Anuvaad ke Bare Me by Narayana Prasad.A.

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

vuqokn & ,d ifjp; eSlwj fo’ofo|ky; ds fganh Nk=ksa ds fy,

izLrqrdrkZ izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn narayanprasad_a@yahoo.com

izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj & fouksn xksnjs] ek/ko lksuVDds vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j naps hindi/blogspot.com

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

vuqokn vuqokn kCn dk lEcU/k ôn~* /kkrq ls gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ^cksyuk* ;k ^dguk*A vkSj fQj mleas îhNs] ckn esa] vuqofrZrk* vkfn vFkksZa esa iz;qDr ^vuq* milxZ tqM+us ls ^vuqokn* kCn fu iUu gksrk gSA vuqokn dk ewy vFkZ gS îqu% dFku* ;k ^fdlh ds dgus ds ckn dguk*A vuqokn dk iz;ksx ^xq: dh ckr dk f’k ; }kjk nqgjk;k tkuk] i’pkRdFku] nqgjkuk] lkFkZd vko`fRr* vkfn vFkksZa esa gqvk gSA vuqokn ewyr% îqu%dFku* ;k fdlh ds dgs tkus ds ckn dk dFku gSA vFkkZr~ ,d Hkk kk esa fdlh ds }kjk dgh xbZ ckr dk fdlh nwljh Hkk kk esa iqu%dFku gSA

vuqokn D;k gS\ ,d Hkk kk dh fdlh lkexzh dk nwljh Hkk kk esa :ikarj gh vuqokn gSA vuqokn dk dk;Z gS] ,d Hkk kk (lzksr) esa O;Dr fopkjksa dks nwljh Hkk kk (y{;) esa O;Dr djukA fdarq ;g Ô;Dr* djuk cgqr ljy dk;Z ugha gSA gj Hkk kk fof’k V ifjos’k esa iuirh gS] vr% mldh viuh vusd&/oU;kRed] kfCnd] okD;kRed] eqgkojs&yksdksfDr vkfn futh fo’ks krk,Wa gksrh gS] tks vU; Hkk kkvksa ls dqN ;k dkQh fHkUu gksrh gSA blfy, ;g vko’;d ugha gS fd lzksr Hkk kk dh fdlh vfHkO;fDr dks îw.kZr% leku vfHkO;fDr* & kCnr% vkSj vFkZr% & y{; Hkk kk esa gksA iw.kZr% leku vfHkO;fDr ls vk’k; ;g gS fd lzksr Hkk kk dh jpuk ;k lkexzh dks lqu ;k i<+dj lzksr Hkk kk&Hkk kh tks vFkZ xzg.k djsa] y{; Hkk kk esa mlds vuqokn dks lqu ;k i<+dj y{; Hkk kk&Hkk kh Hkh Bhd ogh vFkZ xzg.k djsA Lzkksr Hkk kk dh vfHkO;fDr ls tks vFkZ O;Dr gksrk gS] og y{; Hkk kk dh vfHkO;fDr ls O;Dr gksusokys vFkZ dh rqyuk esa ;k rks foLr`r(expanded) gksrk gS] ;k ladqfpr((contracted) gksrk gS ;k dqN fHkUu(transferred) gksrk gS ;k fQj buesa ls nks ;k vf/kd dk feJ.kA blh dkj.k lzksr Hkk kk ds vfHkO;Dr vkSj vFkZ i{k dks Bhd mlh :i esa y{; Hkk kk esa Hkh yk ikuk loZnk lEHko ugha gksrkA eku yhft, vaxzsth dk ,d okD; gS & The man who fell from the tree died in the hospital dk fganh esa vuqokn djuk gSA fganh Hkk kk dh izd`fr ls iw.kZr% ifjfpr O;fDr ftl izdkj bl okD; dk vuqokn djrk gS Bhd mlh izdkj fganh Hkk kk dh izd`fr dk lkekU; ifjp; j[kusokyk vuqokn ugha dj ikrkA tks fganh Hkk kk dh izd`fr dk lkekU; ifjp; j[krk gS og bl vaxzsth okD; dk vuqokn bl rjg djrk gS& ôg vkneh tks isM+ ls fxjk Fkk] vLirky esa ej x;k*A tks fganh Hkk kk dh izd`fr dks vPNh rjg tkurk gS] og ^tks vkneh+ vkneh isM+ ls fxjk Fkk] vLirky esa ej x;k* dk vuqokn djrk gSA tks fganh ugha tkurk muds vuqokn esa ôg* the dk kCnkuqokn gks tkrk gSA vr% ^,d Hkk kk esa O;Dr fopkjksa dks] ;FkklEHko leku vkSj lgt vfHkO;fDr }kjk nwljh Hkk kk esa O;Dr djus dk iz;kl* vuqokn gSA

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

vuqokn dh ifjHkk kk,Wa 01ewy Hkk kk ds lans’k ds lerqY; lans’k dks y{; Hkk kk esa izLrqr djus dh fdz;k dks vuqokn dgrs gSaA lans’kksa dh ;g ewY; lerk igys vFkZ vkSj fQj kSyh dh n`f V ls rFkk fudVre ,oa LokHkkfod gksrh gS & uks;Mk vkSj Vscj 02,d Hkk kk dh ikB~; lkexzh dks nwljh Hkk kk dh lekukFkZd ikB~; lkexzh ls izfrLFkkfir djuk vuqokn dgykrk gS & dSVQksMZ 03vuqokn ,d f’kYi gS ftlesa ,d Hkk kk esa fyf[kr lans’k ds LFkku ij nwljh Hkk kk ds mlh lans’k dks izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS & U;wekdZ 04,d Hkk kk ;k Hkk kk Hksn ls nwljh Hkk kk ;k Hkk kk Hksn esa izfrik| dks LFkkukUrfjr djus dh izfdz;k ;k mlds ifj.kke dks vuqokn dgrs gSa&gkVZeu rFkk LVhdZ 05,d Hkk kk esa O;Dr fopkjksa dks] ;FkklEHko leku vkSj lgt vfHkO;fDr }kjk nwljh Hkk kk esa O;Dr djus dk iz;kl vuqokn gS & HkksykukFk frokjh 06vuqokn izk;ksfxd Hkk kk&foKku dh og kk[kk gS ftldk lEcU/k izrhdksa ds ,d lqfuf’pr leqPp; ls nwljh leqPp; ds vFkZ ds vUrj.k ls gS & Mh-LVVZ 07vuqokn og izfdz;k gS ftlds }kjk lkFkZd vuqokn&vFkZiw.kZ lans’k ;k lans’k ds vFkZ dks ,d Hkk kk leqnk; ls nwljs Hkk kk leqnk; esa lEizsf kr fd;k tkrk gS & iV~Vuk;d 08,d Hkk kk ds kkfCnd izrhdksa dh vU; Hkk kk ds kkfCnd izrhdksa }kjk O;k[;k vuqokn gS& jkseu tSdclu 09Hkk kk /o;U;kRed izrhdksa dh O;oLFkk gS] vkSj vuqokn gS bUgha izrhdkas dk izfrLFkkiu] vFkkZr~ ,d Hkk kk ds izrhdksa ds LFkku ij nwljh Hkk kk ds fudVre&dFkur% vkSj dF;r% lerqY; vkSj lgt izrhdksa dk iz;ksxA 10vuqokn dFkur% vkSj dF;r% fudVre lgt izfrizrhdu gSA

Translating consists in producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in meaning and secondly in style-Nida The replacement of Textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language – Cattord Translation is the transference of the content of a text from one language into another, bearing in mind that we cannot always dissociate the content from the from – Foresten Translation is a custom-house through which passes, if the custom officers are not alert, more smuggled goods of foreign idioms, than through any other linguistic frontier.

