Adapting to Rising Waters

Master of Arts (Architecture) Thesis 26.06.2018 Gunnar Hartmann’s Studio : Urbanization & Climate Change Sebastian Felix Ernst (FAKT) : 2nd Advisor Lillian Busse (UBA) : Environmentalist Consultant

The Abstract

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The effects of urbanization and climate change can be seen from the severe floods that inundate Jakarta annually. The government has made efforts to counter the problem which include cleaning the rivers and putting strict rules on groundwater extraction. Their most recent effort is to build a giant sea wall in the form of reclaimed islands in the bay of Jakarta to protect the city from rising sea levels. An offshore lake will be created in between Jakarta and the giant sea wall and the collected water will be the city’s main water supply. However, this water is expected to be highly polluted which concludes that the city has more urgent matters that need to be dealt with.

The urban poor are those mostly affected by floods and they are also the main contributors of water pollution due to the lack of formal services available for them. My proposal consists of two initiatives that are to happen over different times. The first initiative is to upgrade the slums that have formed along Jakarta’s rivers, by improving their services and structures. The second initiative is to take place after improvements can be seen from upgrading the slums. Blue-green infrastructures will be implemented and this includes restoring river beds and reviving parks in Jakarta.

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The Introduction

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Plenty of opportunities can be found in the city and this is the factor that draws most people towards them. For women in some cultures, moving to the city means freedom from a life they would have been forced to live if they stayed in the countryside. For most, cities bring hope of financial security or prosperity especially for those that are responsible for the well-being of their entire family. This is known as the “urban pull” and the “rural push” and when it happens on a massive scale, drawing millions of people from every point of a nation towards a common area and increasing its density - it is known as urbanization.

By 2030, 65% of the world’s population is expected to live in cities. The growth of cities is necessary and inevitable as it is the main driving force of the nation’s economy.

They generate over 70% of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (UN Habitat, 2012).

However, with its positive effects, comes its negative impacts - which is on climate change.

“The effects of urbanization and climate change are converging in dangerous ways.

Cities are major contributors to climate change: although they cover less than 2 per cent of the earth’s surface, cities consume 78 per cent of the world’s energy and produce more than 60% of all carbon dioxide and significant amounts of other greenhouse gas emissions, mainly through energy generation, vehicles, industry, and biomass use. At the same time, cities and towns are heavily affected by sea levels, increased precipitation, inland floods, more frequent and stronger cyclones and storms, and periods of more extreme heat and cold.” (UN Habitat, 2012)

Out of all of these issues, the biggest threat posed to cities, especially coastal ones, are rising sea levels. This is caused by an increase in temperatures and the melting of ice sheets on the north and south poles. If temperatures were to increase by 3 degrees Celcius, the homes of 275 million people will be destroyed by flood.

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Natural hydrological cycle.

PRECIPITATION

CONDENSATION

EVAPORATION

GROUND WATER RUNOFF

A comparison of the hydrological cycle before and after urbanization.

Source: Elective group work (December 2017) 6

Disrupted hydrological cycle.

Unpredictable & Increased PRECIPITATION

Unpredictable & Increased CONDENSATION Decreased Green TRANSPIRATION

EVAPORATION Increase GROUND WATER RUNOFF

GROUND WATER DEPLETION

SOIL EROSION FLASH FLOODS SEA LEVEL RISE

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The Contents

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01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Introducing Jakarta The Problem The Government’s Reaction The Argument The Case Studies The Proposal The Conclusion

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“In 1953, a survey showed that 75% of the population was born outside of Jakarta.�

(Horizonte, 2013)

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01

Introducing Jakarta

Country: Indonesia Climate: Hot & Humid Population: 10 million (DKI Jakarta) Density: 14,500 people per km2 Life Expectancy: 70.8 years 11

Java Sea

Jakarta DKI Bekasi

Tangerang

Depok

Bogor

Java Region

JABODETABEK The boundaries of Jakarta (DKI) and Jabodetabek. Source: Author (January 2018) 12

“In 1953, a survey showed that 75% of the population was born outside Jakarta.”

