JVA-Stammheim Prison

JVA-STAMMHEIM PRISON Does it represent city and Knowledge?

Namariq Al-Rawi Mariana Lugo Integrated Research and Design Project, MSc IUSD, University Stuttgart, WS IUSD

LEARNING ASSEMBLAGES– CITY AND KNOWLEDGE Integrated Research and Design Project MSc Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design University Stuttgart Winter term 2014/15 Responsible / lecturer: Prof. Dr. Astrid Ley, Marisol Rivas-Velázquez - SI Prof. Anje Stokman, Moritz Bellers - ILPÖ Guest lecturer: Josefine Fokdal, Daniel Schönle

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JVA-STAMMHEIM PRISON Does It Represent City and Knowledge?

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Figure 1: NVP Campaign in Mexico featuring a bus transporting children and prisoners (actors) together, with the following message: “Violence ends when education begins”.

What is learning?

Learning as a process includes gaining knowledge, shaping certain behaviors, enhancing skills and reinforcing values, it also tackles education through personal development and training. Learning can be the main drive for change in the society, positively or negatively depending on the principals associated with; positive learning can be accomplished best when linked with respect, when the targeted group is taking part in the planning of learning activities, when the physical environment is comfortable, when interaction is presence, and when there is a variation of activities within the learning environment.(skillsyouneed 2014) A prison is a correctional facility where the inmates are held within enclosed borders and isolated from the community by the state as a punishment for the crimes they are convicted with. A prison in our point of view can be considered also as a learning place within the city with an ultimate goal of rehabilitation of the inmates and to prepare them to be integrated again in the society, a place to learn how to respect other’s values and behave as part of a bigger group.

JVA-Stammheim Stuttgart: does it represent City and Knowledge?

JVA-Stammheim is a prison located in the northern part of Stuttgart in Stammheim district. It stands with its bulky dominant buildings since 1959 surrounded by and at the same time isolated from the rest of the district. Many questions rose while investigating the relationship of this prison with the city and the process of learning; questions about about the JVA-Stammheim and actors related to it such as: Is there a learning process in JVAStammheim Stuttgart? Who are the main actors in the prison?

What is their relationship with JVA-Stammheim Stuttgart? And how long have they been connected to it? What are they doing for the inmates? Why the concern about inmates? What can the prisoners learn? And what kind of activities they have? What are the inmates’ expectations when they arrive? Is there any change in their behavior? What is the prisons process and system in making change? And is it facilitated for change making? What are the skills they learn inside the prison that can help them be integrated in the society again? What is the connection of the prison with the town?

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Figure 2: JVA-Stammheim main building.

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The snowball of JVA-Stammheim To be able to understand the different activities and processes taking place inside the prison, we went through an unexpected process of snowballing from one actor to the other which led us to certain conclusions about JVAStammheim. (box 1) The task of data collection was not as easy as we expected it to be, we went through a complex process to get the full picture about JVA-Stammheim; first we started looking online for information and identified actors in the official website JVA-Stammheim, we began with Evangelische Gesellschaft Stuttgart e.V. in Büchsenstraße to ask them about their connection to JVA-Stammheim, EVA connected us to Dipl. Psych. Dieter David from PBV, they also recommend us to contact the prison directly and indirectly through the Sozialberatung Stuttgart e.V.. then we contacted the Sozialberatung several times to get an appointment, unfortunately the right contact was in hospital, but they were willing to help in any way possible until we got a respond from one of the accommodations designated for ex-offenders by the Sozialberatung where we made an interview with the supervisors and one of the ex-offenders who provided us with informative information to realize the prison and the activities held there.

Our other starting point was VAW Stuttgart, we contacted them constantly and were rolled through different contacts to get the information, after 3 months nearly by the end of the semester we got a letter from VAW asking us how could they help us, due to the short time we had and knowing that the process would go slowly to get the information, we did not do the interview.

Contacting the prison directly was the biggest challenge for us; we tried to get an appointment with the people inside, but we did not get an answer and when phoning them, they responded “ we have no learning process in our prison” and sent us to another prison outside of Stuttgart. So we decided to go personally to the prison and ask if we can talk to someone, we came back empty handed. Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Wulf , from the institute of criminology in Tübingen university, suggested that we call the director of the prison directly, which was also another disappointment for us as it was another dead-end. (Figure 3) We were able to visualize the prison from the inside with the help of the book Stammheim by the photographer Andreas Magdanz.

Figure 3: The Snowball of JVA-Stammheim Box 1: snowballing and Data Collection

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Figure 4:Different opinions about JVA-Stammheim

“Das Leben kommt auf alle Fälle aus einer Zelle, doch manchmal andet auch- bei Strolchen – in einer solchen.”

Die Zelle, in: Das große Heinz Erhardt Buch, Goldmann, München 1970. S. 274

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ACTORS We were able to identify the main actors involved in JVA-Stammheim and categorize them into State, civil society and pivate sector actors. In the state/public sector main actors are the prison JVA-Stammheim, Justizvollzugsanstalt Stuttgart, Stammheim municipality, das Network SBW and VAW. In the private sector the organization SBR is the main actor. In the civil society the actors are the prisoner, Stammheim and Stuttgart community and organizations such as EVA, VBSW and SB. (Figure 5) During the time of detention the actors are: JVA-Stammheim, VAW, prisoner and EVA. We are going to focus our research project on the actors involved during the imprisonment of the criminals who are the main participants in the change of the inmates’ behavior.

