ENDANGERED SPECIES in SPAIN

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Myotis bechsteinii Lepus castroviejoi Microtus cabrerae Crocidura canariensis Plecotus teneriffae

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Bechstein's Bat Broom Hare Cabrera's Vole Canarian Shrew Canary Big-eared Bat Common Bentwing Bat Eurasian Otter European Mink European Rabbit Garden Dormouse Giant Noctule Bat Hooded Seal Long-fingered Bat Madeira Pipistrelle Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat Mehely's Horseshoe Bat Pyrenean Desman Pyrenean Ibex Southern Water Vole Spanish Lynx Western Barbastelle

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Alfalfa Arborea

Medicago citrina

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Miniopterus schreibersii Lutra lutra Mustela lutreola Oryctolagus cuniculus Eliomys quercinus Nyctalus lasiopterus Cystophora cristata Myotis capaccinii Pipistrellus maderensis Rhinolophus euryale Rhinolophus mehelyi Galemys pyrenaicus Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica Arvicola sapidus Felis pardina Barbastella barbastellus

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Allium rouyi Antirrhinum subbaeticum Apid den Bermejo Astragalus cavanillesii Brimeura duvigneaudii Bully Tree Canary Strawberry Tree Carum foetidum Cerastium sventenii Dragon Tree Echium acanthocarpum Echium valentinum Echium handiense Echium callithyrsum Euphorbia margalidiana Gradsteinia torrenticola Gyrocaryum oppositifolium Heberdenia excelsa Helianthemum guerrae Jaramago de Alboran Jasione mansanetiana Juniper Ligusticum huteri Lithodora nitida

Audouin's Gull

Allium rouyi Antirrhinum subbaeticum Apium bermejoi Astragalus cavanillesii Brimeura duvigneaudii Sideroxylon mirmulano Arbutus canariensis Carum foetidum Cerastium sventenii Dracaena draco Echium acanthocarpum Echium valentinum Echium handiense Echium callithyrsum Euphorbia margalidiana Gradsteinia torrenticola Gyrocaryum oppositifolium Heberdenia excelsa Helianthemum guerrae Diplotaxis siettiana Jasione mansanetiana Juniperus cedrus Ligusticum huteri Lithodora nitida

Larus audouinii 44

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Balearic Shearwater Black-tailed Godwit Blue Chaffinch Buff-breasted Sandpiper Cinereous Vulture Corncrake Dalmatian Pelican Dark-tailed Laurel Pigeon Dartford Warbler Dupont's Lark Eastern Imperial Eagle Egyptian Vulture Eurasian Curlew Eurasian Peregrine Falcon European Roller Fea's Petrel Ferruginous Duck Freira Fuerteventura Stonechat Great Bustard Greater Spotted Eagle Houbara Bustard Lesser Flamingo Lesser Kestrel

Achondrostoma arcasii

Puffinus mauretanicus Limosa limosa Fringilla teydea Tryngites subruficollis Aegypius monachus Crex crex Pelecanus crispus Columba bollii Sylvia undata Chersophilus duponti Aquila heliaca Neophron percnopterus Numenius arquata Falco peregrinus peregrinus Coracias garrulus Pterodroma feae Aythya nyroca Pterodroma madeira Saxicola dacotiae Otis tarda Aquila clanga Chlamydotis undulata Phoeniconaias minor Falco naumanni

Achondrostoma arcasii

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Anaecypris hispanica Angel Shark Angular Rough Shark Aphanius iberus Aphanius baeticus Atlantic Sawtail Catshark Barbus meridionalis Barbus haasi Basking Shark Bigeye Tuna Blackchin Guitarfish Blue Skate Bottlenose Skate Bronze Whaler Cape Shark Cobitis paludica Cobitis calderoni Cobitis vettonica Common Guitarfish Common Sawfish Deepwater Spiny Dogfish Devil Fish Dusky Grouper European Eel

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Acilius duvergeri Agabus hozgargantae Apollo Butterfly Baetica ustulata Canary Islands Large

