. es iyo istoriuli, ideologiuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri, samxedro-strategiuli, samxedro-taqtikuri da teqnologiuri Sinaarsis aspeqtebi, romelTa erTobliobamac mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra am omis xasiaTi da saomar moqmedebaTa Teatrebis geografia, sabrZolo moqmedebebis dinamika da omis Sedegebi. samxedro-politikuri TvalsazrisiT, espaneTamerikis omi iyo samxedro konfliqti espaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris kubaze mimdinare ganmaTavisuflebel omSi amerikis Carevisa da, aseve, wynar okeaneSi mdebare espaneTis samflobeloebze (igulisxmeba filipinebi, romelic im droisaTvis espaneTis udidesi kolonia iyo aziaSi) amerikis Tavdasxmis gamo. globaluri qronologiis TvalsazrisiT ki, espaneT-amerikis omi e.w. „axali imperializmis“ epoqis omebis serias ganekuTvneba, im epoqas, rodesac mowinave evropulma qveynebma, agreTve iaponiam da amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma globaluri masStabiT daiwyes koloniuri eqspansia. esaa 1830-1914 wlebi – safrangeTis mier ina doqtr alJiris dapyrobidan I msoflio omis dawyemonros bamde periodi, 1914 wlisaTvis ki, dasavluri samyaro ukve globalur dominantad moevlina msoflios. geopolitikur da ideologiur rakursSi yvelaferi 1832 wlis 2 dekembers daiwyo, aSSis mexuTe prezident jeims monros xelmoweriT gamocemul dokumentze dayrdnobiT, romelic politikuri da diplomatiis istoriis sferoSi „monros doqtrinis“ saxeliT aris Sesuli. am doqtriniT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis administracia CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis kontinentebze evropuli qveynebis mxridan kolonizaciis yovelgvar mcdelobas agresiis aqtad ganixilavda, romelic aSS-is samxedro Zalebis intervenciiT unda aRkveTiliyo. doqtrina maSin gamoica, roca laTinuri amerikis TiTqmis yvela qveyanas espaneTis imperiisgan damouki-

jeims monro (1758-1831)

43

omis xelovneba

1846-1848 wlebis meqsika-amerikis omi

1861-1865 wlebis amerikis samoqalaqo omi

debloba ukve mopovebuli hqonda, garda perus, boliviis, kubisa da puerto-rikosi, da aSS-mac energiulad daiwyo muSaoba did britaneTTan im SeTanxmebis miRwevaze, romliTac evropuli qveynebi miscemdnen garantias, rom amerikis kontinentze intervencias ar moaxdendnen.

Tu sakiTxs istoriul rakursSi ganvixilavT, aseT suraTs miviRebT: 1846-1848 wlebis meqsika-amerikisa da 1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo omis Semdgomi problemebis mogvarebis, saxelmwifos rekonstruqciisa da industrializaciis Semdeg, XIX saukunis bolodan, aSS teritoriuli eqspansiis gzas daadga. roca pionerebma sabolood aiTvises veluri dasavleTi, amerikis mTavrobam eqspansionisturi mzera samxreTiT – karibis zRvis auzisaken mimarTa da dasavleTiT – wynari okeanisa da aziisken. aq, teritoriuli eqspansiis gzaze, aSS yofili didi imperiis – espaneTis – interesebs Seejaxa, romelsac mniSvnelovani koloniebi hqonda wynari okeanisa da karibis zRvis auzebSi. es koloniebi, pirvel rigSi, iyo filipinebis arqipelagi da kuba. aq aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda ekonomikur faqtors. karibis zRvis regioni da, gansakuTrebiT, kuba ekonomikurad mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan. saqme isaa, rom 1890-iani wlebisTvis amerikis moqalaqeebi kubaze didi Rirebulebis aqtivebs flobdnen uZrav qonebasa da samrewvelo seqtorSi. ase, magaliTad, mxolod Saqris warmoebis industriaSi amerikelebs 50 milioni aSS dolaris investicia hqondaT Cadebuli. aSS ufro gacxovelebul vaWrobas eweoda kubasTan, vidre misi metropolia espaneTi. ai, ras ambobda aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivani jon kuinsi adamsi: „es kunZulebi, Tavisi ganlagebiT, bunebrivi danamatia CrdiloeT amerikis kontinentisa, xolo erTi maTgani, kuba, TiTqmis moCans Cveni napirebidan. kuba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Cveni vaWrobisa da politikuri interesebisaTvis. kunZuls gabatonebuli pozicia ukavia meqsikis ubesa da vestindoeTis zRvebSi... es faqtebi kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas sZens kubas da Cvens, da ara sxva romelime qveynis, interesebs“. jon kuinsi adamsi (1767-1848)

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi kubaze espaneTis mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg mimdinare mudmiv amboxebebs ukve endemuri xasiaTi hqonda, rasac yuradRebiT akvirdebodnen amerikelebi. 1895 wels kubaze axalma ajanyebam ifeTqa, romelic espaneTis mTavrobam sisxliani represiebiT CaaxSo. ajanyebulTa sabrZolo moqmedebebi partizanuli omis taqtikas efuZneboda – Casafreba, reidi, swrafi dartyma da brZolidan swrafi gasvla. kubel meamboxeTa am taqtikas kubis general-gubernatorma da espaneTis momavalma samxedro ministrma, generalma valeriano

44

aSS

bahamis kunZulebi

SesaniSnavi patara omi terqsisa da kaikosis kunZulebi

domenikelTa respublika

kuba meqsika

britaneTis virjiniis kunZulebi sen-marteni angilia sint-marteni sen-barTelmi

aSSs virjiniis kunZulebi

saba

belizi

kaimanis kunZulebi

puerto-riko

haiti

monserati

sent-kisti da nevisi

iamaika

gvatemala

antigua da barbuda

sint-estatiusi

gvadelupa

dominika martinika sent-lusia

hondurasi sent vinsenti da grenadinebi barbadosi

aruba

grenada

kurasao

trinidadi da tobago

nikaragua

boneiri

el-salvadori kosta-rika venesuela panama

gaiana

kolumbia

veilerma, metad daundobeli da efeqturi brZolis saSualeba – „rekoncentraciis“ strategia daupirispira, ris gamoc mas „meore hercogi alba“ da „yasabi veilori“ Searqves. am strategiis arsi martivi iyo – mSvidobiani da espaneTisadmi loialurad ganwyobili mosaxleobis meamboxeTagan gancalkeveba da maTi dacva, yvelaferi danarCenis ki, naTesebisa da savargulebis CaTvliT, cecxlis zonaSi moqceva da situaciis kontroli. ase Seiqmna kubaze rekoncentraciis banakebi, ris Sesaxebac naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis wiTeli jvris warmomadgenlis moxsenebiTi baraTi, Sedgenili dasavleT kubaSi mdebare pinar-del-rios provinciaSi, erT-erTi aseTi banakis monaxulebis Semdeg: „havanaSi TiTqos yvelaferi Cveulebrivad gamoiyureba. quCaSi mxolod jariskacTa jgufebi da policiis patruli gaxsenebs, rom omia. havanis gareT ki yvelaferi icvleba. pinar-del-rioSi arc omia da arc mSvidoba. aq mZime, daZabuli mdgomareoba, sicariele da SimSilia. yvela qalaqi da sofeli CemTvis aqamde ucnobi konstruqciis tranSeebiTaa SemosazRvruli, romlebic talaxiTaa savse da garedan mavTulxlarTi aqvs Semovlebuli. tranSeebs yovel kuTxesa da gverdebze miSenebuli aqvT gamagrebuli Senobebi, romlebsac fortebs eZaxian, magram sinamdvileSi es blokpostebia, romelTagan zogierTi patara saguSagos hgavs saTofurebiT da oridan aTamde guSagiT SigniT. amis daniSnulebaa rekoncentrantTa tranSeebs SigniT, xolo meamboxeebis tranSeebs gareT dakaveba... da yvelafer cocxals, rac gareTaa, esvrian... mTeli aremaridan xalxi mohyavT am gamagrebul qalaqebSi. es realurad cixes hgavs, magram im gansxvavebiT, rom kedlebi arcTu ise maRali da mkvidria. Sida ezos yvela wertili jariskacTa Tofis srolis radiusSia, iq qalebi da bavSvebic arian moTavsebuli. me ver vnaxe vercerTi saxli 400 milis manZilze... verc cxoveli, verc naTesi, verc saZovari... yvela – kaci, qali, bavSvi Tu Sinauri cxoveli, rogorc ki qalaqamde mova, SeiaraRebuli darajebis dacvis qveS SehyavT am, rogorc isini eZaxian, fortifikaciaSi... vimeoreb: aq arc omia da arc mSvidoba. aq siwynarea...~ kubeli bavSvebi rekoncentraciis banakSi

valeriano veileri (1838-1930 )

45

omis xelovneba

rui lopes de vilalobosi (1500-1546 ) magelanis gadasvla filipinebze

aseTive procesebi mimdinareobda espaneTis meore koloniaSic – filipinebis kunZulebze. espanelebi filipinebze pirvelad fernando magelanis eqspediciis dros, 1521 wlis 17 marts, gadasxdnen, Tumca arqipelagis intensiuri kolonizacia mogvianebiT, mxolod 1565 wels daiwyo. mas Semdeg filipinebi espanelTa umniSvnelovanes koloniur samflobelod iqca aziaSi. jer kidev kolonizaciis dawyebamde, 1543 wels, espanelma mkvlevarma, rui lopes de vilalobosma, asturiis maSindeli princis da espaneTis momavali mefis, „kaTolicizmis burjad“ wodebuli filipe II-is pativsacemad, axlad aRmoCenil arqipelags misi saxeli – filipinebi uwoda. ase Seiqmna msoflio imperia, sadac „mze arasdros Cadioda“. ganvlili 300 wlis ganmavlobaSi filipinebi mcire espanuri koloniidan „axali espaneTis vice-samefod“ gardaiqmna. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi kaTolicizmi filipinebze dominantur religiad iqca, misi mTavari qalaqi, manila ki, transwynariokeanis vaWrobis dasavlur centrad Camoyalibda. kubis msgavsad, 1896 wels filipinebzec ifeTqa ajanyebam. kubasa da filipinebze im dros ganviTarebul movlenebs yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals aSS-is maSindeli mTavroba. igi Sesaferis moments eloda, rom espaneT-kubisa da espaneT-filipinebis urTierTobebSi Careuliyo da kubasa da filipinebs „espaneTis uRlis gadagdebaSi daxmareboda“.

1898 wlis 1 ianvars espaneTma kubas nawilobrivi avtonomiuri marTvis ufleba mianiWa, magram kubelebisTvis es Zalian mcire iyo da Zalian dagvianebuli. 1898 wlis 12 ianvars kubaze axalma ajanyebam ifeTqa... amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebi kargad iyvnen momzadebuli omisaTvis. Sesabamisad, swrafad amuSavda saomar ajanyebuli filipinelebis jari

filipe II (1527-1598)

46

SesaniSnavi patara omi

istoriuli magaliTebis Seswavla-analizis safuZvelze 1890 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi „sazRvao Zlierebis gavlena istoriaze 16601783“ alfred mahanma wamoayena e.w. „sazRvao batonobis“ Teoria, romlis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebrivi da nacionaluri Zlierebis wyaro zRvaze batonobaa: mSvidobis dros – misi gamoyeneba komerciuli daniSnulebiT, xolo omis dros – misi kontroli. mahanis „sazRvao batonobis“ am koncefciam udidesi zegavlena iqonia msoflios mowinave qveynebis, pirvel rigSi ki, aSS-is, didi britaneTis, germaniisa da iaponiis saxelmwifo da sazRvao strategiebis Camoyalibebaze. Sedegad, es qveynebi sakuTari samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis gaZlierebisa da gamalebuli SeiaraRebis eskalaciis gzas daadgnen. alfred mahani (1840-1914)

moqmedebaTa gegmac. amerikuli flotis gaZlierebaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula amerikeli istorikosisa da strategosis, geopolitikis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis, sazRvao omis kolejis prezidentis, admiral alfred mahanis naSromma, romelic namdvil gzamkvlevad iqca sazRvao strategiisa da strategiuli zRvaosnobis sferoSi. amerikuli armia ki moumzadebeli iyo. aSS-is regularuli armiis piradi Semadgenloba 1898 wlisaTvis sul raRac 28 aTasi kacisgan Sedgeboda. daigegma damatebiT 50 aTasi kacis gawveva, magram, realurad, moxaliseTa da erovnuli gvardiis Semadgenlobis xarjze, 220 000-is mobilizeba moxerxda. momaval omTan amerikuli samxedro da politikuri istebliSmentis damokidebuleba erTob optimisturi iyo: senatori nebraskis Statidan jon Tarstoni – „espaneTTan omi Cvens biznessa da vaWrobas ganaviTarebs. igi amerikuli qarxnebis warmadobas gazrdis, stimulirebas gaukeTebs mrewvelobis yvela dargs da Sida komerciul procesebs gaaZlierebs“... aSS-is armiis generaluri inspeqtori, generali jeims brekenriji – „Tu SevajamebT, Cveni politika yovelTvis unda iyos sustebis dacvis politika ZlierTagan manam, sanam ar mivaRwevT orives dasustebas im zRvramde, rom antiliis am margalitis aneqsia movaxdinoT...“ 1898 wlis ianvris bolos havanis yureSi „amerikelebis usafrTxoebisa da interesebis dasacavad“ javSnosani kreiseri USS Maine Sevida da reidze dadga. 15 Tebervals ki, 21 saaTsa da 40 wuTze, kreiserze gaurkvevel viTarebaSi mZlavri afeTqeba moxda. kreiseris mTeli ekipaJi daiRupa, garda oficrebisa, romlebic im dros qalaqSi imyofebodnen. amerikulma yviTelma presam maSinve aitaca es ambavi da xomaldis afeTqebaze pasxismgebloba espanelebs daakisra. fraza: „daimaxsovre „meini“! jandaba espa-

jon Tarstoni (1847-1916)

jeims brekenriji (1877-1942)

47

omis xelovneba neTs!“ – amerikuli sazogadoebis Semdgomi moqmedebis gamoZaxilad iqca. kreiseris afeTqebam xeli Seuwyo amerikelTa sabrZolo ganwyobis amaRlebas. omis dawyebis kidev erTi sababi iyo espaneTis elCis mrCevlis werili, romelic Seuracxyofda aSS-is prezident uiliam makkinlis. amis sapasuxod prezidentma makkinlim 1898 wlis 20 aprils espaneTis mTavrobas gaugzavna ultimatumi, rom kunZuli StatebisaTvis gadaecaT. pasuxad, espaneTma 21 aprils diplomatiuri urTierTobebi gawyvita aSS-Tan, xolo 23 aprils – omi gamoucxada. imave dRes aSS-is samxedro-sazRvao Zalebma, prezidentis brZanebiT, daiwyes kubis blokada. 25 aprils ki aSS-is kongresma ganacxada, rom omi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da espaneTs Soris, faqtobrivad, 21 aprilidan iyo dawyebuli. sainteresoa, im droisaTvis ras warmoadgenda espaneTi, rogorc saxelmwifo da samxedro Zala. ekonomikuri da samxedro TvalsazrisiT, espaneTi ukve didi xania aRar iyo is imperia, sadac „mze arasdros Cadioda“. es iyo arqauli feodaluri saxelmwifo – daberebuli imperia, susti kapitalisturi urTierTobebiTa da susti ekonomikiT, susti, ZiriTadad, xiskorpusiani, moZvelebuli flotiT. amerikelebis samxedrosazRvao floti ki, liToniskorpusiani da msxvilkalibriani sagembano artileriiT aRWurvili mZlavri saxazo gemebisa da kreiserebisagan Sedgeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, samxedro xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT, espaneT-amerikis omi asimetriuli omi iyo. es iyo samxedro dapirispireba or saxelmwifos Soris, romelTa samxedro Zala raodenobrivi da teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeboda. es gansxvaveba saomar moqmedebaTa Teatrebze gansxvavebuli samxedro strategiisa da sabrZolo taqtikis gatarebaSi gamoixata. miuxedavad kubaze dawyebuli samxedro eskalaciisa, pirveli brZola espanur da amerikul Zalebs Soris ara xmeleTze da ara kubis, aramed zRvaze, filipinebis saomar moqmedebaTa Teatrze, manilis yureSi gaimarTa 1898 wlis 1 maiss. im dros espanelTa wynari okeanis eskadra manilis yureSi idga, sanapiro dacvis qvemexebis safarqveS. xo-

uiliam makkinli (1843-1901)

maldebic da sagembano da sanapiro dacvis artileriac ukve Zalian moZvelebuli iyo fizikurad da moralurad. sazRvao brZola elviseburi siswrafiT ganviTarda da amerikelTa sruli upiratesobiT dasrulda. aSS-is aziis sazRvao eskadram, admiral jorj duis meTaurobiT da flagman USS Olympia-s monawileobiT, romelic hong-kongidan gamovida, ramdenime saaTSi gaanadgura espanel admiral patricio montoxo pasaronis floti. amerikelebs sabrZolo danakargebi ar hqoniaT. am brZolaSi mxolod ramdenime amerikeli mezRvauri daiWra. imave dRes amerikelebma manilis yure daikaves.

afeTqebuli kreiseri USS Maine

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SesaniSnavi patara omi

manilis yuris brZola, 1898 wlis 1 maisi

karibis saomar moqmedebaTa Teatrze amerikelTa mizans kubis sididiT meore qalaqis – santiago-de-kubas dakaveba da am regionSi gaSlili espanelTa koloniuri armiisa da flotis ganadgureba warmoadgenda. amerikelTa pirveli samxedro kontingenti, romelic 10 ivniss kubaze, santiago-de-kubas aRmosavleTiT, guantanamosTan gadajda, sazRvao qveiTTa batalioni iyo. batalions 22 da 24 ivniss aSS-is me-5 saarmio korpusis gadasxma mohyva, general uiliam Safteris sardlobiT. santiagomde miaxloebis saxmeleTo marSrutic ganisazRvra – aRmosavleTisaken svla da san-xuanis simaRleebisa da el-kanes dakaveba. amerikelTa mxares mokavSireebic Caebnen operaciaSi – kubis damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZolTa partizanuli razmebi, general kalisto garsias meTaurobiT. saTavo kolona, yofili konfederati generlis, jozef vileris sardlobiT, espanuri kolonis ariergardTan Caeba brZolaSi, romelic ukan, santiagosken ixevda. brZola espanelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda. amerikelebi moZvelebuli xazovani sabrZolo wyobiT moqmedebdnen da maT arasaTanadod Seafases espanelTa Zalebi. espanelebs SeiaraRebaSi hqondaT im droisaTvis saukeTeso balistikuri monacemebis mqone 1893 wlis nimuSis „mauzeris“ sistemis SaSxanebi, romelic taqtikur-teqnikuri maCveneblebiT aRemateboda amerikelebis SeiaraRebaSi arsebul 1873 wlis nimuSis „sfringfildisa“ da „kreg-iurgensonis“ sistemis SaSxanebs. da rac mTavaria, espanelebs kargad hqondaT damuSavebuli amboxis sawinaaRmdego brZolis taqtika. maT amerikelebis winmaval kolonas organizebuli Casafreba mouwyves.