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

vuqokn D;k gS\ f’kYi] dyk] foKku dqN yksx vuqokn dks dsoy f’kYi ekurs gSa rks dqN yksx dykA vuqokn dks foKku izk;% yksx fcydqy ugha ekurs gSaA oSls vuqokn f’kYi Hkh gS] dyk Hkh gS vkSj foKku Hkh gSA

foKku foKku fdlh Hkh fo k; dk O;ofLFkr rFkk fof’k V Kku gksrk gSA blh vFkZ esa jktuhfr foKku] ekuofoKku] Hkk kk foKku tSls fo k;ksa dks foKku ekuk tkrk gSA oLrqr% fdlh Hkh fo k; ls lEc) ckrksa ds ftrus va’k dk O;ofLFkr oSKkfud foospu fd;k tk ldrk gS] mrus va’k dk og v/;;u foKku dh lhek esa vkrk gSA okLrfod vuqokn djus ds iwoZ dh fpUru&izfdz;k rqyukRed ;k O;frjsdh Hkk kk foKku ij gh iw.kZr% vk/k`r gSA rqyuk&vk/kkj ij gh lzksr Hkk kk vkSj y{; Hkk kk dh /ofu] kCn] okD; vFkZ lEcU/kh leukrk,Wa&vlekurk,Wa Kku djrs gSaA bl rjg okLrfod vuqokn djus dh iwoZ&ihfBdk tks vuqoknd ds efLr d esa fparu ds :i esa gksrh gS iw.kZr% oSKkfud vkSj O;ofLFkr izfdz;k gSA vuqokn dh i` BHkwfe esa fLFkr ;g lkjk v/;;u&fo’ys k.k foKku ds gh varxZr vkrk gSA vuqokn ds bl foKku&i{k ls lqifjfpr vuqokn ml vuqoknd dh rqyuk esa tks blls ifjfpr ugha gS dgha vPNk vuqokn dj ldrk gSA vuqokn dk ;g foKku&i{k okLrfod vuqokn&fdz;k dh i` BHkwfe esa gksrk gS] vuqokn djus esa ughaA

dyk vkSj f’kYi kk;n gh ,slh dksbZ dyk gks] ftlesa f’kYi dh fcydqy vis{kk u gks vkSj kk;n gh ,slk dksbZ f’kYi gks] ftlesa dyk iw.kZr% vuisf{kr gksA dyk,Wa ,d izdkj dh ltZuk Creation gSA dsoy vH;kl ;k f’k{k.k ls dksbZ dykdkj ugha cu ldrk] tc rd mlesa lgt izfrHkk u gksA dkO;] fp=] ewfrZ vkfn dyk,W gSaA blds foijhr ftUgsa mi;ksxh dyk dgk x;k gS] tSls] QuhZpj cukuk] twrk cukuk vkfn] f’kYi gSA ftUgsa vH;kl] okrkoj.k vkSj f’k{k.k ds }kjk vftZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA dyk esa O;fDr vkRekfHkO;fDr djrk gS] mldk O;fDrRo mlesa vk tkrk gS] tcfd f’kYi esa og u rks vkRekfHkO;fDr djrk gS vkSj u gh mldk O;fDrRo mlesa vkrk gSA tgkWa rd vuqokn dh ckr gS] vuqoknd vuqokn esa vkRekfHkO;fDr ugha djrk tks dfo] ewfrZdkj vkfn dykdkj viuh d`fr esa djrs gSaA dkO; vkfn ;fn ltZuk gS rks vuqokn iqu%ltZu gSA ewy dykdkj vius Hkkoksa dks viuh dyk esa mrkjrk gS] tcfd vuqoknd fdlh vkSj ewy ds vk/kkj ij l`tu djrk gSA ewy dks g`n;axe djds og vius vuqlkj mls y{; Hkk kk esa <kyrk gSA vuqokn esa ,d lhek rd f’kYi rFkk dyk nksauksa dh vis{kk gksrh gS vkSj gj dykdkj vuqoknd] f’kYi Hkh gksrk gS vkSj gj f’kYih vuqoknd] ,d lhek rd dykdkj Hkh gksrk gSA ;fn ewy lkexzh dsoy lwpukvksa ;k rF;ksa ls ;qDr gS ;k foKku vkfn dh gS] ftlesa lw=ksa dh iz/kkurk gS vkSj vfHkO;fDr dk dksbZ [k+kl egRo ugha gS rks mlds vuqokn ds lkFk f’kYih U;k; dj ysrk gSA fdUrq eku yhft,] dfork dk vuqokn djuk gS ftlesa Hkko gS] lkSan;kZfHkO;fDr gS] mlds fy, dyk vfuok;Zr% vko’;d gksxhA bl izdkj vuqokn foKku Hkh gS] f’kYi Hkh gS vkSj dyk Hkh gSA

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

vuqoknd ds xq.k T–

vFkkZr~ Text ;k ewy ikB dks vPNh rjg i<+ ysuk pkfg, vkSj Translation ;k vuqokn ds ewy rRFkksa dh tkudkjh jguh pkfg,A R – Reference vFkok Relevance – fn;s x;s ewyikB dk lanHkZ ;k mldk fdl fo k; ls laca/k gS] bl ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A A – Articulation ;k lek;kstu & ewy ikB esa O;Dr fopkjksa dks vkl esa lEc) djuk pkfg,A N – Nuances & vFkZPNk;k & fof’k V kCnksa dh fofHkUu vFkZPNk;kvksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A S – Style & ;k kSyh vkSj Source Language ;k ewy Hkk kk dh kSyh dk vkSj y{; Hkk kk dh kSyh dk /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,A L – Linguistic Level vFkkZr~ Hkk kk Lrj & ftu yksxksa ds fy, vuqokn vf) V gS muds Hkk kk lEcU/kh Kku ds Lrj dk /;ku j[kk pkfg,A A – Accuracy or Appropriateness vuqokn esa ;FkkrF;rk vkSj kq)rk gksuh pkfg,A T – Target Language – y{; Hkk kk vFkok ftl Hkk kk esa vuqokn fd;k tk jgk gS mlesa Li V vfHkO;fDr gksuh pkfg,A I – Indifference- vuqoknd dks fujis{k jguk pkfg, vFkkZr~ ewydF; esa viuh vksj ls dqN ugaha tksMuk pkfg,A O – Orthodoxy or Orthology y{; Hkk kk dh ijEijkxr fo’ks krkvksa dk /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,aA N - Nearness vFkkZr~ fudVrk & vuqokn ewy Hkk kk ds fudV gksuk pkfg,A vPNs vuqoknd ds fy, rhu ckrsa vko’;d gS% 01igyh ckr rks lzksr Hkk kk dk KkuA mls ewy lkexzh ds Lrj dk oSlk Kku gksuk pkfg, tSlk fd mls i<+dj vPNh rjg le>us ;k jlkLoknu djusokys ewy Hkk kk&Hkk kh dks gksrk gSA Kku ml Lrj ls ftruk gh de gksxk] murh gh =qfV gksus dh lEHkkouk vuqokn esa c<+ tk,xkkA 02vuqoknd dh nwljh vko’;drk gS y{; Hkk kk dk fo k; ds vuq:i leqfpr KkuA vFkkZr~ mruk gh Kku] ftruk y{; Hkk kk&Hkk kh dks ml fo k; esa Bhd vfHko;fDr ds fy, visf{kr gSA ;g Kku Hkh ftruk de gksxk] vuqokn ds mrus gh =qfBiw.kZ gksus dh lEHkkouk c<+ tk,xhA 03vuqoknd dh rhljh vko’;drk gS fo k; dk KkuA fo k; ds Bhd Kku ds fcuk izk;% ns[kk x;k gS fd vuqoknd vFkZ dk vuFkZ dj cSBrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g Kku de&ls&de ml Lrj dk rks gksuk pkfg, ftl Lrj dh vuw| lkexzgh gksA