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Anaecypris hispanica Squatina squatina Oxynotus centrina Aphanius iberus Aphanius baeticus Galeus atlanticus Barbus meridionalis Barbus haasi Cetorhinus maximus Thunnus obesus Rhinobatos cemiculus Dipturus batis Rostroraja alba Carcharhinus brachyurus Squalus acanthias Cobitis paludica Cobitis calderoni Cobitis vettonica Rhinobatos rhinobatos Pristis pristis Centrophorus squamosus Manta birostris Epinephelus marginatus Anguilla anguilla

Acilius duvergeri Agabus hozgargantae Parnassius apollo Baetica ustulata Pieris cheiranthi 46

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White Cerambyx Longicorn Cinquefoil Skipper Dark Guest Ant Deronectes depressicollis Deronectes aljibensis Epimyrma bernardi Erebia epistgyne Goldstreifiger Graptodytes delectus Hermit Beetle Hydrotarsus pilosus Hydrotarsus compunctus Macromia splendens Meladema imbricata Mountain Alcon Blue Myrmica lemasnei Onychogomphus costae

23. Orange-spotted Emerald 24. Plebejus hesperica 25. Predatory Bush Cricket 26. Pronged Clubtail

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Cerambyx cerdo Pyrgus cirsii Anergates atratulus Deronectes depressicollis Deronectes aljibensis Epimyrma bernardi Erebia epistgyne Buprestis splendens Graptodytes delectus Osmoderma eremita Hydrotarsus pilosus Hydrotarsus compunctus Macromia splendens Meladema imbricata Maculinea rebeli Myrmica lemasnei Onychogomphus costae Oxygastra curtisii Plebejus hesperica Saga pedo Gomphus graslinii

Mammals: The distribution of L. castroviejoi is limited to the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest of Spain (Flux and Angermann 1990). It occupies elevations of 1,000 to 1,900 m between Sierra de los Ancares and Sierra de Pena Labra (Flux and Angermann 1990, Ballesteros 2003). The total distribution is approximately 25 - 40 km from north to south, 230 km east to west (Flux and Angermann 1990). It is estimated that the extent of occurrence is 5,000 km² (Ballesteros 2003). This species is considered fragmented, as it occupies highly specialized patches of habitat that is scarce (Ballesteros, in press).

There has been excessive hunting at the western edge of its distribution where hares are isolated from the rest of the population during the summer (Palacios and Ramos 1979). In addition to over harvesting, this species is subject to predation, poisoning (fertilizer and pesticides) and habitat change (Ballesteros et al. 1996).

Microtus cabrerae is endemic to the Iberian peninsula (Portugal and Spain), where it has a fragmented range (Palomo 1999, Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). It occurs from 0 to 1,500 m, although it is most common below 1,200 m (Palomo and Gisbert 2002, R. Pita unpublished data).In Spain, populations in the south have recently disappeared (MuĂąoz, L.J.P. pers. comm.2007).

It occurs in pastures, fields and open clearings in woodland, tending to prefer damper areas than the common vole. It is often found in proximity to water (Palomo 1999) and on road verges (Santos et al. 2006, Pita et al. 2006).

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Meadows and perennial grassland communities are the most favourable microhabitats for this species (Santos et al. 2005).

Agricultural intensification, including overgrazing, has presumably contributed to range contractions and fragmentation over the last few decades (Palomo 1999). There is increased pressure on streams and other wetland areas the species occurs in. There is suspicion that interspecific competition with Arvicola sapidus may be a problem (Pita et al. 2006).

This species is now abundant and its range and population are currently expanding as a result of habitat changes resulting from rural abandonment. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern. Hunting reservations and protected areas have played a crucial role in species recovery.

No threats are causing population or range declines at present - indeed the species is expanding. The impact of hunting (predominantly for trophies) has not been scientifically assessed (J. M. Pérez pers. comm. 2006), but the poaching of large dominant males might alter gene flow (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). However, hunting levels are broadly under control. Outbreaks of mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) occur sporadically and have caused at least one major population crash (Shackleton 1997, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Wild goats are occasionally killed by accident during wild boar hunting-drives with dogs (J. Herrero pers. comm.

2006).

The Iberian Lynx is restricted to two separate regions of southwestern Spain, namely eastern Sierra Morena and the coastal plains west of the lower Guadalquivir.