jorj dui (1837-1917)

patricio montoxo (1839-1917)

xomaldi USS Olympia

49

omis xelovneba

jon perSingi (1860-1948)

kalisto garsia (1839-1898)

tyviamfrqvevi „gatlingi“

1898 wlis 1 ivliss amerikelTa 15-aTasianma kontingentma, regularuli jaris qveiTi da sakavalerio polkebis, moxaliseTa 4 polkisa da kubeli meamboxeebis SemadgenlobiT, santiagos maxloblad frontaluri Seteva miitana espanelTa Casangrebul poziciebze. metad sainteresoa, rom amerikuli jaris SemadgenlobaSi CarTuli iyvnen da san-xuanis maRlobebisTvis brZolaSi monawileobdnen amerikel Savkanian jariskacTa e.w. „feradi polkebi“ da Teodor ruzveltis mier organizebuli sakavalerio nawili, e.w. „veluri polki“. Teodor ruzveltma omis dawyebisTanave mxari dauWira kubis samxedro intervenciis gegmas da rogorc brwyinvale mojiriTem da msrolelma, sakavalerio polkis Seqmna da misi meTauroba ikisra. amave brZolaSi monawileobda maSin jer kidev ufrosi leitenanti, SemdgomSi aSS-is armiis legendaruli oficeri, pirveli xuTvarskvlaviani generali jon perSingi. san-xuanis maRlobis dauflebisaTvis gamarTuli pirveli brZola amerikelebis marcxiT dasrulda. maT 200 kaci moukles, 1200 ki daiWra. sabolood, brZolis bedi amerikelTa SeiaraRebaSi arsebulma „gatlingis“ tyviamfrqvevma gadawyvita. amerikelebma san-xuanis simaRleebic aiRes da santiagoc moaqcies alyaSi. qalaqis dasavleTis misadgomebTan ki, kubelma moxaliseebma, general kalisto garsias meTaurobiT, SeZles espanelTa Tavdacvis zRudeebis garRveva da qalaqSi Sesvla, ramac espanelTa rigebSi didi uwesrigoba da panika gamoiwvia. saxmeleTo operaciis mxardasaWerad da qalaqis asaRebad santiago-de-kubas yureSi amerikuli flotis Seyvana gadawyda. amgvarad, qalaqi srul blokadaSi moeqca. santiago-de-kubas yureSi warmoebuli brZola, romelic 3 ivliss gaimarTa, aSS-espaneTis omis mTavari sazRvao brZola iyo. manilis sazRvao brZolis msgavsad, amerikulma flotma aqac advilad gaanadgura espanelTa eskadra. mxolod espanuri eskadris flagmanma, javSnosanma Cristobal Colon-ma

Cristobal Colon-i italiaSi aages 1895 wels. espaneTis samxedro flotis sakuTrebad igi 1897 wels iqca. es iyo kargi SeiaraRebis mqone, swrafmcuravi da faqtobrivad espaneTis flotis erTaderTi Tanamedrove SejavSnuli samxedro xomaldi. is Sualedur klass ganekuTvneboda saxazo gemsa da kreisers Soris. magram bedis ironia iyo, rom espanurma flotma gemi, sazRvao ministris gadawyvetilebiT, mZime SeiaraRebis, 10-duimiani (250 mm) mTavari kalibris sagembano qvemexebis gareSe miiRo. ase rom, santiagos sazRvao brZolaSi man efeqturi monawileoba ver miiRo.

50

SesaniSnavi patara omi

SeZlo yuridan Tavis daRweva, Tumca male isic danebda. javSnosanma droSa dauSva da mTeli misi ekipaJi, 1612 kacis SemadgenlobiT, admiral serveras CaTvliT, tyved Cabarda. sabolood, saomari moqmedebebi 1898 wlis 12 agvistos Sewyda. 10 dekembers ki parizSi meomar mxareebs Soris samSvidobo xelSekrulebas moewera xeli, romlis ratificirebac aSS-is senatma 1899 wlis 6 Tebervals moaxdina. am xelSekrulebiT amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma kontroli moipova yofil espanur koloniebze – kubaze, filipinebze, guamsa da puerto-rikoze. amas male mohyva havais kunZulebis aSS-is mier okupacia, wynari okeanis auzSi samxedro-sazRvao bazis Seqmnis „aucileblobidan gamomdinare”. espaneTTan mimarTebiT ki sapirispiro movlenebi ganviTarda. am omma espaneTis erT dros uZlieresi msoflio imperiis dasasruli moitana, romelic 1808 wels napoleonis mier espaneTis okupaciiT daiwyo. kubis dakargviT espanelebma mZime fsiqologiuri travma miiRes, radgan kubas espanur provinciad ufro miiCnevdnen, vidre koloniad da misi dakargva namdvil erovnul tragediad iqca. am omis Semdeg yofili didi imperiis Semadgenlobidan espanelebs mxolod dasavleTi afrika, espanuri gvinea, sahara, maroko da kanaris kunZulebi darCa. rac Seexeba aSS-s, omis dasrulebis Semdeg kubaze amerikuli samxedro administracia damyarda. rogorc gamarjvebul mxares, aSS-s eZleoda SeuzRudavi ufleba Careuliyo kubis Sida saqmeebSi. kubaze aSS-is samxedro mmarTveloba mxolod 1902 wels

fulxensio batista (1901-1973 )

dasrulda, Tumca aSS-is mTavrobam samudamod daitova guantanamos flobis ufleba, rac dRemde grZeldeba. amerikuli samxedro baza kubaze samxedro mmarTvelobis dasrulebisTanave, 1903 wels aSenda. omSi gamarjvebis Semdgom daiwyo kubis aSS-ze sruli damokidebulebis grZelvadiani periodi, romelic 1959 wels dasrulda, roca kubis proamerikeli prezidenti da diqtatori, fulxensio batista, fidel kastros mier organizebulma revoluciam Camoagdo. espaneT-amerikis omma didi roli Seasrula XX saukunis dasawyisidan aSS-Si ganxorcielebul sistemur cvlilebebSi. aSSis armiam mcirericxovani sasazRvro Zalebidan mniSvnelovan samxedro organizaciad gardaqmna daiwyo, romlis interesTa sfero ukve mTel msoflios moicavda; didi yuradReba eqceoda flotis aRWurvas uaxlesi tipis samxedro xomaldebiT; 1903 wels dawesda armiis Stabis ufrosis Tanamdeboba da daarsda armiis omis koleji. 1917 wlisaTvis aSS-s ukve hyavda msoflioSi erT-erTi uZlieresi samxedro floti, didi britaneTisa da germaniis Semdeg. amerikelTa „veluri polkis“ meTauri Teodor ruzvelti ki, romelic samSobloSi gmiris saxeliT dabrunda, jer niu-iorkis Statis gubernatorad airCies, xolo 1900 wels, prezident makkinlis xelaxla arCevis Semdeg, man administraciaSi meore piris – vice-prezidentis Tanamdeboba daikava. 1901 wlis 14 seqtembers prezident makkinlis mkvlelobis Semdeg, 42 wlis asakSi, Teodor ruzvelti amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 26-e prezidenti gaxda – yvelaze axalgazrda prezidenti amerikis istoriaSi.

fidel kastro (1926-2016)

51

didi adamianebi

rabindranaT Tagori

arCil qiqoZe

Zneli warmosadgenia, rom Tagoris masStabis adamiani Cvens epoqaSi daibados. es kaci iyo genialuri mwerali, ganmanaTlebeli da sakuTari qveynis sindisi, Tanac iseTi didi da mravalferovani qveynisa, rogoric indoeTia, romelsac dResac ver dauZlevia kasturi problemebi Tu postkoloniuri memkvidreoba, Tumca ki atomur iaraRs da uaxles teqnologiebs flobs.

Tagoris yvelaze didi ocneba indoeli xalxis ganaTleba iyo. indoelebis did nawils dResac ar miuwvdeba xeli ganaTlebaze, am qveynis milionobiT moqalaqe absolutur siRaribeSi cxovrobs da xilul momavalSic ar Cans maTi mdgomareobis gamosworebis aranairi perspeqtiva. arc mTlianad Cveni samyaroa iseTi, rogorzec mwerali ocnebobda da rogoris SeqmnisTvisac muSaobda. ra daemarTa Tagoris ocnebas da misi cxovrebis Sromas? fuWi iyo? ra Tqma unda – ara. radgan aseTi adamianebis samyaroSi arseboba aris imedi, rom samyaro SesaZloa gadarCes, maTi Sroma ki momavali TaobebisTvis aris samagaliTo, radgan Cvenma samyarom mraval borotebasTan erTad aseTi adamianebic Sva. Tagoris literaturuli memkvidreoba ki, misi leqsebi, poemebi da romanebi, dResac aqtualuri, saintereso da brZnulia. sibrZne, brZenkaci – aseTia sityvebi, romlebic Tagoris gaxsenebisas momdis. ramdeni Wkviani adamiania dedamiwaze, magram sakuTari codnis ase gamcemi, sakuTari sicocxlis sxvebisTvis ase uangarod mimZRvneli Zalian cotaa. misi leqsebic da romanebic ubralod poeziis da prozis trfialiT ki ar aris dawerili, maTSic mudam msjelobaa samSoblosa da zogadad, samyaros bedze da momavalze.

52

rabindranaT Tagori

indoeTi britaneTis koloniuri batonobidan 1947 wels gaTavisuflda. dRes indoeTis mosaxleoba, romelic sxvadasxva eTnosisgan (hindustanelebi, biharelebi, bengalebi, telugebi, maraTebi, tamilebi, gujaraTelebi) Sedgeba, bolo aRweris mixedviT, miliard oTxasi aTasia. qveynis mosaxleobis 6.7 procenti (80 milioni adamiani) siRaribis zRvars miRma cxovrobs.

qveyanaSi gavrcelebuli religiebia:

83 %

induizmi islami

11 %

qristianoba 2.6 % siqizmi 1.9 % budizmi 0.7 %

Tagors adamianis sidiadis sjeroda. dRes esec iSviaTia. momavali mwerali da sazogado moRvawe 1861 wlis Svid maiss daibada qalaq kalkutaSi, romelic maSin britaneTis qveSevrdomobaSi myofi indoeTis dedaqalaqi iyo. kalkuta Tavad daaarses britanelebma jer kidev manam, sanam indoeTs daipyrobdnen. es indostanis naxevarkunZulis yvelaze evropuli qalaqi iyo, aq ijda britaneTis mefisnacvali da aqedan imarTeboda mravaleTnikuri da mravalreligiuri indoeTi. raxan am qveynis mravalferovneba vaxseneT, vityvi, rom Tagori bengaleli iyo, misi proza da poezia bengalur enaze iwereboda.

Tagori privilegirebul da ganaTlebul ojaxSi daibada. rodesac privilegiebze vlaparakobT, indoeTis konteqstSi es, pirvel rigSi, warmoSobas exeba. indoeTis induisturi umravlesoba maSinac da dResac kastebad iyofa, Tagorebis ojaxi ki am kastaTagan umaRless – brahmanebs (orjer dabadebulebs) miekuTvneboda da sakuTar genealogias VIII saukunidan iTvlida. amas garda, Tagorebi SeZlebulebic iyvnen, flobdnen miwebs da sxva uZrav qonebas. am ojaxSi erTmaneTs erwymoda warmatebuli biznesalRo da codnisaken swrafva. miuxedavad imisa, rom Rrmad morwmuneebi iyvnen, Tagorebs SeeZloT iolad gadaebijebinaT religiuri crurwmenebisTvis. ase, magaliTad, induizmis mixedviT, nebismieri adamiani, romelic zRviT ucxo qveyanaSi imogzaurebs, sakuTari kastisadmi mikuTvnebas kargavs, ukastod rCeba, rac sazogadoebisgan gariyulobas niSnavs. Tagoris babuam ki, dvarkanaTx Tagorma, zRva gadacura, Cavida inglisSi, Sexvda dedofal viqtorias, isadila mweral Carlz dikensTan da mogzaur mikluxo maklaisTan erTad da Sinac ise dabrunda, rom Tavis „saqcielis“ Sedegebze bevri ar ufiqria.

kalkuta XIX saukuneSi

Tagori bavSvobaSi

indoeTSi gavrcelebulia ramdenime ena: hindi (masze laparakobs mosaxleobis 40 %), bengaluri, telugu, maraTuli, tamiluri, urdu, gujaraTuli, malaialami, kanada, oria, penjaburi, asamuri, qaSmiruli, sindhuri, sanskriti, nepaluri, awinknuri. bengaluri ena hindis mere yvelaze gavrcelebuli enaa indoeTSi. bengalis (Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTis) garda, masze laparakoben bangladeSSi. bengalur enaze sul 200 milioni adamiani laparakobs.

53

didi adamianebi indoeTSi sazogadoebriv fenas, anu kastas varna ewodeba. sityva „varna“ sanskritze aRniSnavs fers, garegnul iersaxes an Tvisebebs. uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli dRemde indoeTis induisturi mosaxleoba oTx mTavar fenad, anu varnad iyofa. sami varna aris maRali wodebis: brahmanebi Zvelad – qurumTa, dRes – inteleqtualTa fena (maTi feri, anu varnaa TeTri), kSatriebi Zvelad – meomrebis, dRes – Cinovnikebis fena (feri – wiTeli), vaiSiebi – Zveladac da axlac vaWarTa, biznesmenTa fena (feri – yviTeli) da dabali wodebis erTi varna – Sudrebi – Zveladac da axlac muSaTa klasi (feri – Savi). mTavari oTxi varna Sedgeba uricxvi qvevarnisgan, romelTa zusti ricxvi ucnobia, yovel dasaxlebul punqtSi SesaZloa axali qvevarnis povna. pirvel sam varnas ewodeboda „dvijdebi“, anu orjer dabadebulni, orjer Sobilni, radgan maT ufleba hqondaT meore – „sulieri“ dabadebisa. maRali wodebis sami varnis mamakacebi bavSvobaSi gadian upanaianas rituals – Tavisebur naTlobas, ris Semdegac maT SeuZliaT vedebs (induizmis uZvelesi religiuri wignebi, Sesrulebuli sanskritze) eziaron, rac maT meore dabadebad iTvleba.

marTalia, Tagorebi mtkiced idgnen indur kulturaze da mSobliur bengalur enas nebismier sxvas amjobinebdnen, magram isini aseve mudam eswrafodnen evropul ganaTlebas, mecnierebas da filosofias. amis Sedegad, am ojaxidan imdeni cnobili adamiani gamovida, erT patara qveyanas rom eyofoda. mwerlis ufrosi Zma cnobili maTematikosi, poeti da musikosi iyo, ori SuaTana Zma _ cnobili filosofosebi da dramaturgebi, misi erT-erTi ZmisSvili ki sruliad gamorCeuli mxatvari, romelic Tanamedrove bengaluri mxatvrobis fuZemdeblad iTvleba. magram davubrundeT rabindranaT Tagors, romelic namdvil ganaTlebas sakuTar ojaxSi iRebda, Tumca siaruli mouwia sajaro skolaSic, romlis uxeSi maswavleblebi da zedapiruli swavleba SeiZula. induri skola is adgili ar iyo, sadac Tundac mowadinebul mowafes ganaTlebis miReba SeeZlo. Tanac momavali mwerali privilegirebuli ojaxidan iyo, mis TanamoqalaqeTa absolutur umetesobas ki amgvar ganaTlebazec ar miuwvdeboda xeli. mwerlis bavSvobaSi Zalian mniSvnelovani momenti iyo, rodesac mamam samogzaurod waiyvana CrdiloeT indoeTSi. aq bavSvs

meti Tavisufali dro hqonda bunebasTan saziareblad. penjabis Statis mTebSi gatarebuli ramdenime Tve misi cxovrebis dauviwyar mogonebad iqca, Tumca iqac mamis mkacri meTvalyureobiT swavlobda buRalterias. Tagorebi xom miwaTmflobelebi iyvnen da adre Tu gvian rabindranaTsac mouwevda sakuTar mamulebze zrunva.

Tagori jer poeti gaxda da mere _ prozaikosi. msoflio literaturaSi iSviaTia adamiani, romelsac mwerlobis es ori dargi erTnairad kargad gamosdiodes. Tagori aseTi iyo. cameti wlisam pirveli leqsebis krebuli gamosca da maSinve miiqcia kritikosTa yuradReba. mniSvnelovani iyo saswavleblad inglisSi wasvla. britaneTSi gadaRebuli fotoebidan sufTad gaparsuli evropulad Cacmuli axalgazrda kaci Semogvcqeris. evropul kulturasTan, iqaur mwerlobasTan da filosofiasTan ziarebam Tagori Secvala. sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi man induris da evropulis sinTezi moaxdina. sxva yvelaferTan erTad Tagori kompozitoric iyo da mis Semdeg bengaluri musika Seicvala, masSi evropuli motivebi Semovida ise, rom adgilobrivi ki ar daiCagra, mxolod gamdidrda.

dedofali viqtoria (1819-1901) dvarkanaTx Tagori (1794-1864)

54

Carlz dikensi (1812-1870)

mikluxo maklai (1846-1888)

rabindranaT Tagori

ufrosi Zma satiendranaT Tagori (1842-1923)

rabindranaT Tagori britaneTSi

Tagors britaneTSi swavla ar daumTavrebia, ise dabrunda samSobloSi. male colad moiyvana aseve warCinebul brahmanTa Camomavali mrinalini devi, romelTanac erTmaneTis miyolebiT xuTi Svili eyola.

indoeTi tropikuli qveyanaa, sadac, gansakuTrebiT wvimebis sezonze, aTasgvari epidemia iCens xolme Tavs. iTvleba, rom indoelebi fatalistebi (bedis morCilebi) arian da amas induisturi religiac uwyobs xels. es xalxi mSvidad xvdeba avadobisgan, Sxamiani gvelis nakbenisgan Tu kaciWamia vefxvis klanWebisgan axloblis Tu sakuTar sikvdils. ase iTvleba, magram es ar niSnavs, rom fatalizmi tkivils anelebs. meuRlisa da Svilebis dakargva Tagors mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovrebis manZilze stkioda. mas Semdeg aRar hqonia piradi cxovreba, Tavi mTlianad miuZRvna literaturas da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas. gardacvlili meuRlis saqorwilo samkaulebic ki gayida da aRebuli fuli Tavis skolas moaxmara.

ojaxma Tagors samarTavad Caabara Silaidaxis uzarmazari mamulebi. mwerali naviT dadioda mdinareze, glexebisgan gadasaxads agrovebda da ecnoboda sakuTar qveyanas. es mogzaurobebi misTvis Zalian nayofieri iyo; man uamravi leqsi, poema da moTxroba dawera. gansakuTrebulia misi am periodis leqsebi, sadac bevria samSoblos hangi, buneba, wvima, romelic Tagoris SemoqmedebaSi mudmivi sulieri SfoTvis simbolo gaxda. am axalgazrda poetis xma sruliad axali iyo indoeTisTvis. es xma SeamCnies da daafases.