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

izrhdkarj vkSj vuqokn ge tkurs gSa fd fopkj fdlh&u&fdlh izdkj ds izrhd }kjk gh O;Dr fd, tkrs gSaA Hkk kk esa ;s izrhd ^’kCn* gksrs gSaA blh rjg fp=dyk] laxhrdyk] u`R;dyk vkfn esa Hkh Hkkoksa ;k fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy, rjg&rjg ds izrhdksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bu izrhdksa dk ifjorZu gh izrhdkarj gSA nwljs kCnksa esa] ^,d izrhd ;k izrhd&oxZ }kjk O;Dr fopkj ;k fopkjksa dks nwljs izrhd ;k izrhd&oxZ }kjk O;Dr djuk ^izrhdkarj* gSA izrhdkarj rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa%& 01kCnkarj & kCnkarj ;k kCn&izrhdkarj dk vFkZ gS fdlh Hkk kk esa O;Dr fopkjksa dks mlh Hkk kk esa nwljs kCnksa esa O;Dr djukA blesa Hkk kk ogh jgrh gS] dsoy ,d kCn&izrhd ;k izrhdksa ds LFkku ij nwljs kCn&izrhd ;k izrhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Jheku cSfB, & tukcs vyh r’kjhQ jf[k,A 02Ekk/;ekarj & ,d ek/;e ds izrhdksa ds LFkku ij nwljs ek/;e ds izrhdksa dk iz;ksxA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d dfo tks Hkko ,d dfork esa O;Dr dj ldrk gS] ,d fp=dkj mlh Hkko dks ,d fp= esa O;Dr dj ldrk gS rFkk ,d laxhrdkj mlh dks laxhr ds }kjkA 03Hkk kkarj & ,d Hkk kk esa O;Dr fopkj dks nwljh Hkk kk esa O;Dr djuk Hkk kkarj gSA blh dks vuqokn ;k rjtq+ek vkfn Hkh dgrs gSaA blh izdkj vuqokn izrhdkarj dk ,d Hksn gSA blesa ,d Hkk kk ds izrhdksa ds LFkku ij nwljh Hkk kk ds izrhdksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-foâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;oukFk v;~;j

vuqokn ds izdkj vuqokn ds dbZ Hksn ;k izdkj gks ldrs gSaA bu Hksnksa ;k izdkjksa ds eq[; vk/kkj pkj gS% d[kx?k-

x|Ro&i|Ro lkfgfR;d fo/kk fo k; vuqokn dh izd`fr

d- vuqokn ds x|&i| gksus ds vk/kkj ij% 1- x|kuqokn & ;g vuqokn x| esa gksrk gSA ewy x| dk gh x| esa vuqokn vFkok ewy i| dk Hkh x| esa vuqokn fd;k tk ldrk gSA 2- i|kuqokn & ;g vuqokn i| esa gksrk gSA ewy i| dk gh i| esa vuqokn vFkok ewy x| dk Hkh i| esa vuqokn fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls Nankuqokn ;k Nanc) vuqokn Hkh dgrs gSaA 3- eqDr Nankuqokn & ;g vuqokn eqDr Nan esa gksrk gSA blesa tks vuqokn gksrk gS og rqd&ek=k vkfn mu ca/kuksa ls eqDr gksrk gSA [k- lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds vk/kkj ij 1- dkO;kuqokn & ;g vuqokn x|] i| ;k eqDr Nan fdlh esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA 2- ukVdkuqokn & fdlh ukVd dk ukVd :i esa vuqoknA vkSj vU; lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa ds Hkh ukVd :i esa vkSj Bhd myVs ukVd ds Hkh dkO; ;k dgkuh :i esa vuqokn ;k :ikarj.k gksrs gSaA 3- dFkkuqokn & dFkk lkfgR; dk dFkk&lkfgR; esa vuqokn tSls miU;kl ;k dgkuhA x- fo k; ds vk/kkj fo k; ds vk/kkj ij fjdkMksaZ dk vuqokn] oSKkfud lkfgR; dk

ij vuqokn ds vusd Hksn fd, tk ldrs gSaA tSls xt+sfV;jksa dk vuqokn] i=dkfjrk dk vuqokn] vuqokn vkfn-]

?k- vuqokn dh izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij ewyr% bl izdkj ds nks Hksn gksrs gSa & 01- lkfgfR;d vuqokn&blds varxZr thouh] fuca/k] vkykspuk] dfork] dgkuh] vkfn vkrs gSaA

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

02- lkfgR;srj vuqokn&blds varxZr oSKkfud] okf.kfT;dh] lapkj] fof/k] iz’kklfud vkfn vkrs gSaA

rduhdh]

vkSj dbZ fo/okuksa ds vuqlkj vuqoknksa ds nks izeq[k Hksn gSa%& 1- ewy fu B vuqokn & ,slk vuqokn tks ;Fkk&lk/; ewy dk vuqxeu djsA ewy ds vuqxeu esa vuqoknd dk /;ku fopkj ;k dF; rFkk vfHkO;fDR ;k dFku&i)fr nksauksa gh ij gksrk gSA og vius vuqokn ;Fkk lEHko nksuksa gh n`f V;ksa ls ewy ds fudV j[kuk pkgrk gSA 2- ewy eqDr vuqokn & bl izdkj esa vuqoknd dks dkQh NwV feyrh gSA fdUrq ;g NwV izk;% vfHkO;fDr ;k dFku&’kSyh dh rjQ gh fo’ks k gksrh gS] dF; ;k fopkj dh rjQ ls ughaA dF; ;k fopkj dh n`f V ls rks vuqokn izk;% ewyc) ;k ewy fu B gh gksrk gSA tgkWa rd vfHkO;fDr ;k dFku&’kSyh dk iz’u gS ewyeqDr vuqoknd y{; Hkk kk dh lqfo/kkuqlkj vuqokn ds m)s’;kuqlkj rFkk vuqokn i<us ;k lquusokyksa dh ;ksX;krkuqlkj ifjorZu&ifjo/kZu dj ldrk gSA ewyeqDr vuqokn dks ewyk/kkfjr ;k ewyk/k`r vuqokn dguk kk;n vf/kd vPNk gksxkA vkxs] vuqokn ds vU; izdkj bl izdkjksa dks ckg~;k/kkj vkSj vkarfjd dg dj Hksn izdV djrs gSa% d- ckg~;/kkj ds varxZr 1- kCnkuqokn 2- Hkkokuqokn 3- Nk;kuqokn [k- vkarfjd ds varxZr 4- Lkkjkuqokn] vkfn