These isolated subpopulations have been named by Simón et al. (2012) as Andújar-Cardeña and Doñana-Aljarafe, 49

respectively. Two new nuclei are being founded though reintroduction 30 km southwest (Guadalmellato) and northeast (Guarrizas), respectively, of the existing Sierra Morena subpopulation, and contained a few breeding females in 2012 (Simรณn 2013).

As a manifestation of global change, human-assisted spread of virulent diseases affecting European Rabbits had catastrophic effects on Iberian Lynx populations in the past (Ferreras et al. 2010). Although rabbits could eventually develop resistance, viral diseases remain a recurrent threat as the arrival of new strains may cause again a lasting depression of food availability for the Iberian Lynx.

Finally, detailed models combining ecological niche and metapopulation dynamics show that, without intensive intervention, climate change will rapidly decrease lynx populations and would probably lead to Iberian Lynx to extinction within 35 years (Fordham et al. 2013).

Plants: This geophyte grows in limestone rock crevices and slopes near the sea at an altitude of approximately 150-250 m. It thrives in sunny, hot places. The above-ground parts of the plant die back in summer when it is hottest and driest.

Only one subpopulation has so far been observed producing seeds; all others seem to reproduce asexually by bulb division. B. duvigneaudii is considered to be a relict species, a remainder from a once larger group that, in the course of climatic change, has nearly disappeared over the millennia.

These remnant populations difficulties coping with today's climate.

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This species is vulnerable to extreme natural events, such as fires. The species also faces recruitment problems, possibly due to climate change.

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This herbaceous species is found at the base of coastal cliffs to the north of the island.

It usually grows in shady cracks in boulders where a little calcareous soil or clay has accumulated, and needs humid conditions.

This species is the only representative of the genus Naufraga.

While the plant can reproduce from seed, it can also form new individuals vegetatively from its lateral shoots. The flowers have been shown to be pollinated by ants, which is very rare in the plant kingdom. By having tiny flowers grouped close together and near the ground means that ants can quickly visit them to seek nectar, and thus transfer pollen from one flower to another.

Naufraga balearica is sensitive to droughts, mainly in spring. Repeated droughts over the last 20 years have resulted in a continuous decline in the numbers of individuals. With climate change, a scenario of a warmer, drier regime puts this species at risk. Some other species living in association with N. balearica are more drought-resistant, thus have benefited from drier conditions and provide increased competition.

Naufraga balearica is also threatened by intensive trampling by goats, although grazing may also reduce the competitive pressure from other species. In the 1980s plants were removed by collectors, which may explain the decline in the original population.

This species is endemic to the eastern Andalusia mountain ranges. It is found in the mountain ranges of Segura de JaĂŠn (Hornos y Siles), Albacete (Mesones and RiĂłpar) and North Granada (HuĂŠscar).

This perennial herb grows in juncaceous and herbaceous habitats along the margins of streams and mountain springs. The plant grows in light 51

soils composed of organic matter and who are permanently moist.

Grazing pressures from livestock represent a major threat. This species' survival is also dependent on the annual quantity of rain. The species is included in a Natural Park and in Sites of Community Interest (SIC). It is listed in the Threatened species Regional Catalogue of Castilla-La Mancha.

Although there are a large number of subpopulations and the population size is very large, the species is facing major threats. The area of occupancy is a little bit more than 32 km² and the extent of occurrence is 100 km². If gypsum mining were to take place on a large scale this species would very quickly move into a threatened category. nearly qualifies for listing as threatened.

This species is endemic to the south east of Iberia. It is distributed from the Lisbona to the Almagro mountain ranges in the province of AlmerĂ­a. It is found also in the province of Murcia from the Enmedio (Puerto Lumbreras) to the Oro (Cieza) mountain ranges.

Some populations are threatened by the opening of illegal gypsum quarries. In the past some subpopulations in Murcia have been affected by pine plantations that transformed the habitat.

Birds: This species has a small range and a moderately small population. The area of suitable habitat on Tenerife is increasing overall, which suggests that the population is also increasing, and the range is not severely fragmented. However, forest fires remain a serious and plausible potential threat and have the potential cause a rapid population decline which would warrant the species being uplisted to Vulnerable or Endangered. For this reason, the species is classified as Near Threatened. Were appropriate action to be taken which reduces the risk of serious fires such that they no longer represent a plausible threat, the species may be eligible for downlisting to Least Concern in the future.