Figure 5: The Main Actors in JVA-Stammheim

Public Sector JVA-Stammheim Justizvollzugsanstalt Stuttgart prison was built between 1959 and 1963 as a high security level prison. JVA Stammheim is the second largest prison in Baden-Württemberg being able to imprison almost 900 inmates. The prison is formed by 3 detention buildings with individual and group cells. Currently it is a male prison with inmates of a sentence up to one yea, due to the scheduled demolishment of the biggest detention building in the prison. The prison became well-known due to the imprisonment and death of the RAF leaders and members.

The goal of JVA-Stammheim is “the consummation of the imprisonment which will lead to continue a socially responsible life without committing offenses.”

The services that the prison offers are general prison, medical, social, educational, psychological and ecclesial services.

In order to fulfill this goal of changing the inmate’s behaviors through the mentioned services the JVA-Stammheim works with several institutions, such as VAW and EVA which provide support for educational, psychological and ecclesial matters. Currently the JVA has two teachers for 500 inmates detained. This fact reveals the prison poor educational system. (JVA-Stammheim 2005)

Figure 6a,b: JVA-Stammheim

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VAW Vollzugliches Arbeitswesen Baden-Württemberg is a state company that aims to prepare the inmates for regular lives by providing technical and professional skills through job training programs. It was formed in January 2001, combining 18 offices around Germany.

“We offer a practical program of work therapy, job training, training programs and courses and further qualifications, which is geared to the requirements of the industrial and trade chambers as well as the developments in the labor market.”

The principles of the program are insurance of the criminals and protection of the community, to guarantee a secure accommodation and the preparation of the prisoners on a crime-free life.

The ranges of services and products manufacture at the prison are painting/paint, assembly/disassembly/ examination, electrical installations, plastic and metal processing, paper, textile, woodwork, and assembling/ packaging.

VAW also proposes to inform the public about the work done in prison and “to give a realistic picture of the prison”.

(VAW 2001) Compared to the field research made by us, we found out that the program promoted at the web site is far exaggerated in comparison to reality. The program does not have enough activities to cover the inmates demand.

As a consequence few inmates can be part of the program at Stammheim and it is not supported by an educational program.

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Figure 7: Companies where VAW product and services are distributed to

Civil Society Inmates “A person deprived of liberty and kept under involuntary restraint, confinement, or custody; especially: one on trial or in prison.”(Merriam-Webster) There are five types of prisoners in the justice system of Germany: offenders with a maximum sentence of three months, midterm sentences and recidivists, long term sentences, women, juvenile and offenders with psychological problems. Currently the inmates imprisoned in JVA-Stammheim are juvenile, short term sentences and on trial, due to the demolishment and renovation plans of the prison.

In Germany a high percentage of prisoners are foreigners. This fact complicates the prison system, promoting the formation of gangs of cultural similarities in the prison.

EVA Evangelischen Gesellschaft Lutheran Society, founded in 1830, is an organization which helps people on financial and psychological straits. Nowadays the organization has around 1100 workers and 900 volunteers. One of the programs foster by the organization is the TelefonSeelsorge, a program that targets around 800 inmates, mostly males detained in Stuttgart with concerns about their relationships with their families. This program helps them to catalyze those fears and worries by providing psychological help. (Teleponseelsorge 1991) “We help you to maintain contact with the families and so alleviating the fears about personal relationships. The detainees can understand the prison time as an opportunity to rethink her life and to consciously opt for alternative designs.”

Also EVA offers ecclesial services to the JVA-Stammheim community.(Evangelischen Gesellschaft 1830)

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Sozialberatung Stuttgart e.V. Sozialberatung Stuttgart is an association founded in 1830. This institute has 50 years’ work in social counseling for offenders. Their mission is to advice and support offenders after their release from prison by guarding their fundamental right of housing and employment.

Their strategies include: - Advice and support in personal assistance, mediation, rental housing, development of livelihood and accommodate work or training.

- Help in conflict prevention by Reflecting on behaviors and Confrontation with-and awareness for the victims' perspective.

Counseling service - counseling before, during and after imprisonment are also one of the responsibilities of Sozialberatung Stuttgart, one of their programs is the Fachberatungsstelle (FBS) is listed in the system of Wohnungsnotfallhilfe (WNH). It targets delinquent women and men over 18 who are in prison or have been discharged within the last six months of imprisonment.

(Kreativ plus GmbH)

Table 1: Consolidation and different consulting work of Sozialberatung Stuttgart

Verband Bewährungs- und Straffälligenhilfe Württemberg e.V. The VBSW was founded in 2003 by the merge of two national associations: Der Landesverband Straffälligenhilfe Württemberg e.V. and OLG Bezirk Stuttgart e.V. The objectives of the organization are the reintegration of offenders into society, to contribute to the goal of preventing further offenses and to reduce risks and sacrifices for internal security. This helps to improve the living conditions of the inmates. (VBSW e.V. 2015)

Table 2: Activities of VBSW

Private Sector SBR-WIR Bringen in Arbeit The SBR is an organization founded in 1991 which aim is the training and professional integration of disfavored people. “We offer work and training courses, which have a high focus on real market conditions.” (sbr 1991)

Figure 8: Partners of sbr

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Table 3: Economical Activities Linked to sbr

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Prison Timeline In order to understand the complexity of the prison system we divided the timeline in three themes: the prison types in Germany, the systems applied in the prisons and the timeline of JVA-Stammheim. (Figure 9) Prisons in Germany Prisons in Germany have evolved from simple workhouses to high security level complexes; in the 1600’s the prison building developed in Germany inspired by the English and Netherland prison types to look like workhouses. This facility functioned as a dormitory place for the offenders, who during the day worked endless hours in public infrastructure such as the construction of roads.

