My world 41

civilizacia

qarTuli damwerloba

istoria

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti (damkomi)

literatura m e c n i e r e b a

jozef konradi da misi wignebi Carlz darvini

s a q a r T v e l o

m u s i k a

kolonializmis gavrceleba da misi dasasruli

kolonializmi

SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi (nawili I)

konfliqtebi

x e l o v n e b a

rogor gaaqro ruseTma `GEORGIA~Zveli evropuli rukebidan Taj-mahali

ra xibli aqvs eleqtronul musikas

TinaTin evdoSvili

dali CitunaSvili

oTar janeliZe

giorgi badriZe

arCil qiqoZe

levan CxeiZe

Tornike TurmaniZe

sulxan salaZe

niko nergaZe

kaxaber CinCalaZe

gadasaadgilebeli saSualeba. 61. erTi da imave qimiuri elementis atomebi, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva atomuri wona. 64. emigrantebis, devnilebis, samxedro tyveebis samSobloSi dabruneba. 67. qalaqi belgiaSi, flandriis regionSi. 69. specialuri mcire zomis gamocema, romelic Seicavs mokle informacias romelime organizaciis an raime faqtisa Tu siaxlis Sesaxeb. 74. piri, romelsac bedisweris swams. 76. oqromWedeli. 78. qalaqi daRestanSi. 80. radioaqtiuri qimiuri elementi, romlisganac iReben samrewvelo atomur energias. 82. visime (an risame) RirsebaTa da naklovanebaTa Sesaxeb Seqmnili saerTo azri, Sexeduleba. 83. samgzavro matarebeli, romelic dadis didi siswrafiT da Cerdeba mxolod did sadgurebSi. 84. sxva qveyanaSi iZulebiT gadasaxlebuli an gaqceuli piri. 87. damsaxurebis, Rvawlis aRsaniSnavi sapatio saCuqari. 90. sasurvelis, sasiamovnos warmodgena, warmosaxva. 93. aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis ebraelTa ena. 95. avstriis dedaqalaqi. 97. raimes keTebis, Seqmnis gansakuTrebuli unari. 98. qalaqze patara dasaxlebuli punqti. 99. adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli myari erTianoba saerTo teritoriiT, eniT, ekonomikuri TanacxovrebiT da kulturul-fsiqologiuri niSnebiT.

5. rkinigzis relsi. 8. TandaTanobiTi zrda, gafarToeba. bolo dros ufro samxedro konfliqteb- 2 Tan dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneba. 10. miwis farTobis sazomi erTeuli, udris 10.000 m 13. furclis, wignis, baraTis zoma. 14. sasoflo-sameurneo komuna israelSi, romlisTvis damaxasiaTebelia meurneobis saerTo sakuTreba da Sroma-moxmarebaSi Tanasworoba. 16. raimes gasakeTeblad saWiro Zala, SesaZleblobebi. 17. simyare, ucvleloba, mdgradoba. 18. qveynis nawili CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi, 2 evraziis kontinentis dasavleTi Semadgeneli nawili (farTobi daaxloebiT 10 milioni m ). 20. qalaqi indoeTSi, dasavleT bengalis Statis administraciuli centri. 24. visime ufleba an SesaZlebloba iyos dasaxelebuli, navaraudevi raime Tanamdebobaze asarCevad, dasaniSnad, sadme misaRebad. 26. adamiani, visac ewveva stumari. 28. qimiuri elementis umciresi nawilaki, romelic Sedgeba atomgulisa da eleqtronebisagan. 29. istoriuli masalebisa da sabuTebis erToblioba. 31 sruli umiznoba, araraoba. 32 msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia, romelic individs ganixilavs, rogorc absolutur Rirebulebas. 35. sruli uwesrigoba, areul-dareuloba. 37. adamianTa erToblioba, romelic warmoadgens garkveuli TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovan jgufs. 38. apolonios rodoselis poema. 41. mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis nivTierebaTa Semadgenlobas, agebulebas, Tvisebebsa da urTierTgardaqmnas. 42. xeebiT dafaruli vrceli adgili. 44. saqalaqo transportis saxeoba – miwisqveSa gvirabSi an Ria cis qveS liandagebze moZravi matarebeli, romelic eleqtroenergiis meSveobiT gadaadgildeba. 46. medicinis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis fsiqikur daavadebebs da maT mkurnalobas. 47. ukiduresi TavSekaveba, uaris Tqma yovelgvar `amqveyniur~ siamovnebaze. 48. raimes erToblioba, maragi. 49. vinmes piradobis, vinaobis, moqalaqeobis damadasturebeli oficialuri sabuTi. 51. winamZRoli, meTauri. 52. xuroTmoZRvreba. 57. sagangebod daculi Senoba, sadac patimrebi sasjels ixdian. 59. gvaris, tomis istoria, warmomavloba. 62. erTi saxelwodebiT gaerTianebul varskvlavTa jgufi. 63. aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos istoriuli saxelwodeba antikur da bizantiur wyaroebSi. 65. didi moculobis prozauli nawarmoebi, romelsac axasiaTebs rTuli siuJeti. 66. raimes Zireulad gadakeTeba. 68. israelis saxelmwifos umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo. 70. ukiduresi gaWirveba 71. saxelmwifos umaRlesi rangis mudmivi diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli ucxo qveyanaSi. 72. sasuliero piri, romelic monasterSi an sruliad ganmartoebiT, asketurad cxovrobs da moRvaweobs. 73. saseirnod, dasasveneblad mowyobili adgili xeivnebiT, baRebiTa da savali bilikebiT. 75. azrovneba, goneba. 77. molodini, rwmena, rom raime survili, mizani ganxorcieldeba. 79. saxelmwifo samxreT amerikis dasavleT nawilSi. 81. erTmaneTTan axlos mdebare kunZulebis jgufi. 85. kuW-nawlavis mwvave, gadamdebi daavadeba, romelic sicocxlisTvis saSiSia. 86. simaRliT gamorCeuli nageboba, mravalsarTuliani Senoba. 88. omis an raime Tavdasxmis dros mtris mier Sepyrobili mebrZoli an mSvidobiani mosaxle. 89. ganaxleba, aRdgena, ganviTareba. 91. mtkice piroba, aRTqma. 92. didi warmateba, brwyinvale gamarjveba; amiT gamowveuli zeimi. 94. kamaTi, dapirispireba, Cxubi. 96. viwro, Rrma Txrili, ormo. 100. monarqis aRmniSvneli sityva sparsul enaSi. 101. saxnavi miwa, yana. 102. risame ganxorcielebis, rameSi warmatebis SesaZlebloba. 103. calkeuli stadia, momenti raime movlenis, procesis ganviTarebaSi. 104. interieris, yofiTi nivTebis mxatvruli gaformeba. 105. poligrafiuli sawarmo, romelic uSvebs nabeWd produqcias.

garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti (damkomi) – paritetuli komiteti~

Jurnali gamoicema SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (Sida) finansuri mxardaWeriT gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saagentos Tvalsazriss

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

1. denonsacia 3. Ruza 5. Rvawli 6. inercia 7. upiratesoba 8. kohorta 9. vila 11. reidi 14. sibejiTe 16. eretikosi 17. inauguracia 18. iluzia 23. geometria 24. usafrTxoeba 26. nawilaki 30. generali 31. miRweva 35. xiSti 36. traeqtoria 37. ankara 38. procedura 39. terori 40. materializmi 41. halucinacia 46. instruqcia 47. okeane 48. stili 51. demonstracia 52. denacifikacia 54. ierarqia 56. eqsperimenti 59. avaza 60. baobabi 62. kampania 63. avtokefalia 64. zvaraki 68. linkolni 71. tribunali 72. paralaqsi 73. realoba 74. venera 75. cenzura 78. kariera 79. gangi 80. saswori 84. auzi 85. amwe 87. kliSe 88. mili 89. xriki 91. done 94. ese

2. zRva 4. iRbali 10. tramplini 12. opozicia 13. sasowarkveTa 15. wesi 19. mecniereba 20. ndoba 21. sazrdo 22. inteligenti 25. industria 27. gangaSi 28. aTeisti 29. sponsori 32. filiali 33. manipulacia 34. suvereniteti 36. tuSi 42. kadniereba 43. legalizacia 44. orientacia 48. safrTxe 49. reinkarnacia 50. kasta 53. leSi 55. arqimede 57. proklamacia 58. ekonomika 59. aCqareba 61. skepticizmi 62. koncefcia 65. tona 66. zoli 67. balansi 69. despotizmi 70. Stabi 72. polemika 73. rekvizicia 76. unari 77. konspiracia 81. planeta 82. zona 83. navigacia 86. logika 90. badali 92. arxi 93. dividendi 95. gesli 96. staJiori 97. kenia 98. bestseleri 99. gmiri

qarTuli damwerloba

dali CitunaSvili

damwerlobis Seqmna kacobriobis erT-erTi yvelaze didi miRweva da civilizaciis dasawyisis mTavari maCvenebelia damwerlobis SeqmniT kacobriobam moifiqra universaluri meTodi, rom sakuTari codna da gamocdileba, grZnobebi da emociebi STamomavlobisTvis gadaeca

damwerlobis ganviTarebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs dRes gamoyofen damwerlobis xuT sxvadasxva tips: 1 piqtografuli, romelsac xatovansac uwodeben, radgan azri naxatis saSualebiT aris gadmocemuli damwerlobis am saxeobiT sargeblobdnen Zveli xalxebi – egviptelebi, actekebi, mesopotamielebi uZvelesi piqtogramebis gverdiT Tanamedrove piqtogrmebic arsebobs, romelsac yoveldRe vxvdebiT, Tundac sagzao niSnebi 2 logograful/ideografuli (logografuli – Sedgenili sityvaa, logos berZnulad niSnavs sityvas da grafo – vwer) – es iseTi sistemaa, rodesac grafikuli niSnebi sityvebs da cnebebs gamoxataven damwerlobis am saxeobiT dResac sargebloben Cinelebi Cinuri damwerloba damwerlobis erT-erTi uZvelesi saxeobaa da misi istoria 3200 wels iTvlis 3 ideografuli damwerlobis gaumjosebuli versiaa sityvier-marcvlovani/logograful-silaburi damwerloba, sadac niSani sityvas an marcvals gamoxatavs 4 marclovani/silaburi damwerloba (Συλλαβη – berZnuli sityvaa da marcvals niSnavs) – niSani gamoxatavs marcvals silabur damwerlobas iyenebdnen Zveli Sumerebi dabolos – 5 anbanuri sistema

weris anbanuri sistema sxvadasxva damwerlobas Soris Semoqmedebis umaRles mwvervalad SeiZleba CaiTvalos: es sistema ufro advilad saswavlia, vidre romelime sxva, ufro ekonomiuria gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT da, rac mTavaria, ufro sworad gadmoscems im enis fonologiur sistemas, romlisTvisac Seiqmna swored amitom iyo weris anbanuri sistemis gamogoneba bevrad ufro rTuli, vidre sxva sistemebisa regularuli fonemebis (umciresi erTeuli, romelic sityvaTa Sinaarss ganasxvavebs) gamorCeva mocemuli enis bgeraTa uzarmazari ricxvidan, iTxovs umaRlesi rangis lingvistur codnas da azrovnebas swored amitom weris idealuri anbanuri sistema, rodesac erTi grafema Seesabameba erT fonemas, aris yvelaze daxvewili sxva sistemaTa Soris da faqtobrivad revoluciuri gamogonebaa weris sistemebis saerTo ganviTarebaSi qarTuli damwerloba swored am ukanasknel tips ganekuTvneba

qarTuli damwerloba

grafema – romelime damwerlobis tipis umciresi elementi/niSani anabur damwerlobaSi es aris aso

qarTuli anbani

rodis Seiqmna qarTuli anbani, ra gaxda amisTvis biZgi, ra xdeboda dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, sanam qarTuli anbani gaCndeboda – yvela es kiTxva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aRelvebda qarTul sazogadoebas, radgan qarTuli anbanis Seqmna unda CaiTvalos saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis erT-erT ZiriTad miRwevad qarTulma damwerlobam umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula qarTvelTa gaerTianebisa da erT saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. SemTxveviTi ar aris politikuri formula, romelic Seiqmna X saukunis saqarTveloSi:

„qarTlad friadi queyana aRiracxebis, romelsa Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis“

swored amitom aris qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Seswavla qarTvelologiis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da prioritetuli sakiTxi.

piqtografiuli (egvipturi, actekuri, mesopotamiuri) damwerlobis nimuSebi logografiul/ideografiuli (Cinuri) damwerlobis nimuSebi

wyaroebi qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb

istoriulma wyaroebma qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis TariRisa da avtoris Sesaxeb erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli ori cnoba Semogvinaxa. es cnobebi erTmaneTisagan ara mxolod SinaarsiT sxvaobs, aramed im eniTac, romelzec isini Seiqmna. pirvelad ganvixiloT qarTuli wyaroebi.

XI saukunis qarTveli istorikosi leonti mroveli qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnas Zv w. III saukunis 80-ian wlebSi farnavaz mefis mier pirveli qarTuli gaerTianebuli samefos SeqmnasTan akavSirebs leontis mier mwyobrad Camoyalibebuli

fonema – berZnuli sityvaa da bgeras niSnavs; nebismier enaSi bgeraTa didi raodenobaa, magram yvela bgera fonema ar aris bgeras, romelsac konkretuli enisaTvis sityvaTa ganmasxvavebeli funqcia aqvs, fonema ewodeba magaliTad, qarTul enaSi b da l fonemebia, sakmarisia SevcvaloT isini, rom gansxvavebul sityvebs viRebT „bali“ da „lali “ TiToeul fonemas qarTulSi Seesabameba TiTo grafema da ase viRebT qarTul anbans, romelic fonemis 33 grafikuli gamosaxulebisgan – 33 aso-niSnisgan Sedgeba

civilizacia

davaTis stela – aRmoaCines gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, Jinvalis arqeologiuri eqspediciis dros. is mdinare aragvis marcxena SenakadTan arsebuli RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiis interierSi iyo CaSenebuli stelas VI s-is meore naxevriT aTariRebdnen, Tumca am bolo dros miRebulia misi IV saukuniT daTariReba davaTis stela mravalmxriv aris saintereso masze gamosaxulia ori erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili kompozicia: pirvelze aris gandidebis scena – miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebi ganadideben ara jvars, macxovars an RvTismSobels, rogorc mosalodnelia gandidebis kompoziciaSi, aramed qarTul asomTavrul anbans. anbani stelaze srulad aris mocemuli anidan hoemde, ramdenime grafemas – W, t, k – zevidan azis qaragmis niSani, rac maT ricxviT mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs da gvaZlevs 5320 wels, Tu am ricxvs „dasabamiTganTa“ (samyaros Seqmnidan) wlebis qarTul xelnawerebSi miRebul raodenobas 5608 gamovaklebT, miviRebT Zv. w. 284 wels, rac emTxveva leonti mroveliseul daTariRebas qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobisa. asomTavruli anbanis gandidebis kompozicia exmaureba ioane-zosimes saxeliT Cvenamde moRweul Txzulebas „qebaჲ da didebaჲ qarTulisa enisaჲ “ , rac imis dasturi unda iyos, rom aRniSnuli Txzulebis mTavari idea da simbolikac davaTis stelaze ufro adre Tu ara, misi Seqmnis xanaSi mainc ukve arsebobda

stelis meore kompoziciaze gamosaxulia ori saero piri bolo dros miiCneva, rom am saero pirTagan erT-erTi farnavaz mefe unda iyos iTvleba, rom davaTis stela asaxavs „yoveli qarTlis" Sekrebis, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisa da periferiebSi qarTuli enis gabatonebisaTvis brZolis xanas

koncefciis Tanaxmad, qarTlis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli iyo ramdenime komponenti: damoukidebeli qarTuli xelisufleba (qarTuli warmoSobis mefe – „ese farnavaz iyo mamulad qarTveli“), erovnuli damoukidebloba („aRgviჴada xarki da Wiri ucxoTa naTesavTagan“), ekonomikuri simdidre (man SeZlo auracxeli simdidris wyalobiT ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba), administraciuli sistema („esreT ganawesa ese yoveli farnavaz mimsgavsebulad samefosa sparsTasa“), saxelmwifo ena („aman ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTls Sina Tჳnier qarTulisa“) da qarTuli damwerloba („da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli“) – damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis, bunebrivia, aucilebelia erovnuli ena da erovnuli damwerloba.

„qarTlis cxovrebis“ Semcveli xelnawerebis ramdenime minawerSi vpoulobT cnobas qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis zusti TariRis Sesaxeb es aris farnavaz mefis dro –Zv. w. 284 w. swored es weli fiqsirdeba davaTis stelazec davaTis stela, romelic gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi aRmoaCines Jinvalis arqeologiuri eqspediciis dros ax.w.

farnavaz I-is moneta

VI saukuniT TariRdeba, masze gamosaxuli arian miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebi etratiT xelSi, etratze ki qarTuli anbani aris amokawruli SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris qarTuli anbanis erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli gamosaxuleba

somxurma wyaroebma aranakleb damajerebeli epoqa daasaxela kavkasiis sami eris –somxebis, qarTvelebisa da albanelebis damwerlobis sistemis Sesaqmnelad V saukunis hagiografis – koriunis Tanaxmad, V saukunis dasawyisSi somexma berma maStocma Seqmna sami gansxvavebuli anbani somxebis, qarTvelebisa da albanelebisaTvis es moxda kavkasiis qveynebSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebidan daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg eWvgareSea, rom es iyo Sesaferisi periodi erovnuli damwerlobis Sesaqmnelad, radgan qristianoba wignieri religia iyo da morwmune adamianisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo mxsnels mis enaze elaparaka, RvTismsaxurebis Catarebas ki, bunebrivia, dasWirdeboda ganaTlebuli samRvdeloeba

magram Cven aseve gvaqvs somxuri literaturis sxva wyaros monacemic, romlis Tanaxmadac, maStoci (mesropi) somxuri damwerlobis ubralo reformatoria (stefanos

taroneli, XI s ), misTvis sruliad ucnobia maStocis mier qarTuli da albanuri anbanis Seqmnis faqti. ufro metic, V saukunis cnobili somexi istorikosi lazare farpeli Tavis „somxeTis istoriaSi“, romelic sakuTar wyarod koriunis „maStocis cxovrebas“ asaxelebs, ramdenime gverdze gviyveba somxuri anbanis Seqmnis ambavs, magram ar axsenebs maStocis mier qarTuli da albanuri damwerlobis gamogonebas

amrigad, qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi qarTuli anabanis Seqmnis or urTierTgamomricxav TariRs gvaZlevs: 284 weli qristes Sobamde da qristes Sobidan V saukunis dasawyisi orive TariRi qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnas sworad SerCeul epoqas miawers. mTavari gansxvaveba maT Soris ki is aris, rom qarTuli versia ar asaxelebs qarTuli anbanis avtors, rac imas niSnavs, rom is qarTveli unda yofiliyo, xolo somxuri versiis mixedviT, qarTuli damwerlobis gamomgonebelia beri, saxelad maStoci sainteresoa, rom qarTuli anbanis avtoris dasaxelebiT somxuri wyaro scildeba miTologias, magram amave dros uaryofs anbanuri damwerlobis Seqmnis mTel ideas, radgan, rogorc zemoT ukve vnaxeT, fonetikuri anbanis Seqmna iTxovs lingvistikis umaRles

koriuni – V saukunis somexi hagiografi koriuni aris somxuri anbanis gamomgoneblis da qristianobis mqadageblis maStocis cxovrebis avtori koriuni sakuTar TxzulebaSi Tavs maStocisa da somxeTis kaTalikosis, sahakis umcros mowafes da Tavis mier aRwerili movlenebis Tanamedrovesa da TviTmxilvels uwodebs samecniero literaturaSi didi xania mimdinareobs kamaTi koriunis vinaobisa da misi Txzulebis Sesaxeb. zogierTi mkvlevari mas qarTvelad an saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxadac ki miiCnevs koriunis Txzulebis kritikulma Seswavlam aCvena, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi koriunis naSromi araerTxel Secvlila, gviani drois gadamwerredaqtorebi sakuTari survilisamebr cvlidnen Txzulebis teqsts teqsti imdenad daSorda dedans, rom Seicvala anbanis Semqmnelis saxelic ki – mesropi da dRes mas mesrop-maStoc saxeliT moixsenieben. koriunis Txzulebis ori gansxvavebuli redaqcia arsebobs: vrceli da mokle redaqciebi, romelTagan uZvelesad somexi mecnierebi e.w. vrcel redaqcias miiCneven, romlis mixedviTac maStocma anbani, somxebis garda, albanelebsa da qarTvelebsac Seuqmna am faqts TiTqos adasturebs „epistoleTa wignSi“ maStocis gamocxadeba qarTuli anbanis avtorad, Tumca amave „epistoleTa wignis“ X saukunis istorikosis uxtanesiseul versiaSi msgavsi cnobis ararseboba gviCvenebs, rom cnoba gacilebiT gviandeli interpolaciaa.

mesrop maStoci da misi moswavle koriuni, matenadarani, erevani

civilizacia

codnas da lingvistur azrovnebas sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, anbanis gamomgonebels idealurad kargad unda scodnoda qarTuli da albanuri, magram koriuni gveubneba, rom maStocma saerTod ar icoda es enebi

amgvarad, verc qarTuli da verc somxuri wyaroebi ver Wrian Cvens problemas. vnaxoT, riT dagvexmareba sxva mecnierTa hipoTezebi

mTavari hipoTezebi qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb

qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi ori urTierTgamomricxavi hipoTeza arsebobs: pirveli – semituri, kerZod finikiuri, xolo meore – berZnuli. mecnierebi, romlebic mxars uWeren qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis semitur Teorias (iv. javaxiSvili, m. janaSvili, r. patariZe), amavdroulad miiCneven, rom qarTuli anbanis anbanuri rigi arqauli berZnuli anbanis rigidan momdinareobs, saubaria arqaul berZnulze, radgan qarTuli anbani inarCunebs zog iseT fonemas (me-6 fonema v- Seesabameba arqaul digamas), romelic V saukunidan ukve aRar gvxvdeba berZnul anbanSi amave dros, am Teoriis mimdevari mecnierebi damwerlobis Seqmnis sakiTxSi gadamwyvet rols ar aniWeben anbanis Tanmimdevrobas maTi azriT, grafemaTa formebi saukeTeso maCvenebelia qarTuli anbanis finikiuridan warmoSobis dasamtkiceblad

1940 wels, mcxeTis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas, aRmoCnda armazis bilingva, qva orenovani warweriT – berZnul da arameul enebze Sesrulebuli „serafitas epitafia“. bilingva gaSifra da gamoaqveyna cnobilma qarTvelma aRmosavleTmcodnem giorgi wereTelma. rom araferi vTqvaT Tavad am bilingvis Sinaarsze, romelic II saukunis qarTlis politikur da kulturul

cxovrebas exeba, giorgi wereTelma wamoayena varaudi qarTuli damwerlobis arameulidan momdinareobis Sesaxeb

armazis bilingva – 1940 wels mcxeTis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili orenovani (laT. bi – ori; lingva – ena) saflavis qva. warwerebi Sesrulebulia berZnul da arameul enebze da mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavs adreuli qar lis socialur-kulturuli cxovrebis T Sesaxeb. warweridan vigebT, rom samarxi ekuTvnoda qarTlis mefis, farsmanis pitiaxSis – zevaxis asuls, serafitis, qsefarnug mefis ezosmoZRvris iodmaganis meuRles: „me [var] serafiti, asuli zevax mcirisa, farsman mefis pitiaxSisa, meuRle iodmanganisa, [romelic] imarjvebda da amravlebda [adre] gakeTebul sagmiro saqmeebs, [da aris] ezosmoZRvari qsefarnug mefisa, Ze agripasi ezosmoZRvrisa farsman mefisa, [romelmac] sZlia mZlevelni, rac farnavazma ver daasrula da, ase, [serafiti] iyo keTili da lamazi, romlis msgavsi aravin iyo silamaziT. da gardaicvala 21 wlisa“. armazis bilingva Seiswavla da gaSifra giorgi wereTelma, manve ivarauda, rom armazul damwerlobasa da qarTul anbans saerTo Ziri unda hqondeT da arameuli damwerlobidan unda momdinareobdnen. igi am daskvnamde armazuli damwerlobisa da qarTuli nusxuris asoTa moxazulobebis Sedarebis Sedegad mivida serafitis warwera araerTi poetisa da mxatvrisTvis iqca STagonebis wyarod. serafitis samaris gaTxrisas aRmoCnda, rom broweulis xes gaerRvia samarxi da iq dacul samajurSi gaedga fesvi am faqts eZRvneba simon Ciqovanis leqsic:

„browema samaris q gaarRvia, samajurSi fvi gayo xis darad, qalis TmaSi Tbili sunTq gaaxvia da kuboSi TeTri ferfli gaibzara

Sen mohyev Tu Sen gamogy serafiti, misi ferfli Sekribe da Cagbare, moweo broweo, gadmofrindi, Seni rto da Seni Crdili damafare“

qarTuli damwerloba

mecnierebi, romelTa azriTac qarTuli anbani berZnulidan aris Seqmnili (garthauzeni, baqraZe, kekeliZe, SaniZe, gamyreliZe, boederi da sxv ) darwmunebulebi arian, rom gadamwyveti roli damwerlobis SeqmnaSi miekuTvneba enis fonologiur analizs da fonemaTa ganawilebas anbanis rigze isini meorad mniSvnelobas aniWeben anbanis grafikul formas Tumca, berZnuli anbani mainc miaCniaT qarTuli damwerlobis prototipad am Teoriis mixedviT, qarTuli anbani Seqmnilia berZnulis safuZvelze ara uadres qarTveli xalxisa da saqarTvelos mier qristianobis miRebisa sakuTari Teoriis dasamtkiceblad maT ramdenime argumenti aqvT: anbanis Seqmnisas berZnebs, rogorc qristianobis pirvelwyaros, meti Rirebuleba eqnebodaT; werasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi (melani, kalami, wigni) berZnulidan aris aRebuli; qarTulSi, semiturisagan gansxvavebiT, gvaqvs xmovanTa gamomxatveli sistema; weris mimarTuleba msgavsia berZnulisa; asoebis rigi da Tanmimdevroba msgavsia berZnulisa (TiTqmis ucvlelad meordeba pirveli 25 fonema).