1901 wels mwerali sacxovreblad gadavida kalkutidan 152 kilometrSi mdebare daba SantiniketanSi, sadac „aSarmi“ _ brZenTa savane daaarsa. es Zveli induisturi tradicia iyo, rodesac asketi berebi ama qveynis amoebas ganeridebodnen, mTas an tyes afarebdnen Tavs da iq filosofosobdnen. oRond Tagoris aSarmi axalgazrdebisTvis codnis gaziarebis adgili iyo. diax, is Tavis Seqmnil savaneSi iwvevda brZenebs, oRond maT axalgazrdebisTvis unda eswavlebinaT. es iyo eqsperimentuli skola _ Tagoris ocneba, rom mis Svilebsa da sxvaTa Svilebs saukeTeso ganaTleba mieRoT. mere ki iyo Tagoris cxovrebaSi tragediaTa wyeba _ jer, 1902 wels, sruliad axalgazrda meuRlis gardacvaleba, rac mwerlisTvis umZimesi dartyma iyo; Semdeg wels tuberkuloziT misi erT-erTi qaliSvili gardaicvala, 1907 wels ki qoleris epidemiam misi umcrosi vaJi imsxverpla.

Tagori meuRlesTan erTad

55

didi adamianebi

Tagori iyo indoeTis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Tanamedrovec. am moZraobasTan mas araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba hqonda. rodesac 1907 wels ingliselma mefisnacvalma jorj naTaniel kerzonma gamoTqva idea, bengalis olqi religiuri niSniT orad gaeyoT, aman adgilobrivi mosaxleobis didi protesti gamoiwvia. Seiqmna erovnuli moZraoba „svadeSi“, romlis erT-erTi lideri Tagoric iyo, kalkutaSi demonstrantebi mis patriotul leqsebs mRerodnen, magram sul male organizacia brZolis Zaladobriv meTodebze gadavida, rac humanisti mwerlisTvis absoluturad miuRebeli iyo. Tagori mudam mSvidobiani brZolis momxre iyo da swamda, rom Tuki simarTle Sens mxaresaa, araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegobiT metis miRwevaa SesaZlebeli. aqve unda vTqvaT, rom maSindel indoeTSi gverdigverd cxovrobdnen induistebi da muslimebi. mravalreligiur qveyanaSi es ori re-

SvilebTan erTad

56

Tagoris daarsebuli „aSarmi“

ligia iyo yvelaze gavrcelebuli. britanelebi, rogorc imperialistebis wesia, yvelafers akeTebdnen imisTvis, rom religiuri SuRli gaeRvivebinaT da xSirad gamosdiodaT kidec. erovnuli moZraobis dawyebam sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mqone TanamoZmeTa Soris urTierToba daZaba. am movlenebs eZRvneba Tagoris romani „samyaro da saxli“, romelic me gansakuTrebiT miyvars. wigni TiTqos amotrialebuli sarkea imisa, rasac skolebSi gvaswavlian. TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli aq absoluturi naZiralaa, romelic miznis misaRwevad araferze daixevs ukan. mas ar anaRvlebs, rom sisxli daiRvreba, metic _ sisxlisRvra sWirdeba. adamiani ki, romelic yvelanairad cdilobs indusebis da muslimebis Setakeba SeaCeros, Tavad xdeba am Setakebis pirveli msxverpli.

rabindranaT Tagori

jorj naTaniel kerzoni (1859-1925)

სამყარო და სახლი რაბინდრანათ თაგორი

movlenebs win gavuswreb da vityvi, rom Tagori ver moeswro samSoblos britaneTisgan ganTavisuflebas da ver naxa axal indoeTSi rogori manamde arnaxuli sisastikiT daerivnen erTmaneTs indusebi da muslimebi, rogor moedineboda didi qalaqebis quCebSi sisxlis mdinareebi da rogor gaixliCa uzarmazari qveyana religiuri niSniT jer or (indoeTi da pakistani), Semdeg ki sam (pakistans mogvianebiT gamoeyo bangladeSi) saxelmwifod. aqve vaxseneb indoeTis damoukideblobisTvis brZolis dauviwyar liders mahaTma gandis, romelTanac Tagors Zalian winaaRmdegobrivi urTierToba hqonda. es ori bumberazi adamiani udides pativs scemda erTmaneTs, magram mudmivad kamaTobda brZolis meTodebis Sesaxeb. Tagori ver itanda veranair spekulacias, ra diadi mizanic ar unda hqonoda amas. ase, rodesac 1934 wels qalaq biharSi momxdarma miwisZvram aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, mahaTma gandim gamoacxada, rom es RmerTis sasjeli iyo indoelTa mier xelSeuxebelTa warmomadgenlebis SeviwroebisTvis.

TagorisTvis xelSeuxebelTa problema aranakleb mtkivneuli iyo, amis Sesaxeb Tavis sajaro gamosvlebSic laparakobda da sakuTar wignebSic gamohyavda xelSeuxebeli personaJebi, raTa maTi tkivili sxvebamde mietana, magram RmerTis saxeliT TanamoqalaqeTa daSineba gandis ar apatia da sastikad gaakritika.

gamodis, is inglisurenovani mkiTxvelebis gulebsac ipyrobs. irlandielma poetma uiliam ieitsma ase Seafasa es evropisTvis sruliad axali poeturi xma: „dRes aravin meguleba, vinc inglisur enaze rame msgavsis Seqmnas moaxerxebda“.

1930-iani wlebis plakati, romelic asaxavs gandis Carkas trials, warweriT „koncentrirdi Carkasa da svadeSize“.

oRond es yvelaferi mere iyo, ori didi adamianis sibereSi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi ki Tagori bevrs mogzaurobs da rodesac inglisSi misi leqsebis misive naTargmni krebuli

57

didi adamianebi

bangladeSi

ani ist k a p

indoeTi

Tagori nobelis premiis ceremoniaze

amas mohyva msoflioSi umaRlesi literaturuli jildo — nobelis premia. Tagori pirveli azieli avtori iyo, vinc SvedeTis samefo akademiis jildo miiRo, rac ara mxolod misTvis Tu misi samSoblosTvis iyo mniSvnelovani _ es mTeli kontinentisTvis iyo didi kulturuli garRveva. es 1913 wels moxda. mTeli Tavisi fuladi jildo Tagorma moaxmara Santiniketanis skolas, romelic nel-nela gardaqmna indoeTSi pirvel ufaso universitetad, romelic dRemde arsebobs. ufaso da xarisxiani ganaTleba yvelasTvis _ es iyo mwerlis mTavari ocneba.

Tagori da mahaTma gandi (1869-1948)

1915 wels britaneTis samefom Tagors raindis wodeba mianiWa. oTxi wlis Semdeg ki penjabSi britanulma jarma mSvidobiani demonstracia daxvrita da ramdenime aseuli adamiani mokla. maSin Tagori kalkutaSi Cavida da britaneTis mefisnacvals miswera werili, romelSic uari Tqva raindis wodebaze, yvela britanul jildoze da gamoacxada, rom amieridan wyvetda imperiasTan yvelanair kavSirs da gverdSi udgeboda sakuTar xalxs, romelic „adamianisTvis uRirs Cagvras ganicdida“.

Tagori bevrs mogzaurobda. man praqtikulad mTeli samyaro Semoiara, namyofi iyo perus mTebSi da arabi beduinebis banakebSi, iaponur da amerikul universitetebSi. igi moxibluli iyo msoflios mravalferovnebiT, magram sul ufro umZafrdeboda grZnoba, rom adamiani yvelgan erTia, rom miuxedavad enobrivi, rasobrivi Tu religiuri gansxvavebebisa, adamianebma saerTo ena unda gamonaxon. icoda, rom „izolaciiT, CaketilobiT, verc msoflio da vercerTi kultura ver moigebs“. rom „adamianur samyaroSi gacvla-gamocvlaa mTavari“.

TiTqmis aTi weli mogzaurobda Tagori dedamiwis garSemo da Tavis sajaro gamosvlebidan aRebul fuls mTlianad sakuTar mTavar proeqts _ universitets axmarda. mwerals da mis filosofias mraval qveyanaSi hyavda mimdevrebi. mis saswavlebelSi dRidan daarsebisa muSaobda mravali evropeli mecnieri. universitets leqciebiT stumrobdnen msoflios saukeTeso moazrovneni. sakuTar mamulebSi Tagors mowyobili hqonda eqsperimentuli meurneobebic, sadac indoelebi soflis meurneo-

58

rabindranaT Tagori

bis Tanamedrove teqnologiebs euflebodnen da am meurneobasac mowinave evropeli specialistebi edgnen saTaveSi. am adamianis niWierebas TiTqos sazRvari ar hqonda. moxucebulobaSi Tagorma xatva daiwyo da teqstebTan erTad Seqmnili misi naxatebic yovlad „ucnauri“ da originaluri ram gaxldaT. igi mxatvrobaSic novatori iyo. rodesac Tagors kalkutaSi samocdaaTi wlisTavi gadauxades, daibeWda misi saiubileo oqros wigni _ Zalian Zvirfasi gamocema, romlis saxsrebi mwerals ar hqonda da, romc hqonda, sakuTar mdidrul gamocemaze ar daxarjavda. wigni sxvaTa sponsorobiT gamoica da sponsorTa Soris iyvnen XX saukunis udidesi mecnieri albert ainStaini, frangi mwerali romen rolani, berZeni poeti kostis palamasi, ramdenime indoeli mecenati da mahaTma gandi _ politikur sakiTxebze mudam TagorTan mokamaTe, magram misi erTguli mkiTxveli da misi pirovnebis damfasebeli.

albert ainStainTan erTad

Tagoris naxatebi

Rrma moxucebuloba mweralma mTlianad SantiniketanSi gaatara. aq werda saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebs, sabavSvo leqsebs da mxolod maSin, roca janmrTeloba Zalian Seerya, is kalkutaSi, Tavis bavSvobis saxlSi gadaiyvanes. es ucnauri Sexvedra unda yofiliyo warsulTan. moxuci moazrovne im oTaxebSi da derefnebSi daexeteboda, sadac fexi aidga, sadac bavSvobis wlebi gaatara, misi fiqrebi ki kacobriobis bedze iyo. moaxloebuli sikvdili mas ar aSinebda, mas afrTxobda samyaro iseTi, rogorsac is tovebda. 1941 weli idga. Tagori moeswro yvelaze sisxliani msoflio omis dasawyiss da nacisturi germaniis mier ebraelTa Jletas. mas mudam swamda evropuli kulturis sidiadis, axla ki am kulturis kriziss mTeli samyaros krizisad xedavda. „civilizaciis krizisi“ _ ase hqvia Tagoris bolo naSroms, romelic misi anderZicaa CvenTvis: „odesRac mjeroda, rom civilizaciis gazafxuli ganxilvis sagani gaxdeboda evropis gulSi. dRes, rodesac am qveynis dasatoveblad vemzadebi, am rwmenam mimatova, garSemo vixedebi da amayi civilizaciis nagaviviT mimobneul nangrevebs vxedav. da mainc, ar Caviden saSinel codvas da adamianis rwmenas ar davkargav. axal niutons, istoriis axal Tavs davelodebi. mjera, rom qariSxlis mere Rrublebi gaifanteba da mze isev gamoanaTebs. es Suqi adamianisTvis Tavganwiruli Sromis Suqia“. rabindranaT Tagori 1941 wlis 7 agvistos aResrula.

59

presa

Jurnali

„Tavisufali saqarTvelo“ oTar janeliZe „Tavisufali saqarTvelo“ ucxoeTSi gamocemuli pirveli qarTuli Jurnali iyo. igi JenevaSi moqmedma Tavisufali saqarTvelos jgufma daafuZna. Jurnali Tanamemamuleebs erovnuli konsolidaciisken, samSoblos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis brZolisken mouxmobda. erovnuli da revoluciuri saqmianobisaTvis saqarTvelodan devnili adamianebi zogjer axerxebdnen ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebidan gaRwevas da Tavs evropis ama Tu im saxelmwifos afarebdnen. samSoblodan sxvadasxva wels ucxoeTSi gaxiznulma ramdenime qarTvelma 1910 wels, petre surgulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, SveicariaSi „separatistTa jgufi“ Camoayaliba. jgufSi Sediodnen Zmebi giorgi da leo kereseliZeebi, mixako wereTeli, nestor maRalaSvili da sxvebi.

Jurnalis gamocemas win xangrZlivi mosamzadebeli muSaoba uZRoda. amas mkafiod da naTlad mowmobs petre surgulaZis werilebi, gagzavnili imxanad berlinisa da laifcigis universitetebis student sandro SanSiaSvilisaTvis. am saistorio wyarodan irkveva, rom Jenevis jgufs adreve dauwyia fiqri perioduli organos daarsebaze da Sesdgomia saWiro saxsrebis Zebnas. petre surgulaZe saamisod stambolSic apirebda gamgzavrebas, mahmadiani qarTvelebis Tanadgomis imediT. amasTanave, igi sazRvargareT mcxovreb TanamemamuleebSi daeZebda Tanamoazreebs da maT momaval gamocemaSi saTanamSromlod iwvevda. misi arCevani ZiriTadad mixako wereTelze, sandro SanSiaSvilze, geronti qiqoZeze, giorgi maCabelze, daviT kasraZesa da mixeil iSxnelze SeCerda. erT-erTi pirveli weriliT petre surgulaZe geronti qiqoZesa da sandro SanSiaSvils Tavis ganzraxvas ase gaandobda: „me erT kacTan molaparakeba maqvs da vgoneb cotaodeni Tanxa viSovo. msurs movawyo JenevaSi qarTuli tipografia. rasakvirvelia, maSinis yidvas ver movaxerxebT, magram SeviZenT asoebs, awyobas iswavlis ori-sami kaci da amgvarad saSualeba mogvecema Cveni azri beWdviT gavavrceloT... vfiqrob gamovceT Jurnali patara, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba perioduli, Tu ara da ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iqneba“.

60

`Tavisufali saqarTvelo~

sandro SanSiaSvili varaudobda, rom momavali Jurnali mxolod evropaSi mimofantul qarTvelTaTvis iqneboda gankuTvnili, radganac saqarTveloSi amgvari gamocemis Setana friad sarisko Canda. petre surgulaZe ki ufro fanatikurad iyo ganwyobili. igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom Jurnalis nomrebis gagzavnas saqarTveloSic moaxerxebda. „Tu rames gamovcemT, usaTuod CvenSic gavgzavniT. marTalia, es friad saxifaTo da Zneli saqmea, magram ara dauZleveli. ...kidevac gadavitanT da gavavrcelebT, anda SevwiravT Tavs“, – acxadebda igi. sagulisxmoa, rom aseTi suliskveTebis adamianebi saqarTveloSic iyvnen, maT Soris – qalTa wreSic. nimuSad aleqsandre fronelis (yifSiZis) naTesavis, aneta yifSiZis, magaliTi gamodgeba. patrioti qali Tbilisidan JenevaSi myof Tanamemamuleebs mimarTavda: petre surgulaZe (1873-1931)

sandro SanSiaSvils mzadyofna gamouTqvams JurnalSi monawileobaze da JenevaSi moTxrobac gaugzavnia gamosaqveyneblad. masve Jurnalis saxelwodebad „iveria“ SeuTavazebia, magram es winadadeba ar gauziarebiaT. „Jurnals, Cemi azriT, „iverias“ ver vuwodebT, – pasuxobda petre surgulaZe sandro SanSiaSvils, – radgan es uxerxulia, SeiZleba sxvanairad ifiqron winandel „iveriis“ TanamSromlebma da masTan saxelma pirdapir unda gamoxatos Cveni miswrafeba. amitom Jurnals unda vuwodoT Tavisufali, ginda damoukidebeli saqarTvelo“. ili sandro SanSiaSv 9) 197 88(18

„gamomigzavneT Jurnal i „Tavisufali saqarTvelo“. Cemi daWer isa nu geSiniaT. Tu gawyra bedi da saidumlo policias Cauvarda, cixeSi mikraven Tavs, gadamasaxleben, mets xom ver mizamen? ...e rTi Tavi maqvs da moxarulic viqnebi, Tu sam Soblos sakurTxevelze mitana mec damWi rdeba“.

1912 wlis bolosaTvis moxerxda stambis mowyoba. Jurnalis gamoSvebamde, 1913 wlis ianvarSi, Tavisuflebis jgufma Tavisi pirveli proklamacia dabeWda, romlis saTauria: „saqarTvelos mamuliSvilno!“ es iyo mZafri mowodeba, romelic Tanamemamuleebs saqarTvelos politikuri Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis sabrZolvelad uxmobda.

„საქართველოს მამულიშვილნო!“ „უხეში ძალა ქართველ ერს მოსპობას, განადგურებას, სულიერ გათახსირებას უქადის. სამშობლო განსაცდელშია. იგი თქვენგან მსხვერპლს მოითხოვს. შემოვიკრიბოთ სამშობლოს გარშემო. ...შევვერთდეთ ყველანი, ვისაც ქართველი ერის ბედნიერება სწყურია. ავაფრიალოთ დროშა საქართველოს თავისუფლებისა“.

61

presa leo kereseliZe (1885-1943)

giorgi kereseliZe (1885-1960)

mixako wereTeli (1878-1965)

1913 wlis damdegisaTvis SesaZlebeli gaxda Jurnalis momzadebac, romelsac „Tavisufali saqarTvelo“ daarqves. misi pirveli nomeri 1913 wlis ianvriTaa daTariRebuli. esaa mcire formatis, Txel papirosis qaRaldze dabeWdili gamocema, romelic 24 gverds Seicavs. Jurnalis Rirebuleba 1 franki iyo. redaqcia mdebareobda misamarTze: E E mile Held. Rue de Garouge, 49. Geneve.

savaraudoa, rom formatic da qaRaldic im mizniT SeirCa, rom Jurnalis konspiraciuli transportireba ufro mosaxerxebeli yofiliyo. pirveli nomris saredaqcio werilSi „Tavisufali saqarTvelos“ mesveurni aRniSnavdnen:

„ისტორიულმა პირობებმა ქართველი ერი ჩააყენა მეტად დიდ განსაცდელში. ...არც ერთი დიდი საკითხი ქართველი ერის არსებობისა, – ნათქვამია მოწინავეში, – ჯერ-ჯერობით არ არის ეროვნული თვალსაზრისით გარკვეული და გადაჭრილი. ჩვენ ვეცდებით ყველა ამ საკითხებს მივცეთ გარკვეული გადაჭრა, შევიმუშაოთ მთელი გეგმა ეროვნულ თვითარსებობის დაცვისა, საქართველოს აღდგენისა, მისი განთავისუფლებისა და ამ გეგმის გარშემო თავი მოვუყაროთ მთელ შემოქმედ საქართველოს“. redaqcia imeds gamoTqvamda, rom „samSoblos yoveli Svili“ mxarSi daudgeboda Jurnals da mis gamomcemlebTan erTad Caebmeboda saqarTvelos politikuri Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi.

