Najia Yasmeen I Thesis Research Book 2019 by Najia Yasmeen

WISER WATER-SMART INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS

SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS Volume 02

HD STUDIO AAE790

NAJIA YASMEEN

SPRING 2019

TABLE OF

CONTENTS COST-EFFECTIVE RENOVATION OF HOTEL

1.1

DESIGN GOALS

06- 17

Design Updates & Goals What Makes Existing Building Green? Energy & Carbon Water-Energy Nexus 1.2

METHODS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY

18- 35

Water Saving Methods Water Generator from Air Energy-Water Generator Collected Water Reuse Water Efficient Features 1.3

SITE EXAMPLE & ANALYSIS

36- 49

Site Design Strategy Site Selection Site Comparison Site Analysis Case Study 1.4

COST ESTIMATION

50- 63

Fixtures MOF & PV Device Water-Smart Shower Building Code

PROTOTYPE OF PROPOSED METHODS 2.1

WATER-SMART SHOWER

64- 73

Description Advantages & Limitations Water Recycle Methods 2.2

DRAWING DETAIL

74- 91

Typical Tower Plumbing Drawing_ Existing & Proposed Plumbing Riser Drawing_ Existing & Proposed 2.3

PROTOTYPE ROOM DETAIL

92- 97

Sectional Axon Room Detail Bathroom Detail 2.4

CONCLUSION Project Success Subsequent Steps Bibliography

98- 105

DESIGN UPDATES

What do the success of the concepts assume: From my previous research, it is shown that with the proposed methods, it is possible to reduce water conservations of the hotels to a significant number of 66%-88%. This semester, my target is to renovate an existing hotel located in the Las Vegas strip in a cost-effective manner to reduce its water use, as close as net-zero water hotel.

Problem/Opportunity: WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

Hotel with 1000 Rooms

Type 2

Guest Rooms Suites Resturant Retail Pool Club Conference Hall

Hotel with 300 Rooms Guest Rooms Suites Resturant Retail Pool

Type 1 Boutique Hotel with 100 Rooms Guest Rooms Resturant Retail

growth.

Thesis Statement:

COST-EFFECTIVE RENOVATION OF HOTEL

According to the latest research conducted by SIWI, almost 20 % of the world’s population live in areas of physical water scarcity. A water scarce region is where water resources development is “approaching or has exceeded sustainable limits” and “more than 75% of river flows are withdrawn for agriculture, industry, and domestic purposes”. By 2030, the world might face a 40% global demand/supply gap of accessible, reliable water supply for economic development. The private sector is a significant water user and often wholly dependent on water for production and service delivery. The Hospitality industry is one of these where water plays a determining part in everyday operations and potential

Type 3

While technically feasible, water preservation and generation infrastructure are significantly underutilized due to mis-perceptions of cost and need. Architecture that incorporates water salvation through hospitality design principles will see higher returns on investment than those through traditional (or non-experiential, i.e., no guest interaction) applications.

88.5% of water is saved

70%

of water is saved

66%

of water is saved 8

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DESIGN GOALS WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS 10

COST-EFFECTIVE RENOVATION OF HOTEL

There is a growing need to manage water resources in a sustainable manner and reclaimed water has become an increasingly important source of water. To enhance water efficiency, proposed high-efficient fixtures and fittings, including water closets, dual flush toilets, waterless urinals, and low-flow showers that reduce water consumption are proposed. Since those fixtures are known to be closely related to guest satisfaction and a vital part of luxurious bathroom environments, the design considers not only the need to reduce water consumption but also the quality and design of the fixtures in the hotel. Through the amalgamation of all the methods, water saving calculation are showed according to different scale hotels and according to multiple sites. There are three types of hotel scale chosen for the design prototype. According to the guest number and various amenities, water saving percentage changes.

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WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

EXISTING HOTEL RENOVATION What Makes Existing Building Green? Passive Survivability:

(Carroon & Moe, 2013)

Energy: As they incorporate design for passive survivability, many older buildings use less energy than more recent buildings. Commercial buildings built before 1920 use less energy per square feet than buildings from any other decade till 2000 (Department of Energy). Renovating those building by proving design solutions that reduce energy consumption can be a great strategy towards passive survivability.

Water: The use of cisterns is as old as history, and water storage tanks are still visible in many nineteenth centuries urban buildings. History offers significant examples of societies that understood and managed water as a community-wide resource even in desert cities with diverse water runoff and catchment systems.

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Existing building in the United States outnumbered new buildings by more than 100 to 1. If the United States is going to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, the greening of existing building must be included too.

COST-EFFECTIVE RENOVATION OF HOTEL

Passive survivability acknowledges design features in a building that allows it to function even when the most advanced technologies fail. Rediscovery and understanding these design strategies are an essential part of building reuse; as well as can be methods for new design.

- Charles Lockwood and Diloitte

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ZERO CARBON

The multi comfort concept promotes a “fabric first” approach, meaning that the building should first be energy efficient through its highly performing envelope and limit to the unavoidable minimum the needs for heating, cooling, and lighting. The remaining needed energy should be supplied with renewable and de-carbonized sources and buildings be prepared to produce more energy than they need. (Carroon & Moe, 2013)

3 Clean & Local Energy Supply: Solar PV or Thermal & Wind Turbine 2 Smart and Grid Ready

COST-EFFECTIVE RENOVATION OF HOTEL

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

Energy & Carbon

Key Considerations: •Energy needs for provision and maintenance of indoor comfort •Energy supply and sourcing •Smart equipment and smart grid-readiness •Low carbon impact over the whole life cycle. Good Buildings should: •Limit energy needs for the main comfort purposes (heating, cooling, and lighting) •Source and supply clean and local energy for continuing needs. •Be smart, and being able to control consumption and be smart-ready for connection to the grid. •Give preference to both produce and find solutions with lower carbon impact. (Carroon & Moe, 2013)

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1 Useful Energy Needs: Minimum heat transfer & Maximum Natural Light while operative solar using.

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Energy & Carbon

Site Zero Energy

X-Y=0

Source Zero Energy

Fossil Fuels

Energy Delivered & Exported to Grid

Types of Building Load

Consumption & Storage

Energy Use & Regeneration

Excess exported to the grid

Connection to grid

A Net Zero Energy Building (ZEB) is commonly defined as an energy efficient building that generates enough renewable energy (RE) on site to equal or exceed its annual energy use. The development of high performance buildings and urban areas are important due to increased environmental goals. The pathway to achieve ZEB generally consists of two steps. (2018). SG Green, (6.0). • Reduce energy demand by means of energy efficiency measures. • Generating enough energy to achieve the balance with energy consumption by building loads.

Types of accepted energy supplies

NET ZERO ENERGY

On-site/ Off-site RE

Occupant Comfort Level Delivered energy from Grid

Renewable Energy (RE)

COST-EFFECTIVE RENOVATION OF HOTEL

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

Net Zero Energy Buildings :

Minimum Energy Efficiency

Factors considered in Zero Energy Building (ZEB)

X-Y-Z=0

X = Energy/Water Generated from on-site RE over a year Y = Energy/Water Consumption on-site over a year Z = Energy/Water used to generate and deliver and any energy drawn from grid or main supply.

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WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

WATER-ENERGY NEXUS

2.8 Billion people

2.5 Billion people

have unreliable or no access to electricity

live in areas of high water stress

100 Million

By 2015, energy consumption will increase by

35%

COST-EFFECTIVE RENOVATION OF HOTEL

Water and energy resources are supported by each other for their life-cycle processes related to production and use. Water is necessary for energy generation, and energy is required for various processes related to the water life cycle. Nexus between water and energy is essential, and its comprehensive understanding is essential for the three-tier goal of achieving sustainability of resources, economic viability, and reduction of environmental adversaries (Hussey & Pittock, 2012). Both water and energy demand are affected by population growth, urbanization, the economic and political situation, as well as climatic change. By 2015, water consumption will increase by

85%

2035 - innovat

ion

Opt i

zation mi

What are the energy efficient water-treatment/ generation technology?