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

kCnkuqokn ;g ^’kCn$vuqokn* ls cuk gSA eksVs :i esa bl izdkj ds vuqokn esa ewy ds gj kCn ij vuqoknd dk /;ku tkrk gSA vaxzst+h esa fyVjy Vz~kWaLys’ku ocZy&Vz~kWaLys’ku] oMZ&Qkj&oMZ Vz~kaWLys’ku dgrs gSaA kCnkuqokn ds eq[; miHksn rhu gks ldrs gSa% v- ftlesa ewy lkexzh dh gj kCnkfHkO;fDr dk izk;% mlh dze esa vuqokn fd;k tk;A tSls I am going home dk eSa gwWa tk jgk ?kjA dHkh&dHkh ,slk kCnkuqokn iw.kZr% vcks/kxE; gks tkrk gS] D;ksafd gj Hkk kk esa kCn&de ,d tSlk ugha gksrk A tSls will he go – xk og tkuk A oLrqr% bl izdkj dk ^ef{kdk LFkkus ef{kdk* vuqokn dks vuqokn dgykus dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA mnk%& esjk lj pDdj [kk jgk-My head is eating circles. og ikuh&ikuh gks x;k&He became water & water.

vk- ,slk vuqokn ftlesa dze vkfn rks ewy dk ugha j[krs fdUrq ewy ds gj kCn dk vuqokn esa iwjk /;ku j[krs gSa vkSj blhfy, ewy dh kSyh vuqokn esa Li V >ydrh gS & cRrh tykvks&Burn the lamp oS| us mldh uCt+h ns[kh&Doctor saw her pulse Qwy er rksMks&Don’t Break flowers It is an interesting Point&;g ,d jkspd fcanq gS] It was hopelessly obscure&;g fujk’ktud <ax ls vLi V Fkk] The insects called silver fish&dhMs tks jtr eNyh dgykrs gSaA bl izdkj ds kCnkuqokn] igys izdkj ds kCnkuqokn ftrus ?kfV;k u gksus ij Hkh ?kfV;k gh dg tk;saxsA budk vFkZ igys dh rjg vLi V rks ugha jgrk] fdUrq y{; Hkk kk dh lgt izd`fr buesa ugha vk ikrh cfYd lzksr Hkk kk dh kSyh ;k Nk;k y{; Hkk kk ij cqjh rjg Nk;h jgrh gS] vr% lgt iz;ksx dh n`f V ls ,sls vuqokn xyr rFkk gkL;kLin gksrs gSaA

kCnkuqokn dk rhljk :i ;g gS fd ftls mRre dksfV dk ;k vkn’kZ kCnkuqokn dgk tk ldrk gSA blesa ewy ds izR;sd kCn] cfYd izR;sd vfHkO;fDr&bdkbZ dks y{; Hkk kk esa izkIr i;kZ; ds vuqlkj vuqokn djrs gq, ewy ds Hkko dks y{; Hkk kk esa laizsf kr 9

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

fd;k tkrk gSA blesa fdlh Hkh kCn ;k vfHkO;fDr&bdkbZ dh mis{kk ugha dh tkrhA nwljs kCnksa esa vuqoknd u rks ewy dh dksbZ vfHkO;fDr&bdkbZ NksM+ ldrk gS] u viuh vksj ls dksbZ vfHkO;fDr&bdkbZ tksM+ ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ kCn Lrj ij er NksM+ks&er tksM+ksA The Boy who fell from the tree died in the hospital dk kCnkuqokn gksxk ^og yM+dk tks isM+ ls fxjk Fkk vLirky esa ej x;k* fganh izd`fr ds vuqdwy vkSj vPNk kCnkuqokn gksxk ^tks yM+dk isM ls fxjk Fkk] vLirky esa ej x;k*A blds foijhr Hkkokuqokn gksxk & ^isM+ ls fxjus okyk yM+dk vLirky esa ej x;k*A xf.kr] T;ksfr k] laxhr] foKku] fof/k vkfn ds fy, rks bl izdkj dk kCnkuqokn gh visf{kr gSA kCnuqokn dh eq[; dfe;kWa ;s gSa& 1- lzksr Hkk kk rFkk y{; Hkk kk ;fn kCnkFkZ fof’k V iz;ksx] eqgkojs rFkk okD; jpuk vkfn dh n`f V ls cgqr leku gksa] rc rks kCnkuqokn cgqr ?kfV;k ugha gksrk] fdarq nksuksa esa ;fn bu n`f V;ksa ls vlekurk gks rks] vlekurk ftruh gh vf/kd gksxh] kCnkuqokn mruk gh ?kfV;k gksxkA 2- kCnkuqokn esa vuqoknd ds cgqr lrdZ jgus ij Hkh izk;% lzksr Hkk kk dk izHkko Li V jgrk gSA ewy dh ml xa/k ds dkj.k vuqokn dh Hkk kk izk;% d`f=e rFkk fu izk.k gks tkrh gS rFkk mlesa ewy jpuk dk izokg ugha jg tkrk tks cf<+;k vuqokn ds fy, vfuok;Zr% vko’;d gSA 3- ;a=or kCnkuqokn dHkh&dHkh iw.kZr% vcks/kxE; rFkk gkL;kLin Hkh gks tkrk gSA iafDr&izfr&iafDr uke dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

kCnkuqokn ds fy, dHkh&dHkh

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

Hkkokuqokn

(Faithful Translation or Sense for Sense translation)

