PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE AND NANOCELLULOSE FROM Schoneoplectus californicus Angélica Mendoza-Tolentino1, Blanca Estela Jaramillo-Loranca2, Marco Antonio Flores-González1, Maricela Villanueva-Ibáñez1,*. Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca/ Zempoala, Hidalgo, México. *villanueva@upp.edu.mx
ABSTRACT Materials based on fossil fuels have a strong environmental impact, so it is necessary to develop renewable materials. Nanocellulose is an emerging renewable nanomaterial that has promising applications in different domains, such as in foods, pharmaceuticals, personal care, electronic, and for green nanotechnology. Plants are the most abundant source of cellulose, which through chemical treatments of various types can lead to the production of nanocellulose. In this work we obtained cellulose and nanocellulose from Schoneoplectus californicus, a very abundant plant considered as a plague in dams, lakes and lagoons. Cellulose was extracted by carrying out alkali and bleaching treatments and nanocellulose was isolated by an acid hydrolysis. The cellulose was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR), this analysis confirmed the elimination of non-cellulosic components due to the absence of the band in the region of 1730 cm-1 which is attributed to the stretching vibration of C=O of the ester groups in hemicellulose and lignin [1]. Structural analyses was performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) where the diffractogram exhibits representative peaks of the characteristic structure [2]. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis determined that the isolated nanocellulose from S.californicus was found to be with a width of approximately 150 nm.
S. californicus dried at room temperature
METHODOLOGY
RESULTS
Extraction of cellulose
Cellulose was analyzed by FTIR, the spectrum is characteristic of this material (Figure 2). X-ray diffraction exhibits representative peaks that evidence the cellulose structure (Figure 3).
Grinding and sieving Solvent extraction of S. californicus
Bleaching with sodium chlorite solution in acidic medium
Figure 2. FTIR spectrum of cellulose.
Figure 3. XRD of cellulose extracted from S. californicus. (JCPDS 03-0289)
Addition of NaOH solution at 100 ° C for 5 h Extracted cellulose
Washing and drying
Extraction of nanocellulose
Cellulose
Hydrolysis of cellulose, 5 h at 50 °C
Dilution 1:10 (reaction mixture: deionized water)
Centrifugation at Sonication for 10 min Suspension of 10,000 rpm for in ice bath nanocellulose 15 min
Centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 15 min
Figure 4. Scanning electron microscopy of S. californicus fibers.
Figure 5. Scanning electron microscopy of nanocellulose extracted from S. californicus.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) determined that fibers of cellulose have a width of 6 μm (Figure 4). The morphological analysis was also performed on nanocellulose where needle-like structures are observed (Figure 5).
CONCLUSIONS Dialysis 4-5 days
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of Methodology.
REFERENCES 1. Mandal, A., & Chakrabarty, D. (2011). Isolation of nanocellulose from waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and its characterization. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(3), 1291–1299. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.030 2. Bolio-López, G. I., Valadez-González, A., Veleva, L., & Andreeva, A. (2011). Whiskers de celulosa a partir de residuos agroindustriales de banano: Obtención y caracterización. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniera Química, 10(2), 291–299.
The different analysis by FTIR, DRX and MEB indicated that it is feasible the extraction of cellulose from S. californicus. By acid hydrolysis it was obtained cristalline nanocellulose with diameter size between 100 to 250 nm. This nanomaterial have widely applications and important perspectives. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge CONACYT's support for the scholarship of A.M.T. (No. 710874).