How does water management helps generating more energy?

2035 2010

2010

luti -so on

Increasing pressure on Integrated Technology Assessment

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finite water resources

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CALCULATION

Water use by 100 room Hotel: (Footprint is 25,000 SFt per floor) Water use for Drinking: 110 gallon Restaurant: 5,800 gallon Shower/ Bath/ Sink: 3,225 gallon Flush: 1,152 gallon Laundry: 1 ,200 gallon Landscaping/Xeriscaping: 1,500 gallon

MOF Water Generator

SHOWER TO FLUSHING

Drinking & Food Preparation

Toilet & Urinal Flushing

RECYCLED GREYWATER Laundry, Cleaning, Landscaping & Xeriscaping

Total Use: 12,987 gallon per day

RAINWATER HARVESTING Shower, Bath & Sink-use

Water use by 300 room Hotel: (Footprint is 40,000 SFt per floor) Water use for Drinking: 343 gallon Restaurant:10,000 gallon Shower/ Bath/ Sink: 9,675 gallon Flush: 3,456 gallon Laundry: 3,600 gallon Landscaping/Xeriscaping: 1,500 gallon Pool: 500 gallon

100

Total Use: 29,074 gallon per day

METHODS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

WATER SAVING METHODS

1.3

PATH TO NET ZERO WATER

SOLAR ENERGY

WATERENERGY NEXUS

Water use by 1000 room Hotel: (Footprint is 70,000 SFt per floor) Water use for Drinking: 1,100 gallon Restaurant:14,000 gallon Shower/ Bath/ Sink: 32,250 gallon Flush:11,520 gallon Laundry: 12,000 gallon Landscaping/Xeriscaping: 3,000 gallon Pool: 500 gallon

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Total Use: 74,370 gallon per day

Based on research, these are the total numbers of water saving percentage for a 1000 room hotel. Total water saving was 66% of the total water used in the hotel of 1000 rooms. Integrating the water saving method with existing solar energy generator will create a water-energy nexus and will bring better sustainable consequence.

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+ Smart-Shower & Flush System

Reuse

4-R METHODS

Regenerating water by capturing atmosphere water and storing, that water can be used in multiple activities. This method is interlinked to all the other methods in usability purposes. By combining reducing and reusing method through the smart-shower and flushing system, water consumption can be reduced on a grand scale. Amenities, such as Spa, Jacuzzi, Shower and Toilet water use can be reduced. By recycling grey-water through on-site filtration system and reducing water use, amenities like Xeriscaping, Cleaning and Laundry purposes can be served. By recycling rainwater and reusing it on purposes like a Decorative Water Feature, Pool, Cooling Tower, and so forth water use can be reduced. By reducing the use of recycled water in Xeriscaping, Cleaning, and Laundry, water waste can be minimized.

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Spa/ Jacuzzi Shower & Bath Toilet Flushing Resturant

Rainwater Harvesting

Regenerate

Decorative Water Features Swimming Pool Cooling Tower Energy Production

Reduce

METHODS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

WATER SAVING METHODS

Xeriscapng Cleaning Laundry

+ + Recycle

On-Site Biofiltration

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MOF HARVESTER

Water Harvesting with Metal_Organic Framework: Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a material to build a “solar-powered harvester,” a machine that can pull water out of air. The key is in the development of a molecular powder, a metal–organic framework (MOF), that is highly porous and acts like a sponge to absorb water. One kilogram of the special material, MOF, allows the device to harvest 2.8 liters of water per day from air with low relative humidity of 20 percent with no additional energy input (Kellner, 2018). MOF materials combine “metals like magnesium or aluminum with organic molecules in a tinker-toy arrangement to create rigid, porous structures ideal for storing gases and liquids”. The MOF inside the MIT device was a mix of zirconium metal and adipic acid, which binds water vapor. Currently, a new MOF based on aluminum, called MOF-303, that is at least 150 times cheaper and captures more than 400 ml (1.5 cups) of water per day from a kilogram of MOF. (“In Desert Trials, Next-

MOF Device: This device consists of a kilogram of dust-sized MOF crystals pressed into a thin sheet of porous copper metal. That sheet is placed between a solar absorber and a condenser plate and positioned inside a chamber. Due to the fixed side walls of the small-scale device, which prevented access to air flow (vapor source), the MOF layer was secured in a separate enclosure that allowed adequate access to air (Office, 2018).

METHODS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

WATER GENERATOR FROM AIR

Generation Water Harvester Delivers Fresh Water from Air”, 2019)

The harvester is essentially a box within a box. The inner box holds a 2-squarefoot bed of MOF grains open to the air to absorb moisture. This is encased in a two-foot plastic cube with transparent top and sides. The top was left open at night to let air flow in and contact the MOF, but was replaced during the day so the box could heat up like a greenhouse to drive water back out of the MOF. The released water condensed on the inside of the outer box and fell to the bottom, where the researchers collected it with a pipette.(“In Desert Trials,

1. Water molecules in air get trapped in MetalOrganic Framework (MOF). 2. Heat from sun on glass forces molecules on to heat exchanger fins where they condense. 3. Drops of water are collected.

Next-Generation Water Harvester Delivers Fresh Water from Air”, 2019)

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As a clean energy source, solar energy is approved all over the world. Among renewable energy resources, solar energy is growing at a rapid pace due to the technological advancements with increased efficiency and shrinking costs. In the southwest region of the U.S., sunlight is available as an abundant resource, therefore utilizing solar energy for the water-energy nexus is highly recommended. Solar energy is vital for sustaining the planet, and it also gives us significant scopes to save the planet as well, by reducing the pressure on non-renewable resources.

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METHODS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

SOLAR ENERGY RESOURCE

Photo-voltaic (PV) Panel Sunlight falls on hight capacity solar panels during daytime. These PV panels covert solar energy into Direct Current (DC) electricity to an inverter.

PV PANEL

The hospitality industry can be benefited by renewable energy in both the short and long terms. Lighting, HVAC and water heating account for approximately 60% of the total cost of a typical hotel. By installing PV panels, especially in the climate in Las Vegas, with proper policymaking, can bring more excellent outcome on energy saving, reduce carbon footprint thus become more sustainable.

Injection to the network Utility power is provided at night & day when demand exceed solar production.

METHODS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

SOLAR ENERGY FOR HOSPITALITY Inverter Converts DC into AC electricity, called conditioning the power.

Currently, many properties have invested in technology to reduce their power consumption- from a switch to LED lighting, efficient kitchen and laundry equipment, to water sustainability to shrink a propertyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s carbon footprint. A well-designed solar photo-voltaic system can significantly lower energy bills with the side benefit of providing additional cooling for the building or outdoor spaces with the shade provided by the array. Solar is now more cost-effective than ever, providing several compelling financial and environmental benefits for the hospitality industry. Solar technologies have been proven over decades in the field, and are becoming increasingly efficient, reliable, and affordable.(Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Neill et al., 2019)

Meter When solar energy system produces more electricity than needed, excess is automatically sent to the utility company, the meter runs backward.

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Internal electrical system Solar energy system produces high quality electricity, reduces power fluctuation that demands equipment.

