WISER: WATER-SMART INFRASTRUCTURE & ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS NAJIA YASMEEN, M. Arch STUDIO INSTRUCTOR: PROFESSOR GLENN NOWAK UNLV SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
BACKGROUND Water, as the unifying element of nature, is the most delicate resource. Water conservation is indispensable to sustain the growing urban area through the world. Technical feasibility allows us socially and economically to generate a design-centric, self-sufficient water salvation infrastructure in the desert region. WaterSmart infrastructure sustains, preserves and purifies water with the increasingly integrated smart ecosystem. By using a balancing strategy of natural resources, water can be generated from air. The desert climate is hot and arid, but it still contains adequate water in the air to gather. By harvesting atmospheric water, the water stress can come down. Ex. While technically feasible, water preservation and generation infrastructure are significantly underutilized due to misperceptions of cost and need. Architecture that incorporates water salvation through hospitality design principles will see higher returns on investment than those through traditional (or non-experiential, i.e., no guest interaction) applications.
Regenerate
Reuse
WATER-SMART HOTEL Reduce
Recycle
THE 4-R METHODS
DESIGN PROPOSAL
METHODS OF WATER CONSERVATION
HOTEL DESIGN DETAIL & PROGRAM:
The 3-R methods of water conservation are: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. With these methods, the 4th R is incorporated, which is Regenerate. 1.Regenerate: Water generation from atmosphere and use that water in all purposes including potable water. 2. Reuse: This methods explains the ways to reuse the available resources to the maximum. 3.Reduce: In this method, the waste-water generation will be the minimum. 4.Recycle: This explains how to recycle the wastewater and use it to multiple nonpotable purposes.
Site: Las Vegas Annual Rainfall: 4.17 inch Average Humidity: 30% Estimated Occupency Rate: 100% Average Occupence per Room: 1.5 guests Footprint: 70,000 SFt (Per Floor) Roof Area for MOF Production: 25,000 SFt Roof Area for Rain Catchment: 45,000 SFt Ground Area for Rain Catchment: 10,000 SFt Water Needed for Landscaping: 3.000 gallon Total Floor: 22 Hotel Program: 900 Guest Room 100 Suites 2 Large Restaurants Retail Pool Club Conference Hall
1.REGENERATE: MOF DEVICE This device consists of a kilogram of dust-sized MOF crystals pressed into a thin sheet of porous copper metal. That sheet is placed between a solar absorber and a condenser plate and positioned inside a chamber. Due to the fixed side walls of the small-scale device, which prevented access to air flow (vapour source), the MOF layer was secured in a separate enclosure that allowed adequate access to air (Office, 2018).
WATER HARVESTING WITH MOF MIT scientists have developed a material to build a “solar-powered harvester,” a machine that can pull water out of air. The key is in the development of a molecular powder, a metal–organic framework (MOF), that is highly porous and acts like a sponge to absorb water. One kilogram of the special material, MOF, allows the device to harvest 2.8 liters of water per day from air with low relative humidity of 20 percent with no additional energy input (Kellner, 2018).
Night-time Water Absorption
Day-time Water Harvesting Solar Radiance
Radiative Cooling
MOF Layer
Desert Air (vapor source)
Water Vapor
Condenser
Collected Water
ABSORPTION
HARVESTING
At night, the device is opened, allowing air to flow into a poros MOF that grabs and hols water molecules.
During the day, the chamber is closed and the sun’s heat causes the MOF to release the water as vapor that condenses and collected.
2.REUSE: RAINWATER COLLECTION CALCULATION: Roof Area (Sft) X Precipitation Amount (in) X 0.623 = Amount Collected (gallons) (“Rainwater Harvesting Calculator, Formulas, and Equations”, 2018) For Example, In Las Vegas, on a hotel with 50,000 Sft roof area, the total rainwater collection will be: (annual rainfall in Las Vegas is 4.17 inch) 50,000 Sft X 4.17 in X 0,623 = 129,895.5 gallons of water
1. Water molecules in air get trapped in Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) 2. Heat from sun on glass forces molecules on to heat exchanger fins where they condense 3. Drops of water are collected.