bl izdkj ds vuqokn esa ewy ds kCn] okD;ka’k] okD; vkfn ij /;ku u nsdj Hkko] vFkZ ;k fopkj ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gS vkSj mlh dks y{; Hkk kk esa laizsf kr djrs gSaA kCnkuqokn esa vuqoknd dk /;ku ewy lkezxh ds kjhj ij fo’ks k gksrk gS rks blesa mldh vkRek ijA lkekU;r% ewy lkexzh ;fn lw{; Hkkoksa okyh gS rks mldk Hkkokuqokn djrs gSa vkSj ;fn og rF;kRed] oSKkfud ;k fopkj&iz/kku gS rks mldk kCnkuqokn djrs gSaA Hkkokuqokn dk lcls cM+k ykHk ;g gS fd y{; Hkk kk esa lzksr Hkk kk dh vfHkO;fDr;ksa dh xa/k ugha vk ikrh] vuqokn ewy ;k ;a=or vuqlkj.k ugha jg tkrk vkSj mlesa ekSfyd jpuk tSlk lgt izokg vk tkrk gSA kCnkuqokn izk;% kq) Hkk kkarjdkj ds :i esa gh gekjs lkeus vkrk gS] fdUrq Hkkouqoknd dkjf;=h izfrHkkokys ys[kd ds :i esa gekjs lkeus vkrk gSA Hkkokuqokn dh ;g lhek Hkh gS fd mlesa ewy dh kSyh vkfn u vkus ls og izk;% vuqokn u jgdj ewy ij vk/kkfjr ekSfyd jpuk&lk gks tkrk gSA vr% ikBd mls ekSfyd jpuk dk&lk vkuUn ysrs gq, i<+ rks ldrk gS] fdUrq mls i<+dj ewy jpuk dh kSyh ;k mlds vfHkO;fDr&lkSan;Z ;k i{k dk iwjh rjg irk ugha py ikrkA Hkkokuqokn esa izk;% vuqoknd dh viuh kSyh vk tkrh gSA Hkkokuqokn dHkh rks gj in ;k kCn ij /;ku u nsdj inca/k dk] dHkh&dHkh miokD; dk] dHkh&dHkh okD; dk] dHkh&dHkh ,dkf/kd okD;ksa dks feykdj] dHkh&dHkh iwjs iSjkxzkQ+ dk vkSj dHkh ,dkf/kd iSjkxzkQ+ksa dks feykdj mudk Hkkokuqokn djrs gSaA

x| Qqyokjh] izsepan dh Js B dgkfu;kWa] dfork rjax dh vk/kqfud dforkvksa dk] ek/koh ukVd dk vkSj vafre lR;kxzgh ukVd ds lkj ds fy, d`i;k naps hindi/blogspot.com (via Google) ij ykWx vkWu djsaA for main points of the lessons of Gadhya Phulwari, Premchand Ki Shrest Kahaniyan, Kavitha Tarang, Madhavi and Antim Sathyagrahi just log on to naps hindi/blogspot.com. Also see naps englishlanguage, naps personality development, naps education, naps musics, naps kannada, naps placement, naps adventure.

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

oSKkfud lkfgR; dk vuqokn oSKkfud lkfgR; ds vuqokn dh leL;k dkO;kuqokn vkfn ls dkQ+h vyx gSA fofHkUu ns’kksa esa tSls&tSls oSKkfud izxfr gks jgh gS] vkSj foKku&fo k;d okM~e; dk l`tu gks jgk gS] oSKkfud vuqokn dh vko’;drk c<+rh tk jgh gSA jpuk,Wa eksVs :i ls nks izdkj gh gksrh gS% 1- vfHkO;fDr ;k kSyh&iz/kku] 2- rF; ;k dF; iz/kku A igys oxZ esa dfork] miU;kl] dgkuh] ukVd] yfyr fuca/k vkfn vkrs gSa rks nwljs esa oSKkfud lkfgR;A oSKkfud lkfgR; pwWafd rF; ;k dF; ;k lwpuk iz/kku gksrk gS] vr% mlds vuqokn esa kSyh dk fo’ks k iz’u ugha mBrkA oSKkfud lkfgR; dh kSyh izk;% likV gksrh gS] vr% vuqoknd dks fo k; ij viuk /;ku dsfUnzr djus dh fo’ks k vko’;drk gS u fd kSyh ijA oSKkfud lkfgR; ds vuqokn esa eq[; leL;k ikfjHkkf kd kCnksa dh gksuh gSA fo’o esa vaxzst+h] :lh] teZu] Qsap vkfn dbZ Hkk kk,Wa ,slh gS] ftlesa ikfjHkkf kd kCnksa dk vHkko izk;% ugha gSA bu Hkk kkvksa esa vk/kqfud dky esa oSKkfud xzUFk&ys[ku rFkk vuqokn dh lqnh?kZ ijEijk gSA nwljh vksj fganh ds lkeus oSKkfud vuqokn djus esa ikfjHkkf kd kCnksa dh leL;k gSA ftl Hkk kk esa oSKkfud vuqokn djuk gks mls ikfjHkkf kd kCnkoyh dh n`f V ls lEiUu gksuk pkfg,A oSKkfud lkfgR; ds vuqokn esa nwljh egRoiw.kZ ckr gS] fo k; dk KkuA vuqoknd dks ;fn lzksr Hkk kk vkSj y{; Hkk kk dk leqfpr Kku gS rks og vuqokn dj ysrk gSA fdUrq blds foijhr oSKkfud lkfgR; ds vuqokn esa fo k; dk Kku vfuok;Zr% vko’;d gSA mnk% 1- A finite point set has no limit points&bl okD; esa vxj has dk vuqokn ^esa* dj fn;k tk; rks ,dne xyr gksxkA ;gkWa has dk vuqokn ^ds* djuk gksxk tSls ^ifjfer leqPp; ds lhek&fcUnq ugha gksr*sA 2- Similarly bees wake up very quickly in the light & blesa lkekU; vuqoknd wake up dk vFkZ ^tkx tkrh gS* djsxkA fdUrq fo k; dk tkudj ^lfdz; gks tkrh gS* djsxkA oSKkfud vuqokn dh rhljh egRoiw.kZ ckr gS mldh Hkk kk&’kSyh dh Li Vrk] iw.kZrk] lVhdrk] ljyrk vkSj vlafnX/krkA 12

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

ikfjHkkf kd

kCnkoyh

fofHkUu foKku] fof/k] vFkZ’kkL=] jktuhfr kkL=] lekt’kkL=] Hkwxksy vkfn fo k;ksa] ftlesa lwpuk ;k fopkjksa dh iz/kkurk gksrh gS] ds vuqokn esa vuqoknd ds lkeus eq[; leL;k ikfjHkkf kd kCnksa dh gksrh gSA kCn&

kCn eksVs :i ls nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa d- lkekU; kCn & ,sls kCn ftudk iz;ksx lekt esa lkekU;&fo k;d ckrksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy, lkekU; :i ls gksrk gSA [k- ikfjHkkf kd kCn & ikfjHkkf kd kCn ,sls kCnksa dks dgrs gSa tks lkekU; O;ogkj dh Hkk kk ds kCn u gksdj Kku ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds gksrs gSa tgkWa fof’k V Kku] foKku ;k kkL= esa ftudh vFkZlhek ifjHkkf kr ;k fuf’pr jgrh gSA egRo% fofHkUu kkL=h; fo k;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy, ikfjHkkf kd kCn cM+s gh egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA D;ksafd ,d vksj ikfjHkkf kd kCn dk vFkZ iw.kZr% fuf’pr gksrk gS vkSj nwljh vksj ml Hkk kk ds ml le; ds lHkh fo}ku ml vFkZ esa mlh kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gksaA cgqdkfyd fopkj&fofue; dh n`f V ls Hkh budk egRo de ugha gSA lqfuf’pr ikfjHkkf kd kCnksa ds iz;ksx ls gh ;g laHko gksxk fd vkt fdlh fo k; ij dksbZ ys[kd dksbZ ckr fy[ks rks 10] 20] 50] 100 o kZ ckn Hkh ikfjHkkf kd kCn vFkZ ds vk/kkj ij yksx ewy ys[kd dh ckr dks Bhd :i esa le> ysaA ikfjHkkf kd kCnksa ds Hksn%& blds dbZ Hksn gSa tSls 1- bfrgkl ds vk/kkj ij] 2-iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij] 3- lw{erk&LFkwyrk ds vk/kkj ij] 4- lzksr ds vk/kkj ij] 5- fo k; ds vk/kkj ij vkfn ikfjHkkf kd kCn ds fy, visf{kr xq.k% 1- mPpkj.k dh n`f V ls iz;ksDrk Hkk kk&Hkkf k;ksa ds fy, ljy gksuk pkfg,A mnk & Russia dks :l] Secretariat&lfpo$vky; = lfpoky;A 2- ikfjHkkf kd kCn dk vFkZ lqfuf’pr vkSj Li V gksuk pkfg,A 3- ,d ikfjHkkf kd kCn dk ,d Kku ;k kkL= esa ,d gh vFkZ gksuk pkfg,A 4- kCn ;Fkklk/; NksVk gks & xkxj esa lkxj