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WATER & ENERGY NEXUS WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

METHODS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY

Water and energy are each recognized as indispensable inputs to our everyday life. In recent years, driven by the three imperatives of security of supply, sustainability, and economic efficiency, the energy and water sectors have undergone rapid reform. However, it is when water and energy rely on each other that the most complex challenges are posed for policymakers. Examples of the trade-offs between energy and water security include: the proliferation of desalination plants and inter-basin transfers to deal with water scarcity; extensive groundwater pumping for water supplies; first-generation bio-fuels; the proliferation of hydro-power plants; decentralized water supply solutions such as rainwater tanks; and even some forms of modern irrigation techniques. In this design, this two systems can be intertwined with combined solutions through integrated approaches. (Hussey & Pittock, 2012)

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ENERGY-WATER GENERATOR

MOF & PV DEVICE

There is much opportunity to combine a solar panel with MOF technology. As for generating water from the atmosphere, MOF device does not need solar light; it only requires the heat. If integrated with PV panels, it will require less space, but doubled the resource of energy and water. This energywater generator can be placed at the roof level of the building facade. PV systems that are integrated into the facade of a building are called Building Integrated PV â&#x20AC;&#x201C; BIPV. To exploit the maximum output of the PV system, though, it is advisable this has a good exposure (i.e., it is tilted and south oriented, no core or half shadows). The water generator device will capture cold air during the night and harvest water from air with solar heat at daytime. While connected to the main water supply line, the generated water can offset drinking and cooking water need of the hotel, based on the MOF water generator size. By installing the water-energy generator, hotels can reduce or eliminate their monthly electricity and water bills and provide pollutionfree electricity as well as generates its most of the water on premise.

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Anti-reflective coat DC Electricity to Inverter

MOF Layer Night-time Water Absorption

Day-time Water Harvesting

Desert Air (vapor source)

Condenser

METHODS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

Glass

Collected Water to Tank

ABSORPTION

HARVESTING

At night, the device is opened, allowing air to flow into a porous MOF that grabs and holds water molecules.

During the day, the chamber is closed and the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heat causes the MOF to release the water as vapor that condenses and collected.

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RAINWATER

One method of rainwater harvesting is rooftop harvesting and stored in rainwater tanks. Water can also be collected in dams from rain falling on the ground and producing runoff. By capturing water directly, we can significantly reduce our reliance on water storage dams. This method lays less stress on these dams and can potentially reduce the need to expand these dams or building.

Rainwater harvesting depends on annual rainfall and size of the area of capture or roof area must also be known when estimating the amount of rainfall that can be collected. The larger the roof area, the more rainfall that is to be collected. The concepts of rainwater harvesting are not only applied to roof catchments. Ground runoff can be modeled and used as input to overall water balance calculations. All of these factors can be incorporated into an overall water balance model so that the best strategy for capturing and managing this most precious of natural resources can be determined. Rainfall of Las Vegas is 4.2â&#x20AC;? (106.7mm) annually. With an average of 26 rainy days during the entire year, Las Vegas is one of the aridest places in North America. Although harvesting rainwater can cut down supply water use to a significant number in residential scale projects, it has very less impact on hospitality scale projects. Therefore, this method is particularly not efficient for a place with deficient annual rainfall. However, cities with higher rainfall will see higher returns by using this method for water conservation.

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METHODS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

COLLECTED WATER REUSE

3 4

Rainwater Harvesting Filtration System

1. Tank 2. PE telescopic cover 3. Filtration Equipment 4. Pumping Device

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LOW-FLOW PLUMBING

Efficient fixtures can help save gallons of water, as well, lessens water bills—even just installing a low-flow and efficient

Toilet Regular: 3.5 gallon/ minute Low flow: 1.6 gallon/minute

fixtures will save a hotel millions of dollars in a lifetime of that fixture. Moreover, since water used in bathrooms is often heated, saving water saves energy, as well. Users can save up to 70% on water conservation when compared with manual activated taps

(“Faucet Fixtures Introduction”, 2018).

Faucet

A lot of water

Regular: 2.5 gallon/minute Aerated Flow: 0.5 gallon/minute with no adverse impact on general hand washing Sensor Faucet: Saves 70% more than regular

is wasted when turning the tap on and off manually. With sensor faucets, the tap is activated or deactivated within 0.5 second, and does not drip, a common problem with manual taps. Low-flow toilets do not have smaller tanks than the regular toilet; instead, they use a combination of gravity, bowl shape and size and also air pressure to effectively flush solid waste, using 1.6 gallons of water or less. Low-flow shower-heads introduce air into the system, which helps produce larger droplets with adequate pressure, even while using less water. Another strategy is to use different volumes of water for independent purposes. Dual-flush toilets and shower-heads which allow the user to adjust the intensity of the flow with

Shower & Bath

METHODS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

WATER EFFICIENT FIXTURES

Bathtub: 70 gallon to fill tub Shower- 10 minute Regular flow: 50 gallon Low flow: 25 gallon

Laundry Regular: 41 gallon per full load High Efficient: 20 gallon per full load

the touch of a button are suitable examples.

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SITE DESIGN STRATEGIES

The hospitality industry can work as modern decentralized water infrastructure and include water

generator,

site-collected

Conserve Water Resource:

rainwater, recycle grey water, and stormwater

•Utilize landscape that thrives without supplemental

systems. The goal is to point out a need for

irrigation water.

standardization to protect the public and to

•Harvest Rainwater to supplement water needs.

ensure that reliable systems are designed, installed and maintained. It is necessary to

Avoid Surface Water Runoff

define regulation and set standards for designing

•Reuse runoff water where practicable.

hybrid systems. From this example of greywater

•Promote groundwater recharge and evaporation than

application we can consider, that system is

surface runoff.

efficient regarding saving potable water. It is

•Avoid concentration of runoff and spread rainwater over

clear that the changing of hotel occupation will

the landscape through multiple appropriate design strategy.

have an impact on water and financial savings.

SITE EXAMPLE & ANALYSIS

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

atmosphere

The target of these methods was to introduce

Avoid Surface & Groundwater Contamination:

multiples systems to conserve water. This

•Use bio-retention swales, rain gardens, etc. to remove

system of alternative recycled water use can save

storm-water pollutants.

potable water, where the water is unnecessarily wasted and used where drinking water quality

Make Water System Transparent:

is not needed. These water saving systems can

•Where water is transferred from space to space, use surface

also be economically beneficial in the long term

conveyance rather than enclosed pipes.

at larger scale hospitality building.

•Make

visible

sub-surface

seepage

from

permeable

pavements, bioswales, etc. •Incorporate constructed wetlands into landscape design as a garden-like feature.

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MGM GRAND

Water is precious in Las Vegas. Located within the Mojave Desert, it is a city whose outskirts contain desert vegetation and dry mountain ranges. With only 4.17 inches of rainfall a year, source of water is limited for the population. The city is also a major travel destination, with over 39 million visitors in 2017. (“Monthly Las Vegas Visitor Statistics Executive summary I LVCVA, 2018”) Resorts use only 7.2% of southern Nevada’s water, and most of the water used inside Las Vegas resort buildings are replenished back into either Lake Mead or the Colorado River. SITE EXAMPLE & ANALYSIS

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

SITE SELECTION

As a model of integrated resort, in Las Vegas: MGM Resorts International, practices a good example of water conservation. They have taken several initiatives to conserve water including drought-tolerant plants, drip irrigation system, reusing water for decorative features and low-flow toilets. Incorporating my advanced water saving methods with the existing will cut down water dependency on a significant level. As an iconic hotel brand, MGM focuses on bringing comfort and health to the guest. The opportunity to use this chain resort for retrofitting proposal will act as a prototype for water conservation without hampering the lavish experience. (“MGM Resorts International Practices Water Conservation In Las Vegas | Justmeans”, 2019)

Although Las Vegas and water sustainability are two words that usually do not go hand-in-hand, it is possible to have better results in water conservation than before by incorporating the methods in a hotel chain like MGM, especially in the arid place like Las Vegas.