In 1840’s the radial system was implemented. Inspired by the Panopticon where the observer has a central position showing its presence and power towards the inmates.

In the 1950’s after WWII the bungalows spread in a confined campus, a design developed by the Americans and implemented in Germany.

In the 1960’s to 1970’s the telephone pole design was developed also by the Americans as a high security level prison. The idea was to divide and connect the cell’s buildings by a central path, restricting the movements in the corridor. The Open prison was developed in 1996 and the concept is to create courtyards were inmates can participate in outside activities.

More recently in 2001 the Campus prison, which was created in countries such as USA and Norway, was also introduced in Germany. The idea of this type of prison is to spread, in a confined area, the different buildings and to integrate them with the landscape. (Roth 2006) (Figure 10)

Figure 10: Prisons in Germany

Figure 9: The Prison Timeline

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Prison systems The prison systems have evolved from more oppressive to humane. In the 1600’s the punishment system implemented was the hard work where inmates worked through the day in building public infrastructure. In the 1900’s the Mark system was created; in this system inmates with good behavior would receive extra points obtaining benefits such as longer visits from relative members. In 1933 with the Nazi regime the mark system was annulled and a more restricted system was implemented, with more isolation and surveillance. In the 1960’s the law system of Germany changed into less imprisonment but higher fines, this system decreased the number of abuses. Also the Home-leave was implemented during this time for some types of prisoners. The imprisonment was spent in houses not in the prison. But in the 1990’s due to an accident that put the society in rage and their concern of public safety, this system was reversed. In the 1970’s different programs of reintegration of inmates to society started being developed such as SB, SBR and VBSW. In the 1990’s the prevention detention system was created and implemented in Germany in the 2000’s but also higher punishment sentences were implemented in areas such as Bayern. In 2007 the Post-prison supervision increased its probation control. In 2010 the fines system was applied in 79% of the justice systems of the prisons followed by the reward in 2013. (Roth 2006) JVA-Stammheim The idea of having a prison in Stammheim was developed in 1930’s but was not implemented until the period between 1959 and 1963. The prison was improved in the 1970’s as a high security level prison with the addition of the multi-purpose building where the terrorist trials of the RAF were held. Between 1976 and 1977 some of the RAF members committed suicide, because of the dehumanization and the isolation torture they been through as they described it, the prison until now is famous for the RAF imprisonment and death. In 2009 the guard gate was constructed. It is scheduled that in 2015 the main detention building, where the RAF was imprisoned, will be demolished and new smaller buildings will be constructed in order to replace it with the hope that this action would recover the image of the prison. (Magdanz 2012.)

Accommodations by Sozialberatung One of the Sozialberatung missions was to construct temporary assisted and residential facilities.

Table 4: accomidations provided by the Sozialberatung for the ex-offenders

Figure9: The Prison Timeline

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JVA-Stammheim Analysis JVA-Stammheim is located at the north part of Stammheim.(Figure 11) The prison has currently three detention buildings BAU 1, BAU 2 and BAU 3, a multipurpose hall, an administrative building, a management building, a workshop and the main entrance building.

It is the second largest prison in Baden-W端rttemberg being able to imprison almost 900 inmates.

Besides being one of the first high security level prisons, one of the features of this prison was the terrace of the principal detention building, where the inmates could enjoy the view and sun light. But this humane characteristic is undiminished when analyzing the prison and its system. (Figure 12) In the detention buildings the cells are individual or grouped in a maximum of four inmates. The disposition of the cells around the corridors with voids between the different floors fosters the communication between the inmates and therefore the formation of gangs. (Stuttgart, Magdanz 2012.)

Figure 11: Location of JVA-Stammheim

Figure 13 a,b: JVA-Stammheim

Figure 12: JVA-Stammheim Analysis

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The daily Routine The inmates of JVA-Stammheim live in a daily routine of the same tasks and activities; described by one of the exoffenders who spent his sentence there, the waking alarm starts at 6:00AM declaring the beginning of the day, the inmates then eat their breakfast in the cell, afterward the inmates are picked up to go do the different activities and tasks such as cooking, cleaning and working in the workshops. Lunch and dinner are also served in the cells. Free time, inside the cells, is one of the main issues that cause the inmates to learn bad habits from each other due to the proximity of the cells to each other; this also helps in forming groups of different nationalities that works together as a gang, which causes a lot of problems inside the prison. Using the bathroom is only allowed twice a week unless the inmate is participating in some workshops. Sport facilities can be used only after applying for it. If the application is accepted, the inmate can use it once a week.