Cven vxedavT, rom orive – wyaroTa Cvenebebica da Teoriebic qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb – winaaRmdegobrivia modi, SevxedoT qarTuli damwerlobis dRemde SemorCenil materialur masalas ras mogvcems es Cveni problemis gadasaWrelad

qarTuli damwerlobis uZvelesi Zeglebi

qarTuli damwerlobis uZvelesi Zeglebi Semonaxulia rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriaze, ise mis farglebs gareTac. 1937 wels bolnisSi aRmoCnda samSeneblo warwera, romelic saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil epigrafikul ZeglTagan erT-erTi uadresia miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqmis saukunea ar wydeba msjeloba am warweris Sesaxeb, dRemde misi daTariReba sadavoa da mas 479-493 wlebs Soris periodiT aTariReben.

palestinaSi italieli arqeologis virjilio korbos mier 1952-53 wlebSi beTlemis maxloblad Catarebuli gaTxrebisas qarTuli monastris nangrevebSi gamovlenilia mozaikuri warwerebi, sadac moixsenieba pales-

virjilio korbos mier palestinaSi aRmoCenili qarTuli mozaikuri warwera, monaxazi

virjilio korbo (1918-1991) – italiuri warmoSobis franciskaneli beri. daibada 1918 wels italiaSi, qalaq avilonSi ganaTlebiT aRmosavleTmcodne. cxovrebis udidesi nawili wminda miwaze, palestinaSi gaatara misi pedagogiuri moRvaweoba 1950 wels al-qubediaSi – saxarebiseul emausSi daiwyo da Semdeg ierusalimSi gagrZelda, sadac is franciskanelTa seminariaSi aswavlida. palestinaSi CasvlisTanave korbo arqeologiiT dainteresda da sacdeli gaTxrebi beTlemSi, mecxvareTa sadgomis teritoriaze, Caatara virjilio korbos saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli bir-el-yuTis gaTxrebi da uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebis gamovlena. korbo iyo iniciatori da monawile zeTisxilis mTaze amaRlebis adgilis gaTxrebisa, mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli herodes sasaxlis – „herodiumis“ (1962-1967 ww ), ioane naTlismcemlis Tavis kveTis adgilis, qristes saflavis eklesiis gaTxrebi. korbom gaTxara petre mociqulis saxlic 1987 wels saqarTvelos patriarqma ilia II-m, ierusalimSi vizitis dros, virjilio korbo daajildova saqarTvelos gaqristianebis 1500 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samaxsovro monetiT wminda miwaze qarTuli samonastro tradiciis Seswavlis saqmeSi Setanili gansakuTrebuli wvlilisaTvis. virjilio korbo gardaicvala 1991 wels

tinaSi damkvidrebuli erT-erTi pirveli qarTveli, qarTlis samefo sagvareulos warmomadgeneli – petre iberi (saero saxeli murvanosi) da misi ojaxis wevrebi (mama –buzmiri, dedis mama – bakuri), rac warweras V saukunis 30-iani wlebiT aTariRebs

kidev ufro adrindelia nazareTis warwerebi, romelic 1969 wels aRmoCnda franciskaneli berebis mier bizantiuri bazilikis gaTxrebis Sedegad. mozaikuri jvris gamosaxulebiani iatakis qveS gamovlenili qarTuli warwerebis daTariRebis zeda zRvrad 425 weli unda CaiTvalos am wels bizantiis imperatorma Teodosi II-m (401-450 ww ) akrZala jvris motivis gamoyeneba iatakze, Sesabamisad, qarTuli warwerebi am TariRamde unda iyos Sesrulebuli

XX saukunis miwuruls daaxloebiT 7 warwera aRmoCnda kaxeTSi, nekresSi l WilaSvilma, romelic am Zeglze muSaobda, erTi warwera Zv w II-I saukuneebiT, sami ki ax w I-II saukuneebiT daaTariRa l WilaSvilis sityvebiT, warweriani qvebi gamoyenebuli iyo IV-VI saukunis nagebobebis asaSeneblad zogi warwera samarxis epitafias warmoadgens arc erTi am warweraTagan ar Seicavs qristianobis raime kvals enobrivad da paleografiulad isini adreuli periodis qarTuli damwerlobis uZveles nimuSebTan – palimfsestebTan (V-VII ss.) pouloben saerTos. Tumca, gadamwyveti sityva maT daTariRebaSi mainc arqeologias ekuTvnis. miuxedavad imisa, rom nekresis warwerebis aseTi adreuli periodiT daTariRebas maleve gamouCndnen mowinaaRmdegeebi, maTi mniSvneloba qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobisa da kvlevis sakiTxSi udavod didia.

amrigad, materialuri masala, romelic SemorCenilia qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis droisa da viTarebis Sesaxeb, mravalferovania da damatebiT kiTxvebs aCens. qarTuli damwerlobis sami safexuri qarTulma damwerlobam sakmaod didi gza gaiara, sanam is im saxes miiRebda, rogoric dRes aqvs. gamoarCeven qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis sam safexurs. qronologiurad damowmebuli pirveli tipi qarTuli damwerlobisa aris e w asomTavruli (mrglovani). is ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli iyo V-X saukuneebSi ra Tqma unda, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom amis Semdeg qarTvelebma Sewyvites asomTavrulis gamoyeneba.

petre iberi (411-491)

nekresSi aRmoCenili erT-erTi warwera

ara, is gamoiyeneboda, magram ara iseTi intensivobiT, rogorc adre: ufro metad asomTavruls iyenebdnen wignebis saTaurebisTvis, sazedao asoebis, ricxvebisa da sxv. gadmosacemad. asomTavruli iwereba or xazs Soris. advili SesamCnevia, rom Cven saqme gvaqvs geometriulad absoluturad srulyofil sistemasTan

asomTavruliT aris Sesrulebuli uZvelesi xanmeti teqstebi. isini umeteswilad palimfsestur (gadarecxil da xelaxla gamoyenebul) xelnawerebSi gvxvdeba, daculia rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mis sazRvrebs gareT.

xanmetoba – termini „xanmeti“ qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi pirvelad XI saukuneSi gvxvdeba is moxsenebulia giorgi mTawmidelis redaqciiT gamarTuli oTxTavisaTvis darTul giorgiseul anderZSi: „Cuenni yovelni saxarebani pirveliTgan wmidad Targmnilia da keTilad, xanmetnica da sabawmidurnica“ ras gulisxmobda giorgi mTawmideli am terminSi, didxans gaurkveveli iyo pirveli xanmeti teqstis gamovlena cnobili qarTveli mecnieris, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli cnobilma ebraistma, pavle kokovcovma iv javaxiSvils gamougzavna oqsfordis bodlis biblioTekaSi daculi ebrauli xelnaweris – Talmudis erTi furclis fotoasli, romlis qveda fenaSic qarTuli damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli teqsti Canda sul male kembrijis universitetis biblioTekaSi aRmoCnda qarTul-ebrauli xelnaweris kidev ori furceli teqstis amokiTxvis Semdeg gairkva, rom oqsford-kembrijuli palimfsestebis fragmentebi erTi qarTuli xelnaweris, ieremia winaswarmetyvelis wignis nawilebs warmoadgenda (ieremias winaswarmetyveleba: 12: 10-16; 17:26-18: 8; 20: 9-16) am xelnawerebis daTariRebisas iv. javaxiSvilma yuradReba miaqcia, rom axladgamovlenili teqstebi „xanmeti“ iyo termini „xanmeti“ mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevda. am terminis swori interpretacia a. SaniZes ekuTvnis. mkvlevarma iv. javaxiSvilis mier axladaRmoCenili palimfsestebis enis XI saukunis enobriv normebTan Sepirispirebis safuZvelze daadgina, rom am teqstebSi prefiqsebad gamoyenebul aso „x“-s dakisrebuli hqonda ramdenime funqcia: zmnebSi ixmareboda meore subieqturisa da mesame obieqturi pirebis niSnad (xetyoda, mo-x-uvdes, x-ugalobdes, x-xedviden, x-uwyi, x-rqua, i-nian vnebiTebTan – x-iyo, x-iqmna), xolo saxelebSi – zedsarTavis SedarebiTi xarisxis sawarmoeblad (didi – xudidჱsi, meti – xumetჱsi, mcire – xumcirჱsi) „x“ prefiqsi VIII saukunidan qreba, msgavsi mawarmoebeli XI saukunis cocxali enis normebisaTvis sruliad miuRebelia Sesabamisad, gairkva, rom giorgi mTawmideli „xanmet saxarebaSi“ oTxTavis adrindel Targmans gulisxmobda. xanmeti teqstebis saxiT SemorCenili gvaqvs uZvelesi teqstebi, romelTa Seswavlac mniSvnelovania Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa da zogadad, adreuli Sua saukuneebis kulturis Sesaswavlad.

xanmeti palimfsesti, agurisfrad naweri qveda fena, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, H-999

giorgi wereTeli (1904-1973)

ivane javaxiSvili (1876-1940)

akaki SaniZe (1887-1987)

qarTuli damwerloba

civilizacia

sinuri mravalTavi, 864 w.

yvelaze adreuli TariRiani qarTuli xelnaweri, romelic srulad asomTavruliT aris Sesrulebuli, 864 wels palestinaSi, sabawmidas lavraSi gadawerili sinuri mravalTavi sinas mTaze, wminda ekaterines saxelobis monasterSi inaxeba (OSingeorg 3257-33) es STambeWdavi zomis Zegli eklesiis cnobili mamebis – ioane oqropiris, basili kesarielis, efrem asuris, grigol RmrTismetyvelisa da sxvaTa ormocdaaTamde qadagebas – homilias Seicavs, romelTa didi nawili V-VI saukuneebSia Targmnili qarTul enaze

saqarTveloSi daculi uadresi TariRiani xelnaweri ki asomTavruliT 897 wels Sesrulebuli adiSis oTxTavia, romelic dRes svaneTis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi inaxeba

meore tipi qarTuli damwerlobisa aris nusxuri. nusxuri aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda XI-XVII saukuneebSi, Tumca nusxuri grafika ukve X saukuneSi gvxvdeba. sinur mravalTavSi Semonaxuli gadamweriseuli nusxurad Sesrulebuli anderZi xelnawerSi dadasturebuli nusxuri damwerlobis qronolo-

bagrat mefis sigeli mRvimis monastrisadmi,1057-1058 w., xelnawerTa erovnuli centri

giurad pirveli nimuSia magram gvaqvs ufro adrindeli, freskuli minaweri, romelic atenis sionSia daculi da 835 wliT TariRdeba. Cveulebriv, nusxuri aris kuTxovani formis, dawerili oTxi xazisagan Semdgar badeSi.

orive, asomTavrulica da nusxuric, miiCneva sasuliero mwerlobisaTvis gamosayenebel damwerlobad Tumca, zogjer is gamoiyeneboda aseve saero literaturisTvisac, risi saukeTeso magaliTicaa „qarTlis cxovreba“, romlis XVII saukunis nusxa nusxuri damwerlobiT aris Sesrulebuli.

qarTuli damwerlobis mesame safexuri e w mxedruli damwerlobaa asomTavrulisa da nusxurisagan gansxvavebiT, mxedruli saero mwerlobisa da iuridiuli dokumenta-

oTxTavi, 979 w., wmida ekaterines saxelobis monasteri, egvipte

ciis werisas gamoiyeneboda mxedruli damwerlobiT aris Sesrulebuli qarTuli sigel-gujrebis udidesi nawili samwuxarod, istoriulma dokumentebma Cvenamde mxolod XI saukunidan moaRwia, magram maTi mxedruliT Sesrulebis tradicia rom myari iyo, udavoa gardamavali mxedruliT (nusxuridan mxedrulze) aris dawerili Cvenamde moRweuli bagrat mefis (1027-1072 ww.) sigeli opizari da mijnaZoreli mamebisadmi (1054/1072 ww. xec Sd1201), bagrat mefisave sigeli mRvimis monastrisadmi (1057/1058 ww. xec Ad-14) da sxv.

erT-erTi uadresi Zegli, romelSic qarTuli damwerlobis samive tipi aris gamoyenebuli, 979 wlis oTxTavia (O.Sin.georg.30-38) xelnaweri mTlianad asomTavruliT aris dawerili, gadamweriseuli anderZi ki imisaTvis, rom vizualurad ganesxvavebinaT ZiriTadi teqstisagan – nusxuriT. anderZis dasasruli, bolo xazi, gadamwers furcelze aRaRr eteoda da anderZis aswvriv mxedrulad dauweria.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli damwerlobis samive saxeoba erTmaneTis gverdiT gamoiyeneboda, asomTavruli da nusxuri, mas Semdeg, rac maT gabatonebuli mdgomareoba dakarges, rubrikebisTvis, aqcente-

bisaTvis gamoiyeneboda damwerlobis samive saxeoba dResac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos eklesiaSi, beWdur mediaSi swored es uwyvetoba gaxda mizezi imisa, rom 2016 wels iuneskom qarTuli damwerlobis samive safexuri Seitana aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis nusxaSi

saqarTvelos damoukideblobiskomiteti (damkomi)

paritetulikomiteti

oTar janeliZe

„saqarTvelos istoria TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis istoriaa“, – werda akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili. am brZolebs sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva xelmZRvaneli warmarTavda, iqneboda es uSualod monarqi, sardali, romelime feodali Tu eklesiis mRvdelmTavaric ki. XIX saukunidan, rodesac ruseTis imperiis Zalmomreobis Sedegad sakuTari aRarc saxelmwifoebrioba gagvaCnda da aRarc mefe gvyavda, qarTveli xalxis brZola arsebobisaTvis gansxvavebul socialur-politikur viTarebaSi warimarTa imis gamo, rom qveyana moklebuli iyo winaaRmdegobis raime politikur an samxedro centrs, iaraRiT xelSi qarTvelTa calkeul gamosvlebs dampyroblis uRlis gadasagdebad yovelTvis aklda organizebuloba da erTianoba

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika damarcxda bolSevikur ruseTTan gamoucxadebel omSi. saqarTvelos mxedrobam ver SeZlo gamklaveboda sxvadasxva mxridan Semosul wiTeli armiis mravalricxovan nawilebs. samwlian saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas bolo moeRo. mTavroba, damfuZnebeli krebis mier micemuli davalebiT, samSoblos ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolis gasagrZeleblad sazRvargareT gaixizna.

saokupacio reJimTan dapirispirebis xelmZRvaneloba saqarTveloSi iatakqveSeTSi gadasulma, rogorc maSin eZaxdnen, antisabWoTa politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebma itvirTes. maTi amocana axla damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli yvela Zalis SekavSireba da maTi erTiani frontis Seqmna iyo. amis misaRwevad, pirvel rigSi, is undobloba unda daZleuliyo, rac qarTul politikur organizaciebs erTmaneTis mimarT hqondaT. saamisod molaparakebebi jer kidev 1921 wlis mart-aprilSi baTumSi daiwyo. 1921 wlis maisSi erovnul-demokratiul, socialist-revolucionerTa partiebsa da social-demokratiuli partiidan gamoyofil „sxivis“ jgufs Soris ukve miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba erTiani antibolSevikuri frontis Seqmnis Taobaze.

samSobloSi darCenili social-demokratebi da evropaSi emigrirebuli am partiis liderebi miiCnevdnen, rom bolSevikebisagan ganTavisuflebul saqarTveloSic mmarTveloba da sruli Zalaufleba isev maT unda SeenarCunebinaT

erovnul-demokratTa azriT, emigrirebuli mTavroba saqarTveloSi kvlav mTavrobis rangSi aRar unda dabrunebuliyo, muSaoba ar unda ganeaxlebina arc Zveli Semadgenlobis damfuZnebel krebas axali saparlamento arCevnebis dasrulebamde qveyanas droebiTi koaliciuri mTavroba gauZRveboda, romlis wevrTa aranakleb naxevari arasocialistur wreebs unda SeedginaT

social-demokratebi amgvar pozicias ewinaaRmdegebodnen pirvel xanebSi maT sakmarisad miaCndaT, daarsebuliyo „interpartiuli sainformacio biuro“, raTa partiebi erTmaneTis moqmedebis kursSi yofiliyvnen principul sakiTxebze azrTa sxvadasxvaobis gamo molaparakebebi gaWianurda da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda saqmeSi qarTuli politikuri emigraciac Caeba

1921 wlis 22 seqtembers parizSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis emigrirebuli mTavrobis sxdoma gaimarTa, romlis muSaobaSi damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiumis wevrebmac miiRes monawileoba es iyo erT-erTi pirveli oficialuri Sexvedra emigraciaSi, romelic partiaTa TanamSromlobis problemas mieZRvna da saTanado oqmic gaformda damtkicda SeTanxmebis proeqti, romlis mixedviTac, unda Semdgariyo

saqarTvelos interpartiuli organo, TiTo partiidan TiTo kaci, partiaTa Soris kontaqtis dasamyareblad da antibolSevikuri frontis gansamtkiceblad; saqarTvelos deokupaciis Semdeg damfuZnebeli kreba Seikribeboda mxolod imisTvis, rom moesmina mTavrobis angariSi da daeniSna parlamentis arCevnebi; erTaderT kanonier xelisuflebad, damfuZnebeli krebis mier axali, koaliciuri mTavrobis Sedgenamde unda darCeniliyo sazRvargareT myofi mTavroba noe Jordanias TavmjdomareobiT.

damkomi

noe Jordania (1868-1953)

wiTeli armia TbilisSi, 1921

istoria

gansxvavebuli iyo saqarTveloSi moqmedi erovnul-demokratiuli partiis, eserTa da damoukidebel social-demokratTa („sxivi“) partiebis proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebda erovnuli centris daarsebas paritetul sawyisebze bolSevikebis gandevnis Semdeg centri unda gardaqmniliyo saqarTvelos droebiT xelisuflebad, romlis mier mowveuli damfuZnebeli kreba mas namdvil mTavrobad gamoacxadebda da gauxsnida kreditebs.

es proeqti, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, mTavrobis wevrebma ar gaiziares. kamaTs didxans ar uCanda bolo, magram, rogorc iqna, gamoinaxa konsensusi da urTierTmisaRebi kompromisuli varianti

1922 wlis 29 aprils molaparakebaTa monawile politikurma organizaciebma – saqarTvelos social-demokratiulma, gaerTianebulma erovnul-demokratiulma, socialist-federalistTa, socialist-revolucionerTa da damoukidebelma socialdemokratiulma („sxivi“) partiebma TbilisSi 5-punqtiani SeTanxmeba gaaformes es iyo aralegaluri saerTo moqmedebis gegma, romlis me-5 punqti iTvaliswinebda „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis“ (igive „paritetuli komitetis“) Seqmnas partiaTa SeTanxmebis am organos, romelic imave wlis agvistoSi Camoyalibda, saqarTvelos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis gaSlili moZraobis zogadi xelmZRvaneloba daevala.

SeTanxmebas xeli moaweres da damoukideblobis komitetis pirveli wevrebi gaxdnen gogita faRava (social-demokrati), iason javaxiSvili (erovnul-demokrati), grigol rcxilaZe (socialist-federalisti), muxran xoWolava („sxivi“) da ioseb gobeCia (eseri) yvela maTgani 1919-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis wevri iyo da, bunebrivia, erTmaneTsac kargad icnobdnen.

damkomis pirvel Tavmjdomared gogita faRava dainiSna SemdegSi igi nikoloz qarcivaZem, xolo bolos konstantine andronikaSvilma Secvales (samive social-demokrati) damkomSi sxva ramdenime cvlilebac moxda: 1922 wlis bolos sazRvargareT saidumlod mivlinebuli ioseb gobeCias adgili misma Tanapartielma mixeil boWoriSvilma daikava; 1924 wlis TebervalSi paritetuli komitetis Semadgenlobidan gavida grigol rcxilaZe, romelic ar emxroboda SeiaraRe-

gogita faRava (1895-1924)

grigol rcxilaZe (1876-1934)

muxran xoWolava (1881-1922)

konstantine andronikaSvili(1876-1937(?))

iason javaxiSvili (1887-1937)

bul gamosvlas mis nacvlad damkomis wevri gaxda federalisti samson dadiani, romelic aseve ajanyebis winaaRmdegi iyo. s. dadianma damkomi 1924 wlis agvistoSi datova. damkomis mTeli arsebobis manZilze misi ucvleli wevri da mdivani iyo iason javaxiSvili.

daskvniT etapze damkomTan dakavSirebuli iyvnen da mis sxdomebSi monawileobdnen social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis aralegaluri centraluri komitetis prezidiumis wevri daviT oniaSvili, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis Tavmjdomare Salva amirejibi da „sxivis“ erT-erTi lideri kirile niniZe.

1922 wlis Teberval-martSi parizSi Catarebul interpartiul konferenciaze xeli moewera qarTuli politikuri partiebis kidev erT SeTanxmebas, romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis iTvaliswinebda aseve ZalTa gaerTianebasa da erTobliv mzadebas erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis qarTveli xalxis brZolis saxelmZRvanelod, ucxoeTSi ori social-demokratis, erTi erovnul-demokratisa da erTi socialist-federalistis SemadgenlobiT, „saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti“ iqmneboda. saqarTvelosa da evropaSi Camoyalibebuli es mebrZoli organoebi erTmaneTs stambolSi moqmedi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis politikuri komisiis meSveobiT ukavSirdebodnen. parizu-

samson dadiani(1886-1937)

li komiteti drodadro saqarTveloSi fulsac gzavnida, romelic sabrZolo razmebis Seqmnasa da momzadebas xmardeboda

saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis winapirobad damkoms qarTveli eris SeiaraRebuli gamosvla miaCnda, romlisaTvisac igi rogorc samxedro, ise politikuri kuTxiT emzadeboda

miznis misaRwevad damoukideblobis komiteti TiTqmis ori wlis ganmavlobaSi eweoda saTanado muSaobas, qmnida da aiaraRebda partizanul razmebs. mTeli saqarTvelo daiyo samoqmedo raionebad. raionebSi dainiSnen samxedro rwmunebulebi, meTaurebi da maTi TanaSemweebi. sabrZolo erTeulebs Seadgendnen xuTeulebad, aTeulebad da aseulebad danawilebuli mosaxleobis jgufebi. grovdeboda iaraRi da tyvia-wamali, partizanuli razmebi gadiodnen savele wvrTnebs da a S erT-erTi yvelaze mravalricxovani SenaerTi iyo duSeTis, TianeTisa da Telavis mazrebSi Camoyalibebuli SeficulTa razmi, romelsac qaixosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvili meTaurobda razmi jer damoukideblad moqmedebda, 1923 wlidan ki damkomis daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida

damkomi emigrirebuli mTavrobis meSveobiT cdilobda evropul saxelmwifoebSi, upirvelesad, safrangeTsa da inglisSi, moepovebina diplomatiuri, finansuri da iaraRiT daxmareba da imavdroulad, am qveynebis sazogadoebrivi azri TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli saqarTvelos mxardasaWerad ganewyo

damkomi

mniSvnelovani iyo regionSi (azerbaijani, CeCneTi) arsebul antisabWour ZalebTan kavSiris gabmac damkomma moaxerxa baqoSi musavaturi partiis liderebTan, xolo groznoSi CeCenTa TavkacebTan da Tergis kazakobasTan urTierTobis damyareba, daisaxa erToblivi moqmedebis gzebi, Tumca samxedro kavSiri ver Sedga dasavleTis saxelmwifoebic saqarTvelosTvis realur Tanadgomas mis moralur TanagrZnobas amjobinebdnen

frTxili moqmedebisken mouwodebda noe Jordaniac. saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili misi sadireqtivo werilis Tanaxmad, ajanyeba im SemTxvevaSi iyo mizanSewonili, Tu iaraRs pirveli kavkasiis mTielebi da azerbaijani SemarTavda.

damkomis saqmianobas, zogadad, saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas umZimesi dartyma da aunazRaurebeli danaklisi miadga, rodesac 1923 wlis gazafxulze xelisuflebam miagno da daapatimra damkomis samxedro centris sruli Semadgenloba – 15 qarTveli generali da oficeri (aleqsandre andronikaSvili, kote afxazi, varden wulukiZe, rostom musxeliSvili da sxvebi). sagangebo komisiis kolegiis ganaCenis safuZvelze yvela maTgani daxvrites.

saqarTvelos mebrZoli Zalebi sasowarkveTas ar miscemian ganadgurebuli centris adgili „samxedro komisiam“ daikava, romelic parizidan sagangebod Camosuli noe xomerikis iniciativiT Camoyalibda

lTa razmi~ qaquca ColoyaSvilis dakrZalvis dRes

qaquca ColoyaSvili (1888-1930)

daviT oniaSvili (1883-1937)

Salva amirejibi (1887-1943)

kirile niniZe (1878-1937)

fxizlobda Cekac, romelmac SeZlo noe xomerikis dapatimrebac yovelives miuxedavad, damkomma da samxedro komisiam mainc gadawyvites gamosvla imis rwmeniT, rom dawyebul ajanyebas mokavSired Segulebuli mezobeli xalxebic SeuerTdebodnen da evropac daxmarebis xels gamoiRebda

ajanyebis TariRad jer 1924 wlis Tebervali SeirCa, magram samxedro komisiis kidev ori wevris – gogita faRavasa da giorgi winamZRvriSvilis – dapatimrebis gamo gadaido

maisSi safrangeTidan saqarTveloSi sagangebod Camovidnen Tbilisis yofili mouravi (qalaqis Tavi) benia CxikviSvili, saxalxo gvardiis sardali valiko juReli da sxvebi maT Camoitanes informacia, rom „saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba xels uwyobs ajanyebis dawyebas“. amis Semdeg damkomma da samxedro komisiam sayovelTao gamosvlis dRed 17 agvisto gansazRvres. ajanyebis mTavarsardlad dainiSna generali spiridon WavWavaZe.

daniSnul ajanyebamde aTi dRiT adre Cekam daapatimra gamosvlis erT-erTi TvalsaCino meTauri valiko juReli juRelma cixidan werili miswera damkoms, auwya, rom saqme wagebulia da mouwoda, xeli aeRoT ajanyebaze damoukideblobis komitetma da mTavarsardalma mxolod gamosvlis TariRi Secvales da ajanyebis dawyeba 29 agvistosaTvis gadawyvites.

samwuxarod, ajanyeba daiwyo ara daTqmul ricxvSi da yvelgan erTdroulad, aramed erTi dRiT adre da mxolod qalaq WiaTuraSi amiT gamosvlis TariRi naadrevad gamJRavnda. pirveli warmatebac efemeruli aRmoCnda xelisuflebam maleve aRkveTa WiaTuris gamosvla da mTel saqarTveloSi sagangebo mdgomareoba gamoacxada damkomis wevrebma, mTavarsardalma da misma Stabma Tbilisi datoves da bina Sio mRvimis maxloblad, qaquca ColoyaSvilis banakSi, daides.

noe xomeriki (1883-1924)

damkomi

varden wuluki (1865-1923)

benia CxikviSvili (1880-1924)

kote afxazi (1867-1923)

29 agvistos ajanyebis ali saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi avarda gamosvlebs masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda guriaSi, samegreloSi, svaneTis, imereTisa da kaxeTis rig raionebSi bevrgan SeiaraRebul razmebs mosaxleobac SeuerTda miuxedavad amisa, ajanyeba warumatebeli gamodga da uzomo msxverplic mohyva. bolSevikurma xelisuflebam sastikad iZia Suri da mebrZol saqarTvelos masobrivi represiebiT gausworda marto ajanyebis dReebSi, oficialuri cnobiT, 980 adamiani daxvrites (araoficialuri monacemebiT, es ricxvi 4 aTass utoldeba).

