Neo Science Hub

Adecade ago, the average man did not use terms like drones, blockchain, e-commerce, 3D printing and artificial intelligence, as often. They are now everywhere. Due to innovation, there are now brand-new sectors that have fundamentally altered how work is done in the same industry.

Technology that disrupts an industry or market by changing how it operates is referred to as disruptive technology. Currently, the word "disruptive" is frequently used to characterise innovative goods that change established markets as they gain dominance.

The postal service has suffered the most obvious loss as a result of disruptive technology. It may take days or even weeks to get a message if it was physically writ ten down and mailed to the recipient. No mat ter where they are, communications may be sent instantaneously via email.

Postal services have thus nearly lost their relevance

When it comes to reshaping technology, the multinational corporation Amazon comes out on top. This corporation transformed the whole retail sector through e-commerce. Customers may order things for a lot less than most rivals by just clicking a button

Uber the company, disrupted the taxi industry, they introduced the concept of app-based taxi services which was unheard of earlier. With just a single tap of a button, the rider can book a ride with Uber and get picked up by a nearby driver So, shouting at a taxi in the middle of the road was a thing of the past! It is said, about 130 million people use the Uber app at least once per month

The television industry has been totally destroyed by video streaming services like Netflix To watch their favourite television shows in the past, individuals had to be accessible at a specified time. People may watch episodes anytime they want thanks to video streaming services, the way television shows are created and promoted has been significantly impacted by this change. Undoubtedly, such innovative technologies have led to better services and the quality of products being offered to consumers today.

According to a KPMG survey, 98% of business leaders said they see technological disruption as more of an opportunity than a threat

Both newcomers and established companies have the opportunity to innovate in response to changing market needs as disruptive technologies continue to spread across industries

Satya Prasad P.V. Managing Director & Publisher

Neo Science Hub

Vol:1 I Issue: 9 I June 2023

Owned, Printed, Published and Edited by:

Venkata Satya Prasad Potharaju

Executive Editor

Dr Subramanian S Iyer

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Rashmi Kumari

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Technology never stops changing. Nothing in technology is fixed. Like living things, technology begins, grows, remains, mutates, stagnates, and fades.

You all must have come across these terms: Britannica Enc yclopaedia, landline phones, typewriters, analogue watches, floppy disks, cable tv and STD phone booths to name a few These are now archaic terms, losing their relevance, thanks to Disruptive Technology, they all died a natural death or are in near-death bed due to better technology.

The term disruptive technology was originally coined by Harvard Business School professor Clayton Christensen in 1995 and further expounded in his book The Innovator's Dilemma in 1997

So what is Disruptive technology? Disruptive technology has the potential to replace current practices or systems due to its quantifiable and superior qualities. Technology must change a habit or behaviour and be available to the majority of people in order to be called disruptive

In this issue, we attempt to examine both historical and contemporary technology that has taken the disruptive route.

Disruptive technology can involve new products, business models, technologies, or ways of doing things. It is a new invention that fundamentally alters how consumers, businesses, and the whole sector function.

The world is overwhelmed by the advent of personal computers, Wikipedia, smartphones, smartwatches and direct video streaming, there’s always a new and innovative idea hit ting the market every day, obsoleting the current technology available in the market. For example, due to its high price and physical bulk of dozens of hard-bound volumes, Britannica was unable to compete with Wikipedia, which offers free, online access to over 6 million entries, the majority of which are updated more often. Word processing software, which offers a multitude of features to stylize, copy, and streamline document output, has taken the role of the typewriter. A standard personal computer became a replaceable tool as smartphones were able to connect and access the internet to a larger level Smartwatches proved the death knell for analogue watches, MS PowerPoint software ensured no one uses transparencies on overhead projectors

U.S. companies currently spend on average US$17 million per technology, which shows the importance they place on the agility and competitive edge that disruptive technologies can deliver to the organization CEOs are now prioritizing technology investments

Businesses that don't keep up with changing consumer demands will eventually collapse. Global brands like Eastman Kodak, Nokia, IBM, Blackberry, Polaroid, and HMV believed they were invincible and stayed complacent, which caused them to disappear Interestingly, instead of existing market-leading corporations, disruptive innovations are typically created by outsiders and entrepreneurs in startups

Dr Subramanian S.Iyer Executive Editor

world of ever-evolving technology, it's fascinating

take a step back and appreciate the vintage gadgets that paved the way for the cutting-edge mar

today.

True Genius

Breaking Barriers From Dial up to AI Technology

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world of ever-evolving technology, it's fascinating to take a step back and appreciate the vintage gadgets that paved the way for the cutting-edge marvels we enjoy today.

20th century witnessed a wave of disruptive technologies that would shape the modern world. One such invention was the advent of the internet. From its humble beginnings as a dial-up connection in the 90s to the lightning-fast broadband networks of today, the internet has revolutionized communication, information access, and entertainment.

Innovation has always been the driving force behind humanity's progress. From the invention of the wheel to the discovery of electricity, our relentless pursuit of advancement has shaped the world we live in today However, in recent years, innovation has entered a new era, one where revolutionary technologies are transforming industries at an unprecedented pace Disruptive technology, the catalyst for this seismic shift, is reshaping our world and challenging the status quo. In this in-depth cover story, we will dive deep into the realm of disruptive technology, unraveling its profound impact on various sectors and unveiling the untapped potential that lies within The journey through human history has been marked by several pivotal moments that have catalyzed the rise of disruptive technology. Let us travel back in time and embark on a captivating journey, starting with the Industrial Revolution. It was during this transformative era that the steam engine was invented, forever changing the face of transportation and manufacturing.

But the march of progress did not stop there The 20th century witnessed a wave of disruptive technologies that would shape the modern world One such invention was the advent of the internet From its humble beginnings as a dial-up connection in the 90s to the lightning-fast broadband networks of today, the internet has revolutionized communication, information access, and entertainment. The World Wide Web, brought to life by the visionary Sir Tim Berners-Lee, connected people

across the globe and opened up a realm of possibilities that were once unimaginable. Behind every disruptive revolution, there are visionary individuals who have defied conventions and pushed the boundaries of innovation. In this section, we shine a spotlight on these trailblazers, the pioneers who have paved the way for disruptive technologies. Through exclusive interviews and in-depth profiles, we delve into the minds of these visionaries, exploring their motivations, the challenges they faced, and their visions for the future Their audacious ideas and ground breaking inventions have reshaped industries and inspired the next generation of disruptors. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the most transformative forces in recent years, revolutionizing industries across the globe. In this section, we uncover the true potential of AI, exploring its applications in healthcare, finance, transportation, and more. We delve into the realm of machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning, analyzing how AI is redefining decision-making, automation, and human-machine interactions Moreover, we address the ethical considerations, potential biases, and the future of work in an AI-driven world, highlighting the need for responsible and inclusive AI development.