Artwork classes are also not that accessible by every inmate but organized voluntarily by social workers and are not so popular by the inmates to join. (Figure 14) The biggest problem of the daily routine in the prison is that most of the activities are being done in the cell including eating, reading, relaxing, and socializing behind the bars. This routine can be broken down through categorizing and relocating the activities within the prison. (Al-Rawi, Lugo 2014)

Figure 14: The Daily Routine

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Figure 14a: Paintings Done by the Inmates in JVA-Stammheim

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Stammheim Analysis

Stammheim municipality is located at the north part of Stuttgart. The town dates back to 1181 and was incorporated to the city of Stuttgart in 1942. In the reorganization of the city 1956, it declared an independent Municipality.

Stammheim is formed by two districts Stammheim Center and Stammheim South with a total population of 11,714 inhabitants. The municipality evolved from an agricultural town to a residential area. (Stuttgart, Stammheim)

Stammheim is dying out and shrinking due to, partly, the lack of services; the Municipality has only one small park, only one sport facility linked to the only primary school there.

In order to avoid the shrinkage of the municipality it is important to revitalize its services and infrastructure.

Figure 15: Stammheim Analysis

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Integration as a Value “ when we start treating the inmates as Humans, they will act like Humans” Is JVA-Stammheim humane?

To be able to answer this question, a comparison between JVA-Stammheim and one of the humane prisons was required. The case study chosen to be compared with was the Halden Prison in Norway. (Figure 16) The prison Halden in Norway, 2010, is declared to be one of the most humane prisons in the world. Halden is a campus type of prison; the buildings are spread in a confined area, making use of its landscape; the architects HLM arkitektur in collaboration with Erik Møller Arkitekter wanted to let the inmates enjoy the nature in its daily routine. (Figure 17) The detention buildings are formed by individual cells with common kitchens for 12 inmates, an experience close to WG apartments; this configuration fosters the collaboration between inmates.

When talking about the system of the prison there are two important aspects to highlight. The first aspect is the educational system, which raises the improvement of the inmate’s skills; the education system keeps the inmate occupied through the day with carpentry, metal, cooking and music workshops, with physical and academic classes and with recreational activities such as sports events and cinema days. The second one is that the prison’s officer system is completely connected to the activities developed at the prison; the officers are seeing as helpers in the behavior changing process not as punishers.

(Hlm. Architektur as.)

Figure 17 a,b: Halden Prison, Norway

Inmates spend almost all day in their cells without productive activities or educational system.

In order to break the communication between prisoners of different security levels it is important to separate them into buildings.

Figure 16: JVA-Stammheim and Haldon, Isolation Vs Humanization

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Vs

Haldon

Figure 18: JVA-Stammheim Vs Haldon

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JVA-Stammheim from Isolation to community Prisons are mainly built to isolate the offenders from the others in the society; this kind of punishment does not help the offenders in reintegrating again in the society, they build their own expectations of how they will be integrated then reality strike them; they live in another isolation outside the prison which sends them back again, in most of the cases, to the old bad habits that led them to go to the prison in the first place. (Al-Rawi, Lugo 2014) When asking Dipl. Psych. Dieter David, Trauma therapist, who has been in JVA-Stammheim and other prisons for physiological Assessment and treatment, he replied that the prisons he had visited lack an essential element for the progress of prisoners which is interaction between the inmates and the outside world; even the activities held there are restricted and kept away from the public. “I was once in a prison to make a therapy for one of the prisoners, and I noticed outside the building very beautiful statues, I have no idea if it was made by the prisoners or brought by the state, but I felt pity that the public cannot see them�. (Al-Rawi 2014) Protection of the public from the offenders is a vital criteria in any prison but this does not mean that inmates should be completely isolated; we can create a meeting point between two different groups where they learn from each other and at the same time provide protection assure control over the two groups.

How can such idea work?

The prison schedule In order to foster the use of the prison/park by the Stammheim community and eventually exchanging experiences between the community and the inmates, it is necessary to create a schedule system for the use of the prison by both. This schedule will ensure for the community its safety by the well-planned and separate use of services with the inmates, it will also assure the interaction needed by the inmates with the outside world through mixed use of certain activities between the users from the town and the inmates, these activities will also provide the safety necessary by the users from Stammheim to accept the project by keeping a proper distance between them and the inmates. (Figure 19)

Integrative prison schedule

Figure 19: Example of the Prison‘s Scedule System

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The following diagrams will elaborate about the development of the idea behind the integrative prison: - Re-plotting the Prison The analysis showed that most of the activities are limited mainly in the cell, and to achieve the idea of integration within the surrounding community, the prison’s plot needs to expand to fit in the different activities to be used by the inmates and the rest of the town of Stammheim. (Figure 20) The first intervention of re-plotting would be targeting the governmental buildings sharing the same plot with the prison; they give the feeling that they do not belong to the town or the prison. By including them in the new integrative prison, this would reshape the town itself.

The second intervention would be expanding over the highway and the agricultural lands. Also a critical intervention would be also pushing the fence away from the streets leaving a space for them to breathe instead of having the image of narrow streets directly attached to the fence of a prison.

(Figure 21,22,23)

Figure 21: Looking at JVA-Stammheim directly from the narrow public street

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E Ag xpan ric si ult on ur ov al e La r nd

Expan sion o govern ver th e menta l build ings o n the plot

Figure 20: Re-plotting the Prison

Figure 22: View from the Narrow Street

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Figure 23: JVA-Stammheim from the Agricultural Fields

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- Designate the Areas for Inmates and Stammheim The highway penetrating the new prison plot can act as a definer of the activities and the users; the different activities that can be held at day are targeting both the inmates and the town which acquires to be spread around a big plot of land, while the night activities, mainly sleeping and also includes breakfast and work out in the morning, are held where the cells are located and can be only accessed by the inmates.