1924 wlis 4 seqtembers mcxeTis maxloblad Seipyres damkomis wevrebi da sapyrobileSi Casves Cekam isini daiyolia, gamoeSvaT gancxadeba da mosaxleobisaTvis ajanyebis Sewyvetisaken moewodebinaT. Tavis mxriv, daxvretebs Sewyvetda xelisuflebac

damatebiTi sisxlisRvrisa da unayofo msxverplis Tavidan asacileblad damkomma qarTvel xalxs gamosvlis likvidaciis, iaraRis dayrisa da xelisuflebis damorCilebis winadadebiT mimarTa ajanyebis diskretizaciis mizniT Cekas karnaxiT dawerili da sabWoTa reJimisaTvis sasurveli damkomis gancxadebis teqsti 1924 wlis 6 seqtembers gazeT „komunistSi“ gamoqveynda. mas redaqciis amgvari winasityva uZRoda:

arTvelos banditur-menSevikuri kontrrevookvda da mZime lodad daawveba mas is dokumenmelsac Cven vaqveynebT dRes“.

valiko juReli (1887-1924)

giorgi winamZRvriSvili

xelisuflebam es gancxadeba, calke furclebis saxiT, ajanyebis adgilebSi Sveulmfrenebis meSveobiTac gaavrcela. ajanyeba Sewyda.

sabWoTa reJimma damkomis wevrebi „kontrrevolucionerebad“, „banditebad“ da „teroristebad“, xolo 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba „menSevikur avantiurad“ gamoacxada. 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebis xelmZRvanelTa da monawileTa saqmeze Zieba TiTqmis erTi weli warmoebda, 1925 wlis ivlis-agvistoSi ki TbilisSi gaimarTa sasamarTlo procesi saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sasamarTlos sxdomebs, romelmac ganaCeni gamoutana damkoms, galaktion vaSaZe Tavmjdomareobda saxalxo msajulebi iyvnen vano sturua da i cincaZe, patimarTa uflebebs Salva aleqsi-mesxiSvili icavda

damkomis Tavmjdomares konstantine andronikaSvils, mdivan iason javaxiSvilsa da wevr mixeil boWoriSvils miesajaT umaRlesi zoma – daxvreta, romelic 10-wliani patimrobiT da „sastiki izolaciiT“ SeecvalaT

konstantine andronikaSvili, savaraudod, iaroslavlis da Semdgom suzdalis politizolatorSi gagzavnes misi Semdgomi bedi ucnobia iason javaxiSvili da mixeil boWoriSvili cimbirSi gadaasaxles, 1937 wels ki, „didi teroris“ periodSi, orive daxvrites.

damkomis wevrebs, grigol rcxilaZesa da samson dadians, aseve damkomis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul daviT oniaSvilsa da kirile niniZes miesajaT „Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sami wliT sastiki izolaciiT“, magram uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina, rom g rcxilaZe, s dadiani da k niniZe „ar warmoadgenen sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis saSiSroebas“ da isini sasjelisagan gaaTavisufla. rac Seexeba daviT oniaSvils, mas janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo iZulebis RonisZieba pirobiTi patimrobiT Seucvales.

grigol rcxilaZe 1934 wels bunebrivi sikvdiliT TbilisSi gardaicvala, samson dadiani, daviT oniaSvili da kirile niniZe ki 1937 wlis politikur represiebs ver gadaurCnen.

am adamianTa saxelebi sabWoTa periodSi usamarTlod amoSales istoriidan da dasaviwyeblad gaimetes, magram drom ver waSala xsovna saukunis Semdeg isini kvlav ibruneben TavianT adgils Cveni qveynis TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis gmirul matianeSi.

rostom musxeliSvili (1888-1923)

Salva aleqsi-mesxiSvili (1884-1960)

damkomi

kolonializmis

gavrceleba da misi dasasruli

giorgi badriZe

Tu cneba „kolonializmis“ gansazRvrebisTvis romelime leqsikons an internets mimarTavT, didi albaTobiT, evropuli saxelmwifoebis mier amerikis, afrikis, aziis da avstraliis kontinentebis dapyrobis da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi maTi bunebrivi resursebis eqspluataciis ambis aRwerasTan mixvalT. es garkveulwilad swori iqneba, radgan evropelebi kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze warmatebuli kolonizatorebi aRmoCndnen, rodesac ganviTarebuli zRvaosnobiT da samxedro da sxva teqnologiebis upiratesobiT yvela kontinentze damkvidrdnen da iqauri politikuri mowyoba Tu ekonomikuri momavali samudamod Secvales Tanamedrove politikaSi xSiria, roca evropeli liderebi bodiSs ixdian TavianTi qveynebis koloniuri mmarTvelobis gamo. ase moiqca, magaliTad, mefe Carlz III, rodesac 2023 wlis oqtomberSi keniaSi vizitisas britaneTis mier am qveyanaSi 1952-1960 wlebis mau-maus ajanyebis CaxSobisas gamoyenebuli ZaladobisTvis gamoTqva sinanuli

amasTan, kolonializmis evropul qveynebTan eqskluziurad dakavSireba da misi gamocxadeba „dasavluri imperializmis codvad “ , rac xSirad xdeba ganviTarebad qveynebsa Tu memarcxene ideologiuri platformis evropul Tu amerikul politikur wreebSi, realuri suraTis udidesi nawilis uaryofaa da, rogorc wesi, swored politikuri Tu ideologiuri motiviT xdeba saqme isaa, rom kolonizacia da imperializmi, aseve maTTan dakavSirebuli usamarTlo, arahumanuri da, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, danaSaulebrivi sxvadasxva praqtika (magaliTad, monoba) dasavluri samyaros gaCenamde didi xniT adre arsebobda da arc mas Semdeg gamqrala, roca evropulma imperiebma TavianTi koloniebis damoukidebloba aRiares (zogjer – iZulebiT, zogjer ki – nebayoflobiT) koloniebis ganTavisuflebamde maT msoflios istoriaSi pirvelebma akrZales jer monebiT vaWroba, xolo Semdeg – Tavad monobac, romelic araerTma kolonialuri batonobisgan ganTavisuflebulma qveyanam kidev didxans SeinarCuna. magaliTisTvis, bolo saxelmwifo, sadac monoba gauqmda, mavritania iyo, romelmac damoukidebloba safrangeTisgan 1960 wels miiRo, magram monobis praqtika 1981 wlamde gagrZelda. aRsaniSnavia, rom franguli mmarTvelobis dros iq monoba ukve akrZaluli iyo, magram damoukideblobis miRebis Semdeg kvlav aRdga. am qveyanaSi monoba arabuli „TeTri“ rasis upiratesobis rwmenas efuZneboda da

unda iTqvas, rom mavritaniis SavkanianTa uflebebis dacvaze Tu maTTvis raime saxis kompensaciis gadaxdis moTxovniT adamianis uflebebis dasavlur organizaciebs gansakuTrebiT Tavi ar SeuwuxebiaT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom resursebis ZiebaSi axali teritoriebis aTviseba uxsovari droidan iyo kacobriobis erT-erTi umTavresi saqme bolosdabolos, paleoanTropologiis da genetikis kvlevebis mixedviT, adamianis, rogorc saxeobis, ZirZveli samSoblo aRmosavleT afrikaa, sadac is daaxloebiT 300 aTasi wlis win Camoyalibda da 100 aTasi wlis win aziis, evropis, avstraliis da SedarebiT ufro gvian – amerikis kontinentis aTviseba, anu kolonizacia moaxdina miwisa da resursebisTvis metoqeoba mxolod gamw-

vavda, rodesac neoliTuri revoluciis Sedegad, adamianTa raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da Semdeg pirveli organizebuli sazogadoebebi da saxelmwifoebi Camoyalibda es procesi TvalsaCino iyo SuamdinareTSi, SumerTa saxeliT cnobil msoflios uZvelesi civilizaciis samSobloSi, sadac daaxloebiT 6000 wlis win yvelaze Zveli qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi warmoiSva da maleve erTiani aqaduri imperiis saxe miiRo am droidan moyolebuli, praqtikulad yvela saxelmwifo imperiis statuss eswrafoda, radgan, rogorc ukve iTqva, teritoriis da resursebis mopoveba kacobriobis dasabamidan adamianTa erT-erTi umTavresi sazrunavi iyo

kolonializmis gavrceleba da dasasruli

Carlz III

1952-1960 wlebis mau-maus ajanyebis CaxSoba

arabTa imperiis zrda

muhamedis meTaurobiT (622–632 ww.) oTxi marTlmorwmune xalifas periodi (632–661 ww.) omaianTa saxalifos periodi (632–661 ww.)

amitomaa, rom praqtikulad yvela uZvelesi civilizacia, romlis Sesaxeb istoriam cnobebi Semogvinaxa, iyo imperia, romelmac sxvebze ufro warmatebiT moaxdina kolonizacia. aseTi iyo Zveli egvipte, babiloni, Zveli CineTis da indoeTis ramdenime imperia, iranuli imperiebi da SedarebiT ufro axalgazrda, magram am droisTvis yvelaze ukeT organizebuli da warmatebuli romis imperia. am CamonaTvalSi Zveli saberZneTic unda vaxsenoT, radgan, miuxedavad imisa, rom centralizebulma berZnulma (elinisturma) imperiam mxolod aleqsandre didis sicocxleSi iarseba, berZnebma TavianTi civilizaciiT da aqtiuri kolonizaciiT msoflio civilizaciis ganviTarebaze udidesi gavlena moaxdines qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis cnobili iqneba, rom Cveni qveynis teritoriaze (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda berZnuli koloniebi, romlebic umetesad mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobdnen qarTvelur saxelmwifob n

aleqsandre makedoneli (Zv w 356-323)

aziuri kolonializmi

romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg yvelaze warmatebuli kolonizatorebi isev aziuri imperiebi gaxdnen saqarTveloSi yvela maTganma datova Rrma da umetesad tragikuli kvali. iranis sasanuri imperiis mze Caesvena arabTa saxalifos – islamuri imperiis eqspansiis Sedegad. arabeTis naxevarkunZulidan daZrulma arabulma armiebma, VII saukunidan moyolebuli, jer mTeli axlo aRmosavleTi daikaves, zeobis xanaSi ki maTi imperia indoeTidan espaneTamde gadaiWima da erTxans safrangeTis dapyrobac ki scades. arabulma kolonizaciam samudamod Secvala am regionebis kulturuli, demografiuli da politikuri realoba cvlilebebi Seexo iseT regionebsac, sadac arabebi fizikurad ar Casaxlebulan, magram gavrcelda islami, romelmac mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra adgilobrivi wes-wyobileba da politikuri orientaciac ki (magaliTad, centraluri azia, dRevandeli pakistani, bangladeSi, indonezia, malaizia da Savi afrikis mravali qveyana). saqarTveloSi arabebi nawilobriv an srulad VI saukunidan XII saukunemde batonobdnen da maTi bolo kolonia, Tbilisis saamiro, mxolod 1122 wels ganTavisuflda

Tbilisis arabTa saamiro jer kidev arsebobda, roca arabebis batonoba aziis mniSvnelovan nawilSi Turquli warmoSobis tomebis gaerTianebam – selCukebma Caanacvles da XII saukunisTvis Sua azias, irans, mTel axlo aRmosavleTs da anatoliis did nawils akontrolebdnen. TurqselCukurma kolonizaciam Zirfesvia-

1300-1359

1359-1451

1451-1512

1512-1520

1520-1566

1566-1683

wiTeli

nad Secvala am regionis demografia (gansakuTrebiT, Crdilo-dasavleT iranis da anatoliis) rom ara 1121 wlis didgoris gamarjveba, safiqrebelia, rom qarTveli xalxis istoriac aq dasruldeboda. arcTu didi xnis Semdeg selCukebis STamomavalma osmalurma imperiam kidev ufro did warmatebas miaRwia, roca arabuli saxalifos teritoriis garda (romelic srulad aiTvisa axlo aRmosavleTidan maRribis, anu CrdiloeT afrikis CaTvliT), bizantiis imperiis narCenebic daipyro da 1453 wels dedaqalaqi konstantinopolSi (SemdgomSi – stamboli) daido amgvarad iqca erTdroulad islamuri saxalifosa da romis imperiis memkvidred (sulTani aseve „fadiSahis“ sparsul titulsac atarebda, misi sruli titulatura TiTqmis naxevar gverds ikavebs da „gojestanis“ – saqarTvelos mbrZaneblobasac moicavs).

Cingiz xani (1162(?)-1227)

rogorc viciT, osmaleTis imperiis zeobamde kidev erTi didi imperia warmoiSva (saqarTveloze manac sabediswero gavlena moaxdina) – monRoleTis tramalebidan daZrulma cxenosanma urdom TiTqmis mTeli azia da evropis nawili daipyro („urdo“ aq salanZRav sityvad ar ixmareba, is Turqul enebSi jars an samxedro gaerTianebas niSnavs da mxolod monRolebis mier dapyrobili xalxebisTvis SeiZina uaryofiTi mniSvneloba) monRolTa imperiam moicva CineTi, dRevandeli ruseTis udidesi nawili, Sua azia, axlo aRmosavleTis da mcire aziis didi nawili da aRmosavleTi evropa, riTac is am dromde arsebul yvelaze did saxelmwifod iqca marTalia, monRoluri kolonializmi sxvebisgan gansxvavdeboda da sakuTari xalxiT mkvidri mosaxleobis Canacvleba mizanmimarTulad ar mouxdenia, magram yvelgan, sadac umcires winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen, srulad da daundoblad spobda yvelas da yvelafers. es Cingiz xanis damkvidrebuli strategia iyo, riTac Tavi gansakuTrebiT Temur lengma gamoiCina

dasavluri kolonializmis fesvebi

Temur lengs, garda udidesi masobrivi mkvlelis da kulturis gamanadgureblisa, kidev erTi istoriuli misia ergo. Tuki misi winamorbedi mbrZaneblebi zrunavdnen aRmosavleT-dasavleTis damakavSirebeli savaWro arteriebis, e w „abreSumis gzis“ funqcionirebaze, saidanac dabegvriT sakmao sargebels iRebdnen, Temur lengma metoqe monRoluri samefos, oqros urdos dedaqalaq sarais ganadgurebiT abreSumis gzis CrdiloeTis Sto gadaWra abreSumis gzis gauqmeba sabolood mainc osmalebis mier konstantinopolis dapyrobas mohyva, rodesac misi bolo marSrutebi gadaiketa.

Temur lengi (1336-1405)

monRoleTis imperia

SeiZleba ucnaurad JRerdes, magram es ambavi pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli swored im kolonializmis warmoSobasTan, romelzec zemoT iTqva evropuli saxelmwifoebis nawilisa da savaWro kompaniebisTvis abreSumis gziT vaWrobis dakargva udides ekonomikur zaralTan iyo dakavSirebuli da iZulebuli gaxdnen CineTTan, indoeTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva regionebTan saxmeleTo kavSirebis Casanacvleblad sazRvao gzebi eZebnaT. bunebrivia, pirvelebi, vinc axali savaWro gzebi gaikvlia, is evropuli qveynebi iyvnen, romlebsac im droisTvis yvelze ukeT hqondaT ganviTarebuli zRvaosnoba aseTebi iyvnen portugalia, espaneTi, holandia da maT maleve SeuerTdnen safrangeTi da inglisi. afrikis kontinentis SemovliT pirveli marSruti 1488 wels gaWres portugalielebma, xolo indoeTisken ufro mokle

qristefore kolumbi (1451-1506)

gzis ZiebaSi dasavleTiT wasulma qristefore kolumbis espanurma eqspediciam SemTxveviT evropelebisTvis manamde ucnobi kontinenti aRmoaCina marTalia, Tavad kolumbi Tavdapirvelad darwmunebuli iyo, rom swored indoeTs miagno – amis gamoa, rom amerikis mkvidri mosaxloba „indielebad“ moinaTla amasTanave, arsebobs sarwmuno varaudi, rom pirveli evropelebi CrdiloeT amerikis kontinentze bevrad adre moxvdnen da es iyvnen vikingebi, Tumca maSin amas evropa amerikasTan ar daukavSirebia

unda aRiniSnos, rom evropuli kolonizacia afrikiT, aziiT da amerikiT ar dawyebula, Tumca misi arsi pirdapir ukavSirdeba am movlenebs pirveli evropuli koloniebis daarseba (Tu berZnul-romaul kolonizacias ar CavTvliT) jer kidev aRorZinebis xanaSi daiwyo, rodesac umTavresad venecielebis da genuelebis savaWro misiebi da koloniebi gaCnda xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebSi im xanis saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi did rols asrulebdnen florencielebi, romlebic mas sabanko kapitaliT uzrunvelyofdnen. maTi mTavari misia iyo aziasTan vaWroba abreSumis gzis dasavleT bolodan evropis mimarTulebiT rogorc aRiniSna, jer Temur lengma misi CrdiloeTi marSruti gadaWra (romelic yirimSi mTavrdeboda), xolo osmaleTis imperiam misi samxreTis Stoebic CaWra (trapizoni, sinopi, konstantinopoli (stamboli), smirna (izmiri) da a S ), riTac maT axali gzebis Ziebisken ubiZga. amgvarad, XV saukunis bolodan evropelebi didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis xanas xsnian, rac swored savaWro gzebis ZiebiT iyo ganpirobebuli am saqmeSi maT teqnologiuri winsvlac daexmaraT, radgan gemTmSeneblobis ganviTarebis da axali sanavigacio instrumentebis gareSe Soreuli naosnoba SeuZlebeli iqneboda

pirveli evropuli koloniebi evropis kontinentis gareT Seqmnes portugaliam da espaneTma afrikis SemovliT, aRmosavleTisken, zRviT, gza portugalielebma gaikvlies da maleve daafuZnes savaWro koloniebi, jer – indoeTis sanapiro zolSi, CineTsa da aRmosavleT indoeTSi (dRevandeli indonezia, malaizia, filipinebi da papua axali gvinea), xolo Semdeg – samxreT amerikis kontinentze, sadac maT udides koloniad brazilia iqca. portugalielebma arc afrikas auares gverdi da iq angola da mozambiki aiTvises, romelTa garda, kontinentis orive sanapiroze mravali mcire kolonia gaCnda Tavisi imperiuli zrdis pikSi es mcire evropuli qveyana msoflios oTx kontinentze iyo gadaWimuli (maT Soris, CrdiloeT amerikaSic hqonda koloniebi, dRevandeli kanadis aRmosavleTSi)

portugalielebis da espanelebis geografiul aRmoCenebs Soris gamoirCeva 1520 wels fernando magelanis mier atlantis okeanidan wynar okeaneSi gasasvlelis povna

(samxreT amerikis SemovliT) es portugalieli zRvaosani pirveli iyo, vinc dedamiwas gars Semouara. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom magelani am eqspedicias, romlis mizani aRmosavleT indoeTisken dasavluri marSrutis povna iyo, espaneTis dakveTiT atarebda es iyo imave misiis gagrZeleba, romlis farglebSic warmoSobiT italieli qristefore kolumbi, aseve espanuri taxtis davalebiT, indoeTisken mimaval gzas eZebda da 1492 wels mis nacvlad „axal samyaroSi“ – amerikis kontinentze aRmoCnda (am mogzaurobebis Sesaxeb ix. „Cemi samyaros“ statiebi: `qristefore kolumbi“ (32) da „dedamiiwis garSemo“ (34))

evropuli kolonizaciis adreul etapze espanelebma Tavi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCines portugalielebisa da sxva evropelebis msgavsad, pirvel rigSi, indoeTTan damakavSirebeli sazRvao gzis ZiebiT dainteresebulebma SemTxveviT sruliad ucnobi samyaro – amerikis kontinenti aRmoaCines da TavianTi Zalisxmevac mis asaTviseblad mimarTes ramdenime aTwleulSi espanelebi ukve karibis regions, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis udides nawils akontrolebdnen. rogorc iTqva, samxreT amerikaSi gamonakliss warmoadgenda portugaliuri brazilia, xolo CrdiloeT amerikaSi mogvianebiT maT konkurentebad inglisi da safrangeTi gamouCndaT. espanuri imperiis istoriaSi erTi didi gamonaklisia filipinebi, romelic espaneTis erTaderTi aziuri kolonia gaxda

espaneTis da patara portugaliis kolonizaciis Tavdapirveli warmatebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi iyo maTi SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba. sanam aqtiur moqmedebebze gadavidodnen, maT jer kidev 1494 wels, tordesiasis xelSekrulebiT, erTmaneTSi asaTviseb

Sua saukuneebis samuSao iaraRebi

1520 wels fernando magelanis mier aRmoCenili gasasvleli, romelic atlantisa da wynar okeaneebs akavSirebs

kolonializmis gavrceleba da dasasruli

mizezi is iyo, rom kolonizaciis, sul mcire, pirveli asi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT sxva evropuli qveynebi sagrZnob konkurencias ar uwevdnen da viTareba dramatulad maSin Seicvala, rodesac kolonizaciis procesSi inglisi, holandia da safrangeTi CaerTnen

1588 wels inglisis flotma espanuri „armada“ daamarcxa, ramac msoflio zRvaosnobis da kolonizaciis momavalze didi gavlena moaxdina marTalia, am marcxs espaneTis mier amerikis kontinentis aqtiuri aTviseba ar SeuCerebia, magram gza gauxsna jer holandiur da mere Tavad inglisur savaWro kompaniebs axali teritoriebis asaTviseblad holandielebma TavianTi mTavari Zalisxmeva aRmosavleTisken mimarTes, sadac ZiriTadad portugaliis interesebi Seaviwroves, TavianTi mmarTveloba daafuZnes e.w. „aRmosavleT indoeTis“ did nawilSi – umeteswilad dRevandel indoneziaSi indoeTis da wynari okeanis regionebSi holandias mravali savaWro posti da mcire kolonia

hqonda amerikis kontinentze maT nakleb warmatebas miaRwies da koloniebis nawili maleve dakarges kidec (magaliTad, axali amsterdami, romelic maT ingliselebma waarTves da mis adgilas niu-iorki daaarses) holandielebma aseve aiTvises samxreTi afrika, sadac maTi STamomavlebi ingliselebma mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi daamarcxes burebis omebis saxeliT cnobil konfliqtSi (am Temaze ix „Cemi samyaros“ statiebi: „niko buri da misi omi“ (36) da „inglisburebis omi“ (37)).