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

5- ikfjHkkf kd kCn ;Fkklk/; ,d kCn dk ;k ewy kCn gksuk pkfg,] ,d ls vf/kd kCnksa dk ughaA 6- ikfjHkkf kd kCn ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd vko’;drk iM+us ij milxZ] izR;; ;k kCn vkfn tksM+dj mlls vU; lEc) kCn ljyrk ls cuk;s tk ldsA tSls ekuo&ekuoh;] ekuoh;rk] ekuohdj.k] ekufodh vkfn 7- leku Js.kh ds ikfjHkkf kd kCnksa esa ,d :irk gksuh pkfg,A tSls Phoneme, Morpheme, Grapheme…. 8- gj kCn dks nwljs ls bruk vyx gksuk pkfg, fd mls lqu ;k i<+dj fdlh vkSj ikfjHkkf kd kCn dk Hkze u gksA 9- ;fn ikfjHkkf kd kCn ,dkf/kd Hkk kkvksa ds fy, gks rks] lHkh Hkk kk ds Hkkf k;ksa ds fy, mPpkj.k dh n`f V ls mls ljy rFkk vFkZ dh n`f V ls Li V gksuk pkfg,A

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

iz’kklfud vuqokn iz’kklfud lsok] cSad] Mkd&rkj] jsy] fof/k bR;kfn lHkh dk;kZy;ksa dh viuh&viuh ikfjHkkf kd kCnkoyh gksrh gSA ;g kCnkoyh izk;% vaxzsth esa gS D;ksafd Lora=rk ds iwoZ vaxzst+ ;gkWa ds kkld Fks] vr% LokHkkfod gS fd lRr/kh’k lRrk ds lw= viuh gh Hkk kk esa laHkkyrsA exj 15 vxLr] 1947 dks Hkkjr Lora= gks x;k vkSj 26 tuojh] 1950 dks bl ns’k dk viuk Lora= lafo/kku cu x;kA bl lafo/kku ds varxZr 14 flrEcj] 1949 dks dsanzh; jktHkk kk ds :i esa nsoukxjh fyfi esa [kM+h cksyh fganh dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA bl rjg iwjs ns’k ds iz’kklu ds fy, fganh dks jktHkk kk Lohdkj fd;k x;kA fganhrj&Hkk kh yksxksa ds fy, fganh esa iz’kkldh; i=&O;ogkj dh dfBukbZ eglwl djrs gq, dqN o kksZa rd vaxzst+h dks lg&jktHkk kk ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 343(1) ds varxZr fganh dks nsoukxjh fyfi esa jktHkk kk ds :i esa Lohdkj fd, tkus ds i’pkr ls bls jktdkt esa l{ke cukus ds fy, ;g vko’;d Fkk fd rst+h ls fganh dks iz’kklfud dk;Z ds fofo/k Lrjksa ij rS;kj fd;k tk, rkfd lHkh vlaoS/kkfud rFkk laoS/kkfud lkfgR; dks fganh esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldsA bl izfdz;k dks rhozrj djus ds fy, jk Vz~ifr ds fofHkUu vkns’k] 1955 vkSj 1960] rFkk jktHkk kk vk;ksx vkSj lalnh; lfefr rFkk fofo/k jktHkk kk vf/kfu;e ykxw gksus ds dkj.k ljdkjh iz’kklfud dkedkt f}Hkkf kd :i esa gksus yxsA dk;kZy;h vuqokn ls rkRi;Z gS&dk;kZy; ls lEc) lkfgR; dk vuqoknA eksVs :i esa blds varxZr iz’kklfud dk;kZy;] Mkd&rkj dk;kZy;] jsy dk;kZy;] vkfn vkrs gSaA bu dk;kZy;ksa ds i=kpkj lkfgR; ftlesa elkSnk&fnIi.kh] lkFk esa] laln ds iz’uksa ds tokc] lkoZtfud lwpuk,Wa] izsl foKfIr vkfn Hkh vkrs gSaA mnk%& Above mentioned - mi;qZDr] According to the terms & conditions-micU/kksa vkSj krksZa ds vuqlkj Action has been taken accordingly-rnuqlkj dk;Zokgh dh xbZ gSA

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

vuqokn dk egRo izkjaHk esa vuqokn dks lkfgR; dh nqfu;k esa cM+h ghu&nhu n`f V ls ns[kk x;kA ,d l’kDr vkSj lkFkZd ijaijk ds :i esa vuqokn dks dHkh u rks yksd leFkZu feyk vkSj u gh O;kolkf;d izksRlkguA ijarq] T;ksa&T;ksa Kku dh lhek c<+us yxh iwjs fo’o ,d izkUr] ,d jk Vz~ ds ctk; leLr fo’o izR;{k&vizR;{k :i ls tqM x;kA rduhfd] vkS|ksfxd] fpfdRlk] okf.kT; ls ysdj lkaLd`frd vkSj lkfgfR;d vknku&iznku us thou ewY;ksa esa Hkkjh ifjorZu mifLFkr dj fn;kA fo’o ds fofHkUu ns’kksa esa cls euq ; vius nnZ] cSpsuh] vkWalq] mYykl vkfn Hkkoukvksa dks rFkk fopkjksa dks nwjn’kZu] vkdk’kok.kh] fQYe] nwjHkk k vkfn ek/;eksa dh lgk;rk ls nwljksa rd igqWapkus dk dke djus yxkA ;g dke ek= vuqokn ls gh gks tkus yxkA vuqokn fo’o ds fofHkUu ns’kksa ds chp laokn&fookn dh fLFkfr;ksa dk ek/;e cu x;k gSA vuqokn ds lsrq ij ls gh pydj ewyHkk kk viuh lkfgfR;d rFkk rduhdh miyfC/k;ksa dks y{; Hkk kk rd igqWapkrh gSA vuqokn vc fo’o dh psruk vkSj xfr dk ekid Hkh gS vkSj lkFk esa fo’o ds laidZ dk lw=/kkj Hkh cu x;k gSA Hkkjr esa Lora=rk ds i’pkr ;g vko’;d gks x;k fd Hkkjrh; Hkk kkvksa dh lkfgfR;d&ekufldrk ds lkFk fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fganh dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh; ikfjHkkf kd kCnkoyh dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk,A bl dfBu dke dks vatke nsus ds fy, vuqokn ,d egRoiw.kZ ekxZ le>k x;kA oLrqr% fdlh Hkh ns’k dh lkaLd`frd ijEijkvksa] lkfgfR;d ekU;rkvksa] oSKkfud kks/kksa] vkS|ksfxd fodkl ls ifjp; izkIr djus ds fy, vuqokn ,d vfuok;Z ek/;e gSA vc iz’u mBrk gS fd D;k vuqokn dyk gS ;k foKkuA vuqokn tgkWa lkaLd`frd lkfgfR;d jktnwr dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS ogha og oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh fo k;ksa ls lk{kkRdkj dj gekjs HkkSfrd thou ds Lrj dks le`) djrk gSA vkt vuqokn dk {ks= cM+k O;kid vkSj fujarj egRoiw.kZ gksrk tk jgk gSA vkt og fofHkUu vuq’kkluksa] fofo/k Kku kk[kkvksa ls fofHkUu Hkk kkvksa ds foLrkj rd lalk/ku cu x;k gSA lp&eqp dgk tk, rks vkt fo’o dk ,d nwljs dk ifjp; vuqokn ds ek/;e ls gks jgk gSA ,d vksj yfyr rFkk l`tukRed lkfgR; dh vU; Hkk kk esa tl dh rl izLrqfr vuqokn dh dyk iznku djrh gS] ogha nwljh vkSj HkkSfrd] rduhdh] oSKkfud] vkS?kksfxd kCnkoyh foKku dh kk[kk esa lfEefyr djus ds fy, rRij fn[kkrk gSA oSKkfud] rduhdh okf.kT;] fof/k vkfn ikfjHkkf kd fo k;ksa esa vuqokn dh Li Vrk] ljyrk] ,dkFkZdrk vkfn vuqokn dks foKku dk ntkZ iznku djrs gSaA vuqokn dk;Z dkcZu dkWih djuk tSlk ljy dk;Z ugha gS] cfYd og lzksr Hkk kk ds l`tukRed lkfgR; dh l`tukRedrk dks y{; Hkk kk esa mlh {kerk ls mldh lHkh lw{erkvksa ,oa Hkafxekvksa ds lkFk :ikarfjr djus dk iz;Ru gSA