This also creates a system of grid from the town and the agricultural land, where the cells are located, interacting together to organize the different activities in the prison’s plot. (Figure 24)

“First we shape our buildings; then they shape us” Winsto Churchill, 1943

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Night Activities

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Figure 24: Designate the Areas for Inmates and Stammheim

„The secret to the city is integration. Every area of the city should combine work, leisure and culture. Separate these functions and parts of the city die.“ Jaime Lerner,Politician

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- Introduce the Control System for Security and Circulation A control system needs to be created that works in multidimensional levels of interaction, separation, attraction, security and distribution to the different activities. The system suggested functions parallel to the schedule system which allows both the inmates and the users from the town to circulate without directly interacting and being aware of each other by having the system functioning in different levels.

How does it work?

There is a main spine connecting the control stations and creating the system which allows the inmates and users from the town to go through to reach their destination according to the schedule. The inmates can circulate in this system of glazed pathways connecting the stations together. When reaching a certain station, the pathways leading to a certain activity are open, if it is mentioned in the schedule; if not then they will be closed. The same applies in the case of the users from the town.

This system teaches both the inmates and the town new values; for the inmates it will teach them that the town is not afraid of them and do not seek revenge from them for the crimes they committed, the town is willing to accept them again in the society. For the town it will teach them that it is possible to live together and give a chance for the offenders to be part of them again. This will motivate both to improve toward a more tolerant and humanitarian society. “Such a system is necessary for the development of the prisoners and the society�. (David 2015)

Control system works as distributor to the different functions of the projectfor better security and circulation of the inmates and the users from the town

Tunnel under the street to connect the two plots together and for the inmates to circulate to their cells complexes

Circulation in two levels to avoid interaction between inamtes and users from town for the town to accept the

The schedule and the contrl system work

project. both users will be unaware of each other and

togeter to assure less interaction between the inmates and the users from the town for security reasons.

enjoying the views around the circulation paths TOWN

INMATES

Figure 25: Introduce the Control System for Security and Circulation

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- Define Different Functions and Activities for the Inmates and Stammheim As concluded from the analysis, both the current prison and the town lack a lot of activities which is leading the town to die out. Different activities and facilities will be introduced to provide a better learning environment and filling the shortage of them in the town, these activities tackles different learning aspects; sport, culture, art and education. These activities will be also linked to a reward system which would help in learning with better results and to encourage the inmates to behave better.

The different facilities will include: sport with the indoor pool with a basketball field on the roof and football field, art studios for drawing and painting, and music classes with recording rooms, cinema and theater with acting classes, school mainly for juveniles and language classes, library and workshops including carpentry, metalwork, agriculture, cooking and mechanic.

The cells will be divided in complexes according to security level into Juveniles, short-term and temporary, longterm and inmates who need psychological assessment. Each complex will include the cells buildings for the inmates to sleep, cafeteria, chapels and support services such as medical and psychological ones. (Figure 26)

Reward System for the inmates giving them privilage of using certain functions if they behave well School

Workshops

Cells complexes - Juveniles - Short-Term - Cells -Long-Term buildings - Phsycological - Cafeteria Assesment -support services -Chapels

60-100 sqm

Carpentary, metal, Productive Landscape

500 sqm

school classes, Language classes

Workshops

Football Field

60-100 sqm

4100 sqm

Cooking, and Mechanical

Library

Pool Indoor

300 sqm

Acting

4100 sqm

Bascketball on roof

Main control 3500 sqm Administration, Managment, Visitor rooms, Security Control

Art

300 sqm Painting classes and exhibitions, Musik classes and recording rooms

1500 sqm

In the theater and the cinema, inamtes and users from the town can use it in the same time but in different levels

Acting classes, theater and Cinema

Figure 26: Define Different Functions and Activities for the Inmates and Stammheim

„There are hurdles to overcome in sport and in life. Sport is a very valuable learning ground for how to live your life in the best possible way.“ Lynn Davies, Athlete

„The purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls.“ Pablo Picasso, Artist

„Culture is the widening of the mind and of the spirit.“ Jawaharlal Nehru, Leader

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- Define Outdoor Spaces Related to the Activities Outdoor spaces should be invested also to accomplish the goal of this project; there should be a clear definition of the borders of each outdoor space related to the activities previously suggested in a cohesion way connecting the indoor with the outdoor. Examples of outdoor spaces could be the productive landscape designated for both the inmates and the users from the town, separated in different places but with the same purpose of producing areas for agricultural activities. Another example would be outdoor spaces linked to the library for the different users for reading and cultural activities. Open exhibitions connected to the art studios could be also created. The outdoor spaces would be also linked to the reward system. (Figure 27)

„The experience of ages has shown that a man who works on the land is purer, nobler, higher, and more moral“ Nikolai Gogol, Writer

Division of Outdoor spaces according to different functions creating productive outdoor spaces

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Productive Landscape Two areas are designated for it, one for the inmates and the other is for the Users from the town allowing them to have equal access to the different functions

Figure 27: Define Outdoor Spaces Related to the Activities

„But let there be spaces in your togetherness and let the winds of the heavens dance between you. Love one another but make not a bond of love: let it rather be a moving sea between the shores of your souls.“ Khalil Gibran, Poet