sainteresoa, rom safrangeTi sxvebze gvian CaerTo kolonizaciis procesSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom XVII saukuneSi sxvebze Zlieri floti da ekonomika hqonda. amis mizezi iyo misi CarTuloba kontinentur konfliqtebSi roca safrangeTma moicala, swrafad daikava CrdiloeT amerikis uzarmazari teritoriebi, dRevandeli kanadis da aSS-is mniSvnelovani nawili. am teritoriebis nawili britaneTTan dapirispirebaSi daikarga, nawili ki 1805 wels napoleonma axlad damoukideblobamopovebul SeerTebul Statebs mihyida (e. w. luizianis Sesyidva), riTac am saxelmwifos dasavleTis mimarTulebiT zrdis da wynar okeanemde teritoriis aTvisebis SesaZlebloba misca afrikaSi frangebma garkveul SeTanxmebas miaRwies britaneTTan. franguli koloniebi ZiriTadad kontinentis dasavleTiT aRmoCnda, xolo britaneTisa – aRmosavleTiT, Tumca gamonaklisebi aqac iyo – britanelebma dasavleT afrikaSic Seqmnes ramdenime didi kolonia (magaliTad, nigeria) sxva franguli koloniebis didi nawili indoCineTSi (vietnami, laosi, kamboja) da wynari okeaneTis kunZulebze ganlagda (polinezia, taiti da bevri sxva). aRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTi okeaneTSi mraval samflobelos dRemde inarCunebs

luiziana

inglisis flotis mier espanuri „armadis“ damarcxeba

msoflios yvelaze warmatebuli kolonizatoris tituli albaT mainc ingliss (SemdgomSi did britaneTs da gaerTianebul samefos) ekuTvnis. inglisma, romelmac espanuri armada XVI saukunis bolos daamarcxa, bevri dro ar dakarga da XVII saukunidan aqtiurad Seudga kolonizaciis process rogorc aRmosavleTSi, romlis asaTviseblad 1600 wels aRmosavleT indoeTis kompania daaarses, ise dasavleTSi, amerikis kontinentze maleve aRmoCnda, rom inglisur kompaniebs aRmosavleT indoeTSi Zlieri konkurencia gauwies holandielebma (romlebmac, rogorc iTqva, regionSi didwilad Caanacvles portugalielebi), ris gamoc maTi yuradReba ufro indoeTTan vaWrobam miipyro indoeTis sanapiroze mdebare ramdenime savaWro kolonia ingliselebma portugalielebisgan Seisyides (magaliTad, madrasi 1639 wels), xolo bombei Carlz II-m portugalieli colis mziTevad miiRo da aRmosavleT indoeTis kompanias gadasca

inglisi amerikis kontinentis aTvisebasac didi energiiT Seudga aRsaniSnavia, rom indoeTisa da afrikisgan gansxvavebiT, pirveli inglisuri koloniebi ar iqmneboda yovelTvis wminda komerciuli interesiT. XVII saukunis pirveli naxevari inglisSi radikaluri religiuri moZraobebis simravliT gamoirCeoda da ukeTesi ekonomikuri bedis maZebrebTan erTad, CrdiloeT amerikaSi pirveli kolonistebi axal samyaroSi ufro met religiur Tavisuflebas eZebdnen. maTi umravlesoba puritani protestantebi iyv-

nen (aseve sxva protestantuli seqtebis warmomadgenlebi), romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom saxelmwifo arasakmarisad amkvidrebda wminda (puritanul) protestantul principebs da sakmarisad ar ebrZoda kaTolicizmis gadmonaSTebs (magaliTad, eWvobdnen, rom mefe Carlz I saidumlod kaTolike iyo), Tumca amave gzas daadgnen inglisSi Seviwroebuli kaTolikeebi, romlebmac erT-erTi pirveli kolonia (momavalSi – Stati) merilendi daaarses (Carlz I-is kaTolike colis, meris, pativsacemad)

inglisis da SemdgomSi, SotlandiasTan gaerTianebis Semdeg, didi britaneTis koloniebi male aRmosavleT sanapiros gascdnen da etapobrivad aiTvises „axali safrangeTis“ teritoriebi, maT Soris, kanada. kontinentze Zirfesviani demografiuli cvlilebebi moxda Tumca CrdiloeT amerikaSi britaneTis (XIX saukunidan ki gaerTianebuli samefos) batonoba samudamo ar gamodga: 1776 wels 13 britanulma koloniam metropoliisgan damoukidebloba gamoacxada da sisxlismRvreli revoluciuri omis Sedegad, 1783 wels britaneTisgan aRiarebas miaRwia kanadam damoukideblobis gza umetesad mSvidobianad ganvlo. marTalia, kanadis damoukidebloba mxolod 1982 wels gamocxadda, magram is sakuTar politikur da ekonomikur sakiTxebs damoukideblad 1867 wlidan ganagebs da paralelurad dRemde rCeba britaneTis Tanamegobrobis wevrad, xolo saxelmwifos nominalur meTaurs gaerTianebuli samefos monarqi warmoadgens

Carlz I (1600-1649)

Carlz II (1630-1685) da dedofali katarina bragansa (1638-1705)

kolonializmis gavrceleba da dasasruli

kanadis msgavsi bedi ewiaT sxva britanul koloniebs – avstralias da axal zelandias. aqac mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas britaneTis kunZulebidan gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavlebi warmoadgenen, romlebmac mSvidobianad moipoves jer – mniSvnelovani avtonomia, xolo Semdeg – damoukidebloba, Tumca kvlav rCebian Tanamegobrobis wevrebad

Tavisi zeobis xanaSi gaerTianebuli samefo yvela drois udides imperiad iqca. gamoTqma, rom „britaneTis Tavze mze arasdros Cadis“ gamarTlebuli iyo, radgan is amerikis kontinentidan da afrikidan wynari okeaneTis kunZulebamde iyo gadaWimuli da msoflios teritoriis meoTxeds moicavda

albaT, ar SeiZleba kolonializmze saubrisas gverdi avuaroT monobis sakiTxs rogorc dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, monoba pirvelive saxelmwifoebis warmoSobisas damkvidrda praqtikulad yvela, maT Soris yvelaze ganviTarebul, civilizaciaSi Sumerebidan dawyebuli amerikeli plantatorebiT gagrZelebuli, monebi hyavda yvelas, visac amis saSualeba hqonda. monebi hyavdaT ganTavisuflebul yofil monebsac, magram dasavlurma kolonizaciam monobas sruliad axali saxe misca: amerikis kontinentze Saqris lerwmis, bambis, Tambaqos Tu sxva plantaciebis ganviTarebam muSaxelis didi moTxovnileba gaaCina gamosavlad evropelma kolonistebma afrikidan Savkaniani monebis importi gamoZebnes, ramac udidesi masStabis demografiuli, socialuri da ekonomikuri Zvrebi gamoiwvia, rom araferi vTqvaT masStabur adamianur tragediaze. karibis regionSi, centralur, samxreT da CrdiloeT amerikaSi afrikidan milionobiT adamiani gaiyida monad Sesabamisad, sruliad gamarTlebulia, roca dasavlur sazogadoebebSi ganixilaven TavianT istoriul pasuxismgeblobas kolonizaciisa da monobis gamo, magram amave dros saWiroa zomierebisa da istoriuli konteqstis SegrZnebis SenarCuneba, ukiduresobebisgan Tavis asarideblad.

marTalia, britanelebma (da Semdeg maTma memkvidre amerikelebma) didi roli Seasrules transatlantikuri monaTvaWrobis ganviTarebaSi, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom britanelebi pirvelebi iyvnen istoriaSi, vinc eTikuri mosazrebebiT jer monebiT vaWroba akrZales (1807 wels), Semdeg ki Tavad monobac gaauqmes. 1860-ian wlebSi amerikelebs samoqalaqo omi da asi aTasobiT adamianis msxverplis gaReba mouwiaT am samarcxvino praqtikis dasasruleblad da es maSin, roca afrikaSi da, gansakuTrebiT, arabul qveynebSi monoba, arc ise didi xnis win normalur movlenad rCeboda, sanam swored dasavluri qveynebis zewolis Sedegad ar mouwiaT misi akrZalva. magaliTad, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, mavritaniaSi Savi monebis yola mxolod 1981 wels aikrZala, magram is erTaderTi arabuli qveyana ar yofila, sadac monoba Cven dromde arsebobda – saudis arabeTsa da iemenSi monoba 1962 wels gauqmda, arabTa gaerTianebul saamiroebSi – 1964 wels, omanSi ki – 1970 wels

bambis, Tambaqosa da Saqris lerwmis plantaciebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

aseTive midgomaa saWiro kolonializmis da imperializmis, rogorc istoriuli movlenebis mimarT. diax, dasavlurma qveynebma XVII–XX saukuneebs Soris am mxriv yvela sxvas ajobes, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom swored dasavleTis demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis liderobiT daiwyo Camoyalibeba SedarebiT samarTlianma saerTaSoriso sistemam, romelSic erebis usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba mxolod maT samxedro Zalaze ar iqneboda dafuZnebuli erTa TviTgamorkvevis, sazRvrebis urRveobis, konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebis principebi msoflios pirvelad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma vudro uilsonma warudgina Tavisi cnobili „14 punqtis“ saxiT igi aRmoCnda „erTa ligis“ Seqmnis iniciatoric. meore msoflio omis Semdeg aseve aSS-is iniciativiT Camoyalibda adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao cneba, romelic manamde mxolod yvelaze ganviTarebul demokratiebSi iyo damkvidrebuli

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, marTalia, ar arsebobs „kargi kolonizatori“, magram mainc aris sxvaoba, romeli eri rogor epyroboda damorCilebul xalxebs da ra memkvidreoba dautova maT – gaCanagebuli ekonomika, demografia da totalitaruli politikuri wyoba Tu demokratiuli institutebi, samarTlis sistema da SedarebiT ganviTarebuli ekonomika.

kidev erTxel unda iTqvas, rom kargi kolonizatori ar arsebobs, magram ufro Zlieris mier ufro sustis (an naklebad ganviTarebulis) dapyroba kacobriobis istoriis arss Seadgenda XX saukunemde, roca swored dasavluri demokratiebis liderobiT

daiwyo Camoyalibeba SedarebiT ufro samarTlianma sistemam. magram sanam es moxdeboda, zogi kolonizatori sxvas sjobda. amis saukeTeso magaliTia yofili britanuli koloniebi, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili dRes Tavad ganviTarebuli, demokratiuli da keTildReobis maRali donis mqone qveynebia.

amave dros, dResac arian qveynebi, romlebsac ver gadaulaxavT postimperiuli sindromi da sakuTari xalxisTvis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebis nacvlad, Zalisxmevas ZiriTadad Zveli imperiuli didiebis aRdgenas axmaren. ase iqceva ruseTi, roca ukrainis teritoriaze Tavis pretenzias „istoriuli kuTvnilebiT“ amarTlebs da wminda koloniur oms awarmoebs

amrigad, kolonializmis istoriaSi aucilebelia misi yvela elementis gaTvaliswineba magaliTad, ar iqneba swori, Tu dRevandeli samarTlebrivi da moraluri sazomiT SevafasebT gasuli saukuneebis movlenebs. aseve sasargeblo iqneba imis danaxva, rom dasavluri qveynebi, romlebmac kolonializmi globalur movlenad aqcies, Semdeg Tavadve gaxdnen misi dasasrulis Semoqmedebi. swored dasavlurma demokratiebma Seuwyves xeli SedarebiT ufro samarTliani da demokratiuli msoflio wesrigis Camoyalibebas am process win grZeli da rTuli gza elis, magram misi alternativa warsulisTvis Cveuli Zlieris mier sustis Cagvra, omebis qaosi da usamarTlobaa.

vudro uilsoni (1856-1924)

kolonializmis gavrceleba da dasasruli

jozef konradi da misi wignebi

arCil qiqoZe

iSviaTia iseTi mwerali, romlis cxovrebac Tavad hgavs saTavgadasavlo wigns kidev ufro iSviaTia mwerali, romelic misTvis ucxo qveynis enaze daiwyebs weras da am qveynis literaturis klasikosi gaxdeba jozef konradma es orive moaxerxa misi gviandeli fotoebidan namdvili ingliseli jentlmeni Semogvcqeris – movlili wveriT, uzadod Cacmuli, gaxamebuli perangiT, Sors gatyorcnili mzeriT ruseTis imperiaSi dabadebuli poloneli biWi, romelic Tavgadasavlebze ocnebobda, inglisuri literaturis erT-erTi mTavari adamiani gaxda Tanac ampartavani britaneTi, kunZulovani saxelmwifo, romelic maSin naxevar msoflios flobda, yvelaze Znelad uSvebda sakuTar wiaRSi ucxotomels, miT umetes, mwerals

axla, globalizaciis pirobebSi, msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis literatura erTmaneTs daemsgavsa, XIX da XX saukuneebis mijnaze ki, rodesac konradis saxelma daiquxa, sul sxvanairad iyo saqme rogorc ukve vTqviT, konradi poloneli iyo da misi namdvili saxeli iuzef Teodor konrad korJenevskia, dabadebis adgili ki – dRevandeli ukrainis da maSindeli poloneTis patara qalaqi berdiCevi

poloneli xalxis xvedri saukuneebis manZilze Zalian mZime iyo. ruseTis mier dapyrobili Tavisuflebis moyvare polonelebi jiutad awyobdnen ajanyebebs da mudam marcxdebodnen. sasjeli yovelTvis mkacri iyo. vinc sikvdiliT dasjas gadaurCeboda, maT uzarmazari imperiis sxvadasxva Soreul kunWulSi asaxlebdnen. sxvaTa Soris, ase moxvda polonuri diaspora saqarTveloSic, sadac polonelTa umetesobam asimilacia ganicada da gaqarTvelda. dRes maT warmoSobaze mxolod ucxo JReradobis slavuri gvarebi metyvelebs.

korJenevskebi SlaxitCebi (wvrili aznaurebi) iyvnen. saukuneebis manZilze Slaxta poloneTis politikurad yvelaze aqtiuri fena iyo. morig ajanyebaSi monawileobisTvis momavali mwerlis mama, apolon korJenevski, colTan da oTxi wlis iuzefTan erTad ruseTSi, vologdis olqSi, gadaasaxles. ojaxis mdgomareoba mZime iyo. jer iuzefis deda gardaicvala WleqiT, me-

re ki, 1869 wels, 11 wlis biWs mamac moukvda oboli biZam, dedis Zmam, waiyvana qalaq odesaSi da yvelanairad ecada, misTvis saukeTeso ganaTleba mieca iuzefi Zalian bevrs kiTxulobda, ZiriTadad, saTavgadasavlo literaturas, romelic Soreul zRvebs, okeaneebs, kunZulebs, Tavgadasavlebsa da faTerakebs aRwerda Tanac odesa zRvispira qalaqia iuzefs zRva izidavda da 17 wlisam biZas gamoucxada, rom misi saxlis datoveba da mezRvauroba surda oRond iuzefi poloneli iyo da ruseTis droSis qveS zRvaosnoba miuReblad miaCnda metic, ruseTis imperiis siZulvili mTeli cxovreba guliT atara da sakuTar prozaSic ki verafriT damala

biZis xelSewyobiT momavali mwerali safrangeTSi gaemgzavra da marselSi, savaWro gemze, iungad moewyo iunga mezRvauris Segirds niSnavs da flotSi yvelaze qvemdgomi poziciaa, magram aRmoCnda, rom axalgazrda kaci zRvaosnobisTvis iyo dabadebuli momdevno xuT weliwadSi man Tavbrudamxvevi kariera gaikeTa, jer mezRvauri gaxda, Semdeg – ufrosi mezRvauri, mere –bocmani, kapitnis TanaSemwe, kapitnis pirveli TanaSemwe da bolos – kapitani amasobaSi Zalian bevri Tavgadasavali da xifaTi gamoiara, espanel ajanyebulebs saidumlod awodebda iaraRs, dacuravda Soreul savaWro reisebSi, mere ki, 1880 wels, frangul flots Tavi daaneba da britanul savaWro flotSi moewyo kapitnis TanaSemwed. aqve ganvmartavT, rom britanul gemze kapitnis TanaSemweoba misTvis ufro sapatio iyo, vidre frangulze – kapitnoba. ginda zRva da zRvaosnoba? – britanuli droSis qveS unda icuro imitom, rom zRva ingliselebs ekuTvnoda. am xelobaSi maT veravin sjobda.

iuzefis

iuzefis mSoblebi – apolon korJenevski (1820-1869) da eva bobrovska (1833-1865)

biZa

TadeuS bobrovski (1829–1894)

konradi inglisur flotSic male dawinaurda 1886 wels kapitnis sertifikati miiRo, msoflios yvela wyalSi icura, gaizarda Tvalsawieri, sakuTari TvaliT naxa samyaro – namdvili, mravalferovani da zogjer sruliad daundobeli cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas rac Seexeba, konrads namdvilad didi upiratesoba hqonda Tavis Tanamedrove mwerlebTan SedarebiT, magram aseve hqonda didi niWic. jer TavisTvis daiwyo wera. mas ukve jozef konradi erqva da britaneTis moqalaqe gamxdariyo. inglisuri ena, romelzec werda, misi meore enac ki ar yofila. man xom jer franguli iswavla, aseve, rogorc odesaSi macxovrebeli, albaT, avad Tu kargad rusulsac flobda. gamodis, rom inglisuri misi meoTxe ena iyo. Tanamedroveni ixsenebdnen, rom konradi sicocxlis bolomde slavuri aqcentiT laparakobda, magram misi samwerlo ena iyo uzado, ufro metic – is britanul literaturaSi sruliad axali xma aRmoCnda, xma romelSic, okeanis talRebis xmaurTan erTad, adamianis cxoveluri qvecnobieris Rmuilic ismoda

konradis pirveli moTxrobebi da romanebi zRvasa da zRvaosnobaze iyo. sxvanairad verc iqneboda – werda imaze, rac yvelaze ukeT icoda, mosayoli ki bevri daugrovda. maSin gamoigona sakuTari alter ego – ingliseli mezRvauri Carlz marlou, romelic mraval mis nawarmoebSia mTxrobeli. mere ki moxda ise, rom 1893 wels avstraliis saporto qalaq adelaidaSi mis gemze inglisuri literaturis meore momavali klasikosi jon golsuorsi avida es ukanaskneli sakmaod warumatebeli advokati iyo, literatu-

ჩარლზმარლოუსისტორიები

raSi ki pirvel nabijebs dgamda. aristokrat golsuorsis kavSiri hqonda literaturul wreebTan. avstraliidan inglisamde didi manZilia, gemi ki iseTi klaustrofobiuli sivrcea, sadac erTmaneTis SeZulebac advilia da damegobrebac. konradi da golsuorsi damegobrdnen da kapitanma axlad SeZenil megobars sakuTari pirveli romanis xelnaweri waakiTxa. golsuorsi aRfrTovanda da gamoqveynebaSi daxmarebas dahpirda.

konradis bavSvoba

jon golsuorsi (1867-1933)

konradis wignebi maSinve Seiyvares da isic mixvda, am saqmisTvis rom iyo dabadebuli janmrTeloba afrikuli malariiT da zRvaSi gadatanili sxva daavadebebiT hqonda Seryeuli, zRvaosnobas Tavi daaneba da samudamod dasaxlda inglisSi. oRond zRvas bolomde ver Seelia. misi yvela nawarmoebi zRvaSi Tu ara, zRvis siaxloves xdeba. zRva mudam sadRac iqvea, iqve arian mezRvaurebic – saocari bedis xalxi, TiTqos rCeulni da Tan dawyevlilni imiT, risi naxvac saxlidan Sors, ucxo wylebSi da ucxo napirebze uwevT.

robert

stivensoni (1850-1894)

(1865-1936)

axla ki droa vaxsenoT konradis mTavari wigni, vrceli moTxroba „wyvdiadis guli “ , romelmac ara marto msoflio literaturaze, aramed kinematografzec ki moaxdina gavlena aqve vityvi, rom Tavad avtors sakuTari Semoqmedebis mwvervalad romani „nostromo“ miaCnda da siamovnebiT mogiTxrobT am wignzec, romelic Zalian miyvars saqme isaa, rom konradi literaturulma kritikosebma saTavgadasavlo mwerlad Seracxes. ara mgonia, Tavad avtors es Sefaseba moswoneboda, magram mis wignebSi siuJeturi qarga marTla saTavgadasavloa. es Janri maSindel evropaSi Zalian popularuli iyo, britanelebs ki masSi badali ar hyavdaT. gavixsenoT Tundac robert luis stivensoni da misi „ganZis kunZuli“, oRond britaneli mwerlebis romanebi dawerilia absoluturi rwmeniT imisa, rom kolonializmi sikeTea, rom ingliselebi wesrigs amyareben yvelgan, sadac ki moxvdebian, iqneba es mekobreTa gemi Tu aziis romelime axlad dapyrobili samTavro

didi ingliseli mwerali rediard kiplingi kolonializmis pirveli mexotbe iyo da absoluturad swamda imisa, rasac qadagebda. ai, nawyveti misi leqsidan „TeTrkanianis tvirTi“:

წყვდადის

გული

ჯოზეფკონრადი

XIX saukunis bolo da XX dasawyisi britaneTis gafurCqvnis xanaa. saxelmwifo iseTi Zlieri da didia, rogorc arasodes samxreT afrikaSi britanelebi warmatebiT ebrZvian burebs (am omze niko bagrationis Sesaxeb statiaSi mogiyeviT, „Cemi samyaro“, 37) da sabolood adviladac amarcxeben. konradi ki wers Tavis „wyvdiadis guls“ da mxolod britaneTis imperiis ki ara, mTlianad kolonializmis dasasruls winaswarmetyvelebs mTxrobeli aqac Carlz marloua, romelic londonis romeliRac dokSi gaCerebuli gemis gembanze ramdenime adamians uyveba mdinare kongoze mogzaurobis ambavs im dros belgiuri kongos saxeliT cnobili afrikis es nawili belgiis kolonia iyo marlou ambobs, rom mas mudam izidavda afrikis rukaze TeTri adgilebi (adgilebi, romlebic gamokvleuli ar iyo) da TiTqos axla Cveulebrivi saTavagadasvlo romani unda daiwyos, magram marlou sulac ar hgavs mamac gmirs, metic, is natanji da gatexilia imitom, rom wyvdiadis gulSi, sakuTar qvecnobierSi, Caixeda

ra xdeba am wignSi? marlou iRebs davalebas, patara gemiT Securos mdinare kongos siRrmeSi da iqidan wamoiyvanos vinme kurci, romelic spilos Zvlis Cambarebel punqts xelmZRvanelobs da romelsac didi xania spilos Zvali aRar gamougzavnia, metic, misgan weliwadze metia araferi smeniaT rogor hgavs, ara, saTavgadasavlo romans? erTi mamaci evropeli meore dakarguli evropelis saZebnelad midis Jiul vernis „kapitan grantis Svilebic“ xom aseTive fabulazea awyobili. aqvea saTavgadasavlo wignebis aucilebeli atributi – ganZi – spilos Zvals im dros oqros fasi hqonda da evropelebic mTel afrikis kontinentze umowyalod Jletdnen am uzarmazar cxovelebs. diax, marlous Tavgadasavali iwyeba da es ormagi mogzaurobaa idumali da saSiSi mdinaris siRrmeSi da qvecnobieris dafarul kunWulebSi. saqme isaa, rom Tavad jozef konradi namyofi iyo mdinare kongoze da sakuTari TvaliT hqonda nanaxi belgieli kolonizatorebis mier datrialebuli saSinelebebi malariiTac am mogzaurobis dros daavadda. kongoze namyofi iyo konradi da, Sesabamisad, namyofia misi alter ego marlouc. da ras xedavs gamocdili mezRvauri am mdinareze? is xedavs qaoss saqmec isaa, rom evropuli kolonialuri literaturis tradiciis mixedviT, evropeli axal miwaze wesrigs amyarebs konradis afrika ki yvelaferia, wesrigis garda – is sruli qaosia, romelic marlous gonebas epatroneba.

meuRlesTan da SvilTan erTad

es aris wigni imaze, Tu ras uSvreba wyvdiadis guli (kolonialuri afrika) civilizebul adamians, radgan kurci, romlis saZebradac marlou miemarTeba, odesRac civilizebuli da mowinave ideebiT savse kaci iyo mis nacvlad ki marlou adamianis narCenebs poulobs diax, es erT-erTi yvelaze Semzaravi wignia da msoflio literaturis erT-erTi yvelaze didi Sedevri. mravali Tavgadasavlis mere marlous patara gemi mdinaris zemo dinebaSi Cakargul sadgurs miadgeba da ras xedaven marlou da sxva evropelebi?! sarebze wamocmul adamianTa Tavebs da afrikelTa mTel toms, romelsac TeTri adamiani – kurci xelmZRvanelobs Zaladobisgan kurci gagiJda, is tomis beladi gaxda, Tavs esxmis sxva tomebs da spilos Zvals arTmevs, urCebs xocavs an monebad mihyavs. „misi meTodebi miuRebeli gaxda“ –mogvianebiT masze ase amboben im kompaniis ufrosebi, romlebmac afrikis siRrmeSi am sadgurze miavlines odesRac civilizebuli kurci, cota gamdidrebaze da colis moyvanaze rom ocnebobda.

yvelze Semzaravi am wignSi Tavad kurcis ki ara, marlous (CaTvaleT, jozef konradis) transformaciaa. igi TiTqos kurcis gonebaSi Sedis, esmis misi, aRiarebs mis sidiades, misi gavlenis qveS eqceva da, marTalia, dasneulebuli kurci gemze iRupeba, magram civilizebul samyaroSi dabrunebuli marlou samudamodaa Secvlili, radgan manac igrZno wyvdiadis gulis sunTqva, masac moefera afrikis uRrani da CurCuliT iseTi rame uambo sakuTar Tavze, ris merec adamiani Cveulebrivi cxovrebiT veRar icxovrebs, radgan am codniT cxovreba Zalian mZimea. gavida aTwleulebi da rodesac amerikelma reJisorma frensis ford kopolam vietna-

jozefi meuRlesTan erTad

jozef konradi

literatura

mis omis saSinelebebze gadawyvita filmis („apokalifsi axla“) gadaReba, scenaris fabulad konradis „wyvdiadis guli“ aiRo moqmedeba vietnamSia gadatanili, xolo kurci amjerad amerikeli polkovnikia, romelmac imdeni xalxi xoca, rom Wkuidan SeiSala, sadRac junglebSi daido bina Tavis „tomTan“ erTad da sisxlis tbebi daayena misi „meTodebic miuRebeli gaxda“ amerikis saxelmwifosTvis, amitom junglebSi mcxovrebi SeSlili polkovniki aucileblad unda ganadgurdes. wignis msgavsad, patara gemi isev iwyebs mdinaris aRma mogzaurobas da es odiseac aranakleb Semzaravia, vidre marlous gza.

me didi imedi maqvs, rom am statiis wakiTxvis mere filmsac moiZiebT da wignsac isini erTmaneTis dari Sedevrebia, magram pirvelwyaro mainc konradis saocari wignia.

axla ki oriod sityvas „nostromozec“ getyviT, wignze, romelzec konradma or weliwadze metxans imuSava da romlis dawerac, rogorc misi mimoweridan Cans, Zalian gauWirda magram didi mwerlobac es aris –kiTxulob romans da ase geCveneba, rom erTi amosunTqviT aris dwerili, sinamdvileSi, am „laRi Txrobis“ ukan uzarmazari Sromaa unda giTxraT, rom konradi yvelaze cudad samxreT amerikas icnobda. ra Tqma unda, im zRvebSic hqonda nacuri, magram, rogorc amboben, sul ramdenjerme iyo xmeleTze gadasuli venesuelasa da kolumbiaSi. hoda, CemTvis saidumloa, rogor moaxerxa am kacma

laTinuri amerikis daulagebeli suli da qaosi (xedavT, aqac qaoss vaxseneb) ise ostaturad gadmoeca, TiTqos mTeli cxovreba iq hqonda gatarebuli

romanis Seqmnidan naxevar saukuneSi daiwyo literaturuli movlena, romelsac „laTinoamerikuli romanis did bums“ uwodeben am kontinentze gamoCndnen bumberazi mwerlebi: argentinelebi – borxesi da kortasari, kolumbieli markesi, perueli liosa, venesueleli otero de silva maTi wignebis mTavari Tema ZaladobiT savse samxreTi amerikaa, oRond pirveli didi romani, romelmac es ZaladobiT, korufciiT, momxveWelobiT savse mxare aRwera, swored inglisel-polonel konrads ekuTvnis. sadRac samxreT amerikaSi konradma gamoigona saxelmwifo sulako da yvela juris avantiuristiT daasaxla. sulakoSi mudmivi qaosi, samoqalaqo omebi da gadatrialebebia, mRvdlebs aq welze revolveri ukidiaT, banditebi generlebi xdebian, amerikel da britanel kapitalistebs ki sulakos vercxlis maRaroebze uWiravT Tvali. mTel am aurzaurSi aris erTaderTi adamiani, metsaxelad nostromo (Cveneburi, Cveni kaci), romelic mudam inarCunebs patiosnebas da sandoobas. sxvaTa Soris, nostromoc mezRvauria, magram mas xmeleTzec SeuZlia iseTi misiebis Sesruleba, sxvebs rom ar ZaluZT. am mamaci kacis erTaderTi nakli misi pativmoyvareobaa, romelic sabolood Rupavs kidec. me ar vapireb wignis Sinaarsis moyolas, magram esec TiTqos saTavgadasavlo, magram amave dros Rrmad fsiqologiuri romania, rome-

xulio kortasari (1914-1984)

xorxe luis borxesi (1899-1986)

jozef konradi (1857-1924)

lic Zalian Soreul, Tan gamogonil da Tan Zalian realur qveyanaSi gamogzaurebT, gaCvenebT pirovnebis aRzevebas, mere ki mis dacemas da gardauval sikvdils Tavad avtori axalgazrdobaSi ficxi da mowyvladi kaci iyo, romelmac 20 wlisam marselSi TviTmkvlelobac scada da mkerdSi revolveri daixala asakSi konradi TavSekavebul da gawonasworebul adamianad iqca. misi gmirebic aseTebi arian – garegnulad mSvidi, Tumca mTeli emociuri oromtriali maT sulSi xdeba.

qaosi TiTqos is iyo, risic yvelaze metad eSinoda da rac magnitiviT izidavda – qaosi da ganukiTxaoba adamianTa gonebaSi erTerTi misi bolo romani, „saidumlo agenti“, londonSi moyuCebuli rusi anarqisti teroristebis yofas da maT zne-Cveulebebs aRwers es wignic iseTi ostatobiT dawera, rom misma wamkiTxvelma erT-erTma anarqistma ivarauda, albaT, Cven wreebTan raRac saerTo hqondao. konradma es SeniSvna komplimentad miiRo, magram isic dasZina, rom SeiZleba odesme romelime revolucioneri zurgidan hyavda danaxuli, magram ufro axlos arasodes enaxa. adamiani, romelsac mTeli cxovreba stanjavda mravali daavadeba da rogorc dRes mecnierebi askvnian, mZime depresiac hqonda, 1924 wlis 3 agvistos 67 wlis asakSi gardaicvala.