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W Flamingo Road

S Las Vegas Blvd

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

E Harmon Ave

SITE EXAMPLE & ANALYSIS

Las Vegas Freeway

W Harmon Ave

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S Las Vegas Blvd

W Tropicana Avenue

W Reno Ave

E Flamingo Road

E Tropicana Avenue

E Reno Ave

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MGM GRAND

Total annual water use of MGM Grand was is 3.8 hundred million gallons per year, which is the highest among most of the casino and hotels in Las Vegas. Most of the casinos use less than three hundred million gallons of water per year, which is a much smaller number. In comparison to the total amount of water use, MGM is in the highest position.

2014)

Total annual water use gal/year for each casino (Trabia, Suzanne H., 2014)

Red Rock

Paris

NYNY

Mirage

MGM Grand

Mandalay Bay

M Resort

Green Vally Ranch

Caesars Place

Bellagio

Aria

This high number of water usage in MGM is because of the scalability of the property, where only 88 gallons of water are used per guest per day. While the M resort uses the highest of 388 gals/day per guest and Paris uses the lowest of 71 gals/day per guest, MGM apparently in the median point of water usage per person. Although, by implementing the proposed design strategies, it is possible to reduce that number even more. M resort is small in scale with 400 rooms, where MGM has 5,005 rooms, so the total amount of water uses substantial. Second highest total water use is by Mandalay Bay with 4,393 rooms and 81 gals/day per guest. By analyzing all these numbers, it is perceived that taking MGM Grand as a base to apply the methods of water conservation will be favorable both economically viable and physically attainable. Considering the impact of total water saving, selecting MGM to apply the systems will bring a significant level of water conservation impact rather than any other hotels or casinos in Las Vegas. (Trabia, Suzanne H.,

SITE EXAMPLE & ANALYSIS

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

SITE COMPARISON

Among the 11 casino and hotel on and off Las Vegas Strip, MGM Grand uses the maximum amount of water, because of its scale. That is the major reason to choose MGM Grand as the site for retrofitting proposals.

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WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

SITE EXAMPLE & ANALYSIS

MGM Grand uses approx 46 million gal/ year for landscaping and 18 million gal/ year for xeriscaping. That is the second highest water usage after Mirage among the hotels. Replacing this water with recycled water will cut down water consumption to a large scale. (Trabia,

Red Rock

Paris

NYNY

Mirage

MGM Grand

Mandalay Bay

M Resort

Green Vally Ranch

Caesars Place

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Bellagio

Aria

Suzanne H., 2014)

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SITE ANALYSIS 5%

MGM GRAND

MGM, the iconic hotel, decided to make its Las Vegas property the MGM Grand, to be a more water efficient hotel by taking several water conservation steps. In 2016, the company removed 42,000 square feet of grass and replaced it with drought-tolerant plants and artificial turf. The majority of the water used in MGM, about 57%, is used for the hotel rooms. The next highest is fixtures outside the hotel rooms at 26%, then landscaping at 12% and xeriscaping at only 5%. Pools are only 1% of the total water consumed.

1% Pools

57% Hotel Room

(Trabia, Suzanne H., 2014)

It is always more cost effective to apply these design strategies to new projects, but is every bit of important to be implemented in existing ones. The retrofitting proposal can introduce with only 20% of the total room, started as an experimentation on the millennial guests. If accepted widely, then these methods can be executed on new extension projects and more retrofitting projects. The reconstruction of the design techniques will be more systematize and cost-efficient if done in the lower portion of the towers. Two years ago, the resort increased its use of on-site well water to reduce dependency on water sourced from Lake Mead. Currently most of its exterior irrigation and 60 percent of its cooling tower water needs are provided by well water. However, this source has finite amount of resource, so it is preferable to regenerate, reduce, reuse and recycle the water source to diminish water dependency on a grand scale.

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26% Fixtures

Total water use percentage by category

12% Landscaping

SITE EXAMPLE & ANALYSIS

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

Xeriscaping

According to the chart, most of the water is used for the hotel rooms, hence it will be serviceable to reduce water usage in the hotel rooms. Second is the outdoor fixtures, where water consumption can be reduced by using recycled water.

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EDITT TOWER

Water-Recycling Water self-sufficiency (by rainwater-collection and grey-water reuse) in the tower is at 55.1%: (“EDITT tower”, 2019) SITE EXAMPLE & ANALYSIS

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

CASE STUDY • Water requirements = 20 gallons/day/10 sq.m. gross area + 10% wastage • Total rain-fall catchment area = 518 sq.m. • Singapore average rainfall / annum = 23.439m • Total rain-water collection = 12,141 m3 per annum • Water self sufficiency = 12,141 ÷ 22,019 x 100 = 55.1%

Water-Purification Rainwater-collection system comprises of ‘roofcatchment-pan’ and layers of ‘scallops’ located at the building’s facade to catch rain-water running off its sides. Water flows through gravity-fed waterpurification system, using soil-bed filters. The filtered-water accumulates in a basement storagetank, and is pumped to the upper-level storage-tank for reuse (e.g. for plant-irrigation and toilet-flushing).

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Rainwater collection & Recycling

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Investment costs Assessing the investment costs of the water conservation solutions is difficult because they depend on many parameters, including the following: • Equipment prices vary among suppliers and among countries, they are not always available (not all suppliers wish to give their prices), and they need to be updated regularly as they evolve quickly. • Installation costs vary significantly between countries (due, for example, to differences in labor costs). Those costs also depend greatly on whether the installation work requires shutting down the hotel or not. • The legal framework also affects investment costs significantly, depending on whether there are any national/local grants, tax credits or subsidy schemes (for example, in France, there are tax credits when implementing renewable energy technologies provided the system is installed by a professional). Legal frameworks are often complex, very different from one country to another, and evolve quickly with time • Advantageous incentives may sometimes introduce variation in prices, in particular for non-mature markets. (Key Renewable Energy (RE) Solutions for SME Hotels,

Total Revenue: Total revenue depends on the number of installation and guest acceptance to the new implementations. The initial process can start with retrofitting 20% of the total available rooms. Based on the customer behavior, and revenue, gross profit can be calculated. Payback time can vary from 1-5 years. The payback period is the cost of the investment divided by the annual cash flow. The shorter the payback, the more desirable the investment. For example, if water saving shower system cost $5,000 to install and the savings are $100 each month, it would take 4.2 years to reach the payback period. Although, the payback period does not account for what happens after payback, ignoring the overall profitability of an investment. Hotels are large consumers of energy and water, yet most have not done wide-scale efficiency projects due to a variety of reasons such as quick turnover cycles, split incentives between tenants and owners, as well as constraints on internal capital and financing that management much rather would see go towards new properties or improving guest experience in ways that increases occupancy and rates. (“Has this Singapore hotel uncovered the future of hospitality energy efficiency?”, 2019)

Hotels in Las Vegas can take steps towards reigning in energy consumption, and therefore increasing overall financial performance in upcoming years. Given that margins in the hospitality sector are only about 3 percent, every dollar that an operator can save on energy is the equivalent of increasing revenue by a larger number. As a result of these efforts, the energy efficient measures can help a property to differ from average hotel in both performance and design stranded which will help increase overall asset value, illustrating that being green also makes green.

COST ESTIMATION

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

COST ESTIMATION

n.d.)