Blockchain, the underlying technology of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, has shown immense disruptive potential beyond the realm of finance In this section, we unravel the transformative nature of blockchain and explore its

impact on supply chain management, healthcare records, and voting systems

By dissecting the mechanisms that enable transparency, security, and decentralization, we reveal the possibilities for reinventing trust in various sectors Additionally, we examine the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead as blockchain continues to disrupt traditional systems, paving the way for a more transparent and efficient future. The realm of technology extends beyond the virtual world, as we witness the revolution of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality ( VR) These immersive technologies have transcended the realm of science fiction, revolutionizing how we perceive and interact with the world In this section, we delve into the endless possibilities unlocked by VR and AR , exploring their applications in gaming, education, design, and more By witnessing first hand how these technologies are reshaping the entertainment industry and redefining the boundaries of creativity and immersion, we gain insight into the disruptive power of merging realities. As the urgency to combat climate change grows, disruptive innovations in the renewable energy sector are taking center stage In this section, we explore breakthroughs in solar, wind, and energy storage technologies, as well as the integration of smart grids and sustainable transportation We examine the potential of renewable energy to revolutionize the global energy landscape, addressing the challenges of scalability, policy frameworks, and investment. By harnessing the power of

renewable energy, we can pave the way for a sustainable and environmentally friendly future, ensuring a prosperous planet for generations to come.

In conclusion, the disruptive technology revolution is here to stay, and its impact is only beginning to unfold As barriers are shattered and paradigms shift, the world stands on the precipice of immense transformation. In this cover story, we have explored the depths of disruptive technology and its potential to break barriers and ignite transformation across various sectors.

From the journey through history, uncovering pivotal moments of disruption, to delving into the minds of trail blazers and visionaries who drive innovation, we have witnessed the power of audacious ideas and ground breaking inventions The true potential of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, virtual reality, and renewable energy has been unveiled, showcasing their transformative effects on industries and society as a whole

As we look ahead, it is crucial to embrace these technologies and leverage their untapped potential However, it is equally important to address the challenges they present, including ethical considerations, biases, and the future of work By navigating these complexities and fostering a collaborative approach, we can harness disruptive technologies to create a more inclusive, sustainable, and prosperous future

The world is at the cusp of a new era, where the boundaries of what is

possible are constantly being pushed Disruptive technology is the driving force behind this revolution, offering endless opportunities for innovation, growth, and positive change Let us embrace the power of disruption and unlock the untapped potential of these technologies as we embark on a journey towards a brighter and more transformative future

A Nostalgic Trip Down Memory Lane

As we embark on this captivating journey through time, we find ourselves transported back to the era of the 90s, a time when technological advancements were on the cusp of reshaping the world as we knew it

In a world of ever-evolving technology, it's fascinating to take a step back and appreciate the vintage gadgets that paved the way for the cutting-edge marvels we enjoy today From the humble gramophone to the futuristic wonders of the 21st century, this article explores the stark contrasts and remarkable progress that define the evolution of technology. Join us on this captivating journey through time as we compare vintage gadgets with their modern counterparts, highlighting the ingenuity and innovation that have shaped our world

The Golden Age of Sound: Gramophones vs. Smart Speakers

Step into the past and imagine a time when the gramophone ruled the world of audio. With its spinning records and captivating melodies, the gramophone brought music to life in a way never seen before We delve into the mechanics of this vintage device, appreciating the craftsmanship and attention to detail that went into its creation

Fast forward to the 21st century, and we find ourselves surrounded by smart speakers that respond to voice commands, stream music wirelessly, and adapt to our preferences We explore the transformation from the analog world of gramophones to the digital realm of smart speakers,

examining the technological advancements that have revolutionized the way we experience sound

Capturing Moments: Film Cameras vs. Smartphone Cameras

In the days before digital photography, film cameras were the go-to choice for capturing cherished memories We reminisce about the process of loading film, carefully composing shots, and eagerly awaiting the development of the photographs Film cameras offered

a tangible, nostalgic experience, but they also came with limitations in terms of film capacity and processing time.

Enter the era of smartphone cameras, where every pocket-sized device doubles as a high-quality camera. We marvel at the convenience and versatility of smartphone photography, with instant access to editing tools, sharing capabilities, and unlimited storage From capturing breathtaking landscapes to snapping spontaneous selfies, we compare the simplicity and accessibility of smartphone cameras to the artistry of film photography

Communication Revolution: Typewriters vs. Smartphones

In an age of instant messaging and video calls, it's hard to imagine a time when typewriters were the primary tool for written communication We reflect on the clacking of keys, the meticulous alignment of paper, and the physicality of the typewriter. Typewriters brought efficiency and professionalism to the world of writing, yet they required

traditional phone calls to instant messaging, video conferencing, and social media interactions Smartphones have become indispensable for staying connected, merging communication and convenience in ways that typewriters could never have envisioned.

Portable Entertainment: Walkmans vs. Streaming Services

Before the era of streaming services and online platforms, Walkmans revolutionized the way we enjoyed music on the go We recall the thrill of inserting cassette tapes and the freedom of carrying our favorite tunes with us. Walkmans offered a personal and immersive listening experience, but their limited capacity and reliance on physical media posed challenges. In the digital age, streaming services like Spotify and Apple Music have transformed the way we consume entertainment We examine the shift from physical media to cloud-based libraries, highlighting the vast catalogues, personalized recommendations, and seamless access to music, podcasts, and audiobooks that streaming services provide The portability and convenience of our smartphones have made entertainment truly limitless.

Conclusion: Bridging the Gap between Past and Present

As we conclude our journey through time and technology, we appreciate the ingenuity of vintage gadgets and the mind-boggling advancements of the 21st century. The stark contrasts between gramophones and smart speakers, film cameras and smartphone cameras, typewriters and smartphones, Walkmans and streaming services highlight the remarkable progress we have made.

precision and patience.

Jumping forward to the present, we witness the extraordinary capabilities of smartphones as communication devices. We explore the evolution from

While vintage gadgets hold a special place in our hearts, the innovations of the 21st century have revolutionized our lives, enhancing convenience, connectivity, and entertainment It's through the appreciation of our technological roots that we can fully grasp the magnitude of the digital age we find ourselves in today As we continue to embrace the wonders of technology, let us remember the journey that brought us here and look forward to the exciting advancements that lie ahead.

- Rashmi Kumari

As we continue to embrace the wonders of technology, let us remember the journey that brought us here and look forward to the exciting advancements that lie ahead.

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The Intersection of Generative AI and Cybersecurity HYPE & REALITY

In the cybersecurity industry, there has been a surge of interest and hype surrounding the potential of generative AI Major companies such as Microsoft, Google, Recorded Future, IBM, and Veracode are racing to develop and promote AI-powered solutions for cybersecurity. However, while the promises of generative AI are captivating, there is skepticism among researchers, investors, government officials, and cybersecurity executives. They are cautious about the marketing hype and potential security vulnerabilities associated with AI technologies. This article will examine the excitement and skepticism surrounding generative AI in the cybersecurity field and explore its current applications and challenges.