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

dkuwuh ;k fof/k vuqokn iqjkus t+ekus esa xkWaoksa esa iapk;rsa gksrh FkhA xkWao esa ?kVh cqjh ?kVukvksa ij] fu.kZ; lqukus dk dke iapk;rksa ij iMrh FkhA uSfrd ,oa /kkfeZd eku;rkvksa ds vk/kkj ij iapk;r viuh ns’khHkk kk esa fu.kZ; lquk;k djrh FkhA ijarq tSls le; cnyk] dkuwu cus vkSj bu dkuwuksa ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ; lqukus ds fy, vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qDrh gqbZA baXySaM dh dkuwu&’kklu iz.kkyh dks ;gkWa Hkh ykbZ xbZA rHkh ;gkWa tt] twjh vkSj odhyksa dh ijaijk py iM+hA fdlh eqdnesa ds dkuwuh eq)ksa ij tt dks O;k[;k ;k Li Vhdj.k nsuk odhy dk dke FkkA vr% odhyksa dks mlh Hkk kk esa cksyus ds fy, ck/; Fks] tks ttksa dks ekywe gksA vaxzst+ kklu ds nkSjku fdlh vaxzst+h dks gh tt cukrs FkSA blfy, dkuwu dh iqLrdsa vnkyr ds dkxtkr] tt dk fu.kZ;& lc vaxzsth esa gksus yxsA ckn esa] vaxzst ljdkj us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd dkuwu dh ckrsa yksxksa dh Hkk kk esa djuh pkfg,A fganh dh dkuwuh kCnkoyh dk laxzg vkSj izdk’ku dk loZizFke Js; ,p,p-foYlu dks gSA mUgksaus 1855 esa ^Xyksjh vkWQ tqfMf’k;y ,aM jsosU;w VElZ* izLrqr fd;kA lu~ 1961 esa jktHkk kk^fo/kk;h* vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk gqbZA bldk dke vf[ky Hkkjrh; ekud fof/k kCnkoyh rS;kj djuk FkkA lu~1970 esa fof/k kCnkoyh dk izdk’ku gqvkA ;g vk;ksx dbZ vU; fof/k fo’ks kK ifj knksa ls feydj Indian Penal Code, Indian Evidence Act vkfn dbZ fu;e&lafgrkvksa dk vuqokn fd;k x;k gSA vc laln esa ikfjr gksusokys gj vf/kfu;e dk izdk’ku f}Hkkf kd :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA ,y-,y-ch dh ijh{kk esa fganh esa fy[kk tkrk gS] U;k;k/kh’k fganh esa fu.kZ; Hkh rS;kj djrs gSaA nSfud O;ogkj esa ^dkuwu* kCn tks vf/kd izpfyr gS] ewyr% ^Qkjlh* kCn gSA fganh esa ^dkuwu* dh txg ^fof/k* kCn Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA fof/k kCnkoyh esa visf{kr loZizeq[k xq.k fuf’pr vFkZoRrk gSA oSKkfud kCnkoyh esa Hkh ;g fo’ks krk visf{kr gSA fdarq fof/k ds {ks= esa oLrqvksa ds uke de gksrs gSaA ladYiuk,Wa vf/kd gSaA dukZVd esa vusd kCn dukZVd ijaijk ds gSaA budk fganh esa vuqokn vlaHko tSlk gSA lkekU; O;ogkj esa lekukFkZd yxusokys kCn fof/k&{ks= esa fofHkUu vFkkZa esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA mnk%& Ordinance, mandate, writ, injunction lHkh kCnksa ds ihNs vkns’k dk Hkko gS & ij vyx&vyx Hkko lwfpr djus ds fy, Ordinance-v/;kns’k] Mandate-vkKk]vkns’k] Writ-fjV] Injunction-O;kns’k Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA fof/k dh Hkk kk dk iz;ksx fo/ks;d dkuwu] lafo/kku] ljdkjh vkns’k vkfn vusd iz;kstuksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

vuqokn ds uewus Societies formed with the idea of co-operation are called cooperative societies. We are in need of different commodities. So we either produce them or consume them. The producers and the consumers can establish their co-operative societies and get the benefit. What is the object of the producers’ co-operative societies? Least expenditure on production, the best price for the produce and maximum profit. The aim of the consumers’ co-operative societies is to buy the goods at the cheapest rate available. This society purchases articles in a large quantity. So the price becomes less. Both these societies want to render the service of brokers.