Return on investment Return on investment is also exacting to estimate because it depends on the following parameters: • Investment costs: Investment costs depend very much on the local context in many ways. • Maintenance costs: As installation costs, maintenance costs vary greatly between countries, due to differences in labor costs. • Cost savings induced by energy savings: The cost savings are directly dependent on energy prices. Energy prices fluctuate greatly with time (as shown by the volatility of oil prices since 2007) and are very different from one country to another. Moreover, energy savings are themselves rough estimates – they depend greatly on the hotel‘s initial situation and on the user behavior. 52

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Average payback

Total Savings

Life of Water Conservation Methods (years)

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SHOWER-HEAD

Replace Guest Room Showers with 2.5 gpm Shower-heads Potential Savings: Savings are estimated at 8,500 average gpd. Water savings for water and sewer would amount to approximately $28,000 annually. Significant energy savings, resulting from less purchased steam to make hot water will be in the nearly of 1,000 mbtu (“Hotel Water Conservation A Seattle Demonstration”, 2018).

COST ESTIMATION

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

COST ESTIMATION

Potential Cost: At an estimated $40 installed cost per shower head, total cost would amount to $35,500. Depending on choice of shower-head, actual cost may be lower. Payback Period: One year or less when energy savings are included.

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SINK & FAUCET

Replace Sink and Lavatory Flow Restricters with 1.5 gpm Aerators Potential Savings: Savings are estimated at 2.0 gpd per occupied room, 1,425 average gpd, or $4,800 per year (“Hotel Water Conservation A Seattle Demonstration”, 2018). Potential Cost: Aerators may be purchased for around $1 each. Total installed cost may be estimated at $2 each, for a cost of $3,564 for 1,782 aerators (2 per guest room). Additional energy savings should apply. Payback Period: Less than one year.

COST ESTIMATION

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

COST ESTIMATION

M–POWER chrome sensor-operated lavatory faucet M-Power faucets are designed with conservation, hygiene and durability in mind. A unique motion sensor with 30 second auto-off function, starts and stops the flow of water automatically reducing daily gallons used, reducing water bills, limiting hot water consumption, saving energy and preventing risk of accidental overflow. (faucet, 2019)

Single Deck-Mount, Non-Mixing,Battery Powered Electronic Faucet

Model: CA8302 Price: $500.72 Flow type: vandal resist multi–laminar Water usage: 0.5 gpm (1.9 L/min) max. Aerator height: 3.75 Connection size: 3/8” Connection type: compression Mount type: centerset Supply length: 24”

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LAVATORY

Replace Guest Room Toilets with 1.6 gpf Models Potential Savings: Savings are estimated at 9,475 average gpd (not including leakage reduction). Approximately annual dollar savings is $28,000. Potential Cost: Cost will vary with type of toilet selected. For example, a purchase cost of $90 per toilet is used, plus $30 for in-house installation, minus a $60 per toilet incentive from SPU, for a net installed cost of $60 per toilet, or $53,460 for 891 toilets (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hotel Water Conservation A Seattle Demonstrationâ&#x20AC;?, 2018).

COST ESTIMATION

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

COST ESTIMATION

Payback Period: Approximately 1.9 years (not including savings related to leak reduction). Actual payback after accounting for savings attributable to leak reduction could be under one year.

Additional Plumbing Fixtures Potential Cost: Cost for additional plumbing fixture depends on the plumbing lines and the floor numbers that are retrofitting the water saving installation. Plumbing design of existing and the proposed are shown later in the book, with an initiative to depletion and more efficient plumbing design.

Scarabeo by Nameeks Moon 1.3 GPF Elongated Toilet Bowl

Payback Period: Approximately 1.5 years of payback time, considering the amount of water saved per day.

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MOF & PV DEVICE

Installation of Solar Panel Potential Savings: Savings are estimated at $2,700 as annual benefits. Potential Cost: This will vary depending on the local cost of electricity, state and local rebates or incentives, and the installed cost of the solar panel system. The range can be from 3-4 years up to 20 years depending on these factors. Combined cost with gross and upfront incentives will be $ 20,000. (“Calculate Your Solar Panel Payback Period | EnergySage”, 2019)

COST ESTIMATION

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

COST ESTIMATION

Payback Period: Approximately 7.4 years of payback time for the solar panel including investment tax and installation price.

Installation of MOF Water Harvester Potential Cost: The harvester is essentially a box within a box. The inner box holds a 2-square-foot bed of MOF grains open to the air to absorb moisture. This is encased in a two-foot plastic cube with transparent top and sides. Making of the complete device is inexpensive, it only needs commercialization of the whole Metal Organic Framework or MOF.

MOF Water Harvester

Solar PV Panel Installation

At present , A German company BASF have various patents to protect these manufacturing processes of MOF and one process of particular interest is an aqueous synthesis. Currently, a new MOF based on aluminum, called MOF-303, that is at least 150 times cheaper and captures more than 400 ml (1.5 cups) of water per day from a kilogram of MOF. (“In Desert Trials, Next-Generation Water Harvester Delivers Fresh Water from Air”, 2019)

Payback Period: Estimated payback time should not exceed 3 years, as the water is generated consistently, without any external power source than solar heat.

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SMART-SHOWER

Installation of Water Smart Shower: Potential Cost: The cost for the smart shower system includes several different devices. It includes additional plumbing lines, an interface to connect and command the water flow, water directory valves, motion sensor to define water path, and LED display system to give the users a unique experience. Cost of this combined system varies depending on the price of individual technology in different countries and cities. The overall cost will not alter too much from a regular deluxe shower system, yet bring higher revenue in terms of returns. Payback Period: Total payback time depends on the number of installation and guest acceptance to the new implementations. Taking consideration of guestâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s appreciation towards sustainability and the distinctive experience, the payback time can vary from 1-3 years. However, it is inevitable that this will bring gross profit from water saving and the experience itself will cause more revenue as a property.

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COST ESTIMATION

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

COST ESTIMATION

Interface with Shower

Smart Shower Cabin

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BUILDING CODE

LAS VEGAS

For all new construction, remodeling and all replacements of existing plumbing fixtures, the water conservation plumbing standards set out below shall be met. It is strongly recommended that all existing nonresidential water users shall retrofit their facilities such that the plumbing fixtures noted below are in place one year from the date of adoption of this subsection. • Water Closets: Water closets, either flush tank, dual flush, flushometer tank, or flushometer valve operated, shall have an average consumption of not more than 1.6 gallons (6.1 liters) of water per flush or less. • Urinals: Urinals shall have an average water consumption of not more than 1.0 gallons (3.8 liters) of water per flush. • Non-Metered faucets: Lavatory and kitchen faucets shall be equipped with aerators and shall be designed and manufactured so that they will not exceed a water flow rate of 2.0 gallons (9.5 liters) per minute. • Shower Heads: Shower heads shall be designed and manufactured so that they will not exceed a water supply flow rate of 2.5 gallons (9.5 liters) per minute. The City Utility Department shall make available low-flow shower heads to its customers, subject to the availability of funds. (2019). Retrieved from http://lasvegasnm.gov/09_18_Water_conser.pdf

COST ESTIMATION

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

Water Conservation Plumbing:

It is not possible to harvest rainwater and reuse treated greywater on premise of any residential property. Although, for Hospitality scale projects, it is possible to accrue special permission to treat greywater on premise and use it for non-potable purposes as flushing toilet and urinals, landscaping, xeriscaping and at decorative features.

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WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

WATER-SMART SHOWER Why Water Smart? In terms of building components, it seems that everything is labeled intelligent, from smart grids to smart controls to overall smart buildings. In this case of water sustainability, a water-smart shower & toilet system. WATER SMART SHOWER

Problems: The proposed shower facility provides an integrated system to save and reuse/recycle water without significantly compromising the overall shower experience.