The Evolution of AI in Cybersecurity

Machine learning tools have been widely deployed in cybersecurity over the past decade, powering anti-virus software, spam filters, and phishing detection tools The concept of "intelligent"

cyberdefense, utilizing machine learning to adapt to attack patterns, has become a common marketing theme. However, generative AI represents a new frontier in the field. OpenAI, in particular, has aggressively released its generative AI products, making them readily available and user-friendly This has put other companies in a catch-up position, resulting in a surge of startups claiming to incorporate generative AI into their cybersecurity offerings

Separating Hype from Reality

The intense marketing hype around generative AI in cybersecurity echoes past trends in the industry. While there is no denying the potential power of AI, there is a need to assess its realworld applications and limitations. The marketing-driven approach sometimes leads to inflated claims and

glosses over the actual capabilities of generative AI To distinguish between hype and reality, it is crucial for investors, technologists, customers, and policymakers to critically evaluate the potential of generative AI in cybersecurity.

Defensive Potential and Skepticism

Generative AI offers new possibilities for defensive cybersecurity measures. Natural language processing techniques enable humans and machines to interact in novel ways, potentially enhancing human-computer interaction. However, skepticism remains due to concerns that the marketing hype does not accurately represent the technology's capabilities There is also a fear that AI could introduce new and poorly

understood security vulnerabilities.

Reverse Engineering and Malware Research

One of the most exciting applications of generative AI in cybersecurity lies in reverse engineering The malware research community has rapidly embraced generative AI, using tools like ChatGPT to understand software behavior By functioning as a "glue logic," ChatGPT acts as a translator between different programs or between humans and programs, opening up new possibilities for innovation

Microsoft's Security Copilot and Defensive Applications

While defensive cybersecurity applications of generative AI are still in their early stages, companies like Microsoft are developing products such as Security Copilot. This tool, currently in private preview, allows users to query large language models about security alerts, incidents, and malicious code The

goal is to save analysts time and provide quick explanations and analytical products. The ability of current machine learning models to work with human language, even on highly technical topics like security, is seen as a significant advancement.

Addressing Challenges and Vulnerabilities

Implementing large language models in security-sensitive contexts poses significant challenges Trusting these models as reliable sources of information is a concern, as they can be manipulated through prompt injection attacks. Additionally, large language models have vulnerabilities of their own and can be susceptible to data poisoning attacks Understanding their decision-making processes is difficult due to the "black box" nature of these models, which hampers explainability and increases security risks.

- NSH

Unveiling the Risks: ChatGPT & the Dark Side of AI

ChatGPT has brought both benefits and risks. While these technologies offer unparalleled conversational capabilities, they have also become attractive targets for cybercriminals.

The rise of ChatGPT, a free chatbot powered by artificial intelligence, has captured the attention of many

Developed by OpenAI, a nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing friendly AI, this sophisticated machine learning model promises to provide answers to any query However, as the popularity of ChatGPT grows, so do the risks associated with it

Cybercriminals have seized the opportunity, creating almost identical copies of the official site or app to distribute malicious content. Moreover, the real danger lies in the potential for spear phishing attacks facilitated by the chatbot. These customized and hypertargeted cyberattacks leverage the vast amount of personal information unwittingly shared by users on social media and during their daily online activities.

The Growing Threat: Spear Phishing Attacks

In the hands of an attacker, ChatGPT becomes a powerful tool for spear phishing attacks These attacks are carefully tailored to exploit the information individuals unknowingly

reveal through their social media profiles and browsing habits. Cybercriminals employ AI to construct deceptive content specifically designed to deceive their intended victims To combat this alarming trend, Ermes – Cybersecurity, an Italian cybersecurity firm, has developed an effective AI system. Recognizing the increasing reliance on third-party AIbased services, Ermes aims to provide a secure solution that filters and blocks the sharing of sensitive information such as emails, passwords, and financial data

The Three Risk Factors: OpenAI ChatGPT and Scams

1 The Birth of Phishing Sites: The surging popularity of OpenAI ChatGPT has given rise to numerous phishing sites. These fraudulent websites mimic the official platform, featuring similar domains and nearidentical appearances Often, they present non-existent integrations, duping unsuspecting users into registering and unwittingly providing their credentials.

2 Amplified Spear Phishing Attacks: With the aid of ChatGPT’s fast and high-quality responses, cybercriminals can execute highly targeted email

campaigns (BEC), SMS-based scams (smishing), or malicious advertisements. These attacks aim to defraud victims of their money, steal personal data, or gain access to valuable credentials

3 Sharing Sensitive Company Information: As companies increasingly rely on AI-powered services like ChatGPT, the continuous demand for content and analysis presents a risk of inadvertently sharing sensitive business information. Simple oversights, such as failing to exclude recipient or sender email addresses, or unknowingly disclosing economic data and customer or partner names, can expose organizations to potential breaches.

The Peril of Business Email Compromise (BEC)

One particularly worrisome threat is the exploitation of ChatGPT for Business Email Compromise (BEC) attacks Cybercriminals employ templates to craft deceptive emails, tricking recipients into divulging sensitive information. With ChatGPT’s assistance, hackers can generate unique content for each email, making these attacks harder to detect and

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differentiate from legitimate correspondence By eliminating typographical errors and employing unique formats, cybercriminals can build phishing sites and craft emails with remarkable precision, heightening their chances of success The flexibility of ChatGPT enables attackers to apply various modifications to their prompts,

such as making emails urgent or designing messages more likely to elicit recipient clicks.

Conclusion

The proliferation of AI-powered chatbots like ChatGPT has brought both benefits and risks While these technologies offer unparalleled conversational capabilities,

they have also become attractive targets for cybercriminals Phishing sites, spear phishing attacks, and the inadvertent sharing of sensitive information pose significant threats to individuals and organizations alike. To mitigate these risks, it is essential to remain vigilant, implement robust security

THE SOUTHERN WESTERN GHATS A Rich Museum and Cradle of Diversity for Woody Plants

vast geographic areas, extended timescales spanning millions of years, and hundreds of species, provide invaluable insights into the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. The research team's findings underscore the immense evolutionary diversity harbored within the Western Ghats They emphasize the global significance of this ecological hotspot, particularly highlighting the criticality of safeguarding the southern Western Ghats as a stronghold for plant diversification and persistence.

The Western Ghats of India stand as a global treasure trove of biodiversity, housing a plethora of woody plants, birds, mammals, reptiles, fishes, and insects Many of these species are found nowhere else on Earth, making the region a unique hotspot of endemic life forms. Over the past two centuries, ecologists and evolutionary biologists have been captivated by the intricate study of factors influencing species diversity and distribution patterns in this extraordinary area. In recent decades, DNA-based tools have become pivotal in understanding the role of past climates in shaping the diversity of communities and species

A groundbreaking study led by Dr. Jahnavi Joshi's group at the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, in collaboration with national and international institutions, has shed light on the evolutionary history of plants in the Western Ghats Published in the esteemed journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, their research unravels the uneven distribution of evolutionary

diversity across the Western Ghats, influenced by past climatic and geographic processes, as well as current climate dynamics Furthermore, the study reveals the phenomenon of niche conservatism in wet sites, where lineages tend to persist within their evolved ecological niches and even give rise to new species.