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Jurnali specialuri weriliT mimarTavda Tavis „TanamoazreT da TanamgrZnobT“, miuTiTebda, rom sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo qarTuli politikuri azri „susti da gaurkvevelia“, is ufro zogadi principebis sferoSi trialebs da moklebulia praqtikul saqmianobas. mouwodebda, dauyovnebliv Sesdgomodnen praqtikul muSaobas, SeedginaT wreebi, sadac sistematurad ganixilavdnen qarTveli eris arsebobis saWirboroto sakiTxebs, SeemuSavebinaT zomebi erovnuli Tavdacvis uzrunvelsayofad, gaeRrmavebinaT Teoriuli codna da sxv. werilSi xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, rom „Tu qarTveli eri ekonomikurad ar gaZlierda, ...maSin politikuradac ver moRonierdeba“, ver miiRweva sanetaro ideali – Tavisufali saqarTvelo.

JurnalSi dastambulia vrceli publikacia „damoukidebeli saqarTvelo da qarTveli demokratia“, romelsac gamocemis naxevarze meti uWiravs, da statia „qarTveli eri da saqarTvelos teritoria“. pirvel werilSi avtori aRniSnavda, rom Tanamedrove cxovrebis axali da Zlevamosili movlenaa demokratiis gamoRviZeba, misi politikur asparezze gamosvla. demokratiis moZraoba yvelgan erovnul saxes iRebs. demokratia saqveyno sarbielze erovnuli Semoqmedebis formiT gadis. erebi TandaTan iZenen TavianT individualobas da damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad yalibdebian.

„ინგრევა ძველი, ხელოვნურად აშენებული სახელმწიფოები. ...და რადგან ეს დრო აუცილებლად დაუდგ ება ქართველ ერს, მას გზა გარკვეული უნდა ჰქონდეს თავის მიზნისკენ“. „საკუთარი, დამოუკიდებელი სახელმწიფო – აი რა იხსნის ქართველ ერს, აი რა მისცემს მას საშუალებას ხელახლა ღირსეულად წელში გაიმართოს და ერთა შორის იყოს ერი თავმოყვარე, ძლიერი კულტურით და კმაყოფილი თავის შვილთა კეთილდღეობით“.

amave statiaSi avtori cdilobda daerwmunebina mkiTxveli, rom „araviTari interesi qarTveli erisa, arc ekonomikuri, arc kulturuli, miT ufro politikuri ar moiTxovs ruseTTan erTobas. piriqiT, ruseTis batonoba mas sress ekonomikurad, xels uSlis ganviTardes kulturulad, abeCavebs politikurad“ da rom „qarTvelis azrovnebis Tviseba da sazogadoebrivi midrekileba gacilebiT met sazrdos evropaSi povebs“, radgan „evropis cxovreba erTnairi Rrmad aRmzrdeli skolaa qarTvelisaTvis“. dasasruls, kidev erTxel mkafiod da naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli Jurnalis gamomcemelTa mizani:

„ბრძოლა ეროვნული თვითარსებობისათვის, ბრძოლა საქართველოს პოლიტიკური დამოუკიდებლობის აღდგენისათვის. დამოუკიდებელი, დემოკრატიული საქართველო – საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა“.

statiaSi „qarTveli eri da saqarTvelos teritoria“ gatarebulia azri, rom „qarTveli eri da saqarTvelos teritoria urTierTisagan ganuyrelia“. saqarTvelom gareSe Tu Sinauri mtrebis winaaRmdeg unda imoqmedos principiT: „saqarTvelos teritoria qarTvel ers“. ramdenadac miwa Sromis safuZvelia, „yovel miwaTmoqmeds unda mieces imdeni mamuli, ramdensac misi saqmianoba gawvdeba“. amasTan, kerZo sakuTrebam xeli unda Seuwyos qarTveli eris ekonomikur, socialur, politikur aRdgenas da sxv.

geronti qiqoZe (1886-1960)

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presa „Tavisufali saqarTvelo“, misi damfuZneblebis CanafiqriT, yovelTviuri organo unda yofiliyo. 1913 wlis TebervalSi marTlac gamovida Jurnalis meore nomeri. misi problematikac arsebiTad igive iyo, rac wina nomrisa. amjerad yuradReba qarTvelTa erovnuli konsolidaciis aucileblobaze gamaxvilda. publikaciaSi „qarTveli eri da erovnuli erToba“ aRniSnuli iyo is mizezebi, romlebic eris calkeul nawilTa Soris xidis gadebasa da erTianobis miRwevas abrkolebda. avtori miuTiTebda maTi daZlevis saSualebebze da asabuTebda debulebas, rom damoukideblobis gzaze erT-erTi upirvelesi nabiji eris SekavSireba da Tavisuflebis ideis garSemo darazmva unda yofiliyo. statia „eris damoukidebloba da istoria“ Cveni warsulis im epoqaze mogviTxrobda, roca saqarTvelo suverenuli saxelmwifo iyo. masSi, koloniuri da Cagruli saqarTvelos uuflebo mdgomareobis fonze, avtori gamokveTda im naTel idealebs, romelTa miRwevis garanti SeiZleboda gamxdariyo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo.

JurnalSi dabeWdili werili, romlis saTauria „CexTa erovnuli sabWo“, qarTvel mkiTxvels TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi CexTa gamocdilebas uziarebda. zemoT aRniSnuli gvqonda, rom „Tavisufali saqarTvelos“ gamocemis win petre surgulaZe apirebda stambolSi gamgzavrebas da iqaur mahmadian qarTvelebTan dakavSirebas. rogorc italieli mkvlevari evgeni dalejio d’ alesio SeniSnavda, osmaleTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa erovnuli cnobiereba, religiuri fanatizmis gavleniT, sagrZnoblad iyo daqveiTebuli, magram isini amayobdnen, rom gurjebi iyvnen da Turqebisagan gansxvavdebodnen.

1911 wels stambolis qarTvel kaTolikeTa savanesTan, mama Salva vardiZis TaosnobiT, „qarTvelTa klubi“ daarsda. es iyo oficialurad moqmedi Taviseburi saTvis-

mama Salva vardiZe (1885-1958)

giorgi maCabeli (1885-1935)

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tomo, romlis wesdeba osmaleTis mTavrobam daamtkica. petre surgulaZes osmaleTSi erovnuli moZraobis bazad swored es klubi eguleboda. igi marTlac Cavida stambolSi, Tavi mouyara Tanamoazreebs da cdilobda Seeqmna qarTuli samkiTxvelo.

ლე დროში, ვგონებ, აქ „კათოლიკე ბერებს გამოვაწერიე სტამბა, ასე რომ მოკ გაჩაღდეს ქართული წიგნების ბეჭდვა“. iaSvils. acnobebda petre surgulaZe sandro SanS

osmaleTidan JenevaSi dabrunebulma petre surgulaZem kvlav ganaaxla muSaoba „Tavisufali saqarTvelos“ gamosacemad. dauwyiaT kidec Jurnalis mesame nomris awyoba, magram igi ar gamoqveynebula. 1913 wlis martis damdegs petre surgulaZe evropidan samSobloSi gamoemgzavra.

„თუ ამნისტია შემეხო, კარგი, თუ არადა, ჩავჯდები“. aRniSnulia mis imdroindel erT-erT kerZ o werilSi. petre surgulaZem saqarTveloSi CamoRweva ver SeZlo, igi donis rostovSi daapatimres. „Tavisufali saqarTvelos“ beWdva karga xniT SeCerda. Jurnalis momdevno nomerma mzis sinaTle mxolod 1914 wlis martSi ixila. gamomcemlebma saWirod CaTvales mkiTxvelTaTvis kidev erTxel miemarTaT redaqciis saxeliT. mimarTvaSi aRniSnulia:

უნა, რომ ჩვენ მიმართულებას ღრმა ეროვნულ„გავლილმა წელმა კიდევ უფრო ღრმად დაგვარწმ ი ველი ერი თავის ვინაობას შეიგნებს, იმდენად ჩვენ სოციალური მნიშვნელობა აქვს და რამდენად ქართ ე...ვიმ ვა. ლი ქართველის აუცილებელ მრწამსად იქცე მიმართულება გაიშლება, გაძლიერდება და ყოვე თავის ბუნებრივ შემოქმედების ძალით ჩვენსკენ იქნედოვნებთ, რომ ქართველი ერი, მისი უმრავლესობა ს მხნევ ებს, მეტ ძალას მოგვცემს და შეგვაძლებინებ ბა. საერთო დახმარება და თანაგრძნობა ჩვენც გაგვა სიტყვა საქმედ ვაქციოთ“.

Jurnali sixaruliTa da aRtacebiT miegeba mahmadian qarTvelTa erovnuli gamofxizlebis process, romelmac 1913 wlisaTvis mTel samuslimo saqarTveloSi iCina Tavi. amasTanave xazgasmuli iyo, rom Tu gasulma welma erovnuli grZnoba gaaRrmava, imavdroulad saocari simwariT gvagrZnobina Cveni erovnuli satkivrebi, romelTa gadaWra jerac ver moxerxda. „Tavisufali saqarTvelo“ gamoyofda umTavres sakiTxebs, romelTa mogvarebas Cveni qveynis aRorZineba unda daeCqarebina. aseT problemaTa Soris dasaxelebuli iyo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena, erovnuli umaRlesi saswavleblis daarseba, qalaqebSi da, gansakuTrebiT, TbilisSi, qarTveli mosaxleobis upiratesobis mopoveba da gaZliereba, agraruli sakiTxis mSromelTa interesebis Sesabamisad gadawyveta da sxv.

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presa „Tavisufali saqarTvelos“ mesame nomerSi dastambulia mozrdili statia „risTvis unda qarTvel ers sakuTari saxelmwifo“. masSi vkiTxulobT:

რისთვის უნდა ქართველ ერს საკუთარი სახელმწიფო „კაცობრიობის ისტორია თვალნათლივ მოწმობს, რომ ერის განვითარება ყოველთვის სახელმწიფოს წარმოშობით მთავრდება. არ არის არც ერთი ერი, რომელსაც სახელმწიფოებრიობა დაეკარგოს და მთელი ძალ-ღონე მისი აღდგენისათვის არ მოეხმაროს“. „სახელმწიფო არის იარაღი ერისა, რომ შინ და გარეთ უზრუნველყოს შინაურ და გარეშე მტერთაგან თავისუფლება, დამოუკიდებლობა და მშვიდობიანი განვითარება თავისი საკუთარი ცხოვრებისა“. საქართველოს საკუთარი ტერიტორია აქვს, მაგრამ მან უნდა დაიბრუნოს აგრეთვე აგრესორთაგან მიტაცებული მისი ისტორიული მიწა-წყალიც, რათა მომავალი საქართველოს სახელმწიფო აღდგეს და განახლდეს თავის ძველ საზღვრებში. „საკუთარი სახელმწიფო ხელს შეუწყობს ქართველი ერის შეკავშირებას ერთ განსაზღვრულ მიწაწყალზე, რომელსაც საქართველო ჰქვია; საქართველოს თავისუფალი რესპუბლიკა საშუალებას მოგვცემს გავაჩაღოთ ეკონომიკური შემოქმედება; ქართველთა ტერიტორია ისე აჭრელებული აღარ იქნება, როგორც ეხლა არის; გვექნება საკუთარი სასამართლო, ქართველ კანონმდებელთაგან შემუშავებული კანონები – შეთანხმებული ხალხის ცხოვრებასა და სულთან; სკოლა ეროვნული, მეცნიერება სამშობლო ენაზე, ეკლესია ქართული, საკუთარი ფული, საკუთარი მხედრობა“

qarTuli periodikis cnobili mkvlevari giorgi baqraZe miiCnevda, rom „Tavisufali saqarTvelos“ gamocema mesame nomerze Sewyda. sinamdvileSi, 1914 wlis aprilSi Jurnalis kidev erTi – meoTxe nomeri – daistamba. masSi yuradRebas ipyrobs statia „qarTveli eri da moazrovne qarTveloba“. werili iwyeba imis aRniSvniT, rom

„საქართველოს ეროვნული სახე უსისტემოა, იდეურად ჩამოუყალიბებელი და მატერიალურად შეუკავშირებელი... ჩვენ გვესაჭიროება ფილოსოფიური ფორმულა, განსაზღვრული მსოფლმხედველობა, რადგან „იდეოლოგია ყოველთვის უკაფავდა გზას ახალ ცხოვრებას,

giorgi baqraZe (1887-1960 )

აკავშირებდა და წვრთნიდა საზოგადოებრივ ძალებს, რომლებიც მოწოდებულნი იყვნენ ახლის დასამყარებლად“. „ჩვენს დროში – ხაზგასმულია სტატიაში, – იდეოლოგიის ასეთი მნიშვნელობა გაორკეცებულია. იდეოლოგია ახლა უმთავრესი საშუალებაა სოციალური შემოქმედებისათვის და უტყუარი სარკეა საზოგადოებრივ-ეროვნულ ძალ-ღონიერებისა“.

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publicisti wuxils gamoTqvamda, rom saqarTveloSi socialur-filosofiur azrovnebas borkili adevs, xundzea dakruli da Tavisuflad ver iSleba. Cveni eris radikaluri partiebic ususurni arian erovnul-politikuri sakiTxis gadaWraSi da erovnuli idealis wamoyenebaSi. „erovnul-kulturuli, Tu gind erovnul-teritoriuli avtonomiac veraferi formulaa erovnuli idealisa“, – dasZenda avtori da qarTvel ers ruseTisagan sruli CamoSorebis, politikuri Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis Tamam ideas sTavazobda. pirveli msoflio omis win farTod gaxmaurda ruseTis mefis mTavrobis ganzraxva, qarTlis SuagulSi, mdinare tirifonis noyier velze, moewyo samxedro poligoni. poligonis gamarTva velis garSemo intensiurad dasaxlebuli soflebidan ramdenime aTasi komlis – ZiriTadad qarTveli glexobis ayras gamoiwvevda. am ambavs „Tavisufali saqarTveloc“ gamoexmaura, romelmac ruseTis xelisuflebis xsenebul CanafiqrSi ufro masStaburi safrTxe dainaxa, vidre konkretuli „samxedro aRlumis mindvris gamarTva“ da xma aRimaRla mis winaaRmdeg. Jurnalis Tanaxmad – „ტირიფონის ველის საკითხი არაა საკითხი ოცდაათიოდე სოფლისა, ესაა მთელი ქართველი ერის არსებობის საკითხი. თუ აქამდის განაპირა ადგილებიდან გვერეკებოდნენ, თუ აქამდის უმეტესად სამხედრო ძალით დარბევას მიმართავდნენ, დღეს სახელმწიფო ძალდატანებით გვერეკება შუაგულ საქართველოდან, რათა დაგვცენ და მოსპონ ჩვენი სახსენებელი“.

petre surgulaZis dakavebis oqmi

„Tavisufali saqarTvelos~ beWdva 1914 wlis aprilidan veRar gagrZelda. usaxsrobam da dawyebulma msoflio omma misi Semdgomi gamocema SeuZlebeli gaxada. arsebobis mcire xnis miuxedavad, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Jurnali Tavisufali da marTali sityvis mZlavri tribuna iyo, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula qarTvelTa erovnuli gamofxizlebisa da samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi.

67

mecniereba

didi Zalaufleba didi pasuxismgebloba

levan CxeiZe

(With great power comes great responsibility – rogorc spaidermenze komiqsebis da filmebis moyvarulebma kargad ician, didi Zalaufleba did pasuxismgeblobasac gulisxmobs)

robert openhaimers xan promeTes adareben, xan fausts. orive tragikuli figuraa – pirvelma RmerTebs cecxli mostaca da kacTa modgmas gauziara, meore ki, Semecnebis da Zalauflebis wyurviliT Sepyrobili, eSmaks gaurigda. orives tanjva xvda wilad. Sedareba am diad arqetipebTan adekvaturi mxolod maSinaa, Tu adamianis moRvaweoba da dramatuli bedi scdeba konkretuli istoriuli periodis sazRvrebs da iZens zogadsakacobrio, universalur masStabs. akmayofilebs Tu ara Cveni statiis gmiri am kriteriums, mkiTxvelisTvis migvindia. openhaimeri Tavadac arqetipuli figuraa mecnierisa, romelmac jini boTlidan gamouSva, Semdeg ki amaod cdilobda mis datyvevebas. misi xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna istoriaSi yvelaze gamanadgurebeli iaraRi, romelmac safrTxis qveS daayena kacobriobis arseboba; am iaraRis iaponiis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebiT da momavalSi misi ufro mZlavri saxeobebis Seqmnis perspeqtiviT SeZrwunebulma, darCenili cxovreba mis kontrolqveS moqcevas miuZRvna da amisTvis daisaja.

XX saukunis 40-50 wlebSi Teoriulma fizikam Zireuli metamorfoza ganicada. mas aRiqvamdnen ganyenebul dargad, xolo fizikos-Teoretikosebs miiCnevdnen praqtikul mniSvnelobas moklebuli sakiTxebis axirebul mkvlevrebad. II msoflio omma, romelsac fizikosebis omsac uwodeben, Secvala Teoriuli fizikac da misi aRqmac. aRmoCnda, rom omebs igebs Teoretikosebis mier SemuSavebuli modelebi. fizikosebi, romelTa cnobadobac erT dros viwro wriT Semoifargleboda, popularuli Jurnalebis ydebze gamoCndnen. es transformacia civi omis drosac gagrZelda. mecnierebma SeiZines politikuri wona, gaxdnen prezidentebis da generlebis mrCevlebi, kvleviT centrebSi wamovida didi finansuri nakadebi, daibada e.w. „didi mecniereba“, daiwyo grandiozuli samecniero proeqtebis xana. istoriis qartexilebis SuagulSi myofma openhaimerma am procesSi didi roli Seasrula. droa, ufro axlos gavicnoT „atomuri bombis mama“ – adamiani, romlis moRvaweobamac mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra dRevandeli msoflio.