(Horizonte, 2013)

1976 6 million

1989 8 million

2004 13 million

Jakarta’s population growth. Source: NASA Earth Observatory (July 2005) Introducing Jakarta

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“Canals ultimately fail because once bigger ones are installed, it encourages development, which only exacerbates the root causes of flooding.�

(Susetyo, 2013)

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02 The Problem

Original land conditions

Initial Settlements

Increased Development

Under the Dutch colonial rule, Jakarta was known as Batavia and was only intended to be a spice trade hub. Over time, Batavia was invaded by a Javanese sultanate which gave invitation to migrant workers to start development in Batavia. Development occurred along the rivers and deforestation occurred to make room for sugarcane plantations.

The decreasing permeability in the city, meant that floods occurred more often and the actions taken were to widen the canals so that they would be able to take on more water.

Kusumawijaya gives an analogy of placing a glass under a tap of running water whereby a larger glass can always be placed under the tap to hold more water but as long as water continues to run, the glass will eventually overflow regardless of its size.

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For many years, Jakarta’s city planning had very little consideration towards its existing conditions and the citizens themselves. This was mostly influenced by the corrupted governance that prioritized personal economic gain over national development.

“The latest plans for Jakarta acknowledge that, no different from the last decades, the city still suffers from environmental issues such as flooding, solid waste collection, polluted rivers and recently also air pollution with the intense automobile traffic. Although improvements have been made, the city is not yet able to provide sufficient and affordable houses for the poor, as well as employment. Health and education are distributed unequally and the gap between social groups has become wider. Public transport is still inefficient and roads are more and more clogged by the increasing number of vehicles. There is a new awareness of the need of open spaces, since they have all been occupied by economic activities. What has changed in the new democratic and participative planning is the vision towards urban planning as a tool for social development through community support and participation.� (Horizonte, 2013) Source: Anonymous/ThingLink (N.D.)

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The Problem

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“It is said that in life only two things are certain: death and taxes. But if you live in Jakarta, you can add two more to that list: ‘macet’ [traffic] and ‘banjir’ [flood].”

(Susetyo, 2013)

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POLLUTED RIVERS

CLIMATE CHANGE

P

ION AT PIT CI RE

E RIS L E

INC R E AS ED

SE A

DS L FLOO A T AS CO

DEFORESTATION & URBANIZATION

FLOODS UVIAL & FL

GROUN DW & LA ATE R N

E

IAL UV PL

IM P

NDS ROU EG BL EA M ER

DS UB EXT SID RA EN C

N IO T C

LE V

Illustration of interrelated problems that result in severe floods. Source: Author (December 2017).

The Problem

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a. Impermeable Grounds Today, Jakarta is faced with challenges caused by decades of corrupted governance.

There has always been a lack of consideration towards land use and the future impacts of urban planning. Most of the open spaces that were available were used by private developers for mega-developments that only catered to the richer group of the population.

However, the other half of the group were left in the remaining available lands where they had to squat illegally along the rivers and rail lines. Furthermore, they still had to face gentrification processes.

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Green areas Slums

Leftover green areas and where slums form. Source: Natural Hazards redrawn by author (November 2017) The Problem

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b. Increased Precipitation “...the rainfall characteristics of eastern Indonesia and the eastern part of central Indonesia are highly correlated with El Nino and La Nina episodes...� (Han, 2015)

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AVERAGE DAILY PRECIPITATION (MM) A graph showing the montly average precipiation patterns from 1985 to 2010. Source: Water redrawn by author (January 2018)

The Problem

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c. Groundwater Extraction “Demand for piped water supply is highest where shallow groundwater quality is poorest – across all income levels. Groundwater remains the key water source for poorer residents, but the same affordability also keeps upper income residents attached to groundwater use, even with larger volume consumption.” (Kooy et al., 2016)

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3

1

2

5 4

1

Cisadane River (0.8%)

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Setuk Gintung (31%)

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Tomang Lake (1.7%)

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Ciliwung River (4%)

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Jatiluhur Dam (62.5%)

Sources of Jakarta’s piped water supply. Source: Habitat International redrawn by author (January 2018)

The Problem

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d. Polluted Rivers “The Jakarta Water Resources Council stated that the rivers in Jakarta could only supply 2.2 percent of the total demand for clean water, all of which came from the Krukut River, as the other rivers were too dirty to process.