"This study beautifully complements previous taxonomic research conducted in the region, which already indicated a high diversity of woody plants in the Western Ghats, with more than 60% of species being endemic," shared Abhishek Gopal, the first author of the study "Through our examination of evolutionary diversity, we discovered that the southern Western Ghats serve as both a 'museum' and a 'cradle' of evolutionary diversity. This means that the region is home to both ancient and recently evolved species in the timescale of millions of years Surprisingly, the southern Western Ghats host six times more species compared to the northern Western Ghats "

Studies of this magnitude, encompassing

Dr Jahnavi Joshi, the senior author of the study, emphasized the broader implications of their research, stating, "Our study underscores the importance of large-scale investigations that transcend geographic boundaries and timescales, offering us insights into the generality of diversity generation and maintenance We showcase the tremendous evolutionary diversity present within the Western Ghats and shed light on the urgent need to protect the southern region a true engine of plant diversification and long-term survival. These findings should guide efforts to enhance the conservation of existing protected areas in the landscape, which are currently facing severe anthropogenic pressures "

The research not only deepens our understanding of the Southern Western Ghats' significance as a hot bed of evolutionary marvels but also provides crucial guidance for conservation strategies aimed at preserving the rich biodiversity of this unique region. As we continue to explore and comprehend the intricate tapestry of life in the Western Ghats, it becomes increasingly apparent that this ecological gem warrants our unwavering commitment to its long-term protection and stewardship

SYMPTOMS OF A BRAIN TUMOUR

considered.

Personality changes

Brain tumours can cause personality changes, including disinhibition (socially inappropriate behaviour), agitation, and mood swings.

Rapidly progressive dementia

The presence of memory impairment and rapid deterioration of other cognitive functions over weeks to months may be indicative of an underlying cancerous brain tumour

Disease in a body part other than the brain

June 8th marks the annual observance of "World Brain Tumour Day," a significant event aimed at raising awareness about brain tumours, their symptoms, diagnosis, and management While common symptoms such as headaches, vomiting, reduced alertness, fits, and paralysis are often associated with brain tumours, it is essential to recognize the lesser-known signs that can lead to an early diagnosis and treatment.

Here are ten lesser-known symptoms that could indicate the presence of a brain tumour

Increase in hat and shoe size over time

A tumour in the pituitary gland can lead to the production of excess growth hormone, causing a condition known as acromegaly. One noticeable effect is the gradual enlargement of the head and feet, requiring larger hats and shoes.

Milk production from breasts (in a non-pregnant, nonbreastfeeding woman)

Galactorrhea, characterized by the discharge of milk from the nipples, can be caused by a tumour in the pituitary gland that overproduces prolactin. Women experiencing this symptom may also have irregular or absent menstrual periods.

Loss of vision

Brain tumours can result in vision loss or blurred vision, depending on their size and location Visual field loss may occur either on the sides or in one half of the visual field

Loss of smell

Tumours originating near the olfactory nerve in the frontal lobe of the brain can cause a complete or partial loss of smell.

Impaired hearing

Tumours located near the auditory nerve in the cerebellopontine angle can lead to hearing impairment and tinnitus.

Depressive symptoms

Tumours in the frontal lobe can manifest solely as symptoms of depression. If an individual aged 50 or above presents with depression that is unresponsive to treatment, a brain tumour should be

Some cancers originating in different parts of the body can spread to the brain, resulting in metastases. For instance, an individual with a persistent cough, blood in their sputum, and a headache might have lung cancer that has spread to the brain Similarly, a woman with a breast lump and disorientation could be dealing with breast cancer that has metastasized to the brain.

Asymptomatic cases

Surprisingly, some brain tumour patients may not exhibit any symptoms, particularly if the tumour is very small. In fact, approximately 7 out of 1000 individuals undergoing brain scans for other reasons such as head injuries or headaches are incidentally diagnosed with a brain tumour In most cases, surgical intervention is unnecessary, but regular follow-up scans every six months to a year may be advised.

Being familiar with these lesser-known symptoms can help individuals and healthcare professionals detect brain tumours promptly, facilitating early intervention and improved outcomes. On World Brain Tumour Day, let us raise awareness about these lesser-known signs and strive for enhanced education, research, and support for those affected by brain tumours

Climate change and green sustainable growth have found top most importance in India’s G20 presidency this year Not only India, but all the leading economies have spoken in one voice on it. To revolutionize green construction, a team from IIT Kharagpur, Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, led by Prof T.K Bhattacharyya, Scientist Dr. Jhimli Manna, Mr. Ayan Chatterjee, and Dr. Debmallya Das have developed and patented a Nano-Engineered Graphene derivative to reduce clinker factor from cement as well as concrete which can save the CO2 emission up to 25% annually. In addition, it will help to reduce the cost of cement production by approximately 2000 crore INR annually for the leading cement manufacturers whose annual production volume is 120 million tons This is mainly achieved by reducing the cost incurred due to clinker production and energy consumption, with an added advantage of green

IIT KHARAGPUR

Researchers aids to Green Construction to reduce Global Warming

taxation.

Cement Industry is the second major contributor of CO2 emission [8%] which leads to global warming with more than 4.4 billion tons produced every year, a number that is expected to grow to 5 5 billion by 2050 This is due to the clinker production which is the main component of strength for cement. But we cannot essentially remove the clinker as lower clinker means lower strength Hence the major challenge in developing green cement for all cement companies across the globe lies in reducing the clinker without compromising the strength of cement.

Nano-Engineered Graphene derivative contains a unique product fingerprint which helps in physical removal of clinker, enhancing strength by 25% It also reduces water to cement ratio leading to water conservation specially beneficial for water starved areas.

The product can be easily produced in large scale, hence can be seamlessly integrated into the existing industrial process flow, downsizing energy consumption. The nano-engineered graphene reinforced cement and concrete reduces crack propagation, enhances durability and resilience with lesser curing time without disrupting the current operating process

It can cater to the need of PPC(Portland Pozzolana Cement), OPC(Ordinary Portland Cement), and slag based cement industries The researchers have

successfully reduced clicker in industrial setting by up to 25% without compromising strength.

“The CO2 emission during cement production increased steeply by 1.8% per year during 2015-2020. In this scenario, we must decarbonize its production to reduce the carbon footprint for a greener future and meet the commitment to deliver Net zero emission by 2050

Almost all the National and International cement producing giants have focused their efforts in developing green cement using different strategies. A few of them have used clinker reduction strategies but till date none of them have declared a cement composition with physically reduced clinker which is the need of the hour In this scenario, this technology is a breakthrough in revolutionizing green construction,” remarked Prof T K Bhattacharyya, who is the professor at Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, and head of Advanced Technology Development Centre, IIT Kharagpur.

The production of cement is the most carbon-intensive part which involves using fossil fuels to heat a mixture of limestone and clay to more than 1,400 °C in a kiln. When limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated, roughly 600 kilograms of carbon dioxide is released for every ton of cement produced The product has already been validated from two places Firstly, it is tested in laboratory at the Civil Engineering Department at IIT Kharagpur and then MVP(Minimum Viability Product) has been validated at the industrial testing laboratories of one of the major cement producing companies A patent has also been filed and published

GENETIC TESTING CAN HELP PREVENT A VARIETY OF GENETIC ILLNESSES

Intention is to dismantle the social stigma associated with genetic testing and encourage its timely adoption.

more effective Dr Vinay K Nandicoori, Director of CSIR-CCMB, highlighted the importance of open discussions among Indian youth, stating, "Young people of India have to start discussing these more openly."