Purpose: To provide a sustainable, water-conservative, and automatic and/or interactive facility that reduces water consumption during showers and stores as well as treats grey-water into two separate tanks – one without soap/shampoo/any other chemical, and one with them – to be used later, preceded by appropriate water treatment, for on site toilet flushing and landscaping/gardening/lawn or yard cleaning/laundry/car washing/ decorative purposes.

Novel Features: The automatic change of shower head’s discharge rate based on the users’ state of the shower to conserve water and the diversion of greywater using directional valves into two separate tanks based on the water quality are believed to be entirely new mechanisms. Diverting water to a tank (to be used later for toilet flushing) while the users are not in the shower is also a possible new feature.

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Filters hair, lint, solid residue

DESCRIPTION

The facility comes with a shower cabin/tub that has a digital interface/regulator, which allows the users to select shower options/features, e.g., quick shower, long shower, and shower with or without soap/shampoo/any other chemical. Based on the selected option/feature and the users’ state of the shower, the shower head’s discharge rate automatically changes, and the drainage valves divert water into two separate tanks – one smaller tank (Tank 1) having water without soap/shampoo/any other chemical that to be used later for on site toilet flushing, preceded by primary sieving/necessary filtering, and the other larger tank (Tank 2) having water with soap/shampoo/any other chemical that to be treated, possibly with bio-filtration and/or with appropriate on site treatment methods, and to be used later for landscaping/xeriscaping/lawn or yard cleaning/ laundry/car washing/decorative purposes. The bio-filtration process, augmented by gardens with engineered soil to facilitate secondary treatment, can be made easier with the inclusion of biodegradable beta soaps.

First 2 minute

Motion Sensor

No one in shower

Interface

Quick Shower Regular Shower With Soap Without Soap

Before Application of Soap

With Soap/Shampoo/ Chemicals

Greywater

Reuse Treatment

Lanscaping & Xeriscaping

Treated Water Tank

Decorative Features

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After Application of Soap

Tank 2

Reuse

Toilet & Urinal

No Soap

WATER SMART SHOWER

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

WATER-SMART SHOWER

Reuse

Tank 1

Reuse Laundry

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DESCRIPTION

The shower cabin also includes a motion detection sensor that diverts water directly to Tank 1 when the user is not in the shower, yet the water is running. Such a case occurs when users adjust the temperature of the water before entering the shower cabin. The shower cabin/tub comes with adjustable low-flow shower heads. An automatic mode can also be selected when the flow from the shower heads will be aerated by air bubbles after five minutes of the shower to conserve even more. The inclusion of air bubbles saves water without significantly compromising the shower experience. The interface allows the water temperature to be set digitally to a desired value based on the users’ comfort. A timer system shows the total time of the shower in the display (on the interface) to remind the user if the shower time is too long.

With Hand Shower, Shower-head & 2 Side-Sprays

1_ Hand Shower 2_ 5 minute Quick Shower 3_ 4_ 5_ 6_

Side Spray Shower Manual Shower mode Tank 1 for Flushing Tank 2 for Recycle

Interface

WATER SMART SHOWER

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

WATER-SMART SHOWER

Water-Smart Shower

5 minute Quick Shower

Regular Shower mode

Back-up Battery

Toilet tanks were once mounted high on the wall to increase water pressure in low-pressure systems and to enhance flushing efficiency. The proposed design has the similar initiative of a high mounted tank, in this case, Tank 1 that is combined with conventional 1.6 gpf model.

GFCL with AC power adapter

1 2

1/2” Hot Water Inlet

3 4

1/2” Cold Water Inlet

‘With or Without Soap’ command Motion Detector

Valve 2 6

Valve 1 5

Water to Tank 1 effluent to flushing fixtures

Water to Tank 2: Grey-water Influent to be treated and reused

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Practical & Commercial Applications:

Interested Companies & Investors:

The magnitude of water used in the hospitality industry is enormous. On an average, 1,280 gallons of water can be saved per day (to be used for toilet flushing in a 100-room hotel), while approximately 70% of the water needed for landscaping/ xeriscaping/laundry/decorative purposes can be met. The payback time is likely to be less than three years, which will be a step forward towards LEED sustainable certification for any hotel building. Moreover, incorporation of the proposed system, if applied on a large scale, may have significant social, environmental, and economic impacts.

Few chain hotels are making significant efforts to reduce their carbon footprint and to reduce waste — for example, Fairmont Hotels, Hilton Hotels, Hyatt Hotels, and Marriott Hotels. Properties looking forward towards receiving LEED Certifications or Living Building Challenge Certification can also be interested in integrating this system in their buildings.

ADVANTAGES: The automatic shower-head reduces water consumption, while the water diversion with valves allows reuse/recycling of water to provide a sustainable shower and toilet facility experience. It has the opportunity to be combined with low-flow fixtures and save up to 80% of water for toilet flushing and up to 70% of water needed for landscaping/ xeriscaping/laundry/decorative purposes, which is a significant saving of clean water considering the magnitude of water used in the hotel industry.

WATER SMART SHOWER

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

WATER-SMART SHOWER

Disadvantages or Limitations: There are a couple of limitations of this prototype. First, if someone uses soap and forgets to change the shower setting from ‘No-soap” that would compromise the water in Tank 1. This issue can be mitigated by automating the system: no manual change will require to divert water to different tanks. Second, installation of this system in an existing building requires renovation and retrofitting. The cost of this technology (including the labor cost) might be too costly for minor renovation. However, most hotel properties are going through major renovation in every 5-7 years where the system can be integrated. Also, the building code of Las Vegas may not accommodate this current change in design prototype of using the water from shower system to flush toilet. There are still room for technological advancements informing new building/ construction practices.

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WATER USE

RECYCLED WATER USE

WATER TREATMENT

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Sink

Toilet Disposal

WATER TREATMENT HIERARCHY

Shower

Biological Treatment

Ultra Filtration

Chlorine Residual Protection

Landscaping/ Xeriscaping

Laundry

Cooling Tower

POLISHING

Grey-water influent runs to the filter system and goes through several types of filtration system for various purposes. Water without soap from shower cabin, will go through basic filtration system to filter hair, lint or any physical things to tank 1, to flushing fixtures. Soap water will go to the greywater reservoir and go though biological treatment and can be used for landscaping and xeriscaping purposes. Then the water needs to go through ultra-filtration method to be used for cooling tower, and laundry purposes. To be used in decorative features, the recycled water needs to go through another step of polishing through Chlorine Residual Protection. Overflow of the treated water should be indirectly discharge to sanitary drainage system.

Sand Filtration

REUSE FOR FLUSHING

A portion of the grey-water containing soap/shampoo/any other chemical needs to be disposed of as wastewater since the on site treating facility may not have the volume capacity or the required time to treat all the incoming water. Treating such water on site might be too expensive for some properties. However, the use of biodegradable beta soaps, can be used to reduce the treatment time/cost.

WATER EFFICIENT FIXTURES

Water Treatment Process

WATER SMART SHOWER

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

WATER RECYCLE METHODS

Decorative Features

Disposal

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DRAWING DETAIL WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

In the following pages, the detail plumbing design is shown for existing and proposed hotel tower. Drawings include typical tower plan, typical floor plan, typical and proposed plumbing plan, and riser drawing.

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DRAWING DETAIL

The base drawing used to show the plumbing detail, and room layout is by MGM Resorts Design & Development. With the base drawing, the future retrofitting proposal is shown. This design details can also be used as a guideline of the plumbing system for any new property as well. The design explains the possibility of the proposal in building scale, cost-effectively. One of the significant design decision was to minimize plumbing line as much as possible to reduce the overall cost.