ნოსტრომო jozef konradi

ჯოზეფ კონრადი

Carlz darvini

„darvinma saukunis meoTxedSi moaxdina ufro didi revolucia, vidre Cveni an, SesaZloa, yvela drois nebismierma sxva adamianma. man mogvca cocxali samyaros axali koncefcia da Teoria, romelic kvlevis mZlavr iaraRs warmoadgens. darvinma aCvena, rogor unda gavaerTianoT sxvadasxva mkvlevris mier dagrovili faqtebi da amiT moaxdina revolucia bunebis SeswavlaSi“.

alfred rasel uolesi

Sesavali

didi samecniero aRmoCenebi Rrma kvals amCnevs kacobriobis istorias. maTi wyalobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba axali teqnologiebis Seqmna. praqtikul gamoyenebasTan erTad aranakleb (Tu ufro metad ara) mniSvnelovania, rom aseTi aRmoCenebi cvlis adamianebis msoflmxedvelobas, safuZvels uyris axal filosofias, samyaros da masSi adamianis adgilis axlebur gaazrebas revolucioneris stereotipisgan usasrulod Sors myofi adamiani, TxemiT terfamde viqtorianuli epoqis jentlmeni Carlz darvini am kriteriumiT pirveli rangis revolucioneria

Cven, adamianebi, ambiciuri saxeoba varT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Cvens winaprebs swamdaT, rom dedamiwa samyaros centria kopernikis, tixo brahes, kepleris, galileis da niutonis mier wamowyebulma revoluciam, fizikis da astronomiis ganviTarebam cxadyo, rom dedamiwis mdebareoba arafriTaa gamorCeuli; sinamdvileSi, mas mokrZalebuli adgili ukavia samyaroSi, romelic miliardobiT galaqtikas, auracxel varskvlavebsa da planetebs moicavs. odesRac qveynierebis centrad gamocxadebul planetas dRes ukidegano kosmosSi Cakargul mkrTal lurj wertilad aRviqvamT

meore revoluciam, romelic Carlz darvinis naSromebma gamoiwvia, safuZveli gamoacala Zvel warmodgenebs sicocxlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb suraTSi, romelsac mecniereba gvixatavs, adamiani (iseve, rogorc sicocxlis yvela forma) Seiqmna ara meyseulad da pirdapir dRevandeli saxiT, aramed xangrZlivi evoluciis Sedegad, yovelgvari zebunebrivi Carevis gareSe mas ar hyavs sxva Semoqmedi, garda SemTxveviTi bunebrivi procesebisa mas saerTo winaprebi hyavs sxva cocxal organizmebTan, is ar aris cocxal arsebaTa piramidis mwvervali, arc cocxal arsebaTa jaWvis umniSvnelovanesi da yvelaze metad Rirebuli rgolia. saerTodac, sicocxlis fenomenis vizualizaciisTvis, jaWvisa da piramidis nacvlad, umjobesia, warmovidginoT xe uamravi totiT adamiani am xis mxolod erT-erTi totia

levan CxeiZe

darvinis Sromebi ewinaaRmdegeboda mis epoqaSi gabatonebul warmodgenebs TanamedroveTa did nawils darvinis mignebebma Soki mohgvares, mis naSromebSi amoikiTxes uzneo da ZirgamomTxreli debulebebi, romlebic saxifaToa sazogadoebis moralisa da wesrigisaTvis darvinma iwvnia mware kritikac, kolegebis gaucxoebac, dacinvac. misi Teoriis diskreditaciaSi wvlili Seitana sociologiurma doqtrinebmac, romlebic bunebriv gadarCevas yovelgvari usamarTlobis da Zalmomreobis gamarTlebad ganixilavdnen. wlebi gavida, sanam evoluciuri warmodgenebi samyaros samecniero suraTis erT-erT qvakuTxedad gadaiqca da adamianebis msoflmxedveloba Secvala

saukuneebis manZilze nakveb ambiciebze uaris Tqma Znelia aseTi saxeoba varT – ar gveTmoba maamebluri iluziebi da sayvareli miTebi, romlebic Cvens koleqtiur egos asazrdoebs, komforts gviqmnis, mniSvnelobas gvmatebs, unikalurebad warmogvaCens, raime ierarqiis mwvervalze gvaTavsebs. swored am iluziebis msxvrevas ar patiobdnen darvins misi Tanamedroveebi, romlebic Tavs moiazrebdnen sazogadoebrivi moralis, religiis Tu wesrigis mcvelebad. swored amas ver eguebian evoluciis Teoriis dRevandeli mowinaaRmdegeebic

arada, Tavis droze araferi moaswavebda, rom ymawvili, romelmac TiTqos yovelgvari kritikis gareSe Seisisxlxorca imdroindeli doqtrinebi, gaxdeboda kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani mecnieri, romlis naazrevic safuZvlad daedeboda momaval samecniero warmodgenebs sicocxlis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

ojaxis Semarcxveneli

XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi darvinebis da vejvudebis sagvareuloebis kavSirma ingliss aCuqa samefo sazogadoebis (iqauri mecnierebaTa akademiis) aTi wevri, maT Soris, ramdenime poeti da erTi kompozitoric ki maTgan yvelaze gamorCeulia 1809 wels dabadebuli Carlz darvini – eqim robert darvinisa da siuzan vejvudis Svili. Carlzs sainte-

reso babuebi hyavda jozaia vejvudi iyo keramikis mwarmoebeli, romelmac warmoebis da gayidvis inovaciuri meTodebis danergviT wvlili Seitana industriul revoluciaSi is araerT samefo kars amaragebda SeZlebuli adamianebisTvis prestiJis sakiTxi iyo, hqonoda vejvudis daxvewili nakeTobebi. Carlzis meore babua, erazmus darvini, Tavis wignSi „zoonomia “ saubrobda yovelive cocxalis urTierTkavSirze, niSnebis memkvidreobiT gadacemasa da adaptaciaze mas evoluciis Teoriis erT-erT winamorbedad miiCneven. saxelovani SviliSvilis saqmianobaSi swored es sakiTxebi daikavebs centralur adgils

Carlzi 8 wlis iyo, rodesac deda gardaecvala. mas ufrosi debi zrdidnen. cnobismoyvare Carlzs adreuli bavSvobidan ainteresebda buneba – is mwerebis, niJarebis, mineralebis da Citebis kvercxebis didi Semgrovebeli iyo. skolaSi Tavs ubedurad grZnobda, radgan saswavlo programa moicavda antikuri xanis klasikosTa meqanikur dazepirebas Carlzs uWirda dazepireba, maRali moswrebiT ar gamoirCeoda da xSirad iRebda mkacr SeniSvnebs rodesac Carlzi qimiam gaitaca, mas TviT skolis direqtorma usayvedura: qimia xels uSlis klasikosTa Seswavlas da WeSmariti jentlmenisTvis Seuferebeliao. maswavleblebi mas lenCad miiCnevdnen; imave azrisa iyo mamamisic rodesac wamoizarda, mTeli guliT Seiyvara jiriTi da nadiroba. am gatacebebs xSirad zedmetad did dros uTmobda – gaurboda saZulvel dazuTxvas da gauTavebel SeniSvnebs erTxel ganrisxebulma mamam miaZaxa: „Tofis srolis, ZaRlebTan TamaSis da virTxebis devnis meti araferi gainteresebs –ase Tavsac moiWri da ojaxsac Searcxven!“

arSemdgari eqimi

gadawyda, rom Carlzs saswrafod unda Seecvala garemo robert darvins undoda, rom isic eqimi gamosuliyo 1825 wels Carlzi medicinis Sesaswavlad SotlandiaSi gaamgzavres. edinburgis universiteti erT-erTi saukeTeso iyo britaneTis imperiaSi, mag41

Carlz darvini

galileo galilei (1564-1642)

isaak niutoni (1643-1727)

nikolai koperniki (1473-1543)

mecniereba

siuzan vejvudi (1803–1866)

ram Carlzs profesorebis Txrobis manera autanlad mosawyenad eCveneboda. man maleve daiwyo leqciebis gacdena – maswavleblebis mosmenas erCivna kiTxva da edinburgis muzeumis mdidari geologiuri, botanikuri da zoologiuri koleqciebis Tvaliereba, zRvis sanapiroze moluskebis da polipebis Segroveba arc anatomia da qirurgia izidavda: edinburgSi gatarebuli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod or operacias daeswro da vercerTs ver gauZlo bolomde (samarTlianobisTvis unda iTqvas, rom gautkivarebis gamogonebamde operacia Zalian rTuli procedura iyo) miuxedavad imisa, rom Carlzi Tavs ar iklavda swavliT, mas edinburgSi bevri ram Semoeswavla swored aq SeiZina Carlzma bunebismetyvelisTvis, anu naturalistisTvis aucilebeli codna da unar-Cvevebi: daeufla geologiis da sazRvao biologiis safuZvlebs, iswavla mcenareebis da cxovelebis amocnoba, gaiazra saxeobaTa klasifikacia, daostatda frinvelebis fitulebis damzadebaSi, eziara lamarkis ideebs evoluciis Sesaxeb Carlzi SeuerTda sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebiT dainteresebul studentebs, romlebic Tavs pliniusis sazogadoebas uwodebdnen pliniuselebi ilaSqrebdnen religiuri koncefciebis mecnierebaSi gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg, maT Sekrebebze imarTeboda mwvave debatebi.

erTi sityviT, Carlz darvini edinburgSi akeTebda yvelafers, medicinis swavlis garda robertma gaacnobiera, rom misi vaJisgan eqimi ar dadgeboda da gamosavalic moifiqra – eklesia. imdroindel inglisSi sasuliero pirebi xSirad naturalistebic iyvnen da bunebis Seswavlas religiur valdebulebad miiCnevdnen: maTi azriT, ufals swadia, rom adamianebma Seicnon misi qmnilebebi, gaacnobieron misi naxelavis mravalferovneba da srulyofileba, es ki cocxali organizmebis Segrovebis da klasifikaciis gziTaa SesaZlebeli mamis gaTvliT, Carlzic aseTi naturalisti pastori (sasuliero piri protestantizmSi) unda gamxdariyo: Tan pativsacem da sarfian saqmes mihyofda xels, Tan `Tavis Wiasac gaaxarebda~. 1828 wels Carlzs kembrijis universitetSi ukres Tavi.

werilic da sixarulic

kembrijSi Carlzi miubrunda Zvel zne-Cveulebebs: nadirobas, jiriTs, xoWoebis Segrovebas xan TavdaviwyebiT mecadineobda da geologiur eqspediciebSi dadioda, xanac TavzexelaRebul studentebTan erTad alkohols eZaleboda. misi kembrijeli maswavleblebi, jon henslou da adam sejuiki (gamoCenili naturalistebi da, amave dros, anglikanuri eklesiis maRali rangis sasuliero pirebi), uryevi kreacionistebi iyvnen: maT swamdaT, rom yvela saxeoba uSualod RmerTis Seqmnilia, rom cocxali organizmebis sirTule da maTi garemosTan srulyofili adaptacia RmerTis arsebobis saukeTeso mtkicebulebebia, rom saxeobebi ucvlelia; erazmusis da lamarkis evoluciur ideebs isini aTeisturad da amoralurad miiCnevdnen maTi gavleniT darvini kembrijSi marTlmorwmune kreacionistad Camoyalibda – is gulwrfelad iziarebda am yvelafers.

1831 wels darvinma warCinebiT daasrula swavla da mzad iyo sasuliero wodebis misaRebad, Tumca soflis mRvdlis

jozaia vejvuds (1730-1795) samarTlianad miiCneven Tanamedrove marketingis erT-erT mamad: man danerga fostiT saqonlis gamowera, Tanxis dabruneba ukmayofilo momxmareblisTvis, ufaso mitanis servisi, „iyide erTi, miiRe meore saCuqrad“ tipis SeTavazebebi

robert darvini (1766-1848)

kariera didad ar izidavda mas tropikebis naxvis da mecnierebaSi wvlilis Setanis dauokebeli survili hqonda da amis gakeTebis Sansi maleve mieca.

erT mSvenier dRes miRebul werilSi kembrijeli profesori henslou swerda, rom gem „biglze“, romelic xangrZliv kvleviT eqspediciaSi miemgzavreboda samxreT amerikis napirebisken, geologisa da naturalistis vakansia iyo britanul flotSi arsebuli xisti socialuri barierebis gamo kapitani ar ekontaqteboda xelqveiTebs, xolo xangrZliv mogzaurobaSi izolacia Zneli gadasatani iyo amitom naturalisti moiazreboda jentlmenad – privilegirebuli klasis warmomadgenlad, kapitnis tol-sworad da kompanion-Tanameinaxed. profesori werda, rom es brwyinvale SesaZlebloba iyo CarlzisTvis – mas xom tropikuli floris da faunis Seswavla mouwevda, koleqciebis Segroveba, geologiuri dakvirvebebis warmoeba! samwuxarod, jentlmeni naturalistis statusi gulisxmobda, rom Carlzs mogzaurobis xarjebi Tavad unda gaewia, risTvisac mamis daxmareba sWirdeboda Tavdapirvelad robert darvini sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda mogzaurobis ideas, magram mogvianebiT gadaifiqra im argumentiT, rom eqspediciaSi Carlzi iswavlida miRebuli

Jan batist lamarki (1744-1829) – frangi naturalisti, evoluciis erT-erTi pirveli mwyobri Teoriis, „lamarkizmis“, fuZemdebeli mis TeoriaSi evoluciis mamoZravebel Zalad saxeldeboda mistikuri „swrafva srulyofisken“. lamarks agreTve swamda, rom organizms SeuZlia sicocxleSi SeZenili niSan-Tviseba memkvidreobiT gadasces. termini „sicocxlis kibe“ misi leqsikonidanaa

codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebas da Svils finansuri daxmareba aRuTqva. Carlzma SeiZina wignebi, SeiaraRda da londonis zoologiuri sazogadoebis wevrebisgan iswavla cxovelebis ConCxebis sworad Senaxvis meTodebi geologiaSi Carlzi maincdamainc Zlieri ar iyo; „biglis“ kapitanma, robert ficroim, Tavad moyvarulma naturalistma, mas aTxova cocxali klasikosis – Carlz laielis „geologiis principebi“. darvini gzaSi srulfasovnad unda daufleboda geologias. „bigli“ inglisidan 1831 wlis miwuruls gaemgzavra.

mogzauroba dedamiwis garSemo

„bigliT“ mogzauroba Cems cxovrebaSi umniSvnelovanesi movlena aRmoCnda da mTeli Cemi kariera gansazRvra“

Carlz darvinis avtobiografia

erazmus darvini (1731–1802)

Tavdapirveli CanafiqriT eqspedicia orwliani unda yofiliyo, magram Carlzi saxlSi xuTi wlis Semdeg dabrunda „biglma“ imogzaura msoflios garSemo: gadakveTa atlantis okeane, Semouara samxreT amerikas, taitis gavliT ewvia avstralias da mxolod amis Semdeg aiRo gezi inglisisken damqancveli mogzauroba mZime fizikur da fsiqologiur gamocdad iqca axalgazrda darvinisTvis patara afrebiani xomaldiT mogzauroba arc ise komfortuli da usafrTxo iyo; arc kapitani robert ficroi gamodga mancdamainc sasiamovno pirovneba – mas mZime xasiaTi da CarlzisTvis miuRebeli Sexedulebebi aRmoaCnda… (braziliaSi Carlzma da ficroim

pliniusi – I saukunis romaeli mwerali, romauli xanis pirveli bunebismetyveli

Carlz darvini

mecniereba

cxared ikamaTes: darvinebi da vejvudebi monaTmflobelobis winaaRmdeg Seurigebeli mebrZolebi iyvnen, kapitani ki – momxre) am yvelafers daemata zRvis daavadeba da mTavari – mZime, dRemde daudgeneli ukurnebeli seni, romelic, savaraudod, Seeyara CileSi, rodesac baRlinjo benCukam (Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa nawili miiCnevs, rom es iyo sxva faqtorebiT garTulebuli Sagasis daavadeba) ukbina. es seni mas sicocxlis bolomde stanjavda. da mainc, yvelafris miuxedavad, Rirda, rasakvirvelia, Rirda! mas mieca Sansi, enaxa braziliis tyeebi, argentinis pampasebi, andebis mrisxane mwvervalebi, Tavbrudamxvevi silamazis landSaftebi, mravalferovani da xSirad sruliad Seuswavleli flora da fauna, gacnoboda cecxlovani miwis da polineziis mkvidrTa cxovrebis wess – ara, Carlzi tyuilad ar natrobda naturalistis am samoTxeSi moxvedras! man warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi yvela sirTules, es SesaZlebloba srulad gamoiyena da samSobloSi aRiarebul, perspeqtiul mecnierad dabrunda

Carlzma kvlevebi jer kidev atlantis okeaneSi daiwyo samogzauro JurnalSi pirveli Canawerebi kunZul santiagos daTvalierebis Semdeg gaCnda. am vulkanur kunZulze, zRvis donidan 12 metris simaRleze, man miakvlia Sav vulkanur qanebs Soris ganlagebul myar TeTr fenas, romelic niJarebisgan Sedgeboda man ivarauda, rom geologiuri TvalsazrisiT arc ise didi xnis win amofrqveulma lavam daadno zRvis fskerze mimofantuli niJarebi, Semdeg ki es Sre amoiwia es dakvirveba adasturebda Carlz laielis Teorias dedamiwis qerqis awev-dawevis Sesaxeb am Teoriis sisworeSi is mogvianebiTac darwmunda, rodesac Ciles 1835 wlis uZlieresi miwisZvris uSualo TviTmxilveli gaxda: miwisZvris Semdeg xmeleTma aiwia daaxloebiT 2 7 metriT (amas adasturebda

is, rom midiebis koloniebi aRmoCnda ufro maRla, vidre wylis done aRwevda moqcevis dros).

xuTwliani eqspediciis ganmavlobaSi darvinma „biglis“ gembanze mxolod 18 Tve dahyo, danarCeni dro ki savele samuSaoebs dauTmo. misi Sromis iaraRebi iyo Tofi, niCabi da kalami – is amzadebda monadirebuli cxovelebis fitulebs, eZebda gadaSenebuli cxovelebis namarx naSTebs da nanaxs guldasmiT aRwerda ubis wignakSi. Segrovebul nimuSebs henslous ugzavnida kembrijSi im portebidan, romlebSic „bigli“ Sedioda

mdidarma da moculobiTma koleqciebma zoologTa da paleontologTa gamorCeuli yuradReba daimsaxura argentinaSi man giganturi ZuZumwovrebis ganamarxebuli Zvlebi ipova. maSindeli geologebis nawili katastrofizms iziarebda: maT miaCndaT, rom yoveli geologiuri epoqa sruldeba bibliuri warRvnis msgavsi globaluri katastrofiT, mTeli organuli samyaros sruli ganadgurebiT, romlis Semdegac RmerTi qmnis axal, gadaSenebulisgan sruliad gansxvavebul saxeobebs. aRmoCenil naSTebSi araferi moaswavebda imas, rom cxovelebi uecarma katastrofam gaanadgura; samagierod, sakmaod naTlad Canda gadaSenebuli gigantebis anatomiuri msgavseba samxreT amerikis dRevandel binadrebTan – WianWvelaWamiebTan, javSnosnebTan, vikuniebTan koncefcia Semoqmedisa, romelic periodulad anadgurebs da qmnis saxeobebs, ufro da ufro absurdulad eCveneboda Carlzs (Tu ufalma erTxel gaanadgura javSnosnis winapari, isev msgavsi, odnav saxecvlili javSnosani raRatom Seqmna?!), magram damakmayofilebeli pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ra iwvevda saxeobaTa warmoSobasa da gadaSenebas, Tavadac ar hqonda (mogvianebiT man am kiTxvas „saidumloTa saidumlo“ uwoda) naTeli mxolod is iyo, rom dedamiwa icvleboda, cvlilebebs ki Zalian didi dro, SesaZ-

axalgazrda Carlz darvini

loa, milionobiT weli sWirdeboda iqneb, saxeobebic icvleba amxela drois ganmavlobaSi? am eretikul azrs kembrijeli profesorebis mowafe jer kidev ar aRiqvamda seriozulad: saxeobebi „stabiluria“, maTi „transmutacia“ SeuZlebelia sxva fiqric ukargavda mosvenebas: RvTismetyvelebis da naturalistebis Tanaxmad, srulyofili, mSvenieri buneba keTilma RmerTma Seqmna, magram Carlzi sikeTis natamalsac ki ver xedavda parazitoidi mxedari krazanis qcevaSi, romelic kvercxebs debs msxverplis –muxluxos sxeulSi, raTa mogvianebiT gamoCekilma matlebma igi Signidan cocxlad gamoxran.

1835 wlis seqtemberSi „bigli“ estumra galapagosis kunZulebs, romlebic ekvadoris napirebTan mdebareobs. arqipelagi egzotikuri fauniT, iguanebiT da giganturi kuebiT iyo ganTqmuli adgilobrivebma Carlzs uambes, rom SeuZliaT baknis mixedviT imis gamocnoba, Tu romeli kunZulida-

naa esa Tu is ku. man Tavad SeniSna, rom kunZulebze mobinadre skvinCebi hgavdnen kontinenturebs, magram ar iyvnen srulad identuri – niskartis formiT gansxvavdebodnen isini, kuebis msgavsad, kunZulebis mixedviTac gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan. aRsaniSnavia, rom darvinma, romelsac jer kidev saxeobebis ucvlelobis swamda, mxolod mogvianebiT gaiazra am dakvirvebebis mniSvneloba

mogzaurobisas gamoiares taiti, axali zelandia, avstralia avstraliis CanTosnebma, gansakuTrebiT ki ixvniskartam, ise gaaoces Carlzi, rom man ubis wignakSi Cawera: „ori sxvadasxva Semoqmedis naxelavs hgavs“. ukana gzaze darvinma daasrula da moawesriga Tavisi Canawerebi, Seadgina Segrovili nimuSebis katalogi da Camoayaliba marjnis kunZulebis warmoqmnis Teoria. naTeli iyo, mTeli darCenili sicocxlis samyofi masaliTa da safiqraliT brundeboda samSobloSi

`biglis~

jon henslou (1796-1861)

adam sejuiki (1785-1873 )

Carlz darvini

mecniereba

samarTlianobisTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela „katastrofisti“ ar cdilobda bunebrivi procesebis axsnas RmerTis CareviT da ar aigivebda saxeobaTa gamanadgurebel kataklizmebs maincdamainc bibliur warRvnasTan; es tendencia britaneli mkvlevrebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli Tavad JorJ kiuvie, „katastrofizmis“ udidesi popularizatori, gaurboda am gaigivebas da cdilobda, am hipoTezuri movlenebisTvis racionaluri mizezebi moeZebna

Magnumopus– mecnieris an xelovanis mTavari, ZiriTadi naSromi.