Hyderabad witnessed a significant step towards promoting genetic disease awareness as the CSIRCentre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) and the NCSM-Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum ( VITM), Bangalore, jointly launched a mobile science exhibition called "Gene-Health Connect " The inauguration coincided with World Thalassemia Day and received the honorable presence of Dr Tamilisai Soundararajan, the Chief Guest and the esteemed Governor of Telangana and Lt Governor of Puducherry

The Gene-Health Connect exhibition, housed within a specially designed bus, will travel to various science, medical, and pharmacy colleges, as well as high schools in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh over the next seven months

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Director General, Dr. N Kalaiselvi, inaugurated the exhibition online, showcasing the commitment of the scientific community to spread

awareness

One of the crucial partners for hosting the exhibition across all districts of Telangana is the Telangana Social Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society Driven by a noble purpose, the exhibition aims to educate young individuals about genetic diseases, including how they can be managed and prevented. According to estimates, approximately 7-9 crore Indians suffer from genetic diseases, many of which are propagated through in-breeding in small communities, as suggested by previous studies conducted at CCMB

Dr. Somdatta Karak, the Science Communication and Public Outreach Officer at CSIR-CCMB, emphasized the objective of the exhibition, stating, "We have designed the exhibition for young people to understand how genes function and to look at genetic diseases more objectively." The intention is to dismantle the social stigma associated with genetic testing and encourage its timely adoption. Genetic testing can play a pivotal role in preventing various genetic diseases, and ongoing research endeavors aim to make these tests even

VITM, Bangalore, renowned for its efforts in bridging the gap between research laboratories and the public, especially through interactive models and exhibits, played a key role in developing the hands-on exhibits for the Gene-Health Connect exhibition. Ms Sadhana Attavar, Director of VITM, expressed her excitement, stating, "The mobile science exhibition on GeneHealth Connect brings people the knowledge of genes and genetic disorders through hands-on exhibits that are easily understandable."

The collaboration between CSIRJigyasa, CSIR's flagship student-centered science outreach initiative, and the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM) facilitated this exhibition. Dr. Geetha Vani Rayasam, Head of CSIR-Human Resource Development Group and CSIR-Jigyasa initiative, emphasized the significance of such initiatives, stating, "This is a great opportunity for research institutes such as CCMB to take the research that is going on in labs to the public, especially the youth."

The launch of the Gene-Health Connect exhibition marks an important milestone in raising awareness about genetic diseases and fostering a more open dialogue on genetic testing and prevention. By reaching out to educational institutions, the exhibition strives to educate and empower young individuals, ensuring a healthier future for generations to come

- NSH

MEDTRONIC INVESTS RS 3,000 CRORE TO EXPAND R&D CENTER IN HYDERABAD

square feet within the next 6-8 months at the same location Divya Prakash Joshi, Vice President and Site Leader of MEIC, emphasized that there are no constraints on space as they expand.

Joshi further explained that the investment would be directed towards talent acquisition, capital equipment, infrastructure, and various tools necessary for the center's operations. He highlighted that MEIC is actively engaged in cutting-edge technologies and has made significant contributions to the field with over 200 global patents and approximately 500 intellectual property disclosures Medtronic, with a revenue of $31.7 billion in 2022, allocates around 8.7% of its revenue to R&D activities. The company views India as a promising market for healthcare innovation and considers it a global hub for technological advancements

Medtronic, a leading US-based medical technology company, has announced a significant investment of Rs 3,000 crore to expand its Medtronic Engineering & Innovation Center (MEIC) in Hyderabad

The MEIC is Medtronic's largest research and development (R&D) center outside of the United States, and this investment is part of the company's global R&D-led innovation and growth strategy.

This new investment builds upon the initial investment of $160 million that Medtronic announced in 2020 The MEIC, which currently employs over 800 people, primarily engineers, is expected

to grow its workforce to over 1,500 employees within the next five years with the latest investment The center aims to tap into India's vast pool of diverse and skilled talent in various areas, including engineering, mobile apps, software development, cloud computing, data engineering, embedded software, product security, and cyber-product security. The expansion of MEIC will focus on advancing key healthcare technology areas such as robotics, imaging and navigation, surgical technologies, and implantable technologies. Situated in Hyderabad's tech hub Nanakramguda, the Medtronic Engineering & Innovation Center currently occupies 150,000 square feet and plans to expand to 250,000

Mike Marinaro, Executive Vice President and President of Surgical at Medtronic, expressed his confidence in India's potential as both a technology innovation hub and a growing market for healthcare advancements Medtronic's continued investment in the expansion of MEIC highlights its commitment to leveraging India's talent and capabilities to drive innovation in the healthcare industry. This significant investment by Medtronic not only strengthens its presence in India but also reinforces Hyderabad's position as a thriving hub for cutting-edge medical technology research and development. It will create more employment opportunities for skilled professionals, foster collaboration between local and international talent, and contribute to advancements in healthcare technologies that improve patient outcomes worldwide

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: NEW REPORT CALLS FOR ENHANCED PRACTICES

likely to have strong stewardship programmes and do not have requisite economies of scale in their operations. Strengthening hospital accreditation that certifies good antimicrobial stewardship practices and creating pooled procurement system through a publicprivate partnership for high-end antimicrobials based on such accreditation systems is one such solution.”

To combat AMR , the report recommends modifying procurement practices, adding essential antimicrobials in state drug procurement lists, improving inter-state coordination, enhancing surveillance, and improving diagnostics facilities in hospitals.

Anew report released today by the Indian School of Business’ Max Institute of Healthcare Management and the Center for Global Development calls on key stakeholders across national and regional governments to improve antimicrobial innovation, accessibility, and stewardship practices to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in India.

More than a million people die in India every year with a drug-resistant pathogen. Factors compounding AMR include the widespread overuse and misuse of antibiotics, both in hospitals and in the home.

While the National Action Plan on AMR launched by the government in 2017 attempts to address some of the issues,

the plan lacks a focus on drug procurement, access, and stewardship practices Moreover, at the state level, only four states Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, New Delhi, and Andhra Pradesh have action plans to contain the spread of AMR .

Prof Sarang Deo, Professor and Area Leader of Operations Management, Deputy Dean Faculty and Research, and Executive Director of ISB Max Institute of Healthcare Management at the Indian School of Business said, “The National Action Plan for AMR emphasises uninterrupted access to high-quality antimicrobial medicines However, one needs innovative and implementable solutions that achieve this without leading to the overuse of antibiotics This is especially important for small- and medium-sized hospitals that are less

It also calls for the creation of an innovation ecosystem for antimicrobial research and development which involves developing specific antimicrobials for the Indian context. This recommendation follows a key finding of the report which showed that critical-priority pathogens demonstrate more than 50% resistance to over half of the available antimicrobials in the country, highlighting the urgent need for new antibiotics.

Javier Guzman, Senior Policy Fellow and Director of Global Health Policy at the Center for Global Development, added: “The report identifies a host of policy recommendations that key stakeholders within central and state governments can implement through both the National Action Plan on AMR and state actions plans If implemented correctly, these recommendations put India in a unique position to lead the world in the fight against AMR and vastly improve global health security.”