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- Landscape Elements Functioning as a Park Landscape plays a vital role in humanizing or dehumanizing a space, so our target is to use different elements of landscape to emphasize on the idea of inviting the town to interact with this prison. There would be introduction of different elements such as hardscape and softscape penetrating the outdoor spaces. The peripheries of the prison should be taken care of by creating a buffer zone of landscape and trees hiding the image of a fenced prison behind it. the fence itself is broken down through small openings, too small for anyone to escape through and big enough to bring a glimpse of the outside in. (Figure 28)

„Enjoyment of the landscape is a thrill.“ David Hockney, Artist

Strips of hardscape and softscape landscape to function as a park of the town and contemplative spaces for the inmates

Trees around the prison boundries to create physical and aesthetical buffer from the areas around the prison

Narrow transparent elements from bullet-proof glass in the wall to break its continuity

Figure 28: Landscape Elements Functioning as a Park

„any ‚aesthetic‘ ingredient is considered an inappropriate privilege in an environment that seeks to level all distinctions to the basest level“ Michael Sorkin, Critic, 2013

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- Integration of Water System Water is a powerful element in any treatment, so it was important to integrate it in the project through a system of rainwater collection in ponds distributed around the prison providing good view and water source for watering the landscape and for the sanitation of the project. (Fgure 29)

„Water provides the most obvious example of immediacy, because the transition between water and dry land offers the biggest of all psychological contrast“

315

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Gordon Cullen, Architect

Rainwater is

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processed through the landscape combining wet area

Rainwater collected in the ponds is

of biodiversity small

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landscape 5

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for the sanitation of the project

Rainwater is collected by gutters on the roof in the open air transferred by gargoyles to basins in ground floor and then to the ponds

Figure 29: Integration of Water System

„The universality of aquatic element as aesthetic factor and architectonic means becomes evident through the multiplicity of its use and perception as well as its diachronic and wide implementation and resonance.“ Angeliki Koskina, University Professor

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- Introduce Forest-like Patches of Landscape.

Again landscape elements are introduced in the project in the shape of trees to hide the image of a prison and to empower the idea of integrative part gathering two different groups.( Figure 30)

„The landscape is like being there with a powerful personality“

Galen Rowell, Photographer

Forest-like patches of trees penetrating the project creating parks emphasising the idea of merging and integrating the prison within the town

Figure 30: Introduce Forest-like Patches of Landscape

„I took a walk in the woods and came out taller than the trees.“ Henry David Thoreau, Author

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The conceptual proposal of the new prison will work on merging two opposing groups in one place; an interaction of circular nature not one-way linear one; the idea is to bring the outside into the prison through the different activities and also bringing what the inmates do to the outer world. (Figure 31)

Figure 31: The Conceptual Proposal

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There are many possibilities to realize this; championships, for example, can be held inside the prison against the town team and the inmates’ team, this would bring the town to the prison. Also with the help of the actors who are already involved in the prison, many products can be brought outside to the public giving them the change to realize how important the role of the prison as a learning facility not as a punishment-hub.

Figure 31: The Conceptual Proposal

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Stammheim taking over The following future timeline illustrates our idea of how the town and later the city would embrace the prison as part of it. (Figure 32)

2015

The prison is physically and socially isolated and rejected from the town decpite the short distance between them.

2020

Introducing the control system allows the people to gradually accept the integrative prison and start using its different facilities.

Figure 32: Stammheim Taking over Timeline

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The process of integration and adapting to new concepts in any society cannot be implemented and accepted instantly, such radical changes occur in a long-lapse of time, our vision does not only tackle the change in prison but also in the town itself and later the society in the city itself.

2025

New functions and activities are introduced and opened to the public to invite the Town to accept the idea of using the same space with the inmates.

2030

The town overtake the prison and accept that integrating the inmates is part of the solution and treatment of the society. the prison will be more involved with the town.

Figure 32: Stammheim Taking over Timeline

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List of References Architects and Prisons. Available online at http://justicenotjails.org/architects-and-prisons/, checked on 3/13/2015.

Evangelischen Gesellschaft (1830): eva: Startseite. EVA-Stuttgart. Available online at http://www.eva-stuttgart. de/, checked on 3/12/2015.

Groos, Ulrike (Ed.) (2012): Stammheim. Eine Gebäudemonografie von Andreas Magdanz ; [anlässlich der Ausstellung "Andreas Magdanz - Stammheim", Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, 17. November 2012 bis 3. März 2013]. With assistance of Andreas Magdanz. Ausstellung Andreas Magdanz - Stammheim. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz.

Herpertz, Thomas (2009): IBF SORG GmbH – Firma in Lorch für die Verarbeitung von Kunststoffen im Spritzgießverfahren. Dicke Kreativbüro (www.dickekreativ.de ). Available online at http://www.ibf-sorg.de/, updated on 4/27/2009, checked on 3/12/2015.

Kreativ plus GmbH: Sozialberatung Stuttgart e.V. • Willkommen. Sozialberatung Stuttgart e.V. Available online at http://sozialberatung-stuttgart.de/index.php, checked on 3/12/2015.

McCann, Mexico (2014): The non-violence project: Violence ends | Creative Bow. NVP. Available online at http:// www.creativebow.com/the-non-violence-project-violence-ends, checked on 3/12/2015.