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robert openhaimeri

lemebi. saqmeze Seyvarebulma, kvalificiurma maswavleblebma didi gavlena moaxdines openhaimeris Camoyalibebaze. 1921 wels man skola warCinebiT daamTavra da erT weliwadSi harvardis universitetSi Cairicxa. specialobad qimia airCia. gza getingenamde harvardSi openhaimerma maleve gaacnobiera, rom qimiaze metad fizika xiblavda. robertma oTxwliani sabakalavro programa sam weliwadSi friadze daxura da xarisxis miRebisTanave werili gaugzavna TviT ernest rezerfords, romelic kembrijis universitetis fizikis fakultets, igive kavendiSis laboratorias, xelmZRvanelobda. atomuri fizika swored kavendiSis laboratoriis kedlebSi iSva, xolo misi mamis wodebas damsaxurebulad atarebda ernest rezerfordi. roberti mSoblebTan erTad

bavSvoba julius robert openhaimeri daibada 1904 wels niu-iorkSi, ebraelebis ojaxSi. mamamisi, warmatebuli biznesmeni, aSS-Si germaniidan iyo gadmoxvewili, dedas ki seriozulad itacebda ferwera. roberts idealuri sastarto pirobebi hqonda. mSoblebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen cnobismoyvare, mravalferovani interesebis mqone biWis gonebriv ganviTarebas. is garSemortymuli iyo wignebiT da xelsawyoebiT. mikrosamyaros momavali mkvlevris sayvareli „saTamaSo“ mikroskopi iyo. roberti iolad daeufla ZvelberZnulsa da laTinurs, originalSi kiTxulobda platons, homerossa da vergiliuss. gasakviri araa, rom TanatolebTan TamaSi mas ar izidavda. erTi ambavi naTlad warmoaCens mis gonebriv SesaZleblobebs da garemos, sadac izrdeboda openhaimeri: mineralogiiT gatacebulma robertma iseTi mimowera gaaCaRa niu-iorkis mineralogiuri sazogadoebis wevrTan, rom male klubSi leqciis wasakiTxad miiwvies. damswreTa gaocebas sazRvari ar hqonda, rodesac momxseneblad 12 wlis morcxvi biWuna moevlinaT. mecnierebma gaamxneves roberti, man ki saintereso leqcia waikiTxa da aplodismentebic daimsaxura.

1911 wels roberti Seiyvanes skolaSi, sadac swavleba unikaluri meTodiT mimdinareobda. aq mowafeebs uviTarebdnen kritikul azrovnebas, unergavdnen maRal eTikur standartebs. gakveTilebze xSirad ganixileboda socialuri da politikuri prob-

openhaimeri rezerfords laboratoriaSi ayvanas sTxovda. Txovnas Tan erTvoda robertis samecniero xelmZRvanelis, persi brijmenis, sarekomendacio werili. brijmenma openhaimeri niWier, magram laboratoriaSi mouqnel Teoretikosad daaxasiaTa (es sruliad Seesabameboda simarTles). rezerfordi, didi eqsperimentatori, ar moixibla da openhaimers uari SeuTvala. amis miuxedavad, 1925 wels robertma sawadels miaRwia da kavendiSis laboratorias mainc SeuerTda: is aiyvana j. j. Tomsonma – eleqtronis aRmomCenma da atomis erT-erTi pirveli modelis Semqmnelma. miiRes im pirobiT, rom sabazo laboratoriul kurss gaivlida.

ernest rezerfordi (1871-1937)

69

mecniereba

persi brijmeni (1882-1961)

j. j. Tomsoni (1856-1940)

patrik bleketi (1897-1974)

70

openhaimerma jojoxeTuri erTi weli dahyo kembrijSi. eqsperimentatoris unarebs moklebuli axalgazrdisTvis laboratoriis yoveldRiuroba momakvdineblad mosawyeni aRmoCnda. is xarbad ewafeboda samecniero Jurnalebs, magram urC xelsawyoebTan Widils gaurboda. roberts mZime depresia ganuviTarda, is xSirad araadekvaturad iqceoda. mas daZabuli urTierToba Camouyalibda samecniero xelmZRvanelTan, patrik bleketTan. rogorc Tavad openhaimeri mogvianebiT yveboda, saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom man bleketis mokvla scada: samuSao magidaze daudo mowamluli vaSli, romelic, sabednierod, aravin SeWama. am danaSaulebrivi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb universitetis administraciam Seityo. roberti mSoblebis droulma Carevam gadaarCina garicxvas da cixes – mis winaaRmdeg saqme ar aRZres. samagierod, openhaimers regularulad unda evlo fsiqiatrTan. kembrijSi openhaimerma ver gamoavlina Tavisi inteleqtualuri potenciali. laboratoriuli rutina ar iyo misi saqme. Tumca iq gatarebul dros fuWad mainc ar Cauvlia: kembrijSi is pirvelad eziara Tanamedrove magias – kvantur meqanikas, mikrosamyaros axal paradoqsul Teorias. aq gaicno WeSmariti jadoqrebic: nils bori, pol diraki, maqs borni. swored bornma, kvanturi revoluciis erT-erTma mTavarma gmirma, ixsna openhaimeri tanjvisgan. rodesac kembrijSi stumrad Casulma germanelma fizikosma Seityo, rom openhaimeri kvanturi meqanikis amocanebze muSaobda, igi getingenis universitetSi miiwvia, sadac Tavad TeoretikosTa jgufs xelmZRvanelobda. openhaimeri sixaruliT daTanxmda da maleve gadabargda germaniaSi. hogvartsi Tu kvanturi meqanika iyo Tanamedrove magia, xolo misi Semoqmedebi – jadoqrebi, romlebmac subatomur samyaros gamaognebeli, paradoqsuli saidumloebebi gamostyues, getingeni iyo axali fizikis hogvartsi. openhaimeris samecniero xelmZRvaneli TviT maqs borni gaxda, iqaurobis albus dambldori – mecnieri, romlis SemoRebulia termini „kvanturi meqanika“! roberti ukeTess verafers inatrebda – is Teoriuli fizikis samoTxeSi moxvda, sadac brwyinvale mecnierebi gaicno: verner haizenbergi (misi mTavari metoqe meore msoflio omis dros), volfgang pauli, enriko fermi, dauaxlovda pol diraks.… gasaocaria, rom mecnierebis istoriaSi yvelaze radikaluri revoluciis Semoqmedebi, romlebTan SedarebiT ainStainic ki wyalwaRebuli konservatori iyo, openhaimerze odnav ufrosi biWebi iyvnen:

robert openhaimeri

1926 wels, rodesac roberti getingenSi Cavida, haizenbergi da diraki 24-24 wlis iyvnen, pauli ki – 26-is. genialuri Tanatolebis garemocvaSi, robertma daZlia fsiqologiuri problemebi, romlebic kembrijSi awuxebda da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmena daibruna. swored getingenSi gaifurCqna misi niWi. getingenis SemoqmedebiTma atmosferom masSi usazRvro, zogjer sxvebisaTvis Semawuxebeli enTuziazmi gaaRviva. seminarebze xSirad awyvetinebda da emociurad akritikebda momxsenebels; kamaTisas zomierebis farglebs scdeboda, seminari ki CaSlis piras dgeboda. maqs borni ixsenebda, rom roberti sakuTar upiratesobas xSirad gamoxatavda Seuracxmyofeli formiT. saqme iqamde mivida, rom studentebma peticia Seadgines: isini boikotiT imuqrebodnen da bornisgan openhaimeris daSoSminebas iTxovdnen. delikaturma bornma am amocanas idealurad gaarTva Tavi: ganrisxebuli studentebis werili Segnebulad datova TvalsaCino adgilas, rom roberts enaxa. robertma waikiTxa peticia da seminarebze aRdga simSvide. openhaimeri kvlav gamoTqvamda kritikul azrebs, Tumca ampartavnebiT da moWarbebuli ironiiT aRaravis mimarTavda. getingenSi gamoikveTa, Tu ramdenad farTo speqtris interesebi hqonda openhaimers. fizikaze koncentrirebuli kolegebis umravlesobisgan gansxvavebiT, ukidegano erudiciis axalgazrdas sxva gatacebebic hqonda: literatura, musika, msoflio religiebi, ucxo enebi.….. getingenSi man imdeni wigni waikiTxa, rom kolegebs ukvirdaT, fizikisTvis rodisRa iclio. pol diraki kicxavda kidec: misi azriT, Zvirfasi dro fizikoss mxolod fizikaze unda daexarja. roberti naklebad pragmatmuli iyo da dros uxvad uTmobda kafkas, prusts, hemingueis.…..

1927 wels openhaimerma getingenis universitetis doqtoris wodeba miiRo. zepiri gamocdis Semdeg erT-erTma gamomcdelma SvebiT amoisunTqa: „kidev kargi, damTavrda, cotac da aqeT gamomkiTxavda“. evropaSi yofnisas openhaimerma aTze meti samecniero statia gamoaqveyna da kvanturi meqanikis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana. am periodis mTavari miRwevaa bornTan erTad SemuSavebuli meTodi, romelic arsebiTad amartivebs gamoTvlebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom swored getingenSi Camoyalibda mecnierad, openhaimerma samSobloSi dabruneba gadawyvita. getingeni kvanturi meqanikis akvani iyo, magram mTel cxovrebas akvanSi xom ar gaatarebda?

pol diraki (1902-1984)

maqs borni (1882-1970)

nils bori (1885-1962) da robert openhaimeri

71

mecniereba

nils bori da robert openhaimeri meuRleebTan erTad getingenSi

enriko fermi (1901-1954), verner haizenbergi ( 1901-1976) volfgang pauli (1900-1958)

kvanturi meqanikis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba samSobloSi dabrunebul openhaimers aSS-is wamyvani universitetebi epatiJebodnen. masSi xedavdnen amomaval varskvlavs, adamians, romelic evropaSi uSualod pirvelwyarodan eziara axal fizikas. openhaimerma airCia kaliforniis teqnologiis instituti (kalteqi) da kaliforniis universiteti berkliSi. 1936 wels berklis universitetma mas sruli profesoris wodeba mianiWa. amerikuli fizika XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mkveTrad CamorCeboda evropuls. amerikaSi araferi smenodaT kvanturi meqanikis Sesaxeb, xolo berkliSi Teoriuli fizikis programac ki ar arsebobda. samecniero miRwevebidan da reputaciidan gamomdinare, mas avtomaturad daekisra ganmanaTleblis, gzis gamkvlevis, axali skolis damaarseblis funqcia. openhaimerma am amocanas brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi. misi pirveli leqciebi msmenelebisTvis gaugebari iyo; studentebi ar iyvnen mzad kvanturi meqanikis Tavbrudamxvevi paradoqsebis ganxilvisaTvis. openhaimeri ar cdilobda masalis gamartivebas, arc SedarebiT sust studentebs uwevda angariSs, piriqiT, sarkazmiT aterorebda; Tumca is maleve daRvinda, Camoyalibda gamocdil da qarizmatul leqtorad. misi safirmo stilis nawili iyo intensiuri jgufuri mecadineobebi, sadac

72

8-10 studentTan erTad muaobda sxvadasxva amocanebze: kosmosur sxivebze, birTvul fizikaze, kvantur eleqtrodinamikaze.… openhaimeris farTo Tvalsawieri da Rrma samecniero erudicia iZleoda bevr gansxvavebul sakiTxze erTdroulad muSaobis saSualebas. is studentebs uqmnida gancdas, rom TiToeuli maTgani mecnierebis frontis wina xazzea da bunebis diad gamocanebs eWideba. am yvelaferma roberts saxeli gauTqva. ambobdnen, Tu aSS-Si Teoriuli fizikis swavla ginda, berklis unda miaSuro, opisTan (metsaxeli „opie“ mas niderlandebSi Searqves, leidenis universitetSi holandiur enaze wakiTxuli leqciis Semdeg, amerikaSi ki is „opimde“ Semoklda). saukeTeso tvinebma daiwyes berkliSi Tavmoyra, opi mizidulobis centrad iqca da mis garSemo niWier axalgazrda fizikosTa wre Camoyalibda. es axalgazrdebi opis Tayvans scemdnen, mojadoebuli iyvnen misi sisxartiT, fizikis Rrma codniT, inteleqtiT, mravalferovani interesebiT da daxvewili manerebiT. studentebi baZavdnen mis qcevas, Jestebs da Cacmulobas, kiTxulobdnen wignebs, romlebsac opi uwevda rekomendacias.….. momdevno wlebSi openhaimerma amerikel fizikosTa mTeli Taoba aRzarda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom opim aSS-Si kvanturi meqanikis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis roli Seasrula. misi mowafeebi gaxdnen warmatebuli mecnierebi, romlebmac aSS gamoiyvanes evropis Crdilidan.

robert openhaimeri

kaliforniis teqnologiuri institutis ezoSi

atomebidan varskvlavebamde 30-ian wlebSi openhaimerma araerTi mniSvnelovani naSromi gamoaqveyna kosmosur sxivebze, birTvul fizikasa da subatomur nawilakebze. am periodSi gamoikveTa opis Zlieri da susti mxareebi: mas xSirad ebadeboda kargi ideebi, magram sakiTxis siRrmiseuli SeswavlisTvis iSviaTad hyofnida moTmineba. mis statiebSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi logikur dasasrulamde da did aRmoCenebamde sxva mecnierebs, xSirad mis yofil studentebs, mihyavdaT. Sesabamisad, swored sxvebi ixveWdnen saxels da jildoebs. opi STaagonebda sxvebs, TiTqos kars uRebda, TviTon ki axali karisken miiCqaroda. sainteresoa, rom opis yvelaze mniSvnelovan wvlilad mecnierebis istorikosebi miiCneven statiaTa serias, romelic eZRvneboda ara nawilakebs, aramed astrofizikas, kerZod ki – varskvlavebis evolucias. 30-iani wlebis miwuruls opim, Tavis studentebTan erTad, gamoaqveyna naSromebi neitronuli varskvlavebis Sesaxeb. maT aCvenes, rom Tu neitronuli varskvlavis masa aRemateba garkveul zRvrul mniSvnelobas, maSin misi katastrofuli SekumSva, anu gravitaciuli kolafsi gardauvalia, Sedegad ki unda warmoiqmnas obieqti, romelsac dRevandeli mecniereba Savi xvrelis saxeliT icnobs. diax, swored openhaimerma iwinaswarmetyvela am kosmosuri monstrebis arseboba! metic, man aRwera, ra pirobebSi SeiZleba uwyinari neitronuli varskvlavi gadaiqces am urCxulad. samwuxarod, es statiebi samecniero sazogadoebam, moaxloebuli omis gamo, ar SeimCnia – aravis scxeloda Teoretiko-

openhaimeri (Sua rigSi, marcxnidan meore) leidenis universitetSi

sebis fantaziebisTvis egzotikuri kosmosuri obieqtebis Sesaxeb; Tanac, maSindel astronomebs Savi xvrelebis arsebobis dadastureba dakvirvebis gziT, cxadia, ar SeeZloT. omis Semdeg am statiebma didi roli Seasrula astrofizikis ganviTarebaSi. zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom opi am naSromebisTvis aucileblad miiRebda nobelis premias, cota didxans rom ecocxla. adamiani kunZuli rodia 1933 wlamde opi cxovrobda formulebiT mocul abstraqtul samyaroSi. mas ar ainteresebda politika da msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebi. rogorc Tavad hyveboda, XX saukunis yvelaze mZime finansuri krizisis, didi depresiis Sesaxeb, romelic 1929 wels daiwyo, man ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, sruliad SemTxveviT Seityo. es imiT aixsneba, rom mamamisma, gamocdilma biznesmenma, droulad miiRo swori gadawyvetilebebi da ojaxma qoneba SeinarCuna. opis, romelic Tavadac maRalanazRaurebadi mecnieri iyo, ar atomis birTvis modeli

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mecniereba didi depresia da saprotesto gamosvlebi amerikaSi

mouwia cxovrebis bohemur wesze uaris Tqma. amerikelebis umravlesobisgan gansxvavebiT, mis keTildReobaze finansuri krizisi ar asaxula. is izolirebuli, TviTkmari kunZuliviT cxovrobda da sazogadoebis problemebi ar aRelvebda, sanam aSS ar moicva gaRatakebuli, umuSevari adamianebis saprotesto gamosvlebma da sanam germaniaSi xelisuflebaSi ar movidnen nacional-socialistebi. am ukanasknelTa politikis ganuyofeli nawili agresiuli antisemitizmi iyo. daiwyo ebraeli profesorebis devna. bevr maTgans opi jer kidev getingenidan icnobda. misi studentebis umravlesoba didma depresiam Sav dReSi Caagdo – maT, opisgan gansxvavebiT, ar hyavdaT milioneri mSoblebi. politikurad gamoRviZebuli openhaimeri miemxro berkliSi fesvgadgmul memarcxene inteleqtualebs, romelTa Soris bevri komunistic iyo. es adamianebi marqsis moZRvrebas kapitalizmis da nacizmis erTaderT jansaR alternativad moiazrebdnen, xolo ssrk-s aRiqvamdnen gamarjvebuli socialuri samarTlianobis saxelmwifod. reputaciis, inteleqtis da didi materialuri SesaZleblobebis gamo, opi maleve iqca am wris erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino wevrad. man gaicno kaliforniaSi moRvawe komunistebis liderebi, eswreboda partiul krebebs, mitingze gaficuli muSebis gverdiT idga da, rac mTavaria, sakuTari jibidan afinansebda aSS-Si moRvawe uamrav memarcxene, antifaSistur Tu komunistur organizacias. agreTve exmareboda nacistur reJims gamoqceul fizikosebs: 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi xelfasis garkveul nawils ricxavda maTTvis daarsebul fondSi. xels

74

umarTavda sruliad ucnob adamianebsac – erTxel mas ebraelebis ojaxi daukavSirda da germaniidan Tavis dasaRwevad saWiro Tanxa sTxova. opim Tanxa gaugzavna, riTac, savaraudod, mTeli ojaxi sikvdilisgan ixsna (omis Semdeg am ojaxma madlobis werili gaugzavna da Tanxa daubruna). rodesac 1936 wels espaneTSi samoqalaqo omi daiwyo, opi, mTeli msoflios memarcxeneebis msgavsad, respublikelebis mxares iyo da maT dasaxmareblad msxvil Tanxebs swiravda. openhaimeri komunistebis garemocvaSi aRmoCnda: is cxovrobda komunistebisgan naqiraveb saxlSi, misi axlo megobrebis umetesoba partiis wevri iyo; am ideologias iziarebda jin tetlokic – qali, romelsac xvdeboda; Zma – frenki, romelmac mis kvaldakval fizikosis profesia airCia, Tavadac komunisti iyo da coladac komunisti – kiti pueningi SeirTo. es ar gamohparvia gamoZiebis federalur biuros, romelic komunizms saSiS, destruqciul ideologiad ganixilavda, xolo komunistebs miiCnevda mtruli saxelmwifos, sabWoTa kavSiris potenciur an moqmed agentebad. 1941 wels biurom opis dosie Seqmna da is sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi dasapatimrebel pirTa siaSi Seiyvana. Tavad roberti sicocxlis bolomde uaryofda komunisturi partiis wevrobas: is acxadebda, rom iziarebda komunisturi ideologiis did nawils, magram aSS-is kompartiaSi formalurad ar gawevrianebula. misi wevrobis damajerebeli mtkicebulebebi FBI-m ver moagrova.