More than a million people die in India every year with a drugresistant pathogen.

SCIENTIST DISCOVERS CRYPTIC SPECIES OF BENT-WINGED BAT

In a remarkable collaboration, Dr. Bhargavi Srinivasulu, a researcher affiliated with Osmania University, and her son, Aditya Srinivasulu, a dedicated PhD researcher at the University of Reading in the United Kingdom, have unearthed a fascinating new species of bat Following extensive study and analysis, the duo has christened their discovery "Miniopetrus srinii Srini's Bent-winged Bat." This remarkable find took place in the depths of Makuta, located in the Kodagu district of Karnataka, within a large subterranean cave nestled amidst the dense jungles of the Western Ghats.

The Bent-winged Bats, characterized by their smaller stature, prefer to dwell in sizeable colonies of several hundred individuals, with their favored habitat being caves. These bats can be found across a wide range of regions, including southern Europe, Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu. In India, the researchers note that four known species of bent-winged bats existed prior to their discovery. With the unearthing of this new species, the tally now stands at an exciting five, offering an enriched understanding of the bat population in the country.

The mother-son duo collected bat specimens during their exploration of the

vast subterranean cave located within the lush surroundings of Makuta Initially, the pair suspected that the bats they encountered might be a cryptic species, tentatively identified as the Small Bentwinged Bat This hunch prompted them to conduct a comprehensive analysis, employing various methodologies and lines of evidence to discern the true nature of their findings

Dr. Bhargavi Srinivasulu, a UGC Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Zoology in Osmania University, elucidated their research approach

"Through our study of Andaman bats, we have unveiled the genetic distinctiveness between island fauna and their mainland counterparts It led us to question whether the specimens we collected in Makuta, along with those reported from other regions of the Western Ghats, may represent cryptic species To ascertain this, we undertook meticulous examinations encompassing morphological, cranial, echolocation, and genetic studies," she shared

The researchers' investigations have culminated in the publication of their groundbreaking findings in the latest edition of Zootaxa, a prestigious peerreviewed scientific journal renowned for its focus on animal taxonomists The article offers an in-depth exploration of

the newly discovered species, paying homage to Prof C Srinivasulu, a distinguished bat biologist affiliated with Osmania University

The naming of the newly discovered bat species after Prof. C Srinivasulu serves as a testament to his notable contributions to the field of bat biology. His dedication and expertise have inspired a new generation of researchers, including Dr Bhargavi Srinivasulu and Aditya Srinivasulu, as they unravel the mysteries of these fascinating creatures. The implications of this discovery extend beyond the immediate thrill of identifying a new species. It underscores the importance of comprehensive research and conservation efforts to safeguard the remarkable biodiversity harbored within the Western Ghats. The identification of a cryptic species emphasizes the need for diligent examination and analysis to uncover hidden diversity within seemingly familiar ecosystems.

Moreover, the genetic distinctiveness between island fauna and mainland populations, as revealed through the researchers' study of Andaman bats, highlights the significance of preserving isolated habitats. Safeguarding such habitats is crucial not only

- NSH

The Bent-winged Bats, characterized by their smaller stature, prefer to dwell in sizeable colonies of several hundred individuals, with their favored habitat being caves.

Montra Electric Launches Super Auto

The Montra Electric Super Auto boasts impressive features that make it a compelling choice in the electric vehicle market. With a peak torque of 60Nm and a top speed of 55 kmph, the Super Auto ensures a smooth and efficient ride.

Montra Electric, a subsidiary of the Murugappa Group, has launched its highly anticipated electric threewheeler, the Montra Electric Super Auto, in the bustling city of Hyderabad The grand inauguration of the showroom took place on Wednesday, with esteemed personalities including Montra Electric CEO Sushant Jena, Gopal Reddy from Yuktha Motor.

The Montra Electric Super Auto boasts impressive features that make it a compelling choice in the electric vehicle market. With a peak torque of 60Nm and a top speed of 55 kmph, the Super Auto ensures a smooth and efficient ride. The vehicle is equipped with multi-drive models, allowing drivers to optimize their driving experience for bet ter fuel economy. Additionally, the inclusion of a park assist mode enhances maneuverability, making it easier to navigate through congested urban areas. A press release from Montra Electric highlighted these remarkable attributes

D uring the event, Sushant Jena expressed his excitement about the launch of the Montra Electric Super Auto and announced that test rides were now available. He emphasized the vehicle's at tractive and distinct design, which has already garnered at tention and admiration within the industry. Furthermore, the Super Auto holds the distinction of offering the industry's highest certified range of 197 kms on a single charge Coupled with a powerful motor, the Super Auto presents a compelling option for electric vehicle enthusiasts

Gopal Reddy, representing Yuktha Motors, expressed his delight in unveiling the Montra Electric Super Auto at the Apurupa Commercial Complex in Raidurg, Serilingampally. He also mentioned that pre-bookings were open, inviting interested buyers to secure their Super Auto at Yuktha Motors Private Limited

As for the pricing, the Montra Electric Super Auto caters to a wide range of customers with its diverse variants The base variant starts at an affordable price of Rs 3.02 lakh (ex-showroom post-subsidy), offering excellent value for money For those seeking enhanced features and a larger bat tery for extended range, the higher range variant is available at a slightly higher price of Rs 3.45 lakh.

The launch of the Montra Electric Super Auto in the Hyderabad market marks a significant milestone for Montra Electric and the Murugappa Group. With its impressive specifications, stylish design, and the Murugappa Group's reputation for quality and reliability, the Super Auto is poised to make a strong impact in the electric vehicle segment. As the transition to sustainable transportation gains momentum, Montra Electric is well-positioned to contribute to a greener future with their innovative and eco-friendly offerings.

- NSH

INSPIRING TALE

OF PERSEVERANCE, ADVENTURE, & THE POWER OF DREAMS

Man of many talents, a photographer, marathon runner, bike rider, and so much more. His mantra in life is simple yet powerful: "Keep chasing your dreams, and nothing can stop you, says

Prasanna Kumar

In a remarkable display of determination and the indomitable human spirit, Prasanna Kumar, a resident of Hyderabad, has defied all odds by embarking on an aweinspiring journey from Kanyakumari to Kashmir on his trusty bike. Covering a staggering distance of 3,700 kilometers in just four and a half days, this physically challenged man has

proven that limitations are only in the mind.

Prasanna Kumar is a man of many talents a photographer, marathon runner, bike rider, and so much more. His mantra in life is simple yet powerful: "Keep chasing your dreams, and nothing can stop you." Speaking with great enthusiasm and passion, he shares his remarkable journey, offering a message of hope and empowerment to all who encounter obstacles on their path

At the young age of 29, Prasanna Kumar firmly believes that age is no barrier to taking on challenges He urges everyone to have unwavering self-belief, emphasizing that traveling and pursuing dreams are not as daunting as they may seem. He encourages individuals to persevere, to never succumb to depression, and to keep chasing their dreams until they become a reality.

Reflecting on his own journey, Prasanna Kumar states, "From a point where I thought that everything is impossible for me, I now do a lot of things, including riding a bike today."