Major water scarce cities Moderate water scarce cities
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM The following are the eco-friendly features millennials prefer in hotels and according to this percentage. 52% of the millennials would prefer to have recycling options, while 42% are looking for energy-efficiency. 23% thinks green cleaning supplies are crucial, followed by 16 %, who want the Solar panel and 13% want a green building system. (“The Ideal Vacation Rental Home for Millennials, Boomers and Beyond | Tripping.com Rentals | Tripping. com”, 2018)
3.REDUCE: WATER-SMART SHOWER SYSTEM:
52% 42%
To provide a sustainable, water-conservative, and smart facility that reduce water consumption during showers and stores as well as treats greywater into two separate tanks – one without soap/shampoo/any other chemical, and one with them – to be used later, preceded by appropriate onsite water treatment, for toilet flushing and landscaping/xeriscaping, decorative water features and for laundry and cleaning purposes.
23% 16%
Recycling Options Energy Efficiency Green Cleaning Supply
Solar Panel
13%
Green Building Material
WATER USE BY HOTEL AMENITIES Potable water Food & Beverage
Landscaping Wasing & Toilet
Shower or Bath Energy production
Resort Hotel
Motel
Laundry & Cleaning
Spa & Jacuzzi Swimming pool Attraction
Water Feature
Retail Service
The following sections discuss the range of estimated direct (Accommodation, Activities) and indirect water use (use of fossil fuels for transport, food, infrastructure) available in gobal average. Water use category - Direct (L per tourist per day) Accommodation: 84–2000 L Activities: 10–30 L Water use category - Indirect (L per tourist per day) Infrastructure: N/A Fossil fuels: 750 (per 1000 km by air/car) Biofuels : 2500 (per 1 L) Food: 2000–5000 L Total use per tourist per day: Estimated range: 2000–7500 L (Gössling et al., 2012)w
88.5%
70%
of water is saved
of water is saved
Emergency overflow to storm drain
of water is saved
1. Water generation with MOF saves Drinking & Food Preparation Shower, Bath and Sink-use
66%
100% 45%
100% 8%
100% 10%
2. Rainwater Harvesting saves Shower Bath & Sink-use 8%
2.8%
1.3%
88%
78%
3. Recycled Greywater saves Laundry, Cleaning, Landscaping & Xeriscaping
93%
4.RECYCLE:
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
To effectively distribute greywater to fulfill daily demand, volume of produced grey water per day(Qprod), should be more than volume of white water demand per day(Q24) (Rysulova,
The hospitality industry can work as modern decentralized water infrastructure and include atmosphere water generator, site-collected rainwater, recycle grey water, and stormwater systems. From these prototypes of water conservation application, we can consider, that these systems are efficient for saving potable water. The target of these methods was to introduce multiples systems to conserve water and be economically beneficial in the long term at larger scale hospitality building. If we can reduce that number, water crisis can be delayed until we find alter solutions to generate potable water, that meets the grand demand of our world population.
• The Ideal Vacation Rental Home for Millennials, Boomers and Beyond (2018). https://www.tripping.com/industry/trends/insights-from-
Kaposztasova, Markovic, 2015).
Qprod = (qprod,shower x nbed +qprod,bath x nbed + qprod,sink + qprod,kitchen,sink x nperson ) qprod,shower x nbed = 90.112 L/day qprod,bath x nbed = 150.16 L/day qprod,sink = 1,608 L/day qprod,kitchen,sink x nperson = 5.12 L/day So, Qprod = 14,148 L/day Q24= (qwc x nperson + qurn x nperson+ qclean x nclean + qirr x Airr) qwc = 26.52 L/day qurn = 12 L/day qclean = 0.1 L/day qirr = 1 L/day Airr = 1230.6 m2 (Irrigated Area) So, Q24 = 7,391 L/day So, Qprod > Q24
the-home-depot-and-trippingcom-survey
• Rainwater Harvesting Calculator, Formulas, and Equations. (2018). https://www.watercache.com/resources/rainwater-collection-calculator
• Rysulova, Martina & Kaposztasova, Gabriel & Vranay, F. (2015). • Gössling, S., Peeters, P., Hall, C., Ceron, J., Dubois, G., Lehmann, L., & Scott, D. (2012). Tourism and water use: Supply, demand, and security. An international review. Tourism Management • Kellner, T. (2018). 5 Coolest Things On Earth This Week - GE Reports. https://www.ge.com/reports/5-coolest-things-earth-week-3/ • Office, D. (2018). Water, water everywhere … even in the air. http:// news.mit.edu/2017/MOF-device-harvests-fresh-water-from-air-0414