Magnumopus

„am wignis dawera Cemi cxovrebis mTavari saqme iyo “ Carlz darvinis avtobiografia periodulad henslou kolegebs ukiTxavda amonaridebs darvinis werilebidan. am werilebis da koleqciebis mixedviT, wamyvani mecnierebi Carlzs brwyinvale momavals uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen mas aRaravin sTxovda, soflis mRvdeli gamxdariyo mamam, romelic fuls sarfianad abandebda, aqciebi aCuqa. stabiluri Semosavlis wyaro mas Tavisuflebas aniWebda. Carlzma londonSi daido bina da saqmes Seudga: gamodioda moxsenebebiT, werda statiebs uzarmazari koleqcia aRweras saWiroebda, amisTvis ki specialistTa mTeli armia iyo saWiro. arlzma moipova eqspertebis dasaqiraveblad aucilebeli saxsrebi da msoflios garemo mogzaurobis angariSis weras Seudga s SesaniSnavi mTxrobeli gamodga: Canawerei, romlebsac is xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi oveldRiurad awarmoebda, saxaliso wigad gadaamuSava es wigni saintereso aRmoCnda ara mxolod specialistebisTvis, aramed kiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis swored am anariSis gamoqveynebam aqcia darvini „rokarskvlavad“. misi kariera Tavbrudamxvevi yo: moyvaruli axalgazrda naturalisti, romelic 1831 wels „biglis“ gembanze aRmoCda, 1838 wels londonis geologiuri sazoadoebis Tavmjdomared airCies, erT weliadSi ki inglisis samefo sazogadoebis wevri gaxda

darvinma aRmoaCina siraqlemis axali saxeoba, romelic „darvinis nandus“ saxeliTaa cnobili

amasobaSi, orniTologma jon guldma gaacxada, rom galapagosis binadari skvinCebi ansxvavdebian kunZulebis mixedviT da yoeli maTgani unikaluri saxeobaa TiToeuli saxeoba adaptirebulia Tavis sacxovreel garemosTan: Tu romelime kunZulis binadari skvinCa ikvebeba mozrdili TesliT, mas grZeli, mZlavri niskarti aqvs, xolo sxva kunZulze mcxovreb sxva saxeobis skvinCas, romlis racionic mwerebisgan Sedgeba –wvrili da basri gamodioda, rom geografiulad erTmaneTisgan izolirebul kunZulebze, romlebzec gansxvavebuli bunebrivi pirobebi iyo, axali saxeobebi warmoiSva. 1837 wels Carlzma ubis wignakSi Cawera, rom saxeobebi, SesaZloa, icvleba da erTi gadadis meoreSi. mis qaRaldebSi Cndeba saxeobaTa evoluciuri xis pirveli Canaxati. darvinis imdroindel CanawerebSi amoikiTxavT frazas: „uazrobaa imis mtkiceba, rom erTi cxoveli meoreze maRla dgas“ evolucia ar muSaobs ise, rogorc Zvel evolucionistebs egonaT, es araa wrfivi ganviTareba, „progresi“ dabali formebidan maRlebisken sicocxle, romelic arsebobs uTvalavi formiT, „progresis“ terminebSi ranJireba-

alfred rasel uolesi (1823-1913)

aRsaniSnavia, rom darvinis gardacvalebis Semdeg ema vejvudma meuRlis avtobiografiis pirveli gamocemebi seriozulad daacenzura: misi zewoliT ar gamoqveynda is pasaJebi, sadac darvini werda, rogor aucruvda guli qristianobaze

daxarisxebas ar eqvemdebareba aRmatebulobis sazomi ar arsebobs, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, adamiani futkarze maRla ar dgas, da, miT umetes, aranairi samyaros gvirgvini araa.

ase daiwyo muSaoba „saxeobaTa warmoSobaze“ – kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan wignze, romelmac gavlena moaxdina ara mxolod mecnierebze, RvTismetyvelebsa da filosofosebze, aramed „rigiTi“ adamianebis msoflmxedvelobazec da Tanamedrove evoluciuri biologiis qvakuTxedad iqca.

am wignze darvini 20 weli muSaobda. Carlzi londonsac ki gaerida da sofelSi gadasaxlda, radgan qalaquri cxovrebis wesi, nacnobebis gauTavebeli vizitebiT da sapasuxo stumrobebiT, koncentrirebis saSualebas ar aZlevda man mSvenivrad icoda, rom konservatorebisa da religiuri wreebisgan kritikis qar-cecxli daatydeboda Tavs, amitom gadawyvita, evoluciis rac SeiZleba meti mtkicebuleba Seegrovebina. amisTvis darvini ara mxolod sakuTar Canawerebs iyenebda, man korespondenciis uzarmazari qseli gaaba: mimowera hqonda naturalistebTan, mecxoveleebTan, mebaReebTan – yvelasTan, visac realuri da yoveldRiuri Sexeba hqonda moSeneba-seleqciasTan da SeeZlo, misi codna sakuTari dakvirvebebiT gaemdidrebina swored am kvlevebSi, faqtebis Segrovebasa da monacemebis analizSi gailia 2 aTwleuli. am periodis ganmavlobaSi Carlzma Seqmna ojaxi: colad SeirTo ema (surprise,surprise!) vejvudi – qali, romelic, erTi mxriv, erTguli da mzrunveli meuRle iyo praqtikulad xeibrad qceuli CarlzisTvis, meore mxriv ki – yvelaferSi namdvili drama queen-i, rac Carlzis religiur da mecnierul Sexedulebebs exeboda – mas xom

wminda werili sityva sityviT esmoda maT ramdenime Svili eyolaT, ramdenimec – gardaecvalaT – aseTi iyo viqtorianuli epoqis sazareli statistika aravin icis, kidev ramden xans moandomebda frTxili da TavSekavebuli darvini faqtebis da mtkicebulebebis Segrovebas – ar dagaviwydeT, rom is tipuri ingliseli jentlmeni iyo, soflis aznauri, romelsac ejavreboda eqscentruli saqcieli da, miT umetes, skandalebi. mas surda, rom mtkicebulebaTa zvavSi Caemarxa mowinaaRmdegeebi da potenciuri kritikosebi, magram 1858 wels ubedurebis zarma Camokra

axalgazrda naturalistma alfred rasel uolesma mibaZa darvins, romelsac igi eTayvaneboda, imogzaura samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi da iqauri floris da faunis Seswavlis Semdeg mivida imave daskvnebamde evoluciis da misi meqanizmis Taobaze sakuTar naazrevs man Tavi mouyara darvinisaTvis werilSi, romelic CarlzisTvis Tavzardamcemi aRmoCnda. mas daaswres! darvinma warmoidgina, rom wlebis naSromi wyalSi Caeyara, evoluciis da bunebrivi gadarCenis aRmomCenis dafnis gvirgvini uoless ergeboda, is ki karikaturul figurad Sevidoda istoriaSi sabednierod, alfred uolesi keTilSobili adamiani aRmoCnda, WeSmariti jentlmeni: man icoda, rom darvini aTwleulebis manZilze muSaobda evoluciis Teoriaze, da prioritetze pretenzia arasodes gamouTqvams. megobrebis CareviT kompromisuli gamosavali gamoiZebna: darvinma da uolesma erToblivi naSromi warudgines inglisis mowinave naturalistebs. uolesis gamoCenam darvini aiZula, daeCqarebina wignis gamocema 1859 wels, rogorc iqna, mzis sinaTle ixila epoqalurma naSromma, saxelwodebiT „saxeobaTa warmoSoba“.

ema vejvudi (1839-1882)

Carlz darvini

mecniereba

am naSromSi darvinma evolucia gansazRvra, rogorc „modifikaciiT Camomavloba“: saxeobebi icvleba, droTa ganmavlobaSi warmoiqmneba axali saxeobebi, romelTac saerTo winapari hyavT rogorc vnaxeT, sakuTriv evoluciis idea araxali iyo darvinis epoqaSi – saxeobaTa „transmutaciaze“ lamarkic werda da sxva cnobili mecnierebic; saerTo winaprisgan warmoSobaze TviT darvinis papa erazmusic ki laparakobda aq rom SeCerebuliyo, darvini ver moixveWda biologiis kopernikis saxels amisTvis evoluciis da adaptaciis, saxeobaTa warmoSobis da gadaSenebis meqanizmis axsnac iyo saWiro. amasTanave, axsna unda yofiliyo mecnieruli, anu Tavisufali mistikuri, zebunebrivi da RvTaebrivi faqtorebisgan, „gonieri Semoqmedisgan“, uflis „uxilavi xelisgan“. aseT meqanizmad darvinma SemogvTavaza bunebrivi gadarCeva resursebi bunebaSi SezRuduli raodenobiTaa amis gamo bunebaSi mZvinvarebs brZola arsebobisTvis cocxal organizmTa populaciebSi arsebobs variaciebi – populaciis garkveuli warmomadgenlebi SemTxveviT iZenen Tvisebebs, romlebic am brZolaSi gamarjvebaSi exmarebaT organizmebi im memkvidruli niSan-TvisebebiT, romlebic xels uwyobs gadarCenasa da gamravlebas, datoveben ufro met STamomavlobas, vidre sxvebi Sedegad, gaizrdeba am niSan-Tvisebebis sixSire momaval TaobebSi

1837 wels Carlz darvinis ubis wignakSi gaCnda evoluciis xis pirveli

bunebrivi gadarCeva droTa ganmavlobaSi ubiZgebs populaciebs, adaptirdnen an ufro da ufro ukeT Seeguon sacxovrebel garemos. ase warmoiqmneba axali da qreba araadaptirebuli saxeobebi es sqema arcerT etapze ar saWiroebs gonieri Semoqmedis Carevas gasaocaria, rom darvinis epoqaSi araferi iyo cnobili memkvidreobiTobis bunebis Sesaxeb – genetika xom mogvianebiT Seiqmna, genetikuri informaciisa da misi matareblis, dnm-is, da mutaciebis Sesaxeb ki Carlzis gardacvalebidan aTwleulebis Semdeg gaxda cnobili. darvins SesaSuri siTamame da samecniero intuicia aRmoaCnda.

patriarqis Semodgoma

„roca sabolood davrwmundi, rom saxeobebi cvalebadobis Sedegs warmoadgenen, ukve aRar SemeZlo ar mefiqra, rom adamianic am kanons emorCileboda“

Carlz darvinis avtobiografia

„saxeobaTa warmoSoba“ iTargmna sxvadasxva enaze, is daitaces „rigiTma“ mkiTxvelebmac. mas mohyva naSromi „adamianis warmoSoba“, romelSic darvini mikib-mokibvis gareSe laparakobda adamianis warmoSobaze evoluciasa da bunebriv gadarCevaze kamaTma sazogadoebis yvela fena moicva, radgan darvinis naazrevi amsxvrevda odiTganve damkvidrebul komfortul miTs adamianis gansakuTrebulobis, cxovelebisgan gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb Jurnal-gazeTebSi ib-

1871 wels, „adamianis warmoSobis“ publikaciis Semdeg, gamoqveynebuli karikatura

Canaxati

eWdeboda karikaturebi da damcinavi iumoristuli statiebi, romlebic darvins warmoaCenda adamianis maimunisgan warmoSobis absurduli Teoriis avtorad. sajaro interesis es xSirad gulsatkeni gamovlinebebi WeSmariti popularobis niSnebic iyo: darvinma daafiqra adamianebi sakuTar warmoSobaze, adgilze bunebaSi, imaze, Tu saidan movdivarT, rani varT da saiT mivdivarT.

sajaro debatebSi, romlebic „saxeobaTa warmoSobis“ gamoqveynebis Semdeg gaCaRda, Carlz darvini ar monawileobda – amaSi arc xasiaTi uwyobda xels da arc gauaresebuli janmrTeloba. evoluciis Teorias medgrad icavdnen darvinis „mociqulebi“: inglisSi –biologi Tomas haqsli da botanikosi jozef hukeri, germaniaSi – zoologi ernst hekeli, amerikaSi – eisa grei gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT evoluciuri ideebis dacvasa da gavrcelebaSi gamoirCeoda haqsli, romelsac, xisti poziciis da mware enis gamo, darvinis buldogs uwodebdnen. 1860 wels oqsfordSi gamarTul skandalurad cnobil debatebze man ar daindo episkoposi uilberforsi, romelic adamianis da sxva cxovelebis naTesauri kavSiris mosazrebas esxmoda Tavs. am debatebs farTo rezonansi hqonda. evoluciis Teoria darvinis sicocxleSive aRiares mowinave mecnierebma, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom darvinis sajaro mxardamWerebs Soris iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic upirobod iziarebdnen evoluciis ideas, magram ar eTanxmebodnen, rom misi ganmapirobebeli meqanizmia bunebrivi gadarCeva am gagebiT, darvins „ganudgnen“ misi ZvelTaZveli maswavleblebi da megobreb da sejuiki. maT guli atkines Carl ra gaewyoboda, mecnierebis ganviTarebis jansaRi gza xom zustad aseTia mtkicebulebebsa da Semowmebad T ar iTvaliswinebs emociebs da pir debulebas.

sicocxlis bolo wlebSi mecnierebis udrekma jariskacma – Carlz dar ravi naSromi gamoaqveyna yvela Tu wignis laitmotivi evoluciis bunebrivi gadarCeva iyo, miuxed maTi kvlevis sagani orqideebi i vaSfexianebi, farSevangis, erTi usargeblo, kudi Tu kacobriobis

Carlz darvini – kaci, romel mRvdeli unda gamxdariyo, magram aSi udidesi revoluciis iniciat gardaicvala 1882 wels. ar gagi Tu getyviT, rom is uestminsteri Si asvenia, „adamianTa modgmis ser isaak niutonis gverdiT – Ta Tobi, Tavadac mSveneba

Tomas malTusi – ingliseli ekonomisti, romlis Sromam „narkvevebi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb“ didi gavlena moaxdina darvinze malTusi amtkicebda, rom populaciis gamosakvebad aucilebeli resursebi nela, wrfivad (ariTmetikuli progresiiT) izrdeba, xolo populaciis ricxovnoba – bevrad swrafad (eqsponenciurad, geometriuli progresiiT), rac ganapirobebs bunebaSi da sociumSi daundobel brZolas arsebobisTvis am moazrovnem didi gavlena moaxdina bunebrivi gadarCevis, rogorc evoluciis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalis, ideis Camoyalibebaze

Carlz darvini

SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi

nawili I

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis samecniero disciplinasa da mSvidobisa da konfliqtebis kvlevebis dargSi cneba „konfliqti“ umetes SemTxvevaSi „SeiaraRebul konfliqts“ aRniSnavs. amgvar konfliqtebs mTel msoflioSi yovel wels aTi aTasobiT, zog wels ki asi aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle ewireba marTalia, meore msoflio omis (1939-1945 ww ) Semdeg, wina aTwleulebTan SedarebiT, msoflios masStabiT SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi yovelwliurad daRupuli adamianebis ricxvi Semcirda, XX saukunis meore naxevarSic iyo periodebi, rodesac SeiaraRebuli Zaladobis gamo yovelwliurad naxevar milionze meti adamiani iRupeboda – magaliTad, iseTi movlenebis Sedegad, rogoric iyo koreis omi (1950-1953 ww.), vietnamis omi (1955-1975 ww.), iranerayis omi (1980-1988 ww ), ssrk-avRaneTis omi (1979-1989 ww ), ruandis genocidi (1994 w ), bosniis omi (1992-1995 ww ) da sxva konfliqtebiT gamowveuli msxverplis raodenoba kvlav gaizarda 2010-ian wlebSi siriis samoqalaqo omisa (2011 wlidan) Tu avRaneTsa da eraySi aSS-is samxedro intervenciebis (2001, 2003 ww ) Semdgom mougvarebeli an gaCenili problemebis Sedegad 2015 wlidan SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi daRupuli adamianebis yovelwliurma saerTo raodenobam isev kleba daiwyo da 2020 wels 50 000-sac ki Camoscda, magram, samwuxarod, 2021 wlidan am maCveneblis zrdis tendencia ganaxlda jer eTiopiaSi dawyebuli tigrais omis (2020-2022 ww ), Semdgom ki ruseT-ukrainis omis (2022 wlidan) gamo, romelsac, yvelaze minimaluri SefasebiT, ukve 250 aTasze meti adamiani, rogorc samxedro, ise samoqalaqo piri, emsxverpla amrigad, SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, maT yvelaze mZime formas – omebs – udidesi damangreveli Zala aqvs.

sxvadasxva dargis mecnierebi didi xania cdiloben SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis mizezebis dadgenas, maTi Sedegebis Sefasebas, mogvarebis gzebis Ziebasa da axali sisxlismRvreli dapirispirebebis Tavidan acilebaSi TavianTi wvlilis Setanas, Tumca am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT uamravi gansxvavebuli mosazreba da midgoma arsebobs kacobriobis mware istoriuli gamocdi-

Tornike TurmaniZe

SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi

19462022

lebis miuxedavad, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi, maT Soris saxelmwifoTa Soris omebi, dRemde xdeba. aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris 40 welze met xans mimdinare civi omis (1947-1991 ww.) dasrulebis Semdeg gaCenili imedi, rom msoflio ufro mSvidobiani iqneboda, fuWi gamodga. ruseTis mier 2022 wels ukrainis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli samxedro agresia meore msoflio omis Semdeg evropaSi momxdari yvelaze masStaburi omia aseT viTarebaSi kidev ufro aqtualuria SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis Seswavla da maTi Tanamedrove tendenciebis gaanalizeba

yvela kiTxvas, romelic SeiaraRebul konfliqtebTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba, am statiaSi, cxadia, ver vupasuxebT, magram vcadoT imis garkveva, Tu:

1) ra aris SeiaraRebuli konfliqti?

2) ra tipis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi arsebobs?

3) ra mTavari tendenciebi axasiaTebs Tanamedrove SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs?

statiis pirvel nawilSi konfliqtisa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis cnebebs davaxasiaTebT, statiis meore nawilSi ki SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis tipologiasa da Tanamedrove tendenciebs ganvixilavT.

II msoflio omis dros dabombili berlini

2018

konfliqtebi

ltolvili

ra aris SeiaraRebuli konfliqti?

„SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis“ cnebis gansazRvramde saWiroa, avxsnaT, Tu ras niSnavs cneba „konfliqti“

konfliqti sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da politikis, maT Soris saerTaSoriso politikis, ganuyofeli nawilia konfliqtis warmoSobas ganapirobebs mxareTa SeuTavsebeli miznebi, romelTa misaRwevad mxareebi sityvier da fizikur Zaladobas mimarTaven konfliqtebis safuZvlebi SeiZleba veZeboT adamianis bunebaSi, saxelmwifos wyobasa da saerTaSoriso sistemaSi, anu saerTaSoriso politikur garemoSi, sadac saxelmwifoebi urTierToben konfliqtebis xelSemwyob faqtorebs Sorisaa ekonomikuri da socialuri uTanasworoba, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri, politikuri da sxva saxis diskriminacia, usamarTloba da ZalauflebisTvis brZola rogorc sazogadoebebsa da saxelmwifoebSi, ise maT Soris konfliqtebi xdeba sxvadasxva doneze – pirovnul, erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneebze. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi konfliqtis mxareebad SeiZleba

mogvevlinon calkeuli adamianebi, adamianTa jgufebi, organizaciebi, saxelmwifoebi da saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebebi

mSvidobisa da konfliqtebis kvlevebis dargis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, norvegieli sociologi iohan galtungi konfliqts aRwers, rogorc samkuTxeds, romlis sami aucilebeli komponentia (samkuTxedis wveri):

1) winaaRmdegoba (Contradiction)

2) damokidebuleba (Attitude)

3) qceva (Behavior)

winaaRmdegobaSi igulisxmeba konfliqtis mxareTa interesebisa da miznebis SeuTavsebloba.

damokidebulebaSi – konfliqtis mxareTa mier erTmaneTis uaryofiTad aRqma da erTmaneTis mimarT mtruli grZnobebis gamoxatva

qcevaSi – mxareTa mier erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba, aseve muqara da iZuleba

ungi (1930-2024) – norvegieli sociologi (dab 1930 w ), mSvidobisa da s kvlevebis dargis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, oslos mSvidobis kvlevebis da mSvidobis kvlevebis Jurnalis damaarsebeli. konfliqtebis kvlevebi – socialur mecnierebebSi Semavali interdisrgia, romelic pirovnuli, erovnuli da saerTaSoriso donis konfliqs ikvlevs da maTi mSvidobianad mogvarebis gzebs eZebs

bavSvebi koreis omSi aSS-is sahaero Seteva vietnamis omSi

SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi

konfliqtis, Zaladobisa da mSvidobis galtungiseuli modelebi

galtungis azriT, xiluli dapirispirebis, anu mtruli damokidebulebisa da Zaladobrivi qcevis gareSe, mxolod miznebis winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi, mxareTa Soris arsebobs faruli, anu struqturuli konfliqti, romelic nebismier dros sityvier da fizikur dapirispirebaSi SeiZleba gadaizardos da srulfasovan konfliqtad iqces. aqedan gamomdinare, galtungis Tanaxmad, konfliqti moicavs ara marto pirdapir Zaladobas (Direct Violence) – adamianTa mkvlelobasa da janmrTelobis dazianebas, aramed kulturul Zaladobas (Cultural Violence) – adamianTa mkvlelobisa da janmrTelobis dazianebis gamarTlebas, maT Soris kulturis, ideologiis, religiis, mecnierebis meSveobiT da struqturul Zaladobasac (StructuralViolence) – mxareTa miznebis winaaRmdegobiT gamowveuli socialurpolitikuri viTarebis (magaliTad, Cagvris an siRaribis) gamo adamianebis sikvdilsa da janmrTelobis dazianebas. amitomac konfliqtis mosagvareblad saWiroa ara marto Zaladobrivi qcevis SeCereba, aramed mxareTa mtruli damokidebulebisa da interesTa winaaRmdegobis aRmofxvrac

konfliqtis mogvarebaze msjelobisas galtungi aseve erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs negatiuri mSvidobisa da pozitiuri mSvidobis cnebebs. negatiuri mSvidoba, romelic, saxelwodebis miuxedavad, cudi movlena sulac araa, konfliqtSi pirdapiri Zaladobis SeCerebas niSnavs, xolo pozitiuri mSvidoba, romelic ufro Soreuli mizania, kulturuli Zaladobisa da struqturuli Zaladobis daZlevas gulisxmobs, ris gareSec konfliqtis dasruleba SeuZlebe-

lia pozitiuri mSvidoba samarTlianobasTan asocirdeba da, amrigad, swored is warmoadgens xangrZliv da WeSmarit mSvidobas.

konfliqtis arsisa da struqturis sworad gageba aucilebelia konfliqtis mogvarebis efeqturi strategiis SesamuSaveblad, rac, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, samive mimarTulebiT Zalisxmevas saWiroebs:

cecxlis Sewyvetas, xSir SemTxvevaSi samSvidobo Zalebis daxmarebiT.

diplomatiuri molaparakebebis Sedegad mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebis miRwevasa da siZulvilis gamoxatvaze uaris Tqmas.

konfliqtis mxareTa Serigebasa da, samarTlianobis principis safuZvelze, iseTi pirobebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic Zaladobis ganmeorebis risks minimumamde daiyvans

iraneli mebrZoli bavSvi iran-erayis omSi avRaneli mebrZolebi ssrk-avRaneTis omSi

konfliqti dinamikuri procesia, romelic SeiZleba gamwvavdes an Sesustdes, anu moxdes misi eskalacia an deeskalacia rogorc wesi, konfliqti iwyeba ama Tu im sakiTxze uTanxmoebiT, romelic interesTa dapirispirebaSi gadadis. Semdgom viTardeba polarizacia, anu yalibdebian antagonisturad ganwyobili mxareebi, riTac konfliqti aSkara xdeba. amas mohyveba pirdapiri Zaladoba, xolo konfliqtis kulminacia aris omi konfliqtis mosagvareblad ki saWiroa jer mxareTa Soris saomari moqmedebebis SeCereba – cecxlis Sewyveta, Semdgom politikuri kompromisis miRweva da samSvidobo SeTanxmebis dadeba, rasac Tan unda sdevdes am SeTanxmebis safuZvelze urTierTobebis normalizacia, anu ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli kavSirebis aRdgena, xolo saboloo etapi mxareTa Serigeba, anu uTanxmoebis daZleva da travmebis moSuSebaa rodesac konfliqtis mxareTa Soris saomari moqmedebebi SeCerebulia, magram cecxlis Sewyvetis an samSvidobo SeTanxmeba mxareTa interesebs ar akmayofilebs, konfliqti „gayinulia“ da man nebismier momentSi axali ZaliT SeiZleba ifeTqos

:,

aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom konfliqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc simetriuli, rodesac met-naklebad erTnairi Zalis mqone mxareebi upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, ise asimetriuli, rodesac erTi mxare Zlieria, meore ki – susti (magaliTad, umravlesoba da umciresoba, xelisufleba da opozicia, didi/Zlieri saxelmwifo da patara/susti saxelmwifo da a. S ). simetriuli konfliqtebis mogvareba, mxareTa uflebebisa da interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ufro advilia xolme, vidre asimetriuli konfliqtebis, romlebic, rogorc wesi, Zlieris sustze gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba da amitom maTi mSvidobianad dasruleba ufro metad SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu procesSi mesame mxare CaerTveba, susts dauWers mxars da Zliers gaawonasworebs

axla ki uSualod SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis daxasiaTebaze gadavideT. erT-erTi gavrcelebuli ganmartebiT, SeiaraRebuli konfliqti aris mxareTa miznebis winaaRmdegobiT gamowveuli iseTi Zaladobrivi dapirispireba, romelSic mxareebi – saxelmwifoebi an arasaxelmwifo moqmedi pirebi – erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg iaraRs iyeneben, ris Sedegadac wlis ganmavlobaSi, sul

rusuli aviaciis mier dabombili qalaqi gori, 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omi

mcire, 25 adamiani iRupeba kidev erTi ganmartebiT, SeiaraRebuli konfliqti esaa SeuTavsebeli miznebis mqone, regularul an araregularul SeiaraRebul jgufebs Soris dapirispireba, romelic wlis ganmavlobaSi, sul mcire, 100 adamianis Zaladobriv sikvdils iwvevs.

rogorc vxedavT, sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizacia da kvleviTi instituti msxverplis gansxvavebul minimalur zRvars awesebs ama Tu im dapirispirebis SeiaraRebul konfliqtad mosaxsenieblad, agreTve gansxvavebul midgomebs iyenebs SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis intensivobis gasazomadac, magaliTad:

omad miiCneven xolme iseT SeiaraRebul konfliqts, romelsac weliwadSi 10 000 an meti adamiani ewireba

maRali intensivobis SeiaraRebul konfliqtad – romlis msxverplic weliwadSi 1000-dan 10 000-mde adamiania.

xolo dabali intensivobis SeiaraRebul konfliqtad – romlis gamoc weliwadSi 25-dan 1000 adamianamde iRupeba.