The seed for Prasanna Kumar's incredible Kanyakumari to Kashmir ride was planted during a casual breakfast ride with a couple of friends As they discussed their aspirations to undertake this iconic

journey, Prasanna Kumar's determination to join them was met with a challenge. His smaller Royal Enfield 2011 model bike seemed inadequate to keep pace with their larger motorcycles. Disappointed but undeterred, Prasanna Kumar returned home and shared his desire for an upgraded bike with his father However, his father did not show any interest in investing in a new bike, forcing Prasanna Kumar to temporarily abandon the ride. But Prasanna Kumar's spirit couldn't be dampened for long Determined to prove that it is the person, not the bike, that matters, he made the bold decision to undertake the journey solo. Seeking guidance from those who had accomplished the feat before him, he meticulously planned his ride at his own pace, with no intention of rushing through it And so, he set off on his adventure, charting a path from Kanyakumari to Bangalore, then Hyderabad, Jhansi, Delhi, and finally, Gulmarg in Kashmir. Overcoming various hurdles, including bike troubles, heavy traffic, and a shortage of food due to the closure of many restaurants for Holi festivities, Prasanna Kumar triumphantly completed the ride in four and a half days

the accident, Prasanna Kumar led a seemingly normal life without much inclination towards special activities. However, the accident became a turning point, teaching him how to forge ahead despite adversities.

Thus far, Prasanna Kumar has funded his own travels. Now, with a thirst for more adventures, he plans to seek sponsors to explore activities such as skydiving,

This extraordinary feat is all the more remarkable when considering the incidents that led to Prasanna Kumar's physical disability In 2013, after completing his bachelor's degree, he was involved in a life-altering accident that cost him a limb and required stitches on his hand. The accident was a result of driving under the influence. It took him a year and a half to recover from the physical and emotional aftermath. Before

undertake additional rides, and delve into countless other thrilling experiences His wife, Mounika, shares in his enthusiasm and serves as an unwavering pillar of support. Initially, she had reservations about the ride, pondering how Prasanna Kumar would overcome the challenges. However, her faith in his unwavering willpower and determination never wavered Mounika draws inspiration from her husband's remarkable journey, proudly standing beside him and acknowledging the positive vibes it imparts. She concludes with admiration, "I feel really proud to be his wife, and his accomplishments inspire me as well."

Prasanna Kumar's awe-inspiring tale serves as a testament to the human spirit's resilience and the extraordinary power of unwavering determination. His journey from Kanyakumari to Kashmir captures the imagination, inspiring us to overcome obstacles, believe in ourselves, and pursue our dreams relentlessly

Prasanna Kumar's story is a beacon of hope, reminding us that, with the right mindset and unwavering perseverance, anything is possible.

- Rashmi Kumari

FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE FOR IRON-DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA

A Breakthrough Solution for Effective and Convenient Treatment

New dosage variant, containing ferric carboxymaltose (FCM), aims to provide a more effective and convenient treatment option for patients suffering from iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA).

Iron deficiency anaemia poses a significant burden, particularly for women during the later stages of pregnancy and as a result of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Indian studies reveal that approximately 36% of maternal deaths are attributed to PPH. Moreover, urban and rural areas report anaemia during pregnancy among 45.7% and 54.3% of pregnant women respectively, which hampers maternal and early child health outcomes in the postpartum period Emcure Pharmaceuticals Limited has proudly announced the launch of Orofer FCM 750, a groundbreaking addition to its parenteral iron brand This new dosage variant, containing ferric carboxymaltose (FCM), aims to provide a more effective and convenient treatment option for patients suffering from iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). With approval from the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI), FCM is indicated for cases where oral iron preparations prove ineffective or cannot be utilized Currently available in 1000mg/20ml and 500mg/10ml singleuse vials, Orofer FCM will now also be offered as a 750mg/15ml dosage form, specifically recommended for patients with haemoglobin levels below 10 g/dl and body weights ranging from 35-70kg. It is important to note that Orofer FCM can only be obtained through a prescription from a registered medical

practitioner.

Studies conducted in India involving FCM for the treatment of IDA in pregnancy have shown that most patients have a mean haemoglobin level below 10 g/dl. These patients may require FCM doses of up to 1500mg for body weights ranging from 35-70kg. Notably, a single dose of FCM containing up to 750mg of iron can be administered within a short time frame of 15 minutes, diluted in 250ml of normal saline

Commenting on the launch, Anil Kothiyal, President of India Business at Emcure Pharmaceuticals, expressed their commitment to addressing IDA as a significant public health concern in India, particularly among women Kothiyal stated, "We are proud to introduce Orofer FCM 750, which will

help alleviate the substantial burden of IDA in our country. We believe that Orofer FCM 750, with its convenient dosage strength, will provide a crucial treatment option for patients with IDA who may not have responded to oral iron preparations or who are unable to tolerate them " Kothiyal further added that Orofer FCM 750 will soon be available in leading pharmacies and hospitals across the country.

The introduction of Orofer FCM 750 marks a significant milestone in addressing the complex issue of iron deficiency anaemia in India. By offering an alternative treatment option for patients who have not experienced success with oral iron preparations or face challenges in tolerating them, Emcure Pharmaceuticals is demonstrating its commitment to

improving the lives of individuals affected by this condition. The convenient dosage strength of Orofer FCM 750 provides a streamlined approach to treatment, ensuring that patients receive the necessary iron supplementation efficiently and effectively

As Emcure Pharmaceuticals takes this crucial step forward, it underlines the company's dedication to advancing healthcare in India The launch of Orofer FCM 750 reinforces their mission to provide innovative and accessible solutions that enhance patient well-being. In conclusion, the introduction of Orofer FCM 750 offers hope to countless individuals grappling with iron

SUPERNOVA ORIGIN REVEALED BY RADIO SIGNAL

before the white dwarf's explosion, according to the recent finding of supernova SN 2020eyj.

Erik Kool, post-doc at the Department of Astronomy at Stockholm University and the paper's primary author, adds, "Once we saw the signatures of strong interaction with the material from the companion, we tried to also detect it in radio emission." Astronomers have been attempting to find a Type Ia supernova for decades, but this is the first radio discovery of one.

Astronomers from Stockholm University describe the origin of a thermonuclear supernova explosion in the most recent edition of the journal Nature The exploding white dwarf star had a helium-rich companion, as evidenced by the strong helium emission lines and the first observation of such a supernova in radio waves.

Astronomers value Type Ia supernova because they can use them to gauge the universe's expansion The cause of these explosions, however, is yet unknown. The precise mechanism and the make-up of the progenitor are unknown, but it is known that the explosion is caused by a compact white dwarf star accreting too much matter from a partner star The companion star was a helium star that had lost a lot of its material soon

Supernova 2020eyj was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility camera on Palomar mountain, where the Oskar Klein Centre at Stockholm University is members. "The Nordic Optical telescope on La Palma was fundamental for following up this supernova", says Professor Jesper Sollerman at the Department of Astronomy and co-author of the paper "As were spectra from the large Keck telescope on Hawai'i that immediately revealed the very unusual helium-dominated material around the exploded star."