The National Development Planning Board (Bappenas) reported in February that 96 percent of river water in the city is severely polluted. The rivers are contaminate with high levels of biochemical oxygen demand, phosphor and nitrogen.� (Wijaya C.A., 2018)

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The Problem

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e. Rising Sea Levels 150,000ha of North Jakarta which is already 2 meters below sea level is steadily sinking. This is largely due to the expansion of informal settlements and the uncontrolled pumping of groundwater. It is predicted that by 2030, the Northern part of Jakarta will be 4 to 5 meters below sea level. In 2100, if groundwater extraction has still not stopped, Jakarta will sink a further 5 to 6 meters with a visible change in flood conditions due to sea level rise.

Even If the government is successful in stopping groundwater extraction in the 2020s, North Jakarta will sink a further 2 metres by the end of the century. Furthermore, in order to stop groundwater extraction, the government will have to provide adequate, affordable and reliable piped surface supply system.

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0 - 5m < 0m 5 - 10m 10 - 20m 20 - 30m >30m

A diagram showing Jakartaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s topogaphy.

The Problem

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1996 (Rainfall: 475mm) The worst flood in the end of the 20th Century.

Source: Government documentation redrawn by author (November 2017)

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Floods (>1m) Floods (30cm -1m) Floods (<30cm) Rivers Road network The Problem

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2002 (Rainfall: 530mm) Jakartaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s worst flood at the start of the 21st Century.

Source: Government documentation redrawn by author (November 2017)

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Floods (>1m) Floods (30cm -1m) Floods (<30cm) Rivers Road network The Problem

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2007 (Rainfall: 710mm) Jakarta’s worst flood in history.

Source: Government documentation redrawn by author (November 2017)

The flood in 2007 inundated 40% of the city, killed 80 people and displaced 340,000 citizens.

“…sea levels were depressed by up to 20cm below normal during El Nino phases, while they were elevated by 10 to 20cm during La Nina. According to this report, the latest La Nina started in the middle of 2007 and continued till the middle of 2008, and thus the 2007 coastal flood took place in the midst of La Nina phase…” (Takagi et al., 2016)

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Floods (>1m) Floods (30cm -1m) Floods (<30cm) Rivers Road network The Problem

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2013 (Rainfall: 385mm) Killed 40 people and dispaced 45,000 citizens.

Source: Government documentation redrawn by author (November 2017)

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Floods (>1m) Floods (30cm -1m) Floods (<30cm) Rivers Road network The Problem

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2016 ((Rainfall: 330mm) Jakarta was hit by an unusual precipitation in the dry season. This was due to the El Nino phenomenon which increased flooding and landslides.

Source: Government documentation redrawn by author (November 2017)

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Floods (>1m) Floods (30cm -1m) Floods (<30cm) Rivers Road network The Problem

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Daily routines carry on as per usual despite heavy rainfall and floods.

Source: Today Online (February 2015)

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The Problem

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A typical scenario during floods in Jakarta.

Source: The Jakarta Post (February 2018)

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The Problem

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Slums along a river that have been destroyed by a flood.

Source: National Geographic (July 2013)

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The Problem

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Jakarta at 2oK rise in temperature. The effects from just climate change alone.

Source: Sydney Morning Herald redrawn by author (January 2018)

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Floods (>1m) Floods (30cm -1m) Floods (<30cm) Rivers Road network The Problem

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Jakarta at 4oK rise in temperature. The effects from just climate change alone.