,2022

am midgomis mixedviT, romelsac stokholmis mSvidobis kvlevebis saerTaSoriso instituti iyenebs, 2022 wels omebi mimdinareobda ukrainis, mianmaris, nigeriisa da eTiopiis teritoriebze, Tumca saomari zonebidan zusti monacemebis mopovebis sirTulis gamo, SesaZloa sinamdvileSi ramdenime sxva maRali intensivobis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtic Seesabamebodes omis kategorias 2023 wels am ricxvs israel-hamasis omi daemata, romlis msxverplmac sul raRac xuT TveSi 31 000 adamians gadaaWarba

ganadgurebuli buCa, ruseT-ukrainis omi

hamasis saraketo Tavdasxma da israelis rkinis gumbaTi

SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi

rogor gaaqro ruseTma „GEORGIA“ Zveli evropuli rukebidan

sulxan salaZe

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi evropul kartografiaSi araerTi ruka Seiqmna, romelTa nawilic saqarTvelos istoriisTvis fasdaudebelia Cveni ambis mTavari saTqmelic evropul rukebs ukavSirdeba – is, Tu sad xedavdnen evropeli kartografebi saqarTvelos, rogor da ra saxelwodebebiT aRniSnavdnen Cvens qveyanas da drosTan erTad rogor icvleboda es aRniSvnebi evropul rukebze, dawyebuli Zveli kolxeTidan, saqarTvelos yvelaze popularuli ucxouri saxelwodebis – „GEORGIA“-s aRniSvnis gaqrobamde qvemoT moTxrobili ambebi erTgvari mogzaurobaa evropuli kartografiis istoriaSi, romlis mTavari gmiric Zvel evropul rukebze gamosaxuli Cveni samSobloa.

saqarTveloze saubris dawyebamde mokled unda vTqvaT, rom evropulma kartografiam ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi gaiara. am TvalsazrisiT, pirvel rigSi, Zveli berZnuli da romauli rukebi unda vaxsenoT, Semdgom – qristianobis droindeli mappamundis, e.w. enciklopediuri Sinaarsis rukebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad, monastrebSi iqmneboda rogorc wesi, did yuradRebas imsaxurebs praqtikuli mniSvnelobis mqone portolanebi, anu sazRvao daniSnulebis rukebi, rasac qronologiurad Zveli geografiuli codnis Tavidan aRmoCena da namdvili evropuli kartografiis dabadeba mohyva calke unda iTqvas XIX saukunis evropul kartografiaze, sadac evropuli kartografiuli skolebi erTmaneTze ukeTes, daxvewil rukebs qmnidnen, Tumca swored XIX saukuneSi ganviTarebul movlenebs ukavSirdeba evropuli rukebidan etapobrivad saqarTvelos, ufro zustad Tu vityviT, `GEORGIA~-s, rogorc qveynis, gaqroba

Zveli berZnuli da romauli rukebi, originalis saxiT, Cvenamde ar aris moRweuli. aslis saxiT SemorCenilia XII saukuneSi gadaxatuli romis imperiis sagzao ruka, saxelwodebiT „poitingeris tabula“, romelic venaSi, avstriis erovnul biblioTekaSi, inaxeba poitingeris tabulaze, gzebTan erTad, saqarTvelos araerTi qalaqi da dasaxlebuli punqtia aRniSnuli vxvdebiT warweras „COLCHI“ , anu kolxeTi.

gerard merkatori (1512- 1594), „ASIAEIIITABIII“, duisburgi, 1578 sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, Zvel berZnu ar mouRweviaT. amis miuxedavad, XV saukunis me dasavleT evropis qalaqebSi araerTi ruka Seiqmna, romelzec qristianobamdeli samyaroa gamosaxuli saqme is aris, rom XV saukunis, renesansis periodis evropaSi evropelma swavlulebma Tavidan aRmoaCines geografiis mamad wodebuli Zveli berZeni moazrovnis, ptolemaiosis „geografia“ Sesabamisad, ptolemaiosis geografiis daxmarebiT, Zveli samyaros erTmaneTze uke-

Tesi rukebi Seqmnes. nikolaus ogermanusis, martin valdsmiuleris, miSel servetis, sebastian miunsteris, jakomo gastaldis, gerard merkatoris Tu sxvebis mier ptolemaiosis geografiis safuZvelze Seqmnil rukebze yvelgan SeiZleba saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli aRniSvnebis naxva, saxelwodebebiT – „Colchis“ (kolxeTi) da „Iberia“ (iberia)

kolxeTis naxva SeiZleba mapa mundis tipis Sua saukuneebis qristianuli evropis rukebze imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am kategoriis rukebi ZiriTadad enciklopediuri xasiaTis cnobebs aerTianebda da monastrebSi iqmneboda, centrSi ierusalimia, xolo samyaro simbolurad qristes sxeulzea gamosaxuli amasTan, arcTu iSviaTad am rukebze daxatul Zvel samyarosac vxdebiT am mxriv, udavod gamorCeulia daaxloebiT 1235 wels germaniaSi, efsdorfis monasterSi, Seqmnili ruka, romelze datanil 1200-ze met minawersa da naxats Soris Zveli kolxeTicaa daxatuli ufro zustad Tu vityviT, masze oqros sawmisis, aietis, iasonisa da misi Tanmxlebi argonavtebis gamosaxulebebia es ruka II msoflio omis dros ganadgurda, magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arsebobda detaluri fotoasli, mogvianebiT xelaxla Seqmnes

sazRvao daniSnulebis, portolanis tipis rukebi CvenTvis bevri TvalsazrisiT aris saintereso swored portolanze, 1339 wels anjelo dulcertis mier Seqmnil rukaze, vxvdebiT Tbilisisa da soxumis Tavze aRmarTul xuTjvrian droSebs – saqarTvelos dRevandeli saxelmwifo droSis winamorbeds Tumca, amjerad Cveni ZiriTadi interesis sagans

ptolemaiosi (87-165)

GEORGIA Zvel evropul rukebzeO

efsdorfis mapa mundi, daaxloebiT 1235 weli, germania

detali efsdorfis mapa mundidan, sadac gamosaxulia scena Zveli kolxeTis cxovrebidan oqros sawmisi, mefe aieti, iasoni da argonavtebi

sul sxva, 1321 wels genueli kartografis, pietro veskontes mier Seqmnili portolani warmoadgens. diax, evropuli kartografiis istoriaSi saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli sityva „Georgia“ pirvelad pietro veskontem daitana rukaze

Tu veskontes rukas kargad davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom „Georgia“-s aRniSvnis miuxedavad, Colcia, anu kolxeTi, arsad gamqrala. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi evropeli kartografebi qmnidnen rukebs, sadac rukaze erTdroulad SeiZleboda saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli iseTi aRniSvnebis naxva, rogoricaa: kolxeTi, iberia da saqarTvelo. amis erT-erT yvelaze cxad magaliTs 1720 wels niurnbergSi iohan batist homanis mier gamocemuli ruka warmoadgens, sadac saqarTvelos saerTo aRmniSvnel sityvad gamoyenebulia mTavruliT Sesrulebuli GEORGIA. paralelurad, dasavleT saqarTvelos adevs vertikaluri warwera COLCHIS (kolxeTi), aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ki horizontaluri warwera – IBERIA (iberia)

im mraval evropul rukaTa Soris, sadac saqarTvelos aRsaniSnavad „GEORGIA“ aris gamoyenebuli, arsebobs rukebi, sadac GEORGIA ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed bevrad did teritorias, TiTqmis mTel Cvens regions aRniSnavs – Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde da kavkasionis mTaTa sistemis CrdiloeTis nawilis CaTvliT evropul kartografiaSi aseTi rukebi jer kidev XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi gvxvdeba, gansakuTrebul popularobas ki XVII saukuneSi aRwevs sailustraciod SegviZlia 1692 wels iohan ulrix miuleris mier, ulmSi gamoce-

muli miniatiuruli ruka moviSvelioT, sadac rukis saxelwodeba „Georgia“ mTel regions moicavs, Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde

ufro metic, saqarTvelos saxelTan dakavSirebuli iseTi evropuli rukac arsebobs, romlis saxelwodebacaa „GEORGIE“, magram Tavad „GEORGIE“ rukaze arsad weria amis nimuSia XVII saukunis meore naxevris frangi kartografis, pier diu valis ruka. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, sakuTriv saqarTvelos rukaze ori aRniSvna – „Mingrelie“ (dasavleTi saqarTvelo) da „Gurgistan“ (aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo) ukavSirdeba.

detali pietro veskontes rukidan, sadac aRniSnulia „Georgia“

pier diu valis ruka 1670 wels parizSi daibeWda da marcxena, qveda kuTxeSi, CarCoSi, iolad ipoviT warweras „GEORGIE“, rac „GEORGIA“-s franguli versiaa. franguli da germanuli rukebis gverdiT am saxelwodebiani rukebis damowmeba imave periodis ingliseli kartografis jon seleris Semoqmedebidanac SeiZleba.

XIX saukunemde Seqmnil evropul rukebze saqarTvelos dasaxelebaze saubrisas mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes 1775 wels veneciaSi dabeWdili „CARTE DE LA GEORGIE“, romlis Tavdapirveli, 1766 wlis parizuli versiis avtoric Jozef nikola delilia, xolo veneciuri gamocema paolo santinim moamzada. rogorc parizuli, ise veneciuri gamocemebi vaxuSti batoniSvilis saqarTvelos samefos rukis mixedviT aris Seqmnili

Zvel evropul rukebze saqarTvelos saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa: Colchis (kolxeTi), Iberia (iberia), Georgia (saqarTvelo) da Gurgistan (saqarTvelo) XIX saukunis dadgomasTan erTad TandaTan sul ufro iSviaTi xdeba sanacvlod, evropaSi iqmneba rukebi, sadac Cveni regionis erTiani aRniSvnis mizniT gamoyenebulia termini „CAUCASUS“, „CAUCASE“ an „KAUKASUS“, imis mixedviT, Tu sad ibeWdeba ruka – britaneTSi, safrangeTSi Tu germaniaSi evropul rukebze, Cveni regionis

fragmenti

iohan batist homani „sparseTis samefo“, niurnbergi, 1720 sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

pietro veskontes portolani, 1321

iohan batist homani (1664-1724)

iohan batist homanis rukidan

GEORGIA Zvel evropul rukebzeO

saqarTvelo

iohan ulrix miuleri, „Georgia“, ulmi, 1692 sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

aRsaniSnad toponim kavkasiis masobrivad gamoyeneba qronologiurad ruseTis imperiis mier regionis srul dapyrobas ukavSirdeba

sayuradReboa, rom ruseTis mier Cveni regionis dapyrobamde evropul rukebze termin kavkasias ZiriTadad ori mizniT iyenebdnen. kerZod, XVI saukunis evropuli rukebis mcire nawilze am saxeliT moxseniebulia Savi zRvis erT-erTi lokaluri saxelwodeba kolxeTis sanapiro zolis gayolebaze, afxazeTidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. ufro xSirad ki XVI-XVIII saukuneebis evropul rukebze termin kavkasiis gamoyeneba kavkasionis mTaTa sistemas ukavSirdeba da ara – regionis saerTo saxeliT aRniSvnas erT-erTi pirveli, vinc XIX saukunis evropaSi termini kavkasia mTeli regionis aRsa-

pier diu vali, „GEORGIE“, parizi, 1670 sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

niSnad gamoiyena, germaneli kartografi iohan kristof maTias raineke iyo, romelmac 1804 wels vaimarSi gamocemul Cveni regionis amsaxvel rukas kavkasia uwoda. marTalia, uSualod rukaze aseve vxvdebiT warweras „GEORGIEN“, magram calsaxaa, rom am minaweris qveS mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, uwinares yovlisa, qarTli da kaxeTi moiazreba da ara – mTeli qveyana saqarTvelo

evropuli rukebidan „GEORGIA“-s, rogorc qveynis, aRniSvnis gaqrobis procesi daCqarda ruseT-TurqeTis 1828-1829 wlebis omis Semdeg. kavkasiis frontze mopovebuli warmatebis fonze, regionis didi nawili ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca Sedegad, evropul kartografiaSi gamoCnda rukebi, saidanac araTu qveyana „GEORGIA“, aramed zogadad toponimi „GEORGIA“-c ki gamqralia amis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTi 1847 wels glogauSi karl flemingis mier gamocemuli kavkasiis rukaa miuxedavad imisa, rom didi formatis ruka detalurad asaxavs mTel regions, rukaze ver naxavT saqarTvelos germanulenovan aRniSvnas „GEORGIEN“

1861 wels edinburgSi gamocemul aleqsandr keit jonstonis rukaze, saxelwodebiT „TurqeTi aziaSi, mcire azia da transkavkasia“, mTeli Cveni regionis aRsaniSnad gamoyenebulia termini „TRANSCAUCASIA“. amave rukaze, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gayolebaze, gvxdeba mTavruliT Sesrulebuli warwera „TIFLIS“, rac Tbilisis guberniis aRniSvnas ukavSirdeba. rukaze datovebuli warwera „GEORGIA“ ufro simboluri mniSvnelobisaa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zvel saerTo aRniSvnas ukavSirdeba

pier diu vali (1619-1683)

aleqsandr keit jonstoni, „TurkeyinAsia, AsiaMinor,andTranscaucasia“, edinburgi, 1861 sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

edinburgSi jonstonis rukis gamocemidan eqvsi wlis Tavze germaniaSi, qalaq goTaSi, daibeWda adolf Stileris ruka, saxelwodebiT „aRmosavleT evropa 6, ruseTi kavkasiaSi“ am rukaze, Tbilisis guberniis aRniSvnis gverdiT, vxedavT quTaisis guberniis aRniSvnasac, rukaze datanilia msxvili mTavruli SriftiT „KUTAIS“. Stileris es ruka, sazRvrebis cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, momdevno wlebSic araerTxel daibeWda evropaSi

XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan kidev ufro cxadad Cans „GEORGIA“-s, rogorc qveynis aRmniSvneli saxelwodebis gaqroba evropeli kartografebis qmnilebebidan. Cndeba rukebi, sadac mTeli Cveni regionis ruka erTi saxeliT – „RUSSIA“-Ti aris aRniSnuli. zog rukaze SemorCenili aRniSvna „GEORGIA“, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aRniSnavs, rasac xSirad axlavs axali realobis aRmniSvneli saxelwodeba „GRUZIA“.

karl flemingi, „KartevomKaukasus“ , glogau, 1847 sulxan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

adolf Stileri, „Ost-EuropaNo 6 Sud-Russland&Kaukasien“, goTa, 1867 suxlan salaZis kerZo koleqcia

ruseTis imperiis mier dapyrobili saqarTvelos suraTis naxva SeiZleba rihard andrees 1900 wlis, eduard stenfordis 1901 wlis, adolf Stileris 1904 da jorj filipis 1910 wlebis rukebis gamocemebze. es mxolod mciredi CamonaTvalia im evropuli rukebisa, saidanac „GEORGIA“, rogorc qveyana, gamqralia ruseTis imperiis mier XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelos nawil-nawil aneqsiisa da mierTebis Semdeg ruseTi erTaderTi saxelmwifo gaxda evropuli kartografiis istoriaSi, romelmac evropuli rukebidan saqarTvelo, rogorc qveyana, gaaqro. es realoba Seicvala 1918 wels, rodesac saqarTvelom dakarguli damoukidebloba aRidgina, Tumca 1921 wels, wiTeli ruseTis mier saqarTvelos morigi okupaciis Semdeg, „GEORGIA“, rogorc qveyana, isev gaqra evropuli rukebidan

aleqsandr keit jonstoni (1804-1871 )

GEORGIA Zvel evropul rukebzeO

musika

pirvelyofili „basianze“

warmoidgineT, rom uZvelesi adamiani, romelic ramdenime aTeuli aTasi wlis win cxovrobda, uceb, raRac manqanebiT, 2023 wlis TbilisSi aRmoCnda – gavrcelebuli siuJetia samecniero fantastikur filmebsa Tu wignebSi rogor moxda es, mniSvneloba ara aqvs – iqneb mexi daeca an rame ucnauri kristali aloka mTavaria, rom – hop! erTi wamis win tyeSi sanadirod iyo gasuli, axla ki „dinamos“ stadionis maxloblad dgas da gaocebuli iyureba aqeT-iqiT

warmoidgineT, rogori ucxo moeCveneba yvelaferi. egoneba, TiTqos sul sxva planetaze moxvdao amdeni adamiani erTad arasodes unaxavs korpusebi manqanebi, sareklamo bilbordebi ra vici! bankebi am yvelafris verc funqcias xvdeba da verc daniSnulebas dedamiwa am 30-40 aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi sul sxvanairi gaxda TiTqos araferia nacnobi misi samyarodan aRaraferi darCa

magram, ai, erT adgils ki, mgoni, maSinve icnobda. mixvdeboda, rac xdeba. Ramis klubSi, sadac eleqtronuli musikis bum-bum-bum gaismis, sibneleSi ki adamianebi ritmulad irxevian, Tavs TiTqos saxlSi igrZnobda.

Ramis klubebi saqarTveloSi bevrisaTvis jerac axali xilia – am tipis Tanamedrove dawesebulebebi xom CvenTan mxolod am saukuneSi gaCnda. arc eleqtronuli sacekvao musika iTvlis did istorias – 50 wlisaa, metis ki ara.

magram, ai, sibneleSi monotonur ritmze cekva uZvelesze uZvelesi ramaa adamianebis pirveli musika swored es iyo – ritms taSi qmnida an qvaze Semortymuli qva, melodias ki erTgvari fleita gamoscemda, romelsac daTvis Zvlisgan an rame msgavsisgan akeTebdnen

niko nergaZe

preistoriidan dRemde adamianebi Zalian SevicvaleT – wera-kiTxva viswavleT, Tavs SampuniT vibanT, mTvareze viyaviT, fexburTis msoflio Cempionatebs vawyobT, tiktoks vskrolavT erTi ram ki ucvleli dagvrCa da, savaraudod, mudam Tan gagvyveba –drodadro ritmul musikaze rxeva gvWirdeba adre amas gamoqvabulSi vakeTebdiT, axla ki – klubSi. adre xmas kedlebis eqo aZlierebda, axla ki – superTanamedrove audiosistema gvaqvs. Tumca, arsi didad ar Secvlila.

cotaTi axlac pirvelyofilebi varT

rodesac musikas „kompiuteri akeTebs“

eleqtronul musikas saqmeSi Cauxedavi xalxi xSirad zemodan uyurebs xolme, radgan misi Seqmnis process metismetad iolad miiCnevs. marTlac, TiTqos magas ra unda?! instrumentis flobac ki ar mogeTxoveba –mTel saqmes kompiuteri akeTebs! es xom yvelas SeuZlia?

arada, modi, ase SevxedoT saqmes – nebismier instrumentzec yvelas SeuZlia dakvra. Cvils SeuZlia dolzec abraxunos, gitaris simebsac Camohkras da pianinos klaviSebsac daaWiros sayvareli, buTquCa TiTebi. sasiamovno mosasmeni ar iqneba (rogorc yvela mSobeli damerwmuneba), magram raRac bgerebs ki gamoscems. ai, kargad dakvra ki gacilebiT rTuli saqmea, romelic wlobiT praqtikas da Sromas moiTxovs

„kompiuterze dakvrac“ egeTi saqmea. nebismiers SeuZlia martivi ritmi da melodia aawyos, amisTvis kompiuteric ki aRar aris saWiro – umetesobas jibeSi telefoni gvidevs, romelsac uamravi aplikacia aqvs martivi an ufro rTuli musikis dasawerad.

eleqtronuli musika

Tumca, Cvilis mier dolze dakvrisa ar iyos, arc es aris kargi mosasmeni ram – eleqtronuli musikis kargad keTebasac sWirdeba codna, gemovneba da praqtika gansxvaveba isaa, rom kompiuterze iolia Seqmna iseTi ram, rac erTi SexedviT normalur musikas hgavs, sinamdvileSi ki, ar varga maS, riT asxvaveben, ra aris kargi da ra aris cudi eleqtronul musikaSi? amisaTvis jer is vTqvaT, Tu saerTod ra aris es eleqtronuli musika da riT gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi, araeleqtronulisgan?

ra aris eleqtronuli musika?

TiTqos martivi SekiTxvaa, magram damakmayofilebeli pasuxi amaze aravis aqvs. pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom Tanamedrove musika TiTqmis mTlianad eleqtronulia.

ai, weren: nebismieri xma, warmoebuli eleqtronuli signalis mier, SeiZleba klasificirebul iqnes rogorc eleqtronulio. Tumca, es gansazRvreba imdenad zogadia, rom araferSi gvexmareba. amgvarad Tu mivudgebiT, qarTuli xalxuri musikis ansambli, romelic Conguris an diplipitosaTvis xmis gamaZlierebels iyenebs, eleqtronuli musika gamodis.

arada, cxadia, rom eleqtronul musikaSi arc xalxuri simReris ansambls vgulisxmobT da arc metal-bends, sadac grZelTmiani moRuSuli kaci eleqtrogitaras ebrZvis.

ufro viwro gansazRvreba iqneba, rom eleqtronulad miviCnioT musika, romelic specifikuri mowyobilobebis meSveobiTaa Seqmnili, magaliTad, sempleris (eleqtronuli musikaluri instrumentia, romelic winaswar Caweril xmebs ukravs), sinTezatoris (mowyobiloba, romelic audiosignals gamoscems da amuSavebs) an cifruli audio samuSao sadguris (inglisurad DAW–Digital AudioWorkstation ewodeba. esaa kompiuteruli programa, romelsac musikis Cawera, damuSaveba, montaJi da kidev uamravi ram SeuZlia).

es cota gvimartivebs saqmes, magram –arc bolomde. saqme isaa, rom am xelsawyoebs dRes yvela Janrisa da mimarTulebis musikosebi iyeneben. hip-hopSi, popSi, rokSi Tu jazSi sinTezatorzec ukraven da xmasac Semdeg kompiuterSi amontaJeben.

yovelTvisac ase iyo erT-erTi pirveli didi jgufi, romelic simReris Cawerisas sempls (winaswar Cawerili musikis monak-

veTs, romelsac sxva simReraSi svamen es teqnika farTod gamoiyeneba hip-hopsa da sacekvao eleqtronul musikaSi) iyenebda, „biTlzi“ iyo sinTezatorebi jer jazmenebma aiTvises, Semdeg ki – sxvadasxva simZimis rokjgufebmac, „ramStaini“ iqneboda es Tu Europe (xom gaxsovT The Final Countdown? para-ram pam, pararampampam )

kidev erTi sirTule davamatoT da gveyofa – am yvelafers isic erTvis, rom e w sufTad eleqtronuli, sacekvao musikis Semsruleblebic xSirad mxolod kompiuteris Seqmnili bgerebis imedad ar arian zogma SeiZleba sakuTari xma Caweros, daamuSaos da melodiad aqcios, an karis daxurvis xma gamoiyenos ritmad, an fonad kompozicias qaris xma daados

eleqtronuli musikis arss zustad ver gansazRvrav ufro iseTi ramaa, rom moismen da mixvdebi, rom egaa

ra sargeblobas gvaZlevs kompiuteri musikaSi?

ai, im Tavdapirvel mtkicebas rom movubrundeT, TiTqos kompiuteris meSveobiT musikis Seqmna ufro iolia. sinamdvileSi, Tav-

THE BEATLES

dapirvelad eleqtronuli mowyobilobebis gamoyeneba musikaSi im mizeziT ki ar daiwyes, saqme rom gaemartivebinaT, aramed imitom, rom sasurveli bgeris an xmovani efeqtis misaRebad akustikuri instrumentebi da manamde arsebuli xerxebi ar hyofnidaT.

musikaSi eleqtronikis gamoyenebis istoriiT Tavs ar SegawyenT. aq arc Musique concrète-is Seqmnis detalebi gvWirdeba da arc karl-hainc Stokhauzenis Semoqmedebis Taviseburebebis aRwera. Tumca, eleqtronuli musikis Seqmnis Zalian zogadi istoria

ukeT dagvanaxebs, Tu ra aris misi xibli, risTvis Seiqmna da ratom gavrcelda ase sayovelTaod

eleqtronulad generirebul xmebs Tavdapirvelad ufro avangardisti, klasikuri musikis kompozitorebi iyenebdnen xolme, romlebsac axali bgerebi da SesaZleblobebi izidavdaT amgvari xmebis xibli nawilobriv swored maTi xelovnuri, arabunebrivi JReradobaa, romelic musikoss xasiaTis Tu ganwyobis Seqmnis axlebur xerxebs sTavazobs

TiTqos paradoqsulia, magram am sinTezur bgerebs sruliad sapirispiro funqciac hqondaT – yoveldRiuri xmebis musikaSi gadatana adamianebis umetesoba karga xania, rac tyesa da mindvrebSi aRar vatarebT dros Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis xSirad bunebrivi swored metalis RrWialis, jaxunisa da braxunis smenaa zogi musikosisTvis ki mTavari amgvari yoveldRiurobis asaxva da musikad qceva gaxda maTTvis STagoneba SeiZleba Citebis WikWiki ki ara, qarxnis agregatebis guguni yofiliyo

amasTan, musikis eleqtronulad damuSavebis xibli mxolod sinTezatoris bgerebis gamoyeneba ar yofila aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo sasurveli JReradobis misaRwevad xmis damuSavebis axali xerxebis gamoZebna gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani am mxriv musikis firze Caweris teqnologia gaxda – firze Cawerili xma SegiZlia aaswrafo, Seanelo, daCexo, gadaabruno, gadmoabruno da bolos zustad im JReradobas miaRwio, romelic warmogedgina

an, vinZlo, piriqiT, damuSavebis Sedegad siaxle aRmoeCinaT Semoqmedeba xom ucnauri ramaa – xan detalurad ici, risi Tqma ginda, sxva dros ki saTqmeli muSaobis procesSi Cndeba

axla magnitur firebs cota Tu ewvaleba – saqmes mTlianad kompiuteri akeTebs, Tumca, principi igive darCa.