Merriam-Webster: Definition of Prisoner. Available online at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prisoner, checked on 3/12/2015. sbr (1991): sbr - Wir bringen in Arbeit. Available online at http://sbr-ggmbh.net/, checked on 3/12/2015. skillsyouneed (2014): What is Learning? | SkillsYouNeed. Available online at http://www.skillsyouneed.com/general/learning.html, checked on 3/9/2015.

Stuttgart, Justizvollzugsanstalt (2005): JVA-Stammheim. Available online at http://www.jva-stuttgart.de/pb/,Lde/Startseite, updated on 1/1/2015, checked on 3/12/2015.

Stuttgart, Justizvollzugsanstalt; SuperUser (3/1/05 12:00 AM): Startseite. Available online at http://www. jva-stuttgart.de/pb/,Lde/Startseite, updated on 1/1/2015, checked on 3/12/2015.

Teleponseelsorge (1991): Eine starke Gemeinschaft | TelefonSeelsorge Deutschland. Evangelischen Gesellschaft.

Available online at http://www.telefonseelsorge.de/, updated on 3/12/2015, checked on 3/12/2015.

VAW: Vollzugliches Arbeitswesen Baden-Württemberg – Unternehmen – Wir über uns. Available online at http://www.vaw.de/unternehmen/wir-ueber-uns.html, checked on 3/12/2015.

VBSW e.V. (2015): Verband Bewährungs- und Straffälligenhilfe Württemberg e.V. Available online at http:// www.verband-bsw.de/, updated on 3/6/2015, checked on 3/12/2015. ytab group (2013): www.ytab.com. Available online at http://www.ytab.com/, updated on 9/19/2013, checked on 3/12/2015.

Bundesministerium der Justiz und fur Verbraucherschutz, (1976): www.gesetze-im-internet.de, Available online at http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvollzg/BJNR005810976.html, updated on 25/04/2013, checked on 3/12/2015.

IBF-SORG GmbH (2010): http://www.ibf-sorg.de, Available online at http://www.ibf-sorg.de/index.php?index=1&lng=de&menuid=1, checked on 3/12/2015.

Fashy group (2015): Available online at http://www.fashy.de/home/ , checked on 3/12/2015.

Tinti group (2015): Available online at http://www.tinti.eu/de/, checked on 3/12/2015.

Gerhard Geiger GmbH & Co. KG (2015): http://www.geiger.de/ Available online at http://www.geiger-antriebstechnik.com/index.php?id=498, checked on 3/12/2015.

Husqvarna AB (2013): http://www.husqvarna.com/ Available online at http://www.husqvarna.com/ch/de/sitemap/, checked on 3/12/2015. lemonfish GmbH (2015): http://www.lemonfish.de/impressum/ Available online at http://www.lemonfish.de/ impressum/, checked on 3/12/2015.

Logwin AG (2015): http://www.logwin-logistics.com/ Available online at http://www.logwin-logistics.com/de/ news/pressekontakt.html, checked on 3/12/2015.

Copyright Nederman Holding AB (2015): http://www.nederman.de Available online at http://www.nederman. de/contact, checked on 3/12/2015.

Nestler Wellpappe GmbH & Co. KG (2015): http://www.nestler-wellpappe.de/ Available online at http://www. nestler-wellpappe.de/de/kontakt/kontakt.htm, checked on 3/12/2015.

REINZ-Dichtungs-GmbH (2015): http://www.reinz.com/ Available online at http://www.reinz.com/EN/CONTACT.aspx, checked on 3/12/2015.

Roth, Mitchel P. (2006) Prisons and Prison Systems: a Global Encyclopedia, Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., United States of America.

Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart (2015): http://www.stuttgart.de Available online at http://www.stuttgart.de/stammheim, checked on 3/12/2015.

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Hlm arkitektur (2015): http://www.hlm.no/ Available online at http://www.hlm.no/?page_id=15, checked on 3/12/2015.

Time (2015): http://content.time.com/time/ Available online at http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1989083_2137378,00.html, updated on 3/12/2015, checked on 3/12/2015.

Interviews Namariq Al-Rawi (2/15/2014): JVA-Stammheim. Interview with Dipl. Psych. Dieter David. Stuttgart.

Namariq Al-Rawi (2/22/2015): JVA-Stammheim Proposal and control system. Interview with Dipl. Psych. Dieter David. Stuttgart.

Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2/12/2014): Jva-Stammheim. Interview with Anonymous ex-offender. Plettenberhstr.20, 70186 Stuttgart.

Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2/12/2014): JVA-Stammheim. Interview with Heike Hein. Plettenberhstr.20, 70186 Stuttgart.

Figures, Boxes and Tables Figure 1: McCann, Mexico (2014): The non-violence project: Violence ends | Creative Bow. NVP. Available online at http:// www.creativebow.com/the-non-violence-project-violence-ends, checked on 3/12/2015.

Figure 2: Donmetallo (2015): File:JVA Stuttgart Stammheim 2.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Available online at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JVA_Stuttgart_Stammheim_2.jpg, updated on 3/1/2015, checked on 3/12/2015.

Figure 3: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): The Snowball of JVA-Stammheim.

Figure 4: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Different opinions about JVA-Stammheim Figure 5: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): The Main Actors in JVA-Stammheim Figure 6: Stuttgart, Justizvollzugsanstalt (2005): JVA-Stammheim. Available online at http://www.jva-stuttgart.de/pb/,Lde/Startseite, updated on 1/1/2015, checked on 3/12/2015.