1939 wels opim komunizms zurgi Seaqcia. informaciam stalinis mier mowyobil terorze, romlis marwuxebSic araerTi fizikosi moeqca, yvelaze miamiti amerikelebis yu-

robert openhaimeri

espneTis samoqalaqo omis monawileebi

ramdec ki miaRwia. opisTvis bolo wveTad iqca molotov-ribentropis paqti da ssrk-is da germaniis SeWra poloneTSi. am dros aSSSi nel-nela xorcieldeboda socialuri da ekonomikuri reformebi, romelTa aucileblobasac openhaimeri grZnobda. is liberaluri demokratiisken gadaixara da ruzveltis „axali kursis“ mxardamWeri gaxda, magram ukve gviani iyo – edgar huveris uwyebisTvis (igulisxmeba FBI – gamoZiebis federaluri biuro) openhaimeri saxelmwifos mteri iyo. manhetenis proeqti 1938 wels germanelma qimikosebma oto hanma da fric Strasmanma aRmoaCines atomis birTvis dayofa. maT eqsperimentSi uranis atomis birTvs ecemoda neli neitroni, ris Sedegadac birTvi ixliCeboda, warmoiqmneboda ufro msubuqi elementebi, gamoiyofoda energia da gamoityorcneboda neitronebi. am neitronebs, Tavis mxriv, SeeZlo gamoewvia uranis sxva birTvebis dayofac, anu birTvuli jaWvuri reaqcia didZali energiis gamoyofiT. naTeli gaxda, rom atomuri bombis Seqmna mxolod drois sakiTxi iyo. isic roberti da frenki bavSvobaSi

jin tetloki (1914-1944)

cxadi iyo, rom qveyana, romelic pirveli Seqmnida atomur bombs, mowinaaRmdegeebze gadamwyvet upiratesobas moipovebda. germaniis da sxva qveynebis faSistur reJimebs gamoqceuli mecnierebi SiSobdnen, rom nacistebi ukve muSaobdnen am bombis Seqmnaze.

1939 wlis agvistoSi ungrelma fizikosma leo zilardma moamzada werili, romelsac msoflios yvelaze cnobilma fizikosma, aSS-Si gadaxvewilma albert ainStainma moawera xeli. ainStainma da zilardma prezident franklin ruzvelts amcnes, rom uaxlesi samecniero aRmoCenebi SesaZlebels xdida arnaxuli simZlavris bombis Seqmnas. mecnierebi werdnen, rom erTi aseTi bombi iqneboda sakmarisi mTeli qalaqis da misi Semogarenis miwasTan gasasworeblad da gansakuTrebiT sagangaSod miiCnevdnen imas, rom germanelebma maT mier okupirebuli Cexoslovakiis maRaroebSi mopovebuli uranis gayidva Sewyvites. es imas moaswavebda, rom nacistebis atomuri proeqti ukve dawyebuli iyo. mecnierebi amerikis xelisuflebas atomuri iaraRis Seqmnaze muSaobis dawyebas urCevdnen.

kiti pueningi (1910-1972)

frenk openhaimeri (1912-1985)

75

mecniereba edgar huveri (1895-1972)

ruzveltma gaiziara mecnierTa SeSfoTeba da uranis komitetis Seqmnis gankarguleba gasca. am saidumlo komitets unda Seeswavla uranis samxedro miznebisTvis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. Tavidan samuSaoebi zantad mimdinareobda, dafinansebac mcire iyo. atomuri iaraRi jer kidev naxevrad fantastikur idead aRiqmeboda. pirvel garRvevas britaneTSi miaRwies. oto friSma da rudolf paierlsma gamoTvales, rom jaWvuri reaqciis dasawyebad aucilebeli kritikuli masa uranisTvis daaxloebiT aTi kilogramia da ara aTeulobiT tona, rogorc manamde fiqrobdnen. es niSnavda, rom bombis transportireba SesaZlebeli iqneboda TviTmfrinaviT. britanelebma es umniSvnelovanesi Sedegi amerikelebs gauziares. atomuri bombis Seqmna ganxorcielebad sainJinro amocanad iqca. gamoikveTa umniSvnelovanesi problemac: uranis dayofadi, anu bombis Sesaqmnelad vargisi izoto-

albert ainStaini (1879-1955) da robert openhaimeri

76

oto hani (1879-1968) da fric Strasmani (1902-1980)

pi U-235 (romlis birTvSic 235 protoni da neitronia) bunebaSi arsebuli uranis mxolod 0.72% Seadgens, gamousadegari U-238 ki – 99%-ze mets. aucilebeli iyo am izotopebis erTmaneTisagan gayofa. amisTvis jer meTodi iyo mosafiqrebeli, Semdeg ki – uzarmazari qarxnebi asaSenebeli.

1941 wlis oqtomberSi, meore msoflio omSi aSS-is CarTvamde 2 TviT adre, franklin ruzveltma daamtkica atomuri bombis daCqarebuli Seqmnis programa. 1942 wels es programa srulad gadmoibara aSS-is armiam. samuSaoebis adgilad SerCeul iqna manhetenis sainJinro zona, romlisganac momdinareobs amerikis atomuri programis saxelwodeba – manhetenis proeqti. am grandiozul proeqtSi, romelic paralelurad aSS-is da kanadis 30 adgilas mimdinareobda, CarTuli iyo 130 000 adamiani, misma Rirebulebam ki 2 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina (es Tanxa dRevandeli 32 miliardis ekvivalenturia). openhaimeri kvlevebs 1941 wlis oqtomberSi SeuerTda. man kargad icoda germaniaSi darCenili, hitleris reJimisadmi loialuri fizikosebis inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi. opi darwmunebuli iyo, rom birTvuli iaraRis SeqmnisaTvis rbolaSi germanelebi mniSvnelovnad uswrebdnen amerikelebsa da britanelebs. 1941-1942 wlebSi vermaxti warmatebis mwvervalze iyo. wynari okeanis frontze iniciativa iaponelebs ekuTvnodaT, romlebmac veragulad, omis gamocxadebis gareSe, miitanes ieriSi perl-harborze. Tu germanelebi birTvul iaraRsac Seqmnidnen, hitlers veRaraferi SeaCerebda – demokratiuli samyaro daemxoboda.

robert openhaimeri

opi da sxva mecnierebi, romlebic SeuerTdnen amerikis atomur programas, fiqrobdnen, rom mxolod birTvuli bombi SeaCerebda nacistebis triumfalur svlas evropaSi, gadaarCenda amerikas da mTel dasavlur civilizacias. fizikosebi, ZiriTadad, pacifistebi iyvnen, maT omi ar undodaT, magram axla pacifizmis dro ar iyo. opim berkliSi Seqmna kvleviTi jgufi, romelSic evropel fizikosebTan erTad misi studentebic Sediodnen. jgufi muSaobda birTvuli bombis Teoriaze da afeTqebis fizikaze. Tavisi Rrma codnis, komunikaciis unaris da gadamdebi enTuziazmis wyalobiT is maleve gaxda Seucvleli. cxadi iyo, rom atomuri bombis SedarebiT mokle vadebSi Sesaqmnelad proeqtis samecniero xelmZRvanelad openhaimeri unda daniSnuliyo. samxedroebi sastikad winaaRmdegebi iyvnen. daniSvnis SemTxvevaSi openhaimeri, cnobili memarcxene da, SesaZloa, komunisturi partiis wevri, miiRebda wvdomas saidumlo masalebze. amas armiis maRalCinosnebi ver dauSvebdnen. maT ramdenjerme Caagdes robertis kandidatura. situacia opis sasargeblod Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac atomuri proeqtis xelmZRvanelad dainiSna polkovniki lesli grouvsi – samxedro inJineri, romelsac ebara pentagonis mSenebloba. grouvsma zemdgomebi daarwmuna, rom openhaimeri absoluturad Seucvleli figuraa proeqtisTvis. man openhaimeri saidumlo iaraRis laboratoriis xelmZRvanelad daniSna da, miuxedavad warsulSi komunistebTan mWidro kavSirisa, misca wvdoma saidumlo masalebze. gamoZiebis federalurma biurom opize 24-saaTiani TvalTvali daawesa. robertis ofisi gaZeZgili iyo mosasmeni aparaturiT; misi telefonebi ismineboda, mis korespondencias xsnidnen da amowmebdnen, mis garemocvaSi iyvnen biuros Canergili agentebi. opis daniSvnam bevri gaakvirva. kritikosebi acxadebdnen, rom openhaimers hqonda saeWvo reputacia da ar hqonda didi proeqtebis marTvis gamocdileba; is iyo Teoretikosi, bombis Seqmna ki ufro praqtikosi eqsperimentatoris saqmea; dabolos, mas ar hqonda nobelis premia, mis daqvemdebarebaSi ki unda emuSavaT masze gacilebiT saxelovan mecnierebs, am premiis laureatebs, romelTaTvisac openhaimeri, SesaZloa, ar yofiliyo sakmarisad avtoritetuli xelmZRvaneli. am arcTu usafuZvlo argumentebis miuxedavad, lesli grouvsma sruli ndoba gamoucxada openhaimers. amas ramdenime Tanabrad mniSvnelovani mizezi hqonda: grouvsma amoicno openhaimerSi ukideganod ambiciuri adamiani, romelsac surda, isto-

oto friSi (1904-1979)

rudolf paierlsi (1907-1995)

lesli grouvsi (1896-1970) da robert openhaimeri

77

mecniereba

albert ainStaini da leo zilardi amzadeben werils ruzveltisTvis

riaSi supergmirad, samyaros mxsnelad, atomuri bombis Semqmnelad Sesuliyo; swored am ambiciebze gaakeTa fsoni grouvsma, amaSi dainaxa proeqtis mamoZravebeli Zalac da warmatebis garantiac. grouvsze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina openhaimeris unarma, uswrafesad Caswvdomoda proeqtis praqtikul aspeqtebs. samxedro inJiner grouvss kargad esmoda, rom es Tvisebebi mniSvnelovani iyo interdisciplinuri proeqtisTvis, romelSic, fizikosebis garda, CarTuli iyvnen qimikosebi, metalurgebi, inJinrebi, SeiaraRebis specialistebi. grouvsma isic gaTvala, rom saeWvo pirebTan opis kavSirebs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mis gasakontroleblad da zewolisTvis gamoiyenebda. sabolood, mouxeSavi polkovnikis (momavalSi generlis) da daxvewili inteleqtualis dueti, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, Zalian warmatebuli gamodga.

1942 wlis oqtombrisTvis grouvsi da openhaimeri SeTanxmdnen, rom usafrTxoebisa da efeqtiani marTvisTvis ukeTesi iqne-

boda, dafuZnebuliyo centralizebuli, saidumlo kvleviTi laboratoria didi qalaqebisgan moSorebiT, izolirebul adgilas. openhaimeris rekomendaciiT SearCies Stat niu-meqsikoSi mdebare los-alamosi. iq umokles droSi aaSenes sacxovrebeli binebi mecnierebisTvis da maTi ojaxebisTvis, laboratoria da sawyobebi (1945 wels los-alamosSi 6000 adamiani cxovrobda). openhaimerma los-alamosSi Sekriba im epoqis wamyvani fizikosebi. gamoucdelobis miuxedavad, man swrafad aiTvisa didi proeqtis marTvis xelovneba da mokle droSi saocari pirovnuli transformacia ganicada: eqscentruli Teoretikosi, romelsac fizikis gamoyenebiT aspeqtebze aqamde arasodes ufiqria, Tavisi epoqis udidesi industriuli proeqtis qarizmatul motivatorad, organizebul da xist liderad iqca. mas hqonda didi istoriuli misiis gancda da am gancdas sxvebSic warmatebiT aRvivebda. proeqtis monawileebi ixsenebdnen, rom opi TiTqos erTdroulad iyo yvelgan. arcerT mniSvnelovan diskusias ar Cauvlia mis gareSe, metic, is yovelTvis axerxebda problemis arsSi myisierad garkvevas da gamoTqmuli azrebis Sejamebas. Sedegad, CaxlarTul amocanas TiTqos naTeli efineboda da ikveTeboda gza swori amoxsnisaken. is ar iyo genialuri fizikosi, magram iyo genialuri sinTezatori. misi xelmZRvanelobiT los-alamosis gundma uTvalavi samecniero-teqnologiuri problema da sxva tipis sirTule gadalaxa. erT-erTi pirveli didi problema, romelsac opi SeeCexa, iyo erTgvari kulturaTa konfliqti. samxedroebisTvis mTavari prioriteti saidumlos Senaxva iyo. grouvsi iTxovda, rom didi amocana danawevrebuliyo da ise ganawilebuliyo mecnierebs Soris, rom maT ar scodnodaT, raze muSaobdnen maTi kolegebi. informaciis mimocvlaSi is gaJonvis safrTxes xedavda, fizikosebisTvis ki informaciis, azrebis da hipoTezebis absoluturad Tavisufali mimocvla buieriSi perl-harborze

78

robert openhaimeri

trinitis gamocda

nebrivi iyo. mxolod aseTi Tavisuflebis pirobebSi, kamaTsa da azrTa WidilSi iyo SesaZlebeli proeqtis farglebSi wamoWrili amocanebis gadaWra. opim damajereblad aCvena, rom usafrTxoebaze gadametebuli zrunva, eWvis da undoblobis atmosfero sazianoa proeqtisTvis. samxedroebTan dapirispirebis es raundi man pirwmindad moigo. amerikelebi SiSobdnen, rom haizenbergs da mis gunds kaizer vilhelmis institutSi ar eZinaT. fizikosebs radikalurad unda SeecvalaT muSaobis stili: adre maT SezRuduli resursebi da SeuzRudavi dro hqondaT kvlevebis Casatareblad, axla ki piriqiT, resursebi SeuzRudavi iyo, magram dro maT gamosayeneblad – Zalian mcire da mkacrad reglamentirebuli. openhaimeris roli am problemis daZlevaSic didi iyo. los-alamosSi sxvadasxva konstruqciis or bombze muSaobdnen. zarbaznis tipis bombSi jaWvuri reaqciisTvis aucilebeli kritikuli masa miiRweoda imis xarjze, rom uranis momcro „tyvias“ esrodnen gamdidrebuli uranis (urani, romelSic xelovnurad aris gazrdili U-235 izotopebis raodenoba) msxvil „guls“. „tyvia“ erwymoda „guls“ da iwyeboda reaqcia. imploziuri tipis bombis konstruqcia da kritikuli masis miRwe-

vis meqanizmi gacilebiT rTuli iyo. am konstruqciis bombSi 1940 wels sinTezirebuli transuranuli (elementi, romlis atomuri nomeric aRemateba uranis atomur nomers – 92-s) elementi – plutoniumi gamoiyeneboda.

1944 wels naTeli gaxda, rom germaniis damarcxeba gardauvali iyo. aRmoCnda, rom nacistebi Sors iyvnen birTvuli iaraRis Seqmnisgan; metic, didi albaTobiT, maTi atomuri proeqti SeCerebuli iyo. los-alamosSi araerTma mecnierma daiwyo Riad saubari imaze, rom bombze muSaobis gagrZeleba arc mizanSewonili iyo, arc eTikurad gamarTlebuli. bevri maTgani, SexedulebebiT pacifisti, manhetenis proeqts swored germaniis SesaCereblad SeuerTda; Tu germania marcxdeboda Cveulebrivi, konvenciuri iaraRiTac, ra saWiro iyo am bombis Seqmna? iaponiaze aravin fiqrobda, iaponelebs xom sul ar hqondaT birTvuli iaraRis Seqmnis mcdelobebi. es ganwyobebi SeiZleboda damRupveli gamxdariyo proeqtisTvis, rom ara opis mWevrmetyveleba. man daarwmuna eTikuri dilemis winaSe mdgari kolegebi, rom mecniereba da politika gasamijnia; fizikosebis saqme iaraRis Seqmnaa da ara politikuri

los-alamosis sacxovrebeli kompleqsi da laboratoriebi

79

mecniereba gadawyvetilebebis miReba. bombis gamoyeneba-argamoyenebaze unda imsjelon politikosebma da samxedroebma. garda amisa, birTvuli iaraRi, swored Tavisi saSineli gamanadgurebeli Zalis gamo, momavalSi yvela oms SeaCerebs. Tu mTeli msoflio naxavs, ra gamanadgurebelia birTvuli iaraRi, SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs azri daekargeba da, paradoqsulad, atomuri bombi globaluri mSvidobis erTgvari garantia iqneba. fizikosebma germaniis kapitulaciis Semdegac gaagrZeles muSaoba. orive tipis bombi (zarbaznis tipis „patara biWi“ da imploziuri tipis „msuqani kaci“) mzad iyo 1945 wlis Tebervlis bolos. los-alamosis samuSaoebma kulminacias miaRwia 1945 wlis 16 ivliss, gamTeniisas, alamogordosTan (niu-meqsiko), winaswar SerCeul ukacriel adgilas, romelsac openhaimerma „triniti“ uwoda. pirvelad istoriaSi Catarda birTvuli iaraRis gamocda. damswreebs – samxedroebsa da mecnierebs sxvadasxva emociebi daeuflaT: zogi icinoda, zogi tiroda, zogic daRonebuli dumda, magram Warbobda Sveba: am adamianebma xom Tavisufali samyaros gadarCenis misiis tvirTi zides da Tveebis ganmavlobaSi uzarma-

keneT beinbriji (1904-1996)

80

zar wnexs gauZles. mogvianebiT openhaimeri ixsenebda, rom im erTdroulad wyeul da didebul momentSi, rodesac manamde arnaxulma sinaTlem moicva aremare, mas gaaxsenda induizmis erT-erTi wminda wigni – „bhagavadgita“ da Cailaparaka: „axla me var sikvdili, samyaroTa gamanadgurebeli“. fizikosma keneT beinbrijma afeTqebis Semdeg roberts uTxra: „dReidan Cven yvelani aramzadebi varT“.