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2 T2

T2 T2.2

T2.2

3 10

3 T3

3 T4

DRAWING DETAIL

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

Typical King Room Layout

9 3 T6

Legend: Deluxe End Room Salon Suite Typical King Typical Double Queen Access Double Queen

Typical King Bathroom 6 Typical D. Q. Bathroom 7 Access D. Q. Bathroom 8 Passenger Elevator Public Lobby

1 2 3 4 5

This is the Typical Tower Plan and Room Layout with zoning. The bathroom types differ with different room types. Hence, the plumbing design solutions will vary with each room type. Here, 4 -different types of plumbing solutions are shown.

3 T7

10 3

9 10

Typical Tower Floor Plan 78

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SERV. T1

Type 01

26th 25th

T2.2

24th 23th 22th 21th

Type 02 T3

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

20th 19th

18th

Type 03

17th 16th T4

15th DRAWING DETAIL

14th 12th 11th

10th 9th 8th 7th 6th

5th

Type 04 4th T7

Type 03

Typical Tower Plumbing Drawing 80

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Typical Tower Plumbing Riser Drawing UNLV SOA I HD STUDIO

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

3” Pipe

2” Pipe 3” Pipe

2” Pipe

DRAWING DETAIL

Typical Tower Plumbing Drawing_Type 01

Proposed Plumbing Drawing_Type 01

Legend: Existing Soil, Waste or Sewer Piping Below Slab Proposed Grey-Water Piping Below Slab for Recycle Proposed Shower Water Piping for Flushing Toilet

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WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

3” Pipe

2” Pipe

DRAWING DETAIL

Typical Tower Plumbing Drawing_Type 02

Proposed Plumbing Drawing_Type 02

Legend: Existing Soil, Waste or Sewer Piping Below Slab Proposed Grey-Water Piping Below Slab for Recycle Proposed Shower Water Piping for Flushing Toilet

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WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

2” Pipe 3” Pipe

Typical Tower Plumbing Drawing_Type 03

DRAWING DETAIL

3” Pipe

2” Pipe

Proposed Plumbing Drawing_Type 03

Legend: Existing Soil, Waste or Sewer Piping Below Slab Proposed Grey-Water Piping Below Slab for Recycle Proposed Shower Water Piping for Flushing Toilet

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WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

3” Pipe

2” Pipe

Typical Tower Plumbing Drawing_Type 04

DRAWING DETAIL

3” Pipe

2” Pipe

Proposed Plumbing Drawing_Type 04

Legend: Existing Soil, Waste or Sewer Piping Below Slab Proposed Grey-Water Piping Below Slab for Recycle Proposed Shower Water Piping for Flushing Toilet

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6th

Lavatory

Bathtub W.C.

W.C.

Shower

Lavatory

W.C.

Existing Soil, Waste or Sewer Piping Below Slab Existing piping requires no change Required Additional Piping

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W.C.

Shower

Lavatory

Shower

Typical Tower Plumbing Riser_Type 03 Legend:

Bathtub Shower

5th

Bathtub Shower

4th

Bathtub

Lavatory

Bathtub

Lavatory

Bathtub

4th

Bathtub Shower

Additional Plumbing Riser_Type 03

W.C.

Shower

DRAWING DETAIL

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

Bathtub Shower

5th

Lavatory

Proposed retrofitting sequence should be near the base of the tower to increase plumbing cost efficiency. Additional plumbing line required for grey-water system and shower water reuse for flushing purposes. The drawing shows the additional piping required to include the proposed design strategy of Smart-Shower System.

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6th

6th 4”

4” Lavatory

2”

Bathtub

4” Aerator Shower

W.C.

2”

4”

Lavatory

W.C.

Shower

Lavatory

2”

Bathtub

4” Aerator Shower

5th

Lavatory

W.C.

4”

Lavatory

Shower

Lavatory

2”

4” De-aerator

Bathtub Shower

4th

W.C.

3”

W.C.

4”x6” Increaser

4” De-aerator

Bathtub Shower

4”

4th

Shower

W.C.

Bathtub

W.C.

Shower

4”x6” Increaser

2”

2” 6”

6”

3”

Bathtub

DRAWING DETAIL

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

5th

Lavatory

6” 4”

4”

40” Minimum

4” 40” Minimum

Typical Tower Plumbing Riser Drawing_Type 03 Legend:

Proposed Plumbing Riser Drawing_Type 03

Existing Soil, Waste or Sewer Piping Below Slab Proposed Grey-Water Piping Below Slab for Recycle Proposed Shower Water Piping for Flushing Toilet

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SECTIONAL AXON

The sectional diagram shows the plumbing line and the detail of the energy-water generator. The effluent plumbing system includes solid waste line, grey-water line and another water-line for flushing from the shower tray. Influent piping includes hot & cold water line and pipe for water generated from the air with MOF technology if it is placed to serve individual floors.

PROTOTYPE ROOM DETAIL

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

PROTOTYPE ROOM DETAIL

For smaller hotels with less roof space, MOF can also be positioned in the facade with the integration of solar panel. As MOF technology is passive and not require any an external energy supply and no moving parts, other than heat, there is an excellent opportunity to unify this with solar Photo Voltaic panels. The whole system will run with only sunlight and will create a waterenergy nexus. This module can also work as a shading design feature as well. Here the option of having separate energy-water generator is shown for each floor. The cost and difficulty of plumbing features can be minimized by positioning the system at the roof and connect it with the primary energy and water grid.

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Legend: Cold Influent water piping Hot Influent water piping Grey-Water Piping Below Slab for Recycle Shower Water Piping for Flushing Toilet Piping from MOF Water Harvester

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MGM GRAND

Current Water use by MGM Grand: Total Room number 5,005 Water use per tourist per day is 88 gallon per day with average 6,815 guests per day. Water used for Hotel Rooms: 599,777 gallon Landscaping: 126,670 gallon Xeriscaping: 50,477 gallon Pool: 5,997 gallon Total Use: 782,921 gallon per day

PROTOTYPE ROOM DETAIL

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

WATER SAVING CALCULATION

Water use by MGM Grand with water sustainable methods : Total Room number 5,005 Water use per tourist per day is 24 gallon per day with average 6,815 guests per day. Water used for Hotel Rooms: 163,560 gallon Landscaping: 99,797 gallon Xeriscaping: 13,792 gallon Pool: 5,997 gallon Total Use: 232,669 gallon per day

Total daily water save by percentage: 70.29%

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ROOM DETAIL WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS 98

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PROTOTYPE ROOM DETAIL

One of the major design feature added to the existing Typical King room is the Water Fountain Wall in between the room and the bathroom. This feature gives the idea of saving and celebrating water through a design feature. Also, from the other side, this wall works as a LED interactive screen for the guest to give a visual queue of water use by the guests. The design purpose of this feature is to provide an experience for the guest and specially the millennial as they are mostly interested in paying for trendy experience than products, specially when it comes to a good cause.

100

The intension of the project is to maximize the grand and deluxe experience for the guests, yet saving most of the water used in the hotel, in a cost-effective manner. The shower system provides a grand shower experience and allows guests to choose from several water saving options. The aerated shower-head saves water, without restraining the experience for the users. The featured waterfall wall works as a design feature to display LED projection to show the total water use and water saving by the guests, other than being an art piece. This LED display accords a great experience for the users, specially to the Millennial, who intend o pay for a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;cool experienceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rather than a cool product. Providing design experience with a good cause will help build up the revenue for the hotel as well. Reward points can also be introduced to encourage water saving for the guests. Yet, the design solution is to providing opulent experience in a sustainable manner.