Source: Sydney Morning Herald redrawn by author (January 2018) It is predicted that in the time span of 2000-2050, 12.9km2 of North Jakarta will be flooded with water deeper than 1 meter. However, this is only with the consideration of rising sea levels. When analyzed concurrently with the effects of land subsidence, the coverage area increased to 110.5km2. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The reason for calculating the extent of a flood that is 1 meter or higher relates to the physical and psychological limitations of human beings.â&#x20AC;? (Takagi et al, 2016) A psychological study showed that human beings felt intense fear and required physical help if floods reached a height of 1 meter or more. This suggests that floods of this height can be considered as hazardous, causing harm to the citizens and their settlements.

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Floods (>1m) Floods (30cm -1m) Floods (<30cm) Rivers Road network The Problem

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;...strengthening the existing seawalls and upgrading the drainage pumping capacity can no longer provide sufficient protection for the long term. Moreover, space in Jakarta is too limited to create the required large storage basins. An offshore solution for flood protection has become inevitable to protect the city against floods from the sea and rivers in the coastal zone.â&#x20AC;?

(Indonesian Government, 2014)

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03

The Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Reaction

1. Abandon North Jakarta

2. Strengthen coastal wall

3. Build a giant sea wall

Option 1: Too costly and forced migration will be too much of a challenge.

Option 2: If the structure fails in the event of a natural disaster, results would be disastrous.

Option 3: A giant sea wall in the form of reclaimed islands in order to protect the city from rising sea levels. The additional land provides opportunity to increase development and businesses.

There is always a larger business motivation behind these proposals. A higher economic return would mean that the government is able to break even from the project. Furthermore, this proposal creates an offshore lake that will act as a retention basin, whereby the water collected will be used to supply piped water for Jakartaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s citizens.

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The Giant Sea Wall Proposal in plan view.

Source: Dutch Water Sector redrawn by author (January 2018) Phase A: This consists of strengthening the existing coastal dike and improving water supply and waste water management in order to slow down land subsidence. There also needs to be a prevention of upstream river water from entering North Jakarta. This would be done by disconnecting rivers and canals so that water levels will be lower for the water pumps.

Phase B: As sea levels continue to rise and land continues to subside, large drainage pumps and pumping stations are needed as the rivers that flow towards the sea can no longer rely on gravity.

Phase C: An adaptive approach is proposed for the easter bay of Jakarta as it is still not as badly affected as the western bay.

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B

C A

The Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Reaction

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Section of proposal Source: Drawn by author. (January 2018) 40% of Jakarta is below sea level and it continues to sink at a rate of 7.5cm to 17cm a year (Indonesian government, 2014). With the rise in sea levels due to climate change, Jakarta not only faces the challenge of floods caused by poor city management, but from coastal floods as well. â&#x20AC;&#x153;...due to severe subsidence, sea water levels will be between 3 to 5 metres above street level in 2050.â&#x20AC;? (Indonesian government, 2014) Jakarta City

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Offshore Lake The water collected in this lake will be used to supply piped water for the citizens of Jakarta.

The Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Reaction

The Giant Sea Wall

Java Sea

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1

2

3

Main criticisms made by the public and experts. Source: Drawn by author (January 2018) 56

Many critics claim that the giant sea wall project is only an excuse to bring in more private investors so that the government will be able to break even for the project.

1. Increase Development

By building the giant sea wall, many fishermenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s livelihoods will be disrupted along the coast.

2. Risks Fishery Industry

Water catchment locations are usually placed nearer to their sources in the mountains, not at the mouths of the rivers where all of the water will be highly polluted.

3. Water Catchment Location The Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Reaction

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Diagrams showing a study of BOD content in the Java Sea before and after construction of the giant sea wall.