Semdeg dadga sabediswero agvisto. iaponia agrZelebda saomar moqmedebebs amerikelTa winaaRmdeg. motivebiT, romlebzec istorikosebi, albaT, arasodes Sewyveten kamaTs, aSS-is xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita, birTvuli iaraRi iaponiis winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebina. erTi mxriv, naTeli iyo, rom birTvuli dartyma umokles droSi daasrulebda oms da iaponiis kunZulebze dagegmili SeWris operacia, romelic aTobiT an asobiT aTas amerikel jariskacs da uamrav iaponels Seiwiravda, aRar iqneboda saWiro. meore mxriv, arsebobs cnobebi, rom iaponelebi ukve Zalian axlos iyvnen danebebasTan da kapitulaciis pirobebisTvis savaWrod emzadebodnen. Tavisi roli imanac Seasrula, rom stalini iaponiaSi SeWras gegmavda, amerikelebs ki amis daSveba ar surdaT. SesaZloa, birTvuli iaraRis gamoyeneba iyo Zlevamosilebis demonstracia, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris da „Zia jos“ daSinebas emsaxureboda; naTeli iyo, rom germaniis da iaponiis damarcxebis Semdeg iwyeboda dapirispireba or gamarjvebul supersaxelmwifos Soris da am konfliqtSi aSS-m Tavidanve aCvena, Tu ramxela upiratesobas flobda. asea Tu ise, 6 agvistos „patara biWi“ hirosimaSi Camoagdes, 8 agvistos ki „msuqanma kacma“ nagasaki gaaswora miwasTan. dRemde ver xerxdeba daRupulTa raodenobis zustad Sefaseba; minimum, 129 000 adamiani daiRupa, zogi afeTqebebis dros, zogi – saSineli tanjviT, mwvave sxivuri daavadebisa da damwvrobebisgan.

robert openhaimeri

nagasaki

hirosima

`msuqani kaci~ da `patara biWi~

maTi absoluturi umravlesoba samoqalaqo pirebi iyvnen. ase iSva fizikis da politikis kavSiridan adamianTa masobrivi Jletis srulyofili instrumenti. „batono prezidento, xelebi sisxlSi maqvs~ ori iaponuri qalaqis ganadgurebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg openhaimeri gaemgzavra vaSingtonSi, omis mdivan henri stimsonisTvis werilis gadasacemad. am werilSi openhaimerma maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxeles gauziara SeiaraRebaTa SeuCerebeli rbolis gaCaRebis SiSi. misTvis naTeli iyo, rom saidumlo informaciis dasacavad miRebuli mkacri zomebis miuxedavad, bombis Sesaqmnelad aucilebeli fizika msoflios samecniero sazogadoebisTvis ukve cnobili iyo da aSS-is birTvuli monopolia didxans ver gastanda. rusebis mier atomuri iaraRis Seqmna drois sakiTxi iyo. samxedro konfliqti aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris aucileblad birTvul omSi gadaizrdeboda. omis safrTxe aiZulebs qveynebs, gazardon TavianTi birTvuli arsenali, Seqmnan da daagrovon mzardi simZlavris bombebi. zesaxelmwifoebis dajaxebis Sedegad msoflio atomur alSi gaexveva da mTeli kacobrioba, adamiani, rogorc saxeoba, dadgeba ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe. openhaimeris azriT, aseTi apokalifsuri scenari gardauvalad ganxorcieldeboda, Tu birTvuli iaraRi ar aikrZaleboda, ar damyardeboda ndoba da Riaoba omSi gamarjvebul zesaxelmwifoebs Soris. robertis azriT, birTvuli rbolis CanasaxSive Casaklavad, unda Seqmniliyo sayovelTao ndobiT aRWurvili saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic kontrols gauwevda dayofad masalebs da birTvuli iaraRis warmoebas. es azrebi man gamoTqva prezident

trumenTan 1945 wlis oqtomberSi gamarTul Sexvedraze (ruzvelti omis dasrulebamde sul cota xniT adre gardaicvala). trumeni ganarisxa openhaimeris mier warmoTqmulma frazam „batono prezidento, vgrZnob, rom xelebi sisxlSi maqvs“. trumenma dasZina, rom erTaderTi, visac akisria pasuxismgebloba iaponiis winaaRmdeg bombis gamoyenebaze, aris aSS-is prezidenti. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Sexvedris dasrulebisTanave trumens ukmexad uTqvams, rom aRarasodes surda „mtirala mecnieris“ naxva. antipaTiis miuxedavad, 1946 wels trumenma openhaimeri los-alamosis direqtoris postze gaweuli samsaxurisTvis medliT daajildova. hirosimis da nagasakis dabombvis Semdeg, rodesac farTo sazogadoebam Seityo manhetenis proeqtis Sesaxeb, openhaimers „atomuri bombis mama“ uwodes. is presis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca, misi foto Jurnal Time-is garekanze daibeWda. es iyo namdvili triumfi openhaimerisTvis, Tumca CaSxamebuli; roberts daufasda istoriuli misiis Sesruleba, magram is grZnobda umZimes pasuxismgeblobas: iaponiaSi daixocnen mSvidobiani moqalaqeebi, misi xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnilma iaraRma sakuTari SemaZrwunebeli logikiT daiwyo ganviTareba, gavida fizikosebis kontrolidan da momavalSi mTeli kacobriobis ganadgureba SeeZlo.… sazogadoebis aRqmaSi birTvuli fizika abstraqtuli, praqtikulad gamousadegari dargidan gadaiqca msoflio liderobis

81

mecniereba

hari trumeni (1884-1972)

openhaimeris fotoebi Jurnal Time-is garekanze 1948 da 1954 wlebSi

momtan, udidesi strategiuli mniSvnelobis disciplinad. fizikosebi gaxdnen supergmirebi, maT xom amerikeli biWebi gadaarCines da msoflio ixsnes Savbneli diqtaturis safrTxisgan! openhaimeri sazogadoebis TvalSi axali tipis teqnokratiuli Zalauflebis gansaxiereba gaxda. superbombi 1947 wels openhaimers aSS-is saxelmwifo politikaze zemoqmedebis realuri berketebi gauCnda – is atomuri energiis komisiis generaluri sakonsultacio komitetis Tavmjdomared dainiSna. openhaimeri energiulad uWerda mxars yvela zomas, romelic birTvul SeiaraRebaTa rbolis SeCerebas emsaxureboda. 1949 wels man sabediswero gadawyvetileba miiRo da xma misca wyalbadis bombis Seqmnis winaaRmdeg. jer kidev manhetenis proeqtis adreul etapze fizikosma edvard telerma wamoayena H-bombis, anu wyalbadis bombis idea. „patara biWi“ da „msuqani kaci“ atomis birTvis dayofaze iyo dafuZnebuli; wyalbadis bombis moqmedeba ki wyalbadis birTvebis Serwymas, anu TermobirTvul sinTezs efuZneba – process, romelic varskvlavebSi mimdinareobs. sinTezis dros gacilebiT didi energia gamoiyofa, vidre dayofisas. telers miaCnda, rom manhetenis proeqtis mizani swored am fantastikuri simZlavris bombis Seq-

82

mna unda yofiliyo, magram openhaimerma gadawyvita, rom dayofaze dafuZnebuli bombi, romelzec muSaoba ukve dawyebuli iyo, ufro prioritetuli iyo. teleris ideas maSin gasaqani ar mieca. opis gadawyvetilebam ise ganarisxa teleri, rom is praqtikulad gamoeTiSa proeqts.

1949 wels aSS-is birTvuli monopolia dasrulda: sabWoeTSi warmatebiT gamocades birTvuli bombi. samecniero, politikur da samxedro wreebSi cxare debatebi gaCaRda imis Taobaze, saWiro iyo Tu ara kidev ufro mZlavri bombis – superbombis Seqmna. realurad, es iyo debatebi SeiaraRebaTa rbolis dawyeba-ardawyebaze. yvelaferi ise moxda, rogorc openhaimerma iwinaswarmetyvela. teleris idea aqtualuri gaxda. amjerad misTvis gacilebiT momzadebuli, noyieri niadagi arsebobda. openhaimerma da generalurma sakonsultacio komitetma ar gauwies rekomendacia superbombis Seqmnas. daskvnaSi naTqvami iyo, rom superbombi mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi milionobiT msxverpls gamoiwvevs, rac ver gamarTldeba veranairi strategiuli argumentebiT. Tanac, im momentisTvis ar arsebobda aseTi bombis konstruqciis met-naklebad muSa idea. atomuri energiis komisiam gaiziara openhaimeris pozicia. roberti fiqrobda, rom brZola superbombis winaaRmdeg mogebuli iyo, mag-

robert openhaimeri

ram mis oponentebs Zlieri lobi hyavdaT TeTr saxlSi. trumenma, romelic isedac ixreboda wyalbadis bombis Seqmnisken, 1950 wels formaluri nebarTva gasca. mousvenarma telerma sul raRac erT weliwadSi SeimuSava wyalbadis bombis ganxorcielebadi konstruqcia. ra gaewyoboda?! openhaimeri SeuerTda superbombis Seqmnis samuSaoebs, Tumca yovelTvis cdilobda, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daeyenebina misi gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba da Seeferxebina misi gamocda.

1953 wlisTvis openhaimerma gavlenis da Zalauflebis piks miaRwia. is monawileobda araerT saidumlo proeqtSi, ekava ramdenime mniSvnelovani Tanamdeboba sxvadasxva samTavrobo organosa da komisiaSi. mas hqonda SeuzRudavi wvdoma umniSvnelovanes strategiul gegmebze. amave dros man gaiCina Zalian gavleniani mtrebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen TermobirTvuli iaraRis Seqmnas. maT miaCndaT, rom openhaimeri, misi reputaciiT da darwmunebis zebunebrivi unariT, gaxda saxifaTod gavleniani aSS-is samTavrobo, samxedro da samecniero wreebSi. kudianebze nadiroba 50-ian wlebSi aSS-Si makartizmi mZvinvarebda. senatorma jozef makartim gamoacxada, rom aSS-is samTavrobo struqturebSi sakvanZo Tanamdebobebze mokalaTdnen komunistebis agentebi, romlebsac amerikis politikuri kursis Secvla da arsebuli demokratiuli wyobis damxoba swyurodaT. makarti irwmuneboda, rom xelT hqonda xelisuflebis sxvadasxva organoSi SeRweuli komunistebis sia. am gancxadebebma is yuradRebis centrSi moaqcia; man maleve moipova didi politikuri gavlena da iseTi Tanamdeboba daikava, romelic komunistobaSi eWvmitaedvard teleri (1908-2003) wyalbadis bombTan

nilTa dakiTxvis uflebas aZlevda. is avrcelebda cilismwameblur gancxadebebs sajaro moxeleebze, sakmarisi mtkicebulebebis gareSe uyenebda umZimes braldebebs, ramac bevri adamianis kariera da reputacia Seiwira. qveyanaSi undoblobis da paranoiis atmosferom daisadgura. openhaimeris mtrebma, samecniero da samxedro-politikuri wreebidan, isargebles situaciiT da mas warsulSi komunistebTan mWidro kavSiri gauxsenes. maTi mizani iyo superbombis Seqmna da ufro agresiuli, SeiaraRebaTa rbolis eskalaciaze orientirebuli politikis gatareba; maT gzaze idga openhaimeri – mTavrobis gavleniani mrCeveli, romelmac erTxel ukve scada, daebloka es miswrafebebi.

1953 wlis miwuruls openhaimers, rogorc komunistebis SesaZlo agents, SeuCeres wvdoma saidumlo masalebze da pirdapir mosTxoves gadadgoma; man iuara da specialuri mosmenis daniSvna moiTxova. es mosmena 1954 wels daxurul kars miRma gaimarTa. openhaimers gauxsenes 1940 wlis epizodi, rodesac komunistma megobarma gadasca rusebis SemoTavazeba, miewodebina maTTvis saidumlo informacia. robertma civi uari SeuTvala megobars, magram daudevroba gamoiCina da rusebisgan miRebuli winadadebis Sesaxeb Sesabamis samsaxurebs eqvsTviani dagvianebiT moaxsena. rodesac los-alamoss mimagrebuli kontrdazvervis warmomadgenlebi am epizods miubrundnen, man bundovani da winaaRmdegobrivi Cvenebebi misca. samarTlianobisTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom paranoia mTlad usafuZvlo ar iyo: omis Semdeg gairkva, rom manhetenis proeqtis araerTi monawile e.w. atomuri jaSuSi iyo. es fizikosebi sakuTari neba-surviliT gadascemdnen saidumlo informacias sabWoTa mxares, ramac arsebiTad daaCqara ssrk-is mier birTvuli iaraRis Seqmna. meore braldeba ukavSirdeboda H-bombis Seqmnis proeqtisTvis gaweul winaaRmdegobas – xom ar iyo es mizanmimarTuli sabotaJi, aSS-is Tavdacvisunarianobis Segnebu-

wyalbadis bombi

83

mecniereba atomuri energiis komisia, marcxnidan meore robert openhaimeri

li dasusteba? openhaimeri mwvaved gaakritikes enTuziazmis ukmarisobis gamo, Tumca mosmenaze gasagebi gaxda, rom roberts eTikuri motivebi amoZravebda da ara – boroti zraxvebi. mosmena dasrulda imiT, rom openhaimeri erTsulovnad cnes aSS-is loialur moqalaqed, romelic yovelTvis sifrTxiliT da windaxedulobiT epyroboda mis xelT arsebul atomur saidumloebebs. SegaxsenebT, rom los-alamosSi opize sadReRamiso TvalTvali da mosmena iyo da romc sdomoda, verafers gamoaparebda huveris uwyebas. miuxedavad amisa, wvdoma saidumlo informaciaze openhaimers ar aRudgines. misi Tanamdebobaze datoveba sariskod miiCnies qveynis usafrTxoebisTvis. am mosmenam openhaimeris administraciul-politikur karieras bolo mouRo. mis reputacias bevri amerikelis TvalSi gamousworebeli ziani miadga, guSindeli gmiri maTTvis qveynis interesebis xelmyof moRalated gadaiqca.

jozef makarti (1908-1957)

84

sicocxlis darCenili wlebi openhaimerma gaatara prinstonSi, perspeqtiul kvlevaTa institutSi, romlis direqtoradac jer kidev 1947 wels dainiSna. makartizmis dasrulebis Semdeg, politikuri reabilitaciis Jestis saxiT, mas gadaeca enriko fermis saxelobis jildo. robert openhaimeri gardaicvala 1967 wels. 2022 wels aSSis mTavrobam „atomuri bombis mamas“ simbolurad aRudgina wvdoma saidumlo masalebze. epilogi 2023 wlis martSi gamoqveynda sicocxlis momavlis institutis Ria werili, romelsac xeli moawera araerTma mecnierma, biznesmenma Tu moazrovnem. werilis avtorebi mouwodebdnen xelovnuri inteleqtis Semswavlel msoflios wamyvan laboratoriebs kvlevebis 6 TviT SeCerebisken. maTi azriT, am dargSi teqnologiebis ukontrolo ganviTareba kacobriobisaTvis safrTxis Semcvelia. Tavbrudamxvevi tempiT axal-axa-

robert openhaimeri

li, erTmaneTze ufro mZlavri sistemebis Seqmnam SeiZleba katastrofamde migviyvanos. avtomatizaciis Sedegad usamsaxurod darCeba milionobiT adamiani, rac gamoiwvevs mRelvarebas mTel msoflioSi; adre Tu gvian adamianebi strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas da resursebis marTvas gadaabareben efeqtian algoriTmebs da amiT kacobriobas xelovnuri inteleqtis mZevlad aqceven. aqedan ki srul katastrofamde mxolod erTi nabijia: kvleviTi centrebis wiaRSi Seqmnili zemZlavri manqanuri inteleqti erTxelac gaacnobierebs, rom adamianebi mas aRaraferSi sWirdeba, rom misi kognitiuri da gamoTvliTi SesaZleblobebi astronomiulad aRemateba adamianebisas da aRar daemorCileba Tavis Semqmnelebs. is ulmobeli TanmimdevrulobiT da CvenTvis absoluturad gaugebari logikiT Seudgeba sakuTari miznebis ganuxrel realizacias. am miznebs ki, didi albaTobiT, saerTo araferi eqneba Homo Sapiens-is sasicocxlo interesebTan. xelovnur inteleqts verc misTvis ucxo adamianuri eTika SeaCerebs. Cvens morCil msaxurebad Cafiqrebulma robotebma SeiZleba dagvamonon an saerTodac gagvanadguron. jer kidev 1970-ian wlebSi didi mecnieri marvin minski ambobda, rom Tu Zalian gagvimarTlebs, xelovnuri inteleqti Tavis Sinaur cxovelebad gvaqcevs. am safrTxeebiT SeSfoTebulma werilis xelmomwerebma (maT Soris ilon maskic iyo – xelovnuri inteleqtis erT-erTi laboratoriis, OpenAI-is TanadamfuZnebeli) moiTxoves, rom kvlevebi am dargSi droebiT SeCerdes, vidre ar dawesdeba garkveuli regulaciebi, Sefasdeba riskebi, Seiqmneba kontrolis da prevenciis meqanizmebi, damyardeba sruli gamWvirvaloba, Seswavlili iqneba

yvela SesaZlo gamowveva, romlis winaSec SeiZleba kacobrioba dadges. mecnierebma, mTavrobebma, kerZo kompaniebma unda gaiazron, Tu ramxela sifrTxile da pasuxismgebloba marTebT: xelovnur inteleqtTan momuSave adamianebi, SesaZloa, Cveni saxeobis mesaflaveebi gaxdnen. xelovnuri inteleqti SeiZleba kacobriobis ukanasknel gamogonebad iqces. „Tu riskebis marTva saTuoa, iqneb jobdes, rom saerTod Sewydes kvlevebi am mimarTulebiT? vercerTi sikeTe, romelic SeiZleba momavalSi mogvitanos xelovnurma inteleqtma, ver gadawonis kacobriobis, rogorc saxeobis, ganadgurebis safrTxes. is, rom raRacis gakeTeba SegviZlia, ar niSnavs, rom aucileblad unda gavakeToT“ – aseTia distopiuri momavlis perspeqtiviT daTrgunulTa argumenti, maTi oponentebi ki miiCneven, rom risi gamogonebac SesaZlebelia, aucileblad iqneba gamogonili. politikosebi da samxedroebi acnobiereben, rom im saxelmwifos, romelic konkurentebs daaswrebs mZlavri xelovnuri inteleqtis Seqmnas, uzarmazari upiratesoba eqneba metoqeebze. Tu es saxelmwifo moraluri principebis gamo teqnologiaze ityvis uars, am teqnologias daeufleba misi metoqe da aucileblad gamoiyenebs mis winaaRmdeg. gecnobaT?

qalaqi

GRAND CENTRAL

„grand centralis“ gadarCena

Tamar kvaWaZe

dRis ganmavlobaSi manhetenis centralur nawilSi, midTaunSi, xmauri ar wydeba. aTasobiT adamiani swrafi nabijiT kveTs qalaqis quCebs da Tavis saqmeze miemarTeba. vis aRar naxavT aq: saqmosnebi uol stritidan nacrisfer kostiumebSi, samxreT uiliamsburgeli iuvelirebi, romlebic qeisebiT xelSi briliantebis ubnisken miiCqarian, dedebi etlebSi CaZinebuli CvilebiT, turistebi, gaocebulebi rom asCerebian caTambjenebs, fostalionebi, diplomatebi, musikosebi, eqimebi, studentebi,… aqa-iq erTi-ori holivudis gzaabneuli varskvlavic gaielvebs, Tumca garSemo maTTvis aravis scalia. aurzauris centrSi dgas sadguri „grand centrali“ (Grand Central Terminal) – niu-iorkis guli, mTavari arteria, romelic araerTi sarkinigzo Tu metros xazis gamtaria. aqedan moxvdebiT niu-hemfSirSic, detroitSic da manhetenis ukidures samxreT wertilSi – beTeri-parkSic. CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken da dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken mimavali metros matareblebi „grand centralSi“ iyrian Tavs da mgzavrebi niu-iorkis danarCen boroebze gadahyavT (qalaqi niu-iorki xuTi administraciuli raionisgan, anu borosgan (borough) Sedgeba: manheteni, bronqsi, kvinsi, bruklini da steiten-ailendi). ramdenime quCaze gadaWimuli sadguris Senoba, sarkinigzo mimosvlis garda, cnobili restornebisa da maRaziebis adgilia. quCidan Semosuli xmauri „grand centralis“ TaRebSi ikargeba. mTavari mosacdeli darbazis ciuri sxeulebiT moxatuli Weri TiTqos mSvidad dahyurebs qvemoT mofusfuse adamianebs.