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PROTOTYPE ROOM DETAIL

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

BATHROOM DETAIL

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101

102

5 CAPITALS

Economies are assembled on the exchange of capital. Economists talk about natural capital (the natural resources available to us), public capital (infrastructure of cities, etc), and social capital (the value of a brand), etc. To explain the return on investments, the network of Five Capitals are shown concerning the entire project. The Five Capitals Model can be utilized to allow any project to develop a vision of what sustainability looks like for its operations, products and services, as well as financially and socially rewarding. Natural Capital: Regenerating, reducing and reusing Water & Energy with renewable design strategy is giving back to nature. Social Capital: Trusted system to allow Millennial guests to explore a lavish service with an option to support sustainability, promotes stewardship of natural resource and allow them to make responsible choices. Financial Capital: Architecture that incorporates water salvation through hospitality design principles will see higher returns on investment than those through traditional methods. Human Capital: Motivating guests to utilize alternative healthy options towards water conservation by providing a unique experience and encouraging to minimize use, yet maximizing the guest experience Infrastructure Capital: The water-smart design minimizes water consumption while introducing with advanced technology and innovations that not only add a distinctive feature but also changes the mindset of hospitality design.

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5 CAPITALS CONCLUSION

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

PROJECT SUCCESS

Natural Capital

Social Capital

Financial Capital

Human Capital

Infrastructure Capital

Regenerating, reducing and reusing natural resource- Water & Energy with renewable design strategy

Allowing Millennial guests to explore a lavish service with an option to support sustainability

Helping to generate more revenue with less pay back time, will bring more value to the property

Motivating guests to utilize alternative healthy options towards water conservation by providing unique experience

The water-smart design minimizes water consumption while introducing with advanced technology and innovations

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SUBSEQUENT STEPS WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

There are several scopes of the project for future. The following steps are discussed below: Partnership: There is opportunities to form partnership with HD Studio of School of Architecture in the future. Work as a consultant

CONCLUSION

Prototype: A prototype of a water-smart hotel design is proposed that can be applicable to any major water scare cities-even in the driest climate. Future steps will be inscription of the limitations of the methods for individual property. Patent: The ongoing Patent application process allows me to work further with the Smart-Shower System and re-develop the phases if needed. It also requires further process description and larger physical model to show the process. Policy: There are much opportunities for policy changing. Taking the large amount of water-conservation into consideration, several policy changing issues can be addressed, such as water generator and greywater treatment for hospitality projects.

Publication

Patent

Partnership

Prototype

Policy Change

Publication: This project has already faced a conference presentation with Graduate and Professional Student Association (GPSA) with acclamation. There are some future possibilities of more conference presentations, especially with Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA).

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• Kellner, T. (2018). 5 Coolest Things On Earth This Week - GE Reports. Retrieved from https://www.ge.com/reports/5-coolest-things-earthweek3/ • MGM Resorts International Practices Water Conservation In Las Vegas | Justmeans. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.justmeans.com/blogs/ mgm-resorts-international-practices-water-conservation-in-las-vegas • O’Neill, S., Tuppen, H., Tuppen, H., Tuppen, H., O’Neill, S., & O’Neill, S. (2019). What’s the case for solar powered hotels? | Green Hotelier. Retrieved from http://www.greenhotelier.org/best-practicesub/talking-point/whats-the-case-for-solar-powered-hotels/ • Trabia, Suzanne H., (2014) “Water Use on the Las Vegas Strip: Assessment and Suggestions for Conservation” • World Tourism Organization. Key Renewable Energy (RE) Solutions for SME Hotels. [S.l.]. • (2018). SG Green, (6.0). • (2019). Retrieved from http://lasvegasnm.gov/09_18_Water_conser. pdf

TEXT SOURCE

• Calculate Your Solar Panel Payback Period | EnergySage. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.energysage.com/solar/cost-benefit/how-long-do-solar-panelstake-to-pay-for-themselves/ • Carroon, J., & Moe, R. (2013). Sustainable preservation. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. • EDITT tower. (2019). Retrieved from http://ecoarchitectures.blogspot. com/2014/05/editt-tower.html • Faucet, <. (2019). M–POWER chrome sensor-operated lavatory faucet CA8301 - MoenPro. Retrieved from http://pro.moen.com/m-power/chrome-sensor-operated-lavatory-faucet/_/R-TPORTAL-ALL%3ACA8301 • Faucet Fixtures Introduction. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency. org/Faucet_Fixtures_Introduction.aspx • Has this Singapore hotel uncovered the future of hospitality energy efficiency?. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.greenbiz.com/article/has-singapore-hotel-uncovered-future-hospitality-energy-efficiency • Hotel Water Conservation A Seattle Demonstration. (2002). [Ebook]. Seattle Public Utilities Resource Conservation Section. Retrieved from http://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/SPU/Documents/HotelWaterConservation.pdf • Hussey, K., & Pittock, J. (2012). The Energy–Water Nexus: Managing the Links between Energy and Water for a Sustainable Future. Ecology And Society, 17(1). doi: 10.5751/es-04641-170131 • In Desert Trials, Next-Generation Water Harvester Delivers Fresh Water from Air. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.scienceandtechnologyresearchnews.com/in-desert-trials-next-generation-water-harvester-delivers-fresh-water-from-air/

CONCLUSION

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Base Image: Google Map_ Las Vegas Strip Base Image to perceive scalability: Atelier 2B’s “Soft in the Middle: The Collaborative Core.” Bir Azam, Photographer https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/travel/2019/01/10/hotel-renovationslas-vegas-new-orleans/2529181002/ Base Image: https://elements.envato.com Base Image: SG Green Issue 6.0 Base Image: SG Green Issue 6.0 Kellner, T. (2018). 5 Coolest Things On Earth This Week - GE Reports. Retrieved from https://www.ge.com/reports/5-coolest-things-earth-week-3/ https://app.griffith.edu.au/sciencesimpact/solar-cells/ Base Image: https://www.helioesfera.com/como-funciona-un-sistema-fotovoltaicode-autoconsumo/ Base Image: https://www.sustainabilist.com/blog/improve-solar-value Page 33: Base Image: https://mgmgrand.mgmresorts.com/en/hotel.html https://www.designboom.com/architecture/editt-tower-singapore-by-tr-hamzahyeang/ http://ecoarchitectures.blogspot.com/2014/05/editt-tower.html https://www.energysage.com/solar/cost-benefit/how-long-do-solar-panels-take-topay-for-themselves/ Moen Hand held Shower Head https://www.4bac.com/products/moen/ca8302.html

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http://www.nameeks.com/product/Toilet/Scarabeo-5522.html Kellner, T. (2018). 5 Coolest Things On Earth This Week - GE Reports. Retrieved from https://www.ge.com/reports/5-coolest-things-earth-week-3/ 61: http://www.kadoka.net/shower-control-panel/ http://inkawall.com/editor/? 63: Bir Azam, Photographer 64: https://bdia.de/kategorien/bdia foerderkreis/?upage=2 69: Base Image: https://jh-pool.de/spa-shower-rough-in-diagram.html 76: All data and drawings rights reserved to MGM Resorts Design & Development 77: All data and drawings rights reserved to MGM Resorts Design & Development 78: All data and drawings rights reserved to MGM Resorts Design & Development 80: All data and drawings rights reserved to MGM Resorts Design & Development 82: All data and drawings rights reserved to MGM Resorts Design & Development 84: All data and drawings rights reserved to MGM Resorts Design & Development 86: All data and drawings rights reserved to MGM Resorts Design & Development 88: All data and drawings rights reserved to MGM Resorts Design & Development 90: All data and drawings rights reserved to MGM Resorts Design & Development 101: Base Image: https://elements.envato.com/59-intellectual-property-law-iconsLPHAVL

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CONCLUSION

WATER SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS

Book Cover: Base Image: https://hu.pinterest.compin/471963235947572621/?lp=true

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