cekvas rodis daviwyebT?

ki, batono! movida dro, sacekvao eleqtronul musikazec gadavideT – „eleqtronuli musikis“ xsenebaze umetesobas xom swored saklubo musika axsendeba da ara – wina saukunis dasawyisis avangardisti klasikosi kompozitorebi

am mimdinareobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvarad moixsenieben xolme amerikaSi (Electronic Dance Music) hqvia, britaneTSi ufro xSirad „eleqtronikas“ eZaxdnen mimdinareoba-meTqi, magram ufro zogadi terminia, qolgaa, romlis qveSac uamravi, uTvalavi, Zalian bevri Janri da qveJanria gaerTianebuli magaliTad, arsebobs teqno, hausi, transi, dram en beisi an eleqtro Sem-

deg TiToeul maTgans aqvs qvemimdinareobebi – detroit teqno, minimal teqno, hardkor teqno da kidev bevri, romelTa Soris gansxvavebebis da msgavsebebis dadgena gamocdil reiverebsac ki gauWirdebaT

Cven ki SegviZlia es bevri sxvadasxva stili uxeSad or did nawilad davyoT: klubSi, cekvis dros mosasmeni musika da saxlSi, savarZelSi, yursasmenebiT mosasmeni musika (erTi wamiT daviviwyoT, rom eleqtronikas manqanaSic usmenen da plaJzec dayofis ZiriTadi principi mainc didwilad sworia ) orives erTi ram aerTianebs – rogorc wesi, simReris struqtura – strofi da misamReri – ar gaaCnia vokalic ufro xSirad an ar aris, an instrumentis rols ufro asrulebs, vidre teqstis mTxroblis orivegan melodiaze mTavari SeiZleba iyos atmosfero, Jeradoba

gansxvaveba ufro funqciasa da daniSnulebaSia „yursasmenebis musikas“ sacekvao ritmi naklebad aqvs, ufro SeiZleba damamSvidebeli an damafiqrebeli JReradoba hqondes xSiradaa, rom gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ar iTxovs – Tu CauRrmavdebi, sa-

kuTar TavSi gamogzaurebs, Tu arada – fonSi gadava da swavlaSi an muSaobaSi dagexmareba

saklubo musikisaTvis ki mniSvnelovania ganmeorebadi, monotonuri ritmi, romelic garkveuli drois Semdeg msmenels erTgvar transSi agdebs aq, rogorc wesi, vokals naklebad iyeneben xolme, rac yvelas SesaZleblobas aZlevs musikaSi Tavisi azri Cados, sakuTari ambavi moyves am musikas Tavisi ritmi, ganviTareba da logika aqvs, romelic, rogorc wesi, ramdenime kompozicias gahyveba xolme – aq erTi konkretuli nawarmoebi ki ar aris mniSvnelovani, aramed ramdenimes erToblioba

aseT musikas zogjer arc melodia axlavs da arc harmonia – mTavari ritmia pirvelad rom usmen, SeiZleba rTuli dasafasebeli iyos me, ai, aseT rames magonebs: manqanaSi rom zixar da fanjridan landSafts uyureb tvini Tan gaTiSuli gaqvs, Tan ki aTas rameze fiqrob garemoc erTnairia, magram mudam icvleba uceb SeiZleba gamofxizlde da mixvde, rom karga 15 wuTi gagitarebia ase, msubuq transSi

eleqtronuli musika

pirvelyofili ukan brundeba

sinamdvileSi, cxadia, arc me vici, ras ifiqrebda is uZvelesi adamiani da arc vinme sxvam icis im dros preistoria imitomac ewodeba, rom uxvi informacia ar gagvaCnia –codnis didi nawili arqeologiis, anTropologiis da Zvlebis genetikis SeswavliT gvaqvs mopovebuli magram, mainc ai, sruliad darwmunebuli var, rom is Cveni Tavdapirveli monadire Tavisianebs daubrundeba da mouyveba, rom uamravi gaugebari ram naxa yvelaferi ise iyo ganaTebuli, rom varskvlavebi ar Canda haers sul sxva gemo hqonda – WuWyis da bolis aqauroba warmoudgenlad bevri adamianiT iyo savse, aqa-iq ki rkinis cxovelebi daqrodnen magram, ai, gulze moeSva, rodesac gamoqvabuli naxa, sadac xalxi monotonur musikaze saaTobiT irxeoda eg gasagebi iyo amas xom adamianebi yovelTvis vakeTebdiT

Taj-mahali

Taj-mahali – Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi saocreba, Taj-mahali – „sasaxle-gvirgvini“, originalurad nagebi, Zvirfasi meuRlisaTvis miZRvnili siyvarulis sakulto ZeglTa Zegli gamorCeuli mavzoleumi msoflioSi agebul mavzoleumTa Soris gaRmerTebuli meuRlis gardacvalebiT usazRvrod damwuxrebuli mamakacis sulis tkivilis gamoxatva da survili, ukvdaveyo satrfos saxeli da arseboba ara marto TavisTvis, aramed mTeli samyarosTvis. qvaSi amRerebuli himni siyvarulis ukvdavebisa.

da vin aCuqa es saswauli kacobriobas? es gaxlavT fadiSahi Sah-jehani (igive Sah-jahani) –did mogolTa imperiis erT-erTi Zlevamosili mmarTveli, romlis samflobelo moicavda Tanamedrove indoeTis, pakistanisa da bangladeSis udides nawils da gadaWimuli iyo 3 milion kv kmze met teritoriaze, sadac cxovrobda 150 milionamde adamiani vin iyo Sah-jehani? an saidan gaCnda hinduizmis aRmsarebel indoeTSi islamis mimdevar did mogolTa dinastia?

mogolTa dinastia Turqul-monRoluri warmoSobis muslimuri dinastiaa, romelic marTavda indoeTis umetes nawils XVIsaukunis dasawyisidan XVIII saukunis Sua xanebamde amis Semdeg dinastiam kidev erTi saukune iarseba, rogorc mniSvnelovnad Sesustebulma, britanelTa eqspansiisa da qveyanaSi gabatonebis fonze. or saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi didi mogolebi gamoirCeodnen sakmaod efeqturi mmarTvelobiT indoeTis did nawilze. maT aRmoaCndaT Sua saukuneebis azieli mmarTvelebisTvis uCveulo unari, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom maTi Wkviani da, Sesabamisad, warmatebuli imperatorebi cdilobdnen gabatonebuli arainduri warmoSobis muslimebi da damarcxebuli hinduebi erTmaneTis mimarT mtrul Zalebad ki ara, mSvidobiani TanacxovrebisTvis ganwyobil sazogadoebad CamoeyalibebinaT, rasac met-naklebi warmatebiT axerxebdnen kidec.

dinastia daaarsa Turqmanma ufliswulma, saxelad baburma, XVI saukunis dasawyisSi mamis mxridan igi iyo Turqmani dampyroblis, Temur lengis, dedis mxridan ki monRolTa mmarTvelis, Cingiz xanis meore Svilis, CaRaTas, STamomavali. baburis mama, umar Seix mirza, ganagebda ferRa-

kaxaber CinCalaZe

Taj-mahali

nis (Sua azia) mcire samTavros hinduquSis qedis CrdiloeTiT. baburma memkvidreoba axalgazrdam miiRo, 1494 wels.

ambiciurma baburma ar ikmara mamis memkvidreoba da radgan maSindel iranSi sefianTa dinastia iyo gaZlierebuli, xolo Sua aziaSi uzbekebi ar aZlevdnen gasaqans, iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi dampyrobluri zraxvebi samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, indoeTisken miemarTa da sakuTari imperia Seeqmna. mTavarsardlis brwyinvale niWisa da simamacis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove pakistanisa da penjabis Statis dapyrobis Semdeg, man daimorCila qalaqi delic magram dedaqalaqis aReba ar niSnavda indoeTis Tundac CrdiloeT nawilze gabatonebas. baburi da misi Svili humaiuni (romelic misi zeobis dros iranSic ki imyofeboda Sahis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad) gardamavali warmatebiT ebrZodnen adgilobriv hindu da muslim mmarTvelebs TiTqmis naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi, raTa ufro gaefarToebinaT mitacebu-

1947 wlamde pakistani da bangladeSi indoeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, rogorc indoeTis ZirZveli, istoriuli nawili britaneTis imperiisgan damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg religiur niadagze qveyana or nawilad gaiyo – hinduistur indoeTad da muslimur pakistanad (dRevandel pakistans dasavleTi pakistani erqva, xolo bangladeSs – aRmosavleTi pakistani. dRevandeli mocemuloba 1971 wlidan gvaqvs

sityva „indusi“ arasworadaa naxmari hinduizmis aRmsarebelTa aRsaniSnavad. igi inglisuri da rusuli enebidan Semovida da SecdomiT damkvidrda qarTulSi induizmis (igive hinduizmi) warmomadgenels hindu hqvia

li teritoriebi aRsaniSnavia, rom mtrebis uwyalod mmusvreli humaiuni sul ubralod daiRupa – igi Tavisi biblioTekis kibidan Camovarda da sasikvdilod daSavda. misi saflavi, agebuli misi gardacvalebidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg, deliSia da aris did mogolTa pirveli arqiteqturuli Sedevri. 1993 wlidan Setanilia iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis siaSi ase rom, Taj-mahali ar yofila mogolTa agebuli pirveli saflavimavzoleumi

humaiunis Svilma, akbarma, memkvidreobiT miiRo daSlili imperia, Tumca is uaRresad unariani mmarTveli aRmoCnda – 1605 wels, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, imperia gadaWimuli iyo avRaneTidan bengalis yuremde da CrdiloeT dekanis regionamde politikuri, administraciuli da samxedro struqturebi, romlebic man Seqmna imperiis samarTavad, iyo mTavari faqtori saxelmwifos gadarCenisa kidev saukune-naxevris ganmavlobaSi

akbaris vaJma, jahangirma (mefobda 16051627 ww.), ganamtkica mamis SemoRebuli administraciuli sistema da ganagrZo hinduizmis mimarT tolerantuli politika misi mesame vaJi, princi xurami (mogvianebiT imperatori Sah-jehani), 1612 wels daqorwinda mi-

mogolTa imperiis sazRvrebi

baburi (1483-1530)

umar Seix mirza (1456-1494)

humaiuni (1508-1556)

akbari (1542-1605)

kultura

jahangiri (1569-1627)

sive disSvilze, arjumand banu begumze (mumTaz mahali). rodesac jahangirma datova q. agra 1613 w , ramdenime wliT samxreTSi laSqrobis gasagrZeleblad, princma xuramma didi gavlena moipova imperatoris karze mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg ki man moaxerxa taxtze asvla da miiRo mefuri saxeli Sah-jehani (mefobda 1628-1658 wlebSi) misi mefoba gamoirCeoda warmatebebiT Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT da dekanis saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg.

magram modi, Sah-jehans SevxedoT ara rogorc tipur aziel imperators, aramed rogorc did aRmSenebels, xelovnebisa da mecnierebis gulmxurvale mfarvels da mecenats misi zeoba emTxveva didi literaturuli moRvaweobis periods, mxatvrobis sparsul-indurma stilma miaRwia ganviTarebis zenits, metad daixvewa kaligrafiis xelovneba. Sahi didad wyalobda mecnierebs, romlebsac eZebda ara marto imperiis masStabiT, aramed sxva qveynebSic, Camohyavda isini Tavis dedaqalaqSi da muSaobisTvis mSvenier pirobebs uqmnida. Sahis sasamarTlo iyo erT-erTi yvelaze pompezuri da brwyinvale dawesebuleba, xolo misi Zvirfaseulobis koleqcia, albaT, yvelaze didebuli iyo msoflioSi magram misma laSqrobebma, dangreuli qalaqebis aRdgenam da dausrulebelma mSeneblobebma imperia gakotrebis piras miiyvana (did mogolTa dinastiam sabolood arseboba Sewyvita 1857 wels)

Sah-jehanis mTavari gataceba iyo grandiozuli mSeneblobebi. Ta-

humaiunis saflavi

Sah-jehani (1592-1666)

vis pirvel dedaqalaqSi, agraSi, aago ori didi meCeTi, moti masjid (margalitis meCeTi) da jami masjid (didi meCeTi) q deliSi aaSena uzarmazari cixe-sasaxlis kompleqsi, saxelad lal yila (wiTeli cixe), aseve uzarmazari meCeTi Zvel deliSi – „jama masjid “ , igive q SahjahanabadSi (Sah-jehanma Tavisi dedaqalaqi agradan deliSi gadaitana 1648 wels da iq Seqmna axali qalaqi Sahjahanabadi).

axla rac Seexeba uSualod Taj-mahals es gaxlavT mavzoleumis kompleqsi q. agraSi, utar pradeSis Statis dasavleT raionSi, CrdiloeT indoeTSi Taj-mahali Sah-jehanma Tavisi usayvarlesi meuRlis – mumTaz mahalis („sasaxlis rCeuli“) ukvdavsayofad aago, romelic me-14 Svilis mSobiarobas gadahya 1631 wels. mumTaz mahali iyo imperatoris ganuyreli Tanamgzavri dRidan maTi qorwinebisa (1612 w )

indoeTis es yvelaze cnobili savizito baraTi mdebareobs qalaqis aRmosavleT nawilSi, mdinare iamunas (jamna) samxreT (marjvena) napirze aqve, aseve iamunas marjvena sanapiroze, daaxloebiT 1,5 km-is daSorebiT Taj-mahalidan, dasavleTiT, Tavs iwonebs agras cixe (wiTeli cixe) unda aRiniSnos, rom mogolTa goroz imperators gansakuTrebiT hyvarebia TeTri da wiTeli ferebi

Tavisi harmoniuli proporciebiTa da uzado dekoratiuli elementebis siuxviT, Taj-mahali gamoirCeva, rogorc mogolTa arqiteqturis saukeTeso nimuSi, induri,

sparsuli da islamuri stilis nazavi msoflioSi erT-erTi ulamazesi struqturuli kompozicia, Taj-mahali, aseve aris msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili sakulto Zegli, romelsac yovelwliurad milionobiT (saSualod 7 milioni) turisti stumrobs kompleqsi 1983 wels iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis siaSi Seitanes, rogorc „islamuri xelovnebis margaliti indoeTSi da msoflio memkvidreobis erT-erTi aRmafrTovanebeli Sedevri“

kompleqsis gegmebi ekuTvnis im periodis sxvadasxva arqiteqtors, Tumca Zeglis mTavari Semoqmedi, rogorc wyaroTa umravlesoba mowmobs, iyo ustad (maswavlebeli, moZRvari, ostati) ahmad lahori, sparsuli warmoSobis indoeli, Sah-jehanis karis mTavari arqiteqtori

kompleqsi moicavs Semdeg ZiriTad elementebs: mTavar karibWes, tyupi meCeTis Senobebs (moTavsebulia simetriulad, mavzoleumis orive mxares), walkotisdar baRebs, e.w. stumrebis misaRebs, muzeums da kompleqsis mSvenebas – mavzoleums oTxi minareTiT rogorc adgilobrivi gidebi amtkiceben, es minareTebi TavianTi centrebidan 7 duimiT (daaxl 18 sm ) gareTaa gadaxrili, raTa miwisZvrisas, Tu gadaiqcevian, mavzoleums ar daecnen.

kompleqsis mSenebloba daiwyo daaxloebiT 1632 wels. 20 000-ze meti xelosani da muSa muxlCauxrelad muSaobda yoveldRiurad isini moyvanili iyvnen indoeTidan, sparseTidan, osmaleTis imperiidan da evropidan, raTa Tavad mavzoleumi 1638-1639 wlebisTvis dasrulebuliyo. mimdebare Senobebi dasrulda 1643 wels, xolo dekoraciis samuSaoebi 1647 wlamde gagrZelda saerTo jamSi, 17 heqtarze ganfenili kompleqsis mSeneblobas 22 weli dasWirda

eSxSi Sesulma Sah-jehanma ganizraxa aeSenebina kidev erTi mavzoleumi mdinaris gadaRma sakuTari neStis dasasveneblad. es nageboba Savi marmarilosgan aigeboda, iqneboda Taj-mahalis analogi, romelsac xidiT daukavSirdeboda, magram es iseT kolosalur TanxebTan iqneboda dakavSirebuli, rom mTlianad daacarielebda i x

moti masjid (margalitis meCeTi)

jami masjid (didi meCeTi)

jama masjid Zvel deliSi

Taj-mahali

lal yila (wiTeli cixe)

kultura

vaJma, aurangzebma, igi 1658 wels daapatimra da taxtidan gadaayena. gadmocemiT, patimaryofilma, ubedurma Sahma sicocxlis bolo xani Tavisive agebul agras cixesimagreSi gaatara da saknis gisosebidan cremliani TvalebiT yoveldRe gascqeroda satrfos saflavze agebul saocrebas.

rac Seexeba mTavar Senobas, 7 metris simaRlis farTo cokolis SuaSi moTavsebuli mavzoleumi agebulia TeTri marmarilosgan, romelzec ferebi mzis an mTvaris Suqis intensivobis mixedviT TamaSobs mas aqvs oTxi, TiTqmis identuri fasadi, TiToeuls ki – farTo centraluri TaRi, aziduli 33 metramde, daxrili kuTxeebiT, romlebic moicavs ufro mcire TaRebs didebuli centraluri gumbaTi, romlis simaR aRwevs, garSemortymulia oTxi m

TiT mTav

Tis SigniT ucxo akus

1. dasavleTi karibWe

2. aRmosavleTi karibWe

3. samxreTi karibWe

4. moedani

5. oTaxebi saflavebis momsaxureebisTvis

6. damatebiTi samarxebi, romlebic, savaraudod, gankuTvnili iyo Sah-jehanis sxva colebisTvis

7. didi karibWe

8. oTxkuTxa baRebi

9. wylis arxebi

10. centraluri Sadrevani

11. Taj-mahali

12. minareTebi

13. meCeTi

14. sastumro

15. auzebi

16. marmarilos moedani

17. qviSis moedani

18. mdinare jamna

zoleumis interieri mowyobilia rvakuTxa marmarilos kameris garSemo, romelic morTulia dabali reliefuri CuqurTmebiTa da naxevrad Zvirfasi qvebiT (pietra dura, igive inkrustacia). masSi aris mumTaz mahalisa da Sah-jehanis kenotafebi. yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom imperatoris kenotafi moculobiT TvalsaCinod pataraa dedoflisaze (islamSi xom kaci, miT umetes, qmari, gacilebiT maRla dgas qalze!). es cru samarxebi Semosilia wvrilad damuSavebuli filigranuli marmarilos ekraniT samarxebis qveS, baRis doneze, devs namdvili sarkofagebi

mavzoleumis gverdiT, Sesabamisad, baRis Crdilo-dasavleT da Crdilo-aRmosavleT kideebTan, aris ori simetriulad identuri nageboba – meCeTi, romelic aRmosavleTisaken aris mimarTuavabi, romeleTisken arli, rac eswonasworo-

Taj-mahalis gegma

kenotafi (berZnulad niSnavs cariel saflavs (κενοτάφιον–κενός – carieli da τάφος – saflavi)) – sapatio monumenti erTi an ramdenime micvalebulisaTvis. Cveulebrivi saflavisagan gansxvavebiT kenotafi mxolod micvalebulis mosagoneblad da gasaxsenebladaa gankuTvnili da SigniT micvalebuli araa dakrZaluli xSirad erTad ramdenime kenotafs agebdnen da nekropolis saxes aZlevdnen

bas icavs. nagebia wiTeli sikris qviSaqvisgan, marmarilosyeliani gumbaTebiTa da arqitravebiT, mavzoleumis TeTri marmarilosgan kontrastuli feriTa da teqsturiT

karibWesa da mavzoleums Soris arsebuli baRi, garSemortymuli grZeli auzebiT, saseirno bilikebiT, SadrevnebiTa da dekoratiuli xeebiT, zustad isea gaSenebuli, rogorc muslimTa wminda wign yuranSia aRwerili samoTxis baRi

kompleqsis samxreT bolos amSvenebs farTo wiTeli qviSaqvis karibWe, orsarTuliani centraluri TaRiT TaRis irgvliv TeTri marmarilos panelSi Casmulia yuranis fragmentebi, Savi asoebiT da yvavilebiT gaformebuli. mTavar TaRs ori wyvili ufro mcire TaRi akravs karibWis CrdiloeT da samxreT fasadebs agvirgvinebs TeTri Catris (gumbaTis msgavsi struqturebi) rigebi, TiToeul fasadze – 11. karibWes oTxive kuTxeSi aqvs 30 metramde simaRlis ornamentuli minareTebi

ulamazesi dekoratiuli maxasiaTebeli meordeba mTel kompleqsSi: pietra dura da arabuli kaligrafia pietra dura (qarTulad – „myari qva“) aerTianebs sxvadasxva feris naxevradZvirfasi qvebis Casmas, maT Soris: aqatis, malaqitis, lapis lazuris, nefritis, brolis, firuzis da ameTvistos, maRalformalizebul da gadaxlarTul geometriul dizainSi ferebi emsaxureba TeTri makranas marmarilos kaSkaSa sivrcis zomierebas. amanaT xan al-Sirazis xelmZRvanelobiT Taj-mahalis mraval monakveTze yu-

ranis leqsebi Caiwera daxvewili kaligrafiiT, rac mTavari islamuri mxatvruli tradiciaa kaligrafiuli warwerebi akravs aseve mavzoleumis amaRlebul TaRovan Sesasvlelebs terasis TvalsaCino wertilidan erTgvarovnebisTvis aso zomaSi misi fardobiTi simaRlisa da mnaxvelisgan daSorebis mixedviT izrdeba

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Taj-mahali miiviwyes misi restavracia mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi moxerxda, lord kerzonis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic maSin indoeTSi britaneTis vice-mefe iyo. gasul saukuneSi haeris dabinZurebam, gamowveulma axlomdebare qarxnebisa da manqanebis Zlieri gamonabolqviT, daaziana mavzoleumi, gansakuTrebiT misi marmarilos fasadi. ZeglisTvis safrTxis Sesamcireblad mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi gatarda: daixura zogierTi qarxana, danarCenebze dabinZurebis kontrolis aRWurviloba daayenes, kompleqsis irgvliv Seqmnes parkis buferuli zona, xolo axlomaxlo aikrZala manqanebis gadaadgileba. sadguridan kompleqsamde misvla dRes mxolod fexiT an eleqtromobiliTaa SesaZlebeli 1998 wels daiwyo Taj-mahalis restavraciisa da kvlevis programa, Tumca Zeglis mdgomareoba jerac sakmaod mZimea, ramdenadac regioni kvlavac rCeba sawarmoo gamonabolqviT erT-erT yvelaze dabinZurebul adgilad imedia, kacobrioba SeZlebs, rom jerovnad daicvas msoflios es gamorCeuli Zegli (romelic damsaxurebuladaa Sesuli Tanamedrove msoflios 7 saocrebaTa Soris), raTa SeinarCunos pirvelqmnili silamaze damTvalierebelTa mosajadoeblad

Taj-mahali

Sveulad

1. nagebobis kedlebis, sayrdenebis SemaerTebeli rkali. 2. mistikuri Zala. 3. garkveuli movlenis, procesis ganviTarebis, xarisxis maCvenebeli. 4. azerbaijanis dedaqalaqi. 6. ama Tu im saqmis Taosnoba, raimes wamowyeba. 7. Tavisi saqmis kargad mcodne, specialisti. 9. msjeloba vinmes an raimes Sesaxeb naklovanebaTa gamovlenis mizniT. 11. iZulebiTi an nebayoflobiTi gadasaxleba samSoblodan sxva qveyanaSi. 12. adamianis bioveli, misi energetikuli garsi. 15. raime movlenaTa, procesTa, samuSaoTa erToblioba, romelic qmnis moqmedebis dasrulebul wres drois garkveul monakveTSi. 17. sadgomi, samyofeli. 19. misalmebis an mowonebis gamomxatveli taSi. 21. oTxi Semsruleblisgan Semdgari musikaluri jgufi. 22. grZnoba, romliTac adamiani sakuTar qmedebas afasebs da akontrolebs. 23. is, rac marTla xdeba, marTla arsebobs, sinamdvile. 25. ZiriTadi, gabatonebuli idea; risame ZiriTadi niSani. 27. ebraelTa gadasaxleba israelis miwaze. 30. romaeli poeti. 33. optikuri xelsawyo TvaliT uxilavi sagnebis dasanaxad. 34. kategoriuli moTxovna, rasac Tan axlavs muqara. 36. uZraobis mdgomareoba, Seqmnili urTierTdapirispirebuli Tanabari Zalebis erTdrouli zemoqmedebiT. 39. ama Tu im faqtis an movlenis erT-erTi SesaZlo gadmocema, axsna, aRwera. 40. sazogadoebis miRwevaTa erToblioba ganaTlebis, teqnikis, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi. 42. romelime enis sityvaTa gamoTqmis (bgerebis) zusti asaxva pirobiTi niSnebiT, romelic ar emTxveva am sityvebis orTografiul dawerilobas. 43. xuTkuTxa Senoba, romelSic ganTavsebulia aSS-is Tavdacvis saministro. 45. Savi, sqeli nisli, romelic warmoiqmneba bolisa da Wvartlisagan did qalaqebsa da samrewvelo centrebSi. 48. samxedro TavdacviTi daniSnulebis didi, Sekruli gamagreba, gare perimetrze koSkebiT, bastioniTa da citadeliT. 50. eSmakoba, cbiereba. 53. satransporto qselebSi mgzavrebis Casxdoma/Camosvlis, tvirTis CatvirTva/gadmotvirTvis, aseve maTi buferuli dagrovebis punqti 54. Senobis SigniTa nawili. 55. zarbazani. 56. bednieri, uzrunvelyofili cxovreba. 57. xalxSi gavrcelebuli safuZvels moklebuli cru Sexedulebebi. 58. kunZuli, romelzec gadaasaxles napoleon bonaparti. 59. SeTanxmeba raime sakiTxze, pirobis dadeba. 60. liandagze moZravi transportis gamwevi,