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It suffers from being captured and kept in cages, and possibly also still from illegal trade, primarily to Italy, Germany and Belgium, which may have an effect on population levels. Its pinewood habitat has been subject to intense commercial exploitation which has resulted in habitat fragmentation and population isolation.

Forest fires have been important in the destruction of pinewoods. The main cause of breeding failure is predation, mostly by the Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) (RodrĂ­guez and Moreno 2008).

This species occurs on Tenerife (more than 2,000 individuals (MartĂ­n and Lorenzo 2001), particularly at Anaga and Teno), La Palma (more than 3,000 birds (MartĂ­n and Lorenzo 2001) in a restricted area of the north-east), La Gomera (over 1,000 in Garajonay National Park with some birds outside the park) and El Hierro (where it occupies the whole of Golfo and Sabinosa) in the Canary Islands, Spain.

More recently the rate of laurel forest clearance has been slowed or stopped.

Population estimates for the species are 1,160-1,315 birds in 1980, 6,000 individuals in 2001, and 5,000-20,000 most recently.

Whether these figures reveal genuine population increases is unclear, but the area of occupied territory appears to be expanding and despite several potential threats the population is at least stable, probably increasing.

Historical declines resulted from intensive exploitation of laurel forests. The extent of forest loss has slowed, although fragmentation has continued in some areas as forests are exploited for poles and tool handles.

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This species has a moderately small population which approaches the threshold for classification as Vulnerable. It also has a very small range, which is in decline owing to ongoing habitat loss and degradation; however, its population is not severely fragmented, nor is it restricted to 10 locations or fewer. For these reasons it is listed as Near Threatened.

Recent rapid increases in infrastructural development, such as tourist and residential centres, road building, industrial plants, mineral operations and golf courses, are destroying the habitat of this species (particularly on the Jandía peninsula in the south of Fuerteventura) (Illera 2004).

Additional threats include excessive and increasing livestock grazing (A. Iñigo in litt.

2011), including cattle and extensively-ranched, semi-feral "coastal" goats (which accelerates desertification and reduces vegetation cover and food availability (Illera and Díaz 2006)), and nest predation by feral cats Felis catus (Medina and Nogales 2009) and other introduced mammals, such as rats Rattus spp. (Illera 2004, Illera and Díaz 2006). High fidelity to particular sites may exacerbate the problem of the destruction and degradation of optimal habitats (Illera and Díaz in 2008).

This species qualifies as Endangered because it has an extremely small population breeding on six cliff ledges in the central mountain massif of Madeira.

Following the removal of all livestock from the breeding areas, the ecosystem had been recovering well prior to the 2010 fire, although breeding only occurs on ledges that were never accessible to grazing animals (D. Menezes and P. Oliveira in litt. 2007). The fire in 2010 (see Zino and Biscoito 2011) highlights the vulnerability of the species to such events, since it breeds on only six ledges at one location, in two main areas 2 km apart (F.Zino in litt. 2016). As well as having a catastrophic impact on the survival of the year's 54

fledglings and some adults, fires also increase soil erosion and make the habitat more barren, making the chicks more vulnerable to predation (P. Oliveira in litt. 2010). Currently, the main threats are predation of eggs and chicks by introduced black rats Rattus rattus and of nesting adults by feral cats Felis catus. The increasing number of visitors at night may also cause disturbance to breeding birds, although this is being carefully monitored by the relevant authorities (D. Menezes and P. Oliveira in litt. 2007). Shepherds formerly collected juveniles for food, and egg-collectors have raided nest-burrows in the past (Zino, P.A. & Zino, F. 1986).

Fishes: It is estimated that A. iberus has undergone a population decline of at least 50% in the past 10 years due to pollution and introduced fish (Carmona, J. pers comm). The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km², is fragmented and is in decline due to pollution and habitat destruction. This species is also in continuous decline with subpopulations regularly disappearing. Although a reintroduction programme using captive stock might help this species to recover, the threats will still be present.It is a ubiquitous and short-lived species that can withstand wide salinity and temperature ranges. It lives mainly in salty lagoons where Gambusia and Fundulus are absent.

The major threats are: habitat destruction, drought, water pollution and introduction of exotic fish species.