Source: Marine Pollution Bulletin (2016) a. Annual averaged total nitrogen concentrations for the reference scenario. b. Initiated land reclamation of Phase A. c. Construction of the Great Garuda and closing of the Western reservoir during Phase B. d. Completion of the initial design with closure of the Eastern reservoir during Phase C. The most alarming drawback is the studies that have shown how polluted the accumulated water will be, making it unfit for human use.

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The Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Reaction

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Aerial view of the Giant Sea Wall proposal.

Source: Dutch Water Sector (October 2014) “A study by the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Ministry has revealed that the National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD) Project, known as the Giant Sea Wall (GSW) or the Great Garuda, would have a massive environmental and social impact on the city, including the disappearance of islands and damage to the maritime ecosystem.” (Elyda, 2015) Based on a marine and coastal researcher’s (Taslim Arifin) studies, the Giant Sea Wall would affect sea currents that could erode the islands located west of the bay. It could also destroy natural habitats and coral reefs in the Java Sea. The offshore lake that the project will create which was intended to be the city’s retention basin, will also hold polluted water discharged from Jakarta’s polluted rivers. “...the accumulation would cause eutrophication that would be fatal for the biota in the water as the oxygen concentration fell.” (Elyda, 2015)

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The Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Reaction

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;To realise an acceptable water quality in the giant waduk, pollution in the rivers has to be reduced with approximately 75% (organic substances mainly from households) to 95% (nutrients).â&#x20AC;?

(Indonesian Government, 2014)

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04 The Argument

Government proposal: The Giant Sea Wall

Success

Failure

Water Management Clean water will be available for the city

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Currently, the project can go in either 2 directions. Construction may reach a stage of completion, or it may stop midway due to lack of funds or corruption from the government. However, regardless of the prospects of the project, it is vital to focus on water management so that better quality water will be available for the citizens of Jakarta.

In order to provide viable solutions it is important to ask these questions: 1. Who are affected the most by poor water supply and quality and floods?

2. What can I do to support their adaptation as an architect?

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1. Clean the rivers

2. Improve sanitation services

3. Blue-Green Infrastructures

Possible alternative solutions to be implemented The Argument

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.â&#x20AC;? (Marcus Garvey, N.D.)

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05

The Case Studies

River restoration projects

Incremental housing strategies

Vernacular architecture

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Learning from: Singapore River Clean-up Project In the beginning, the Singapore River and Kallang Basin were highly polluted.

Understanding that river pollution is not an isolated issue, the Prime Minister and his government actively determined the pollution sources which were mainly organic matter from industrial and domestic discharge. These sources were ordered to be relocated to Public Housing units so that riversides will no longer be congested with informal settlements.

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Photo of Singapore River in 1950s (Left) Photo of Singapore River today (Right) Sources: Flickr (January 2011), Singapore Guide (N.D.)

The Case Studies

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Learning from: Singapore Blue-Green Infrastructures The ABC (Active, Beautiful, Clean) Waters Programme is a way for the Singaporean government to implement Blue-Green Infrastructures within the nation in order to become more sustainable. By restoring a portion of the river bed of the Singapore River, they were able to integrate the water body with the park in order to draw more users towards the river. It has also shown to improve water quality, detain rainwater runoff and effectively treating peak flow by 33%. A variety of new plant species has also been evident in the area and wildlife is able to thrive within the park.

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Bishan - Ang Mo Kio Park in dry season (Left) Bishan - Ang Mo Kio Park in wet season (Right) Sources: Creative Move (January 2013), Twitter (N.D.)

The Case Studies

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Learning from: Alejandro Aravena Affordable housing for lower income residents As opposed to slum relocation, slum upgrading will be a better option for Jakarta. A successful slum upgrading approach is the incremental housing strategy that integrates formal and informal systems and allows the inhabitants to participate in the design, planning and construction process in order to obtain a living environment they would be satisfied with. This strategy was used by Alejandro Aravena in the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;half a houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; project that successfully provided the earthquake-prone community with affordable housing.

Building workshops were provided by the team and there were manuals provided to guide the inhabitants on how to use standard buildng materials.