lgdkj euksHkko ls LFkkfir laLFkkvksa dks lgdkjh la?k dgrs gSaA gesa fofo/k pht+ksa dh t:jr gksrh gSA blfy, ;k rks ge mudk mRiknu djrs gSa ;k miHkksx djrs gSaA mRiknd vkSj miHkksDrk vius vius lgdkjh la/kksa dh LFkkiuk djds muds ykHk ik ldrs gSaA mRiknd lgdkjh la?kksa dk /;s; D;k gS\ mRiknu ij de ds de [kpZ djuk] mRikfnr oLrqvksa ds fy, ;ksX; nke ikuk vkSj vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk ikukA lLrs ls lLrs nkeksa ij pht+sa [kjhnuk miHkksDr&lgdkjh la?kksa dk /;s; gksrk gSA ;g la?k cMs iSekus ij phtsa [kjhnrk gS] blfy, phtsa lLrs nkeksa ij feyrh gSA ;s nksuksa la?k nyky dh lsok,Wa iznku djuk pkgrs gSaA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Newspapers are one of the signs of civilization. The more a country is educated, the greater is the demand for newspaper, for an educated man is always eager to know what is going on in this world. This information he can only have through the medium of newspapers. The primary function of a newspaper is to supply us with all sorts of news, local and foreign. It gives us information of what is going on in our own country and other parts of the world. It is ony on account of newspapers that we can closely follow the important and interesting events of the world. lH;rk ds y{k.kksa esa lekpkj&i= ,d gSA dksbZ ~ ftruk T;knk f’kf{kr gksrk gS] mruh gh T;knk ogkWa lekpkj i=ksa dh ekWax gksrh gSA D;ksafd] f’kf{kr O;fDr ;g tkuus ds fy, lnk mRlqd jgrk gS fd nqfu;k esa D;k gks jgk gSA vkSj bldh tkudkjh mls lekpkj&i=ksa ds ek/;e ls gh fey ldrh gSA gj izdkj dk LFkkuh; vkSj fons’kh lekpkj gesa nsuk lekpkj&i= dk izkFkfed dk;Z gSA gekjs ns’k esa rFkk nqfu;k ds vU; ns’kksa esa D;k&D;k gks jgk gS] bldh lwpuk lekpkj&i= gesa nsrk gSA lekpkj&i=ksa ls gh ge nqfu;k dh egRoiw.kZ vkSj fnypLi ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa tku ldrs gSaA

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

It has been reported that Shri Rajesh Gupta is in the habit of absenting himself from duty frequently and that he generally comes to office late without obtaining prior sanction of even giving information. Such behaviour of Shri Rajesh Gupta is highly objectionable, irregular and against such practice, otherwise suitable disciplinary action will be taken against him. Jh jkts’k xqIrk dks vdlj dke ls xSjgkft+j gks tkus dh vknr gS vkSj vkerkSj ij os iwoZ vuqefr fy;a ;k lwpuk fn;s fcuk dk;kZy; esa nsj ls igqWaprs gSaA Jh jkts’k xqIrk dk ;g O;ogkj cgqr gh vkifRrtud] vfu;fer rFkk fu;eksa ds fo:) gSA vr% mUgsa ;g psrkouh nh tkrh gS fd mUgsa ,slh gjdrs ls ckt vkuk pkfg,] vU;Fkk muds fo:) ;Fkksfpr vuq’kklfud dk;Zokgh dh tk,xhA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------We have shifted our residence from Mysore to Bengaluru. We shall be gratefull if you make arrangement immediately for shifting our residential telephone to our new residence. We may state that a line connection is already there in the new residence, so the work to be done in regligible. Geus viuk fuokl LFkku eSlwj ls csaxyw: cny fy;k gSA ;fn vki gekjs ?kj dk VsyhQksu gekjs u;s edku esa yxkus dk rqjUr izcU/k dj nsa] rks ge vkids vkHkkjh gksaxsA ge ;g crk nsa fd u;s edku esa ykbu dk dusD’ku igys ls gh fo|eku gSA vr% tks dke gksuk gS] og uke ek= dk gSA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A market is a public place where buyers and sellers meet without any restriction to buy and to sell the things they like. Weekly markets are held in villages where commodities are sold on barter. Standard cloth produced by a well known mill at Ahmedabad has country wide market. Gold or Silver can be brought and sold all over the world. But vegetables or fruits cannot command such a wide market. They can cater only to the needs of the people of a town or a village. Ckkt+kj ,slk lkoZtfrd LFkku gS] tgkWa [kjhnusokys vkSj cspusokys viuh bPNk dh oLrq [kjhnus vkSj cspus fcuk fdlh jksd/kke feyrs gSaA xkWaoksa esa lkIrkfgd ckt+kj yxrk gS tgkWa fofue; ls O;kikj pyrk gSA vgenkckn ds izfl) fey esa rS;kj gq, LVSaMMZ dims ds fy, ns’kHkj esa cktkj gksrk gSA lksuk ;k pkWanh nqfu;k Hkj esa [kjhn ;k csp ldrs gSaA ij rjdkfj;ksa ;k Qyksa ds fy, bruk fo’kky ckt+kj ugha gks ldrkA buls dsoy ,d ‘kgj ;k xkWao dh vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gSA

vuqokn & ,d ifjp;A izLrqrdrkZ & izks-,-ukjk;.k izlkn A izeq[k lzksr& HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk jfpr vuqokn foKkuA vkHkkj& ek/ko lksuVDds] fouksn xksnjs vkSj ,u-bZ-fo’oukFk v;~;j

okD;ksa dk vuqokn 01- He has gone to his school – og viuh ikB’kkyk x;k gS (lgh gS) og mldh ikB’kkyk x;k gS (xyr gS) D;ksafd vaxzst+h esa His dk iz;ksx loZuke rFkk r`rh; iq: k nksuksa esa gksrk gS] Bhd mlds foijhr fganh dh okD; ;lajpuk esa bl izdkj dh Hkzked fLFkfr mRiUu ugha gksxhA 02- It is requested – izkFkZuk gS fd-------(lgh gS) A izkFkZuk dh tkrh gS-----(xyr gS) D;ksafd fganh dr`ZRo iz/kku gS vkSj vaxzsth deZ iz/kku gSA 03- a, an, the vkfn dk vuqokn fganh esa ugha gksrkA He is a good boy-og vPNk yMdk gSA ‘a’ dk vuqokn ^,d* ugha gksxkA 04- cRrh tykvks & Burn the lamp(wrong). Light the Lamp(right). 05- mlus eSp esa nks xksy fd, & He made two goals in the match(wrong), He scored two goals in the match(right). 06- oS| us mldh uCt++ ns[kh &

The Doctor saw her pulse(wrong), The Doctor felt her pulse(right).

07- Qwy er rksMks & Don’t break flowers(wrong), Don’t pluck flowers(right) 08- eSaus gksVy ds fy, VSDlh dh& I did taxi for the Hotel (wrong), I took a taxi for the Hotel (right). 09- The snake was in the room – lkWai dejs esa FkkA 10- A snake was in the room – dejs esa lkWai FkkA

x| Qqyokjh] izsepan dh Js B dgkfu;kWa] dfork rjax dh vk/kqfud dforkvksa dk] ek/koh ukVd dk vkSj vafre lR;kxzgh ukVd ds lkj ds fy, d`i;k naps hindi/blogspot.com (via Google) ij ykWx vkWu djsaA for the main points notes of Gadhya Phulwari lessons, Premchand Ki Shrest Kahaniyan, Kavitha Tarang, Madhavi and Antim Sathyagrahi just log on the naps hindi/blogspot.com (via Google). Also, log on to naps personality, naps english or naps placement for ‘tips to speak English fluently, tips for the final round of interview, and many more.. Log on to naps education, personality for ‘Stress Management’ Log on to naps kannada to see live videos of Kannada Literature Personalities of Hassan.

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