B. haasi has undergone an estimated population decline of 30% in the past ten years mainly due to pollution and extraction, introduced species and habitat destruction (Crivelli, A. pers comm). This decline is likely to continue into the future at the same rate

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with desiccation being the main threat (Carmona, J. pers comm).

It is a small size barbel (<220 mm), living in the upper part of rivers with cold, rapidly running waters and gravel stony substrate. Reproduction takes place between April and June.

Life span is 5–6 years.

Water pollution and extraction and invasive species have been the main threats. Dam construction is also destroying some of the species habitat. Desiccation is seen as a major future threat to the species.

It is estimated that the population of B. microcephalus has declined by at least 30% in the past 10 years and it is suspected to decline by the same amount in the next 10 years (Carmona, J. pers comm). The population is declining in all of its range due to dam construction (a current and future threat in Spain and Portugal: for example a dam is planned near Alquedi (Carmona, J. pers comm)), water extraction and introduced species.

It is a small size barbel (<260 mm). It lives in the middle and lower reaches of rivers with deep and slow water. It is absent from the headwaters. It can be found also within reservoirs.Major threats are: water pollution and extraction. Habitat alteration (dams) and introductions of exotic fish species.

The species has a very restricted range, it is known only to occur in the Guadalmina and Guadiaro rivers (extent of occurrence more than 100 km² and less than 5,000 km²). It is found in five locations based on the major threat of water abstraction (mainly to supply the proliferation of golf courses). Because of the level of water abstraction the species population and area of habitat is

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declining.The species inhabits streams with clear water and gravel bottoms and prefers moderate flowing water.

The species habitat has been reduced by water abstraction, mainly due to the proliferation of golf fields.

Insects: The Sierra Nevadan Saddle Bushcricket (Baetica ustulata) is endemic to the Sierra Nevada in Spain. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,100 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 448 km², with an upper estimate of 800 km²), it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and a continuing decline in the habitat quality as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred and projected. This species is threatened by habitat loss and deterioration as a result of developing touristic infrastructure and ski resorts, as well as by the effects of global warming, which can lead to its habitat shifting upwards(P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). Monitoring of the population size and trend is required. Additionally, threats to this species should be better studied.

This species occurs in Southeast France (from Languedoc to Provence and the French Alps) and Spain (in the foothills of the eastern Pyrenees and in mountainous areas in the centre, near Guadalajara, Cuenca and Teruel). In France, it occurs between 450-1,500 m elevation, in Spain 900-1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.

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All butterflies are collected to some extent, but only for the extremely rare species it can be a problem and the trade in Europe is generally at a low level compared to other continents.

There is no specific trade information for this species.

Abandonment of semi-natural grasslands is a threat to this butterfly. Furthermore in the long term climate change might have a large impact on this species.

This species is restricted to two mountain chains in southern Spain, where it occurs in nine localities. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2 and it is threatened by tourism development. Due to the restricted range, this threat could plausibly drive the species to extinction or a Critically Endangered status in a very short time period. It is therefore classified as Vulnerable based on criterion D2.

All butterflies are collected to some extent, but only for the extremely rare species is this a problem. The trade in Europe and the Mediterranean is generally at a low level compared to other regions.

This species has a very restricted range. Its main threat comes from the building of tourist infrastructure and tourist activities. Additionally, considering its limited distribution, it might become threatened in the long term by climate change. As the species is not treated in the Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al. 2008) there is no information on possible changes to the climate envelope.

This is a European and Mediterranean endemic restricted to the Sierra Nevada (Spain), where it occurs at 25 localities (and could be considered less than five locations, as climate change and ski-tourism are wide ranging threats), has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km2. The species is showing a population decline plus strong fluctuations. Therefore it is listed as Endangered B1ab(v)c(iv)+2ab(v)c(iv).

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This species has a very restricted range. Here its main threat comes from the constructing of the infrastructure for ski-tourism. Regarding its limited distribution it might become threatened in the long run by climate change. As the species is not treated in the Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al. 2008) there is no information on the possible change of the climate envelope.

Protected areas have been identified and established. The species now occurs only in protected areas. In future these areas must be well managed. Future research on the distribution and population trend will be needed. The species should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. If a climate change related decline is observed, targeted ecological research must determine what conservation actions should be undertaken to safeguard the species.

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