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Incremental Social Housing. Source: Archdaily (2016)

The Case Studies

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Learning from: Vernacular Architecture Passive design elements The most basic design element in order to withstand floods is an elevated structure.

Vernacular architecture refers to buildings that have been designed according to the influences of traditions and cultures, making them climatically appropriate. These qualities have been lost in modern buildings but are slowly regaining their populairty as architects are searching for passive design strategies to overcome environmental challenges. In the hot and humid climate of South East Asia, buildings were designed with pitched roofs and deep overhangs to keep the rain away, and porches were part of the strategy to create shaded and well-ventilated areas. Walls were also porous to have a balance of privacy as well as cross-ventilation.

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Building on water. (Left) Vernacular Architecture. (Right) Sources: The Beautiful Occupation (September 2012), MM Adventure (May 2016)

The Case Studies

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;There is no logic that can be superimposed on the city; people make it, and it is to them, not buildings, that we must fit our plans.â&#x20AC;?

(Jane Jacobs, N.D.)

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06 The Proposal

1st Initiative Improve the conditions of the urban poor

2nd Initiative Introduce Blue-Green Infrastructures

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1st Initiative Improving the conditions of the urban poor

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The Program With 29 million citizens living in slums, the Indonesian government realizes that immediate action must be taken in order to provide better living conditions for these communities. A collaborative national platform has been set up, called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The National Slum Upgrading Programâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (KOTAKU) which targets to reach out to 154 cities within the country. The program intends to provide improved water supply, sanitation, drainage, waste management and infrastructure. It is being financed by multiple sources, 2 of which are the World Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, with a financial bulk amount of USD 1.3 billion.

One of these 154 cities is Jakarta. Our team is one of the 30 teams that has been assigned to improve the slums that run along the sides of the Ciliwung River.

The Proposal

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1st Initiative Improving the conditions of the urban poor

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The Team

Municipality Representative

Architect

Ensures that work in progress is Ensures that both the spaces acceptable and that all expenses within each shelter and the space fall within the budget. as a neighbourhood is welldesigned, suitable to the needs of the inhabitants.

Mechanical & Electrical Engineer Ensures that the community receives proper water supply, electrical supply and sanitation.

The Proposal

Community Representative

Structural Engineer Ensures that the community receives proper drainage systems and efficient structural systems for their homes.

Certified Water Specialist

Communicates the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ensures that the proposals being desires and concerns to the team made continue to positively affect as well as communicates the the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water quality. teamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s actions and plans to the community.

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1st Initiative Improving the conditions of the urban poor

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The Process

1. Common Area & Discussion

2. Identity

3. Design

A common area within the site will be determined to hold discussions and workshops. The team is to discuss the needs and concerns of the inhabitants.

A selection of houses will be reconstructed in a particular order. A schedule will inform the community which homes will be affected within a certain duration.

Designs and plans will be drawn according to the needs and concerns of the inhabitants and the proposals will be discussed with the community.

4. Workshop

5. Temporary Shelter

6. Construction Process

Workshops will be held to educate the community on how to build their future homes with better materials and techniques.

Temporary shelters are required for the affected families to live in while their homes are being reconstructed.

The construction process begins.

Communication continues throughout the construction process and information will be shared among other teams.

The Proposal

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Project Site The map of the overlaid floods and the urban poor suggests that it is mainly the urban poor that experience the worst cases of floods. This is mainly due to the lack of control in land use as their developments form along the riverside, which are areas that are most likely to be flooded as there is a lack of proper services and structures made available for them.

Many teams will be assigned to improve several neighbourhoods around the city.

However, for this project, 1 site was chosen in the North West of Jakarta as it is one of the most flood prone areas in the city. It is the sites that have experienced the worst floods that need immediate help and when success can be seen from one of the most affected area, the other sites within the city will be able to see positive results as well.

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Site selection Urban poor Floods (>1m) Floods (30cm -1m) Floods (<30cm) Rivers Road network

The Proposal

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The Proposal

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Settlements that have formed along the polluted rivers.