Senoba, natifi xelovnebis es marTlacda SesaniSnavi nimuSi imgvaradaa daproeqtebuli, rom bunebrivi Suqi maqsimalurad aRwevs darbazSi da kedlebze moTamaSe sxivebi idumal garemos qmnian. „grand centrali“ araerTi kinoxelovanis namuSevarSic gamoCenila. aqaa gadaRebuli cnobili scenebi filmebidan „karlitos gza“, „adamianebi SavebSi“, „supermeni“, alfred hiCkokis „CrdiloeTi Crdilo-dasavleTis gavliT“ da sxva aTeulobiT filmi.

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`grand centralis~ gadarCena

mTeli Tavisi brwyinvalebis miuxedavad, „grand centralis“ arseboba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadga da XX saukunis niu-iorkis mzardma urbanulma ganviTarebam kinaRam Seiwira es sakulto satransporto kera.

manheteni

1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi vaWrobam da sabanko saqmianobam niu-iorkis swraf da energiul ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli, moizida axali biznesebi da adamianebi. zrdam keTildReoba moitana, xolo keTildReobam kidev ufro gazarda qalaqi. rkinigza am dinamikuri ciklis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani nawili iyo. amuSavda satvirTo da samgzavro xazebi da 1830-ian wlebSi niu-iorkis pirvelma sarkinigzo xazma princ striti, anu qveda manheteni, mdinare harlemTan daakavSira, ramac xeli Seuwyo qalaqis gafarToebasa da ganviTarebas qveda manhetenidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. niu-iorkis pirveli didi centraluri depo biznesmagnatma kornelius vanderbiltma 1871 wels aaSena. kornelius vanderbilti (1794-1877), metsaxelad komodori, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis umdidresi industrialisti da vanderbiltebis Zlevamosili dinastiis damaarsebeli iyo. man, gaRatakebuli fermeris vaJma, 11 wlis asakSi miatova skola da samuSaod sanapirosken gaeSura. 1810 wels mSoblebisgan nasesxebi fuliT Tavisi pirveli navi SeiZina. axalgazrda korneliusi steiten-ailendsa da manhetens Soris dacuravda da garkveuli Tanxis sanacvlod mgzavrebi gadahyavda. sul raRac or weliwadSi, 1812 wlis omis dros (igulisxmeba omi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da gaerTianebul samefos Soris, romelic CrdiloeT amerikis teritoriaze mimdinareobda), man moaxerxa da patara flotis mepatrone gaxda, misi gemebi ki qalaqis garSemo aRmarTul samTavrobo forpostebs amaragebdnen. 1829 wlisTvis, kornelius vanderbilti TviTmavali (orTqlis Zravaze momuSave) gemebis kompanias flobda, xolo 1846 wels komodori ukve oficialurad gaxda milioneri. 1850-iani wlebisTvis man yuradReba rkinigzaze gadaitana. vanderbiltma niu-iorkisa da harlemis rkinigzis im-

bronqsi

kvinsi

bruklini

steiten-ailen di Beaux-Arts – akademiuri neoklasikuri arqiteqturuli stili, romelic parizSi natifi xelovnebis skolaSi (École des Beaux-Arts) iswavleboda, gvxvdeba 1830-iani wlebidan moyolebuli XIX saukunis bolomde. masSi gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove masalebi – SuSa da metali da moicavs renesansisa da barokos elementebs.

87

qalaqi

grand centralis Weri

deni aqcia SeiZina, rom 1863 wlisTvis mTliani satransporto xazis mflobeli iyo. 1873 wels man SeZlo mgzavrebisTvis niu-iorkidan CikagoSi pirveli sarkinigzo momsaxureba SeeTavazebina. kornelius vanderbiltis aSenebuli depo Tavdapirvelad manhetenze Semaval rkinigzis xazebs emsaxureboda. kompleqsi, romelic gadaWimuli iyo 42-e quCisa da axlandeli vanderbiltavenius gaswvriv, matareblis baqnebTan erTad, Sesanax fardulebsac moicavda. rkinigzis ganviTarebam swrafad gadaaWarba depos gamtarunarianobas da 1899 wels depo daangries. meore sadguri, ufro didi, eqvssarTuliani Senoba, imave adgilas aRimarTa, Tumca verc man gauZlo mzard satransporto moTxovnas da 1903 wels amJamindeli „grand centralis“ mSeneblobas Caeyara safuZveli. axali „grand centralis“ mSeneblobamde niuiorkelebi aTwleulebis manZilze uCiodnen arajansaR Wvartlsa da smogs, romelsac qalaqSi moZravi orTqlis lokomotivebi afrqvevdnen. samwuxarod, imisaTvis, rom mniSvnelovani cvlileba momxdariyo moqalaqeebis sakeTildReod, mxolod niuiorkelebis Civili ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi. 1902 wlis 8 ianvars vestCesteris sagrafodan momavali samgzavro matarebeli sadguris SesasvlelTan mdgom meore matarebels Seejaxa. ubedurma SemTxvevam 15 adamiani imsxverpla. gamoZiebam mogvianebiT daadgina, rom memanqane Wvartlis Rrublisgan TiTqmis dabrmavda, ramac matareblebis Setakeba gamoiwvia. am SemTxvevam ubiZga reformatorebsa da politikosebs swrafad emoqmedaT da qalaqSi orTqlis Zravebis akrZalvis gegma SeemuSavebinaT. politikuri amindis cvlilebisTanave vanderbiltebis ojaxma gamoacxada axali, Tanamedrove sadguris mSeneblobis gegma, romelic mTlianad iqneboda morgebuli eleqtroenergiaze muSaobas.

niu-iorkis pirveli didi centraluri depo

kornelius vanderbilti (1794-1877)

88

`grand centralis~ gadarCena

grand centrali mSeneblobis procesSi

„grand centralis“ axleburma dagegmarebam da, rac mTavaria, sarkinigzo xazebis miwisqveS Catanam gardaqmna manhetenis Suaguli. miwis zemoT gamoTavisuflebulma adgilma sxvadasxva mewarme moizida. biznesbumma ki, Tavis mxriv, Camoayaliba is dinamikuri, xalxmravali, energiuli da xmauriani midTauni, rogorsac dRes vicnobT. „grand centrali“ im droisTvis niuiorkis istoriaSi yvelaze didi samSeneblo proeqti iyo da teqnologiur saswauls warmoadgenda. 70 heqtarze gaSenebul nagebobaSi 51 km sigrZis liandagi Sedioda, romelic, Tavis mxriv, 46 xazad nawildeboda da 30 samgzavro platforma hqonda. sadguri zomiT TiTqmis orjer aRemateboda cota xniT adre gaxsnil niu-iorkis pensilvaniis sadgurs (New York Penn Station). vanderbiltebi imiTac amayobdnen, rom „grand centrali“ mTlianad eleqtroenergiaze momuSave pirveli Senoba iyo msoflioSi. vanderbilte-

bis ojaxis didi gavlena igrZnoboda sadguris interieris dizainzec. magaliTad, sadguris yvela WaRi eleqtronaTurebiT iyo aRWurvili da maTi raodenoba 4,000-s aWarbebda. Zveli naTurebi mxolod 2008 wels Secvales Tanamedrove, energoefeqturi sanaTebiT. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani inovacia, romelic „grand centralSi“ dainerga, kibeebis pandusebiT Canacvleba iyo. pandusi saSualebas aZlevda rogorc adgilobriv, aseve Sor manZilze mimaval mgzavrebs, swrafad gadaadgilebuliyvnen sadguris teritoriaze da mZime bargis xalxmraval safexurebze zidvisTvis aeridebinaT Tavi. satransporto centrebma msoflios masStabiT maleve aitaces es migneba.

stiuart sondersi (1909-1987)

New York Penn Station

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qalaqi grand centralis WaRebi

„grand centralis“ mSenebloba 1903 wels daiwyo da aTi wlis Semdeg dasrulda. Senobis arqiteqturasa da dizainze orma arqiteqturulma kompaniam (ridi da stemi (Reed & Stem) da voreni da vetmori (Warren & Wetmore)) imuSava. ori individualuri proeqtis da gansxvavebuli xedvis gaerTianebis Sedegad aRimarTa qvis monumenturi Senoba, gamorCeuli interieriT. sadguris mTavari darbazi, 43 metris simaRlis Weris TaRiT, romelic TanavarskvlavedebiTaa moxatuli, Tavisi drois erTerT udides daxurul sivrces warmoadgenda. Zvirfasi qviT mopirkeTebuli terminali ise gamoiyureboda, TiTqos is 1870-iani wlebis safrangeTidan gadmoitanes niu-iorkis

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Reed & Stem-is da Warren & Wetmore-is Tavdapirveli proeqti

SuagulSi. fasads grandiozuli saaTi da amerikuli arwivisa da romauli RvTaebebis qandakebebi amSvenebs.

Wers ucnauri Tavisebureba aqvs: ca da Tanavarskvlavedebi sarkiseburadaa daxatuli. erT-erTi versiis mixedviT, moxatuloba dafuZnebulia Sua saukuneebis xelnawerze, romelic asaxavda cas ise, rogorc RmerTi xedavda mas ciuri sferos garedan. am versias vanderbiltebis ojaxic iziarebda. Tumca, adamianebis umetesoba ubralod fiqrobs, rom naxatis aseTi rakursi SemTxveviTobaa. Weris moxatulobis avtorebi mxatvrebi pol sezar elu da Carlz besingi arian. sirTuleebi „grand centralisTvis“ XX saukunis Sua wlebSi daiwyo, mas Semdeg, rac ori ZiriTadi sarkinigzo kompania gaerTianda „pen centralis“ (Penn Central) saxeliT da misi aRmasrulebeli direqtori stiuart sondersi gaxda. rkinigziT mgzavroba nelnela mcirdeboda, ramac kompanias mniSvnelovani finansuri zarali moutana. stiuart sondersis gadawyvetilebiT, 1963 wels daingra niu-iorkis pensilvaniis sadguris ulamazesi Zveli Senoba da mis adgilas vizualurad gacilebiT naklebad mimzidveli, magram

`grand centralis~ gadarCena

finansurad ufro momgebiani saofise Senoba wamoimarTa. am kompleqsis nawilia cnobili „medison skver gardenis“ arenac, romelic koncertebsa da sportul Sejibrebs maspinZlobs. „penis“ sadguris dakargva dRemde iTvleba aSS-is erT-erT udides arqiteqturul tragediad, rasac im drosac didi sazogadoebrivi protesti mohyva. aman, Tavis mxriv, 1965 wels xeli Seuwyo niu-iorkis RirsSesaniSnaobebis dacvis komisiis daarsebas, romelic niu-iorkis maSindeli meris, robert vagneris, iniciativiT Seiqmna qalaqis arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis dasacavad da SesanarCuneblad. komisiam „grand centrals“ RirsSesaniSnaobis statusi 1967 wels mianiWa, im imediT, rom Senoba gadaurCeboda „penis“ sadguris beds. magram stiuart sondersi jiutad ganagrZobda axali arqiteqturuli proeqtebis moZiebas „grand centralis“ Casanacvleblad. SemoTavazebebi, ZiriTadad, am adgilas mdidruli saofise caTambjenebis aSenebas moicavda, maT Soris iyo marsel broieris daproeqtebuli 55-sarTuliani koSkic, oRond arsebuli Senobis Tavze da ara – mis adgilas. marsel broieris daproeqtebuli 55-sarTuliani koSki

marsel broieri (1902-1981)

robert vagneri (1910-1991)

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qalaqi

e v a S GRAN

D CENTRAL!

kenedi, bes meirsoni filip jonsoni, Jaklin alis win tr cen nd da ed koxi gra

Jaklin k en aqciaze edi grand cent ralis

gadasar Cen

niu-iorkis RirsSesaniSnaobebis dacvis komisiam 1969 wels erTxmad dauWira mxari sondersis gegmebis SeCerebas, razec „pen centralis“ aRmasrulebelma direqtorma sapasuxo saCivari moamzada da ganacxada, rom komisiis mier mis kerZo sakuTrebaSi Careva arakonstituciuri iyo. saqme niu-iorkis Statis uzenaes sasamarTloSi gadavida. uzenaesma sasamarTlom 1975 wels gadawyvetileba „pen centralis“ sasargeblod miiRo. gadaumowmebeli cnobiT, mosamarTlem isic ki Tqva, rom niu-iorks araferi daakldeboda sadguris „didi xnis ugulebelyofili gacveTili silamazis“ gareSe. am etapze, niu-iorkis municipalurma xelovnebis sazogadoebam Camoayaliba „grand centralis“ gadarCenis komiteti, romlis wevrebi gamoCenili adamianebi gaxdnen, maT Soris, kongresmeni da niu-iorkis momavali meri ed koxi, arqiteqtori filip jonsoni da yofili pirveli ledi Jaklin kenedi onasisi. komitetis mizani iyo sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris mopoveba da ara mxolod „grand centralis“, aramed niu-iorkis sxva RirsSesaniSnaobebis gadarCena. „Tu Cven sakuTar warsulze ar vizrunebT, ar SeiZleba momavlis imedi gvqondes, – ganacxada Jaklin kenedi onasisma 1975 wels „grand centralis“ cnobil Oyster Bar-Si gamarTul preskonferenciaze, – Cven gveubnebian, rom ukve gviania, magram me ar vfiqrob, rom es marTalia. Tu did Zalisxmevas CavdebT, warmatebas aucileblad mivaRwevT“.

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`grand centralis~ gadarCena

msgavsi ganwyoba gamoTqva filip jonsonmac New York Times-is 1975 wlis ianvris statiaSi: „evropas aqvs didebuli sakaTedro taZrebi, Cven ki – „grand centrali“. evropelebi taZarze caTambjens ar daaSeneben“.

grand centrali dRes

aseTi gavleniani mfarvelebis mxardaWeriT qalaqma uari Tqva danebebaze. niu-iorkma gaasaCivra sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da gaimarjva, Tumca arc sondersi da „pen centrali“ apirebdnen gaCerebas. saqme iqamde mivida, rom sondersma sarCeli ukve aSSis uzenaes sasamarTloSi Seitana. „grand centralis“ gadarCenis komitetis brZolam vaSingtonSi gadainacvla. asobiT mxardamWeri dedaqalaqisken matarebliT gaemgzavra, romelsac „RirsSesaniSnaobis eqspresi“ Searqves. ori Tvis Semdeg, 1978 wlis ivnisSi, uzenaesma sasamarTlom 6 xmiT samis winaaRmdeg daadastura, rom namdvilad konstituciuria istoriuli nagebobebis maregulirebeli kontroli, rac uzrunvelyofda ara mxolod „grand centralis“, aramed qveynis sxva RirsSesaniSnaobebis SenarCunebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom „grand centrali“ gadarCa, unda aRiniSnos, rom is ar iyo saukeTeso mdgomareobaSi. sadguris gasaocari arqiteqturuli detalebi WuWyiTa da bilbordebiT iyo dafaruli. uzenaesi sasamarTlos saqmis Semdeg gadawyda „grand centralis“ reabilitacia. 118.3 milioni dolari gamoiyo remontisaTvis, romelic 1998 wels dasrulda. Weri gaiwminda sigaretis kvamliT warmoqmnili Wvartlisgan da pirvelad aTwleulebis manZilze „grand centralis“ varskvlavebi Zveleburad akiafdnen. dRes „grand centrali“ dReSi 750 000-ze met mgzavrs emsaxureba. mgzavrobis garda, sadguri aseve popularulia Tavisi cnobili sakvebi adgilebiTa da daxvewili koqteilbarebiT. aq naxavT mxolod niu-iorkSi momuSave qselebs, rogoricaa „Seik Saki“, sacxobi „magnolia“ da „nomas“ damfuZneblis – klaus meieris gakeTebul saWmlis darbazs. „grand centralis“ gadarCena im mravali aqtivistis da garemos damcvelis damsaxurebaa, vinc ar SeuSinda gavlenian mowinaaRmdeges da Tavisi dauRalavi brZoliT miaRwia imas, rom „grand centrali“, rogorc niu-iorkSi matareblis saukeTeso sadguri, xelSeuxebeli da daculi memkvidreobaa.

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Sveulad 1. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ama Tu im mxaris mier uaris Tqma saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis Sesrulebaze. 3. mowyobiloba gemis dgomisas wylis fskerze CasaSvebad. 5. sazogado, saqveyno saqmeebisaTvis gaweuli Sroma. 6. sxeulis Tviseba SeinarCunos Tavisi uZraobis an Tanabari sworxazovani moZraobis mdgomareoba, sanam gareSe Zala ar gamoiyvans am mdgomareobidan. 7. ukeTes mdgomareobaSi yofna (vinmesTan, ramesTan SedarebiT). 8. (gadataniTi) saerTo ideebiT mWidrod SekavSirebuli jgufi.

9. mdidruli saxli qalaqgareT. 11. gemebis gasaCerebeli adgili navsadguris SesasvlelTan. 14. yuradRebiT, dakvirvebiT, mondomebiT raimes keTeba. 16. mwvalebeli, gandgomili. 17. axali prezidentis saxelmwifos saTaveSi mosvlis aRsaniSnavi ceremonia. 18. ganuxorcielebeli ocneba. 23. maTematikis nawili, romelic Seiswavlis sxeulebis sivrciT formebsa da maTi gazomvis meTodebs.

24. mdgomareoba, rodesac nebismieri saSiSroebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis yvelaferi momzadebulia.

26. raimes Zalian patara nawili. 30. umaRlesi samxedro wodebis piri. 31. dasaxul miznamde misvla, Canafiqris ganxorcieleba. 35. cecxlsasroli iaraRis lulaze damagrebuli wvetiani civi iaraRi. 36. warmosaxviTi wiri, romelsac Semowers sxeuli moZraobisas. 37. TurqeTis dedaqalaqi. 38. raimes Sesasruleblad saWiro moqmedebaTa dadgenili Tanmimdevroba. 39. Zaladoba da daSineba, romelsac iyeneben ideologiuri mtris winaaRmde brZolisTvis. 40. erT-erTi filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romlis mixedviTac materia, buneba, yofiereba aris pirveladi, xolo idea, cnobiereba, suli – meoreuli. 41. ararsebulis moCvenebiTi warmodgena, gamowveuli arajansaRi fsiqikuri mdgomareobis gamo bgerebis, gamosaxulebis, gemosa da a.S. mcdari aRqmiT. 46. raimes Sesasruleblad saWiro miTiTeba. 47. kontinentebs Soris moqceuli wylis didi sivrce. 48. qcevis an moqmedebis Taviseburebebi, manera. 51. sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebebis gamomxatveli masobrivi msvleloba. 52. meore msoflio omis Semdeg RonisZieba nacizmis (faSizmis) aRmosafxvrelad yofil faSistur qveynebSi. 54. TanamdebobaTa, wodebulebaTa Tanmimdevroba udablesidan umaRlesisaken. 56. cdis saxeoba, rasac mizanmimarTuli kvlevis xasiaTi aqvs da xorcieldeba xelovnur pirobebSi. 59. saSualo sididis

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