Figure 7: IBF-SORG GmbH (2010): http://www.ibf-sorg.de, Available online at http://www.ibf-sorg.de/index.php?index=1&lng=de&menuid=1, checked on 3/12/2015.

Fashy group (2015): Available online at http://www.fashy.de/home/ , checked on 3/12/2015.

Tinti group (2015): Available online at http://www.tinti.eu/de/, checked on 3/12/2015.

Gerhard Geiger GmbH & Co. KG (2015): http://www.geiger.de/ Available online at http://www.geiger-antriebstechnik.com/index.php?id=498, checked on 3/12/2015.

Husqvarna AB (2013): http://www.husqvarna.com/ Available online at http://www.husqvarna.com/ch/de/sitemap/, checked on 3/12/2015. lemonfish GmbH (2015): http://www.lemonfish.de/impressum/ Available online at http://www.lemonfish.de/ impressum/, checked on 3/12/2015.

Logwin AG (2015): http://www.logwin-logistics.com/ Available online at http://www.logwin-logistics.com/de/ news/pressekontakt.html, checked on 3/12/2015.

Copyright Nederman Holding AB (2015): http://www.nederman.de Available online at http://www.nederman. de/contact, checked on 3/12/2015.

Nestler Wellpappe GmbH & Co. KG (2015): http://www.nestler-wellpappe.de/ Available online at http://www. nestler-wellpappe.de/de/kontakt/kontakt.htm, checked on 3/12/2015.

REINZ-Dichtungs-GmbH (2015): http://www.reinz.com/ Available online at http://www.reinz.com/EN/CONTACT.aspx, checked on 3/12/2015.

Figure 8: sbr (1991): sbr - Wir bringen in Arbeit. Available online at http://sbr-ggmbh.net/, checked on 3/12/2015.

Figure 9: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): The Prison Timeline 31/20

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Figure 10: JVA-Bremen, Available online at http://www.jva.bremen.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bremen127.c.1674.de, checked on 3/12/2015.

JVA-Goettinger, Available online at http://www.goettinger-tageblatt.de , checked on 3/12/2015.

JVA-Waldeck, Available online at http://www.jva-waldeck.de/, checked on 3/12/2015.

Figure 11: Stammheim, Available online at http://www.map.de, checked on 3/12/2015.

Figure 12: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): JVA-Stammheim Analysis Figure 13 a,b: Stuttgart, Justizvollzugsanstalt (2005): JVA-Stammheim. Available online at http://www.jva-stuttgart.de/pb/,Lde/Startseite, updated on 1/1/2015, checked on 3/12/2015.

Figure 14: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): The Daily Routine Figure 14 a: Kalender 2013 / Kunst jinter Mauern. Sozialberatung Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Justizvollzugsanstalt, (2013), Kreativ plus GmbH, Stuttgart.

Figure 15: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Stammheim Analysis Figure 16: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): JVA-Stammheim and Haldon, Isolation Vs Humanization Figure 17 a,b: Time (2015): http://content.time.com/time/ Available online at http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1989083_2137378,00.html, updated on 3/12/2015, checked on 3/12/2015.

Figure 18: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): JVA-Stammheim Vs Haldon Figure 19: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Example of the Prison‘s Scedule System Figure 20: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Re-plotting the Prison Figure 21: Melli Fikation (2011): Panoramio - Photo of Stammheim. Panoramio. Available online at http://www.panoramio. com/photo/56505868?source=wapi&referrer=kh.google.com, checked on 3/13/2015.

Figure 22: Knatterton (2014): Panoramio - Untitled photo. Available online at http://www.panoramio.com/photo/106680961?source=wapi&referrer=kh.google.com, checked on 3/13/2015.

Figure 23: de, http://seehaus-ev (2015): Freizeitgruppen für straffällige Jugendliche. Available online at http://seehaus-ev. de/arbeitsbereiche/jva-freizeitgruppen/, updated on 3/13/2015, checked on 3/13/2015.

Figure 24: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Designate the Areas for Inmates and Stammheim Figure 25: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Introduce the Control System for Security and Circulation Figure 26: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Define Different Functions and Activities for the Inmates and Stammheim Figure 27: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Define Outdoor Spaces Related to the Activities Figure 28: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Landscape Elements Functioning as a Park Figure 29: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Integration of Water System Figure 30: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Introduce Forest-like Patches of Landscape Figure 31: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): The Conceptual Proposal Figure 32: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Stammheim Taking over Timeline IUSD - IRD - 2014/15

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Box 1: Namariq Al-Rawi, Mariana Lugo (2015): Snowballing and Data Collection Table 1: Kreativ plus GmbH: Sozialberatung Stuttgart e.V. • Willkommen. Sozialberatung Stuttgart e.V. Available online at http://sozialberatung-stuttgart.de/index.php, checked on 3/12/2015.

Table 2: VBSW e.V. (2015): Verband Bewährungs- und Straffälligenhilfe Württemberg e.V. Available online at http:// www.verband-bsw.de/, updated on 3/6/2015, checked on 3/12/2015.

Table 3: sbr (1991): sbr - Wir bringen in Arbeit. Available online at http://sbr-ggmbh.net/, checked on 3/12/2015.

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