Source: Author (February 2018)

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A typical neighbourhood, citizens loitering along the river banks.

Source: Author (February 2018)

The Proposal

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Existing site plan in the dry season. Scale 1:5000 Source: Author (May 2018) 90

The Proposal

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Existing site plan in the wet season. Scale 1:5000 Source: Author (May 2018) 92

The Proposal

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A sketch of the informal settlements that have developed along the river.

Source: Author (May 2018)

The Proposal

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a. Structural Improvements Building Functions & Varying Conditions Due to the structural conditions of the urban poor, homes are always ruined when a flood occurs. Therefore, the main structural proposal will be to elevate the homes by 2.5 metres to cater to the worst case scenario. These new structures will be made of cylindrical concrete columns with deep pile foundations. As these structures require professional help, they will be provided by the government. In demolition stage, good materials will be recycled and used again for the construction of the new homes above the new structures.

These new homes will be constructed by the community themselves, with possible additional help from non-governmental organizations.

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The Proposal

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Good Condition Source: Author (May 2018) Due to the different structural qualities of the homes, different construction processes are needed. The main idea is to retain the good structures (brick). Those that are classified as good conditions are mostly made out of brick. In this case, most of the structure will be retained, with only a few additional enhancements so that an additional storey can be built by the residents. For this scenario, if the ground floor needs to be abandoned due to bad flood conditions, there is available additional space.

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Co

nst

Self-built Demolished

ruc

tio

np

roc

es

s

Scale 1:150

The Proposal

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Average Condition Source: Author (May 2018) The homes in average condition are partially made from brick and timber. The parts from timber will be taken down and the remaining structure will be retained and strengthened so an additional storey can be built. Similarly, in the event of a bad flood and the ground floor needs to be evacuated, there will be an additional space of refuge.

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Co

nst

Self-built

ruc

tio

np

roc

es

s

Demolished Scale 1:150

The Proposal

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Poor Condition Source: Author (May 2018) There are buildings made completely out of timber. These conditions will not survive during flood events. Therefore, the best solution is to completely reconstruct these structures by elevating them with concrete, cylindrical columns. The structures above them will be selfconstructed by the residents.

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Self-built Demolished Scale 1:150

The Proposal

Co

nst

ruc

tio

np

roc

es

s

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Modular Columns & Detail Source: Author (May 2018) The columns will be provided by the government. In order to make the construction process more efficient, the section of the column after the pile cap will be made up of 3 prefabricated modules. Each module will have recessed strips that can be used for different activities by the residents.

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Construction detail of concrete columns. Source: Author (May 2018) Scale 1:20

The Proposal

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Using the columns Source: Author (May 2018) Often times, engineering elements are designed only to meet structural requirements.

Once the users encounter these elements, they will personalize these structures according to their needs. From observation of how common spaces are currently used in these areas, these are the common activities that take place.

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The Proposal

Module A: Seats

Module A: Tables

Module B: Counter

Module B: Hammock

Module C: Hang clothes

Module C: Hang banners 107

The columns as a collective whole, creating a space used for daily activities.

Source: Author (May 2018)

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The columns as a collective whole, creating a space used for playful activities.

Source: Author (May 2018)

The Proposal

109

b. Improvements on services Existing conditions. Source: Author (June 2018) Introducing new structures, provide new opportunities to improve living conditions within each home. Currently, each home shelters all kinds of activities including cleaning and cooking in a shared space that is used for sleeping. This is unhygienic.

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The existing conditions of a cluster of 5 homes. Scale 1:150 Source: Author (June 2018)

The Proposal

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With the addition of new and improved services for water supply and sanitation, a communal space is proposed. The communal space consists of toilets and a kitchen that will be shared among 4-7 homes. There is the opportunity for these communal spaces to further expand vertically, providing even more space for communal activities that the community feels will be beneficial for them.

An estimation of 40% of current homes are used for activities other than sleeping. For new clusters, this accumulated 40% will be dedicated for the communal spaces. Since the communal spaces are able to expand vertically it will give the clusters and the community even more space than they initially had.

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The New Elevation. Scale 1:150 Source: Author (June 2018)

The New Cluster. 1st Floor Plan. Scale 1:150 Source: Author (June 2018) The Proposal

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The New Cluster. Ground Floor Plan. Scale 1:150 Source: Author (June 2018)

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The New Cluster. 2nd Floor Plan. Scale 1:150 Source: Author (June 2018)

The Proposal

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3D view of the new cluster.

Source: Author (June 2018) 116

The Proposal

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Communal activities on the ground floor in the dry season.

Source: Author (June 2018)

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The Proposal

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Ongoing activities in the wet season.

Source: Author (June 2018)

120

The Proposal

121

Communical space in the new cluster.

Source: Author (June 2018)

122

The Proposal

123

With changes to the informal settlements.

Source: Author (June 2018) 124

The Proposal

125

2. Blue-Green Infrastructures

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Blue elements (Water)

Green elements (Vegetation)

Red elements (Social)

In re-introducing natural processes within the built environment, Blue-Green Infrastructures strengthens urban ecosystems, improves quality of life, and promotes sustainable water and stormwater management.

The Proposal

127

1

2

1

Meandering rivers

2

Reviving parks

3

Pedestrian crossings

4

Bioswale sidewalks

Site Plan with Blue-Green Infrastructures in the dry season. Scale 1:5000 Source: Author (May 2018) 128

4

3 The Proposal

129

1

2

130

1

Meandering rivers

2

Reviving parks

3

Pedestrian crossings

4

Bioswale sidewalks

Site Plan with Blue-Green Infrastructures in the wet season. Scale 1:5000 Source: Author (May 2018)

4

3 The Proposal

131

1. Meandering rivers Meandering rivers will slow down the river flow. A naturalized river bed and a surrounding area with natural surfaces so that they will absorb the surface water. The absorption also acts as a natural filtering process that will clean the river from impurities.

132

2. Reviving parks Parks in Jakarta are often neglected due to difficulty accessing them and due to the lack of attention, they are often illegally squatted. It is important to revive green spaces in the city to increase awareness on the importance of having healthy, public spaces within neighbourhoods.

The Proposal

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Activities in the new park.

Source: Author (May 2018)

134

The Proposal

135

3. Pedestrian crossings Difficulty accessing parks is due to poor pedestrian mobility within the city. By proposing simple elements dedicated for pedestrians, it will bring them more assurance that they can safely roam around the nieghbourhood by foot.

136

4. Bioswale sidewalks People within the neighbourhoods are often discouraged from travelling short distances by foot and one of those reasons is due to the lack of sidewalks that allow pedestrians to travel safely.

By providing proper sidewalks above road side bioswales, it will not only improve pedestrian mobility, but it will also make the surfaces more permeable.

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A method of improving pedestrian mobility.

Source: Author (May 2018)

138

The Proposal

139

Bioswale sidewalks in the neighbourhood.

Source: Author (May 2018)

140

The Proposal

141

A New Vision

142

For Jakarta

The Proposal

143

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Dull, inert cities, it is true, do contain the sieeds of their own destruction and little else.

But lively, diverse, intense cities contain the seeds of their own regeneration, with energy enough to carry over for problems and needs outside themselves.â&#x20AC;?

(Jane Jacobs, N.D.)

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07 The Conclusion

At the end of the day, floods are caused by climate change which is inevitable. However, our habits also largely contribute to our current climatic conditions and these are habits that need to change. As citizens and professionals, I believe we have a responsibility to improve the livelihoods of the urban poor and to watch over the environment. Our approach to the solutions we propose need to change so that they benefit the right parties and that they continue to make positive impacts in the long-term.

This thesis represents my statement within the architectural industry. I believe our responsibilities extend beyond our design and technical trainings.

145

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