"This is clearly a very unusual Type Ia supernova, but still related to the ones we use to measure the expansion of the universe", adds Joel Johansson from the Department of Physics. "While normal Type Ia supernova appear to always explode with the same brightness, this supernova tells us that there are many different pathways to a white dwarf star explosion", he adds.

SUNRISERS HYDERABAD & APOLLO HOSPITALS PROMOTE ORGAN DONATION

Bridging the Gap between Organ Demand and Supply through Awareness and Collaboration

In a concerted effort to raise awareness about organ donation and offer a new lease of life to terminally ill patients, Apollo Hospitals, in collaboration with the Sunrisers Hyderabad Cricket team and Jeevandan, has launched the Rise Again campaign The initiative aims to sensitize the population about the importance of organ donation and encourage individuals to pledge their organs The campaign kickstarted with a pledge ceremony at Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills, attended by renowned cricketers Muttiah Muralitharan, Umran Malik, Heinrich Klassen, and other members of the Sunrisers Hyderabad team, along with esteemed medical professionals and organ recipients. India is witnessing an increasing burden of end-organ diseases Liver, kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, and intestinal transplants have become standard treatments for respective organ failures, boasting a remarkable success rate of 9095%. However, the transplantation is currently performed for less than 4% of patients in need. With over four lakh transplantations required annually, the demand-supply gap continues to widen Live donor organs, primarily kidneys and parts of livers, contribute to the majority of transplantations in India However, heart, lung, and pancreas transplants

depend on cadaveric organ donations. Apollo Hospitals, a pioneer in transplantation programs since 1990, has successfully conducted 4872 transplantations till date, encompassing kidneys, liver, lungs, heart, and corneas. The hospital takes pride in its internationally acclaimed survival rates post-organ transplantation This commendable achievement is a testament to the expertise of their medical professionals, including doctors, transplant nurses, and support staff. The presence of esteemed cricketers from the Sunrisers Hyderabad team, such as Muttiah Muralitharan, Umran Malik, and Heinrich Klassen, adds immense value to the organ transplantation initiative

To address the prevailing organ shortage effectively, the program emphasizes the significance of donation after death. Each brain-dead individual has the potential to save up to seven lives by donating organs such as the liver, kidneys, pancreas, intestines, heart, and lungs Additionally, they can aid patients in need of corneas, heart valves, skin, bones, and vascularized composite tissues. Dr. Ravinder Babu affirms that the rise in deceased organ donations will not only resolve the shortage but also alleviate concerns regarding live donor safety

Dr. Swarnalatha, CEO of Jeevandhan, a deceased donor organ transplantation

program under the Government of Telangana, lauded the state's organ donation rate, which stands at 5 5 per million population, significantly higher than the national average of 0 8 She acknowledged the government's unwavering support, particularly through the Jeevandan platform and financial assistance. Organ transplantation is accessible to individuals from all sections of society through Arogyasri coverage, ensuring that even the underprivileged can benefit from the program Approximately 500 patients receive transplantations in government hospitals under Arogyasri. Dr. Swarnalatha urged everyone to pledge their organs, emphasizing that organ donations can serve society long after an individual's passing.

Tejesvi Rao, CEO of Apollo Hospitals, emphasized the criticality of organ donation in saving lives. He acknowledged the substantial gap between the number of available organs for transplantation and the growing number of patients in need Rao expressed his gratitude to the Sunrisers Hyderabad team for their participation in the campaign, which aims to sensitize the public and bridge the organ shortage gap.

Hyderabad, India - In a significant breakthrough, researchers from the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in India, in collaboration with scientists from Australia and Panama, have successfully established a new diagnostic test for Chytridiomycosis in amphibians This infectious disease, caused by two fungal pathogens: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) has wreaked havoc on amphibian populations worldwide, leading to the extinction of over 90 species. Often referred to as the "amphibian apocalypse," the devastating impact of this disease has prompted urgent global attention

The researchers have made a significant stride in combatting Chytridiomycosis by developing and validating a new marker for the disease Their findings have been published in the esteemed

SCIENTISTS DEVELOP NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS, A GLOBAL THREAT TO AMPHIBIANS

Collaboration between Indian, Australian, and Panamanian Researchers Paves the Way for Enhanced Surveillance

journal Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. The team, consisting of Ph.D. scholars, researchers, and scientists from various institutions, including CCMB, Bangalore University, Padmaja Naidu Zoological Park, Ashoka University in India, the University of New South Wales and James Cook University in Australia, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, conducted extensive testing of the new marker on a diverse range of amphibian species. These includes frogs, toads, caecilians (limbless amphibians), and salamanders (tailed amphibians) The study revealed a staggering 70% prevalence of Chytridiomycosis infection among the tested amphibians, nearly eight times higher than previously reported figures from India.

Effective surveillance and monitoring of Chytridiomycosis are crucial to track and manage infection in amphibian populations, especially in regions where the Bd fungus has become enzootic, meaning it is present but does not cause death Recognizing the limitations of existing diagnostic assays in India, the team embarked on developing a universal, sensitive, specific, repeatable, and affordable diagnostic test to enable efficient surveillance of Chytridiomycosis. The new test, which has exhibited comparable efficiency to the gold-standard diagnostic test recommended for the disease, offers immense potential for widespread surveillance efforts in different parts of the world Additionally, it may provide valuable insights into the transmission

and infection pathways associated with Chytridiomycosis.

Dr Karthikeyan Vasudevan, the lead scientist from CCMB involved in the study, highlighted the importance of this breakthrough, stating, "Our previous work on Bd fungus in India had shown that existing diagnostic assays are not sensitive A universal, sensitive, specific, repeatable, and affordable diagnostic test is thus required to perform surveillance of Chytridiomycosis in an efficient manner. Our new diagnostic test works well in India, Australia, and Panama. Its efficiency is comparable to the goldstandard test recommended for Chytridiomycosis. The new test can promote widespread efficient surveillance of Chytridiomycosis in different parts of the world, and it might lead to new insights into the pathway transmission and infection."

The significance of this achievement extends far beyond the laboratory, as it offers a glimmer of hope for the conservation of amphibians, which play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem balance. Amphibians serve as indicators of environmental health, and their decline can have cascading effects on entire ecosystems. By enabling early detection and surveillance of Chytridiomycosis, this novel diagnostic test can contribute significantly to conservation efforts worldwide Moving forward, international collaborations and continued research

CURVED SPACETIME IN A QUANTUM SIMULATOR

hen trying to explain cosmicscale events like the gravitational waves produced when black holes meet, the theory of relativity does a good job. When explaining particlescale events like the behaviour of individual electrons in an atom, quantum theory performs well But there hasn't yet been a fully suitable solution to combine the two One of the important scientific problems that haven’t been fully answered is the hunt for a "quantum theory of gravity " This is partially due to the challenging mathematics involved in this discipline. However, it might be challenging to conduct appropriate experiments. It would be necessary to design scenarios in which both quantum effects such as the dual particle and wave nature of light and phenomena from the theory

Wof relativity such as a spacetime warped by massive bodies play significant roles. In order to do this, a novel strategy has now been devised at the TU Wien in Vienna, Austria: To answer these problems, a so called "quantum simulator" is employed: Instead of directly examining the system of interest (quantum particles in curved spacetime), one develops a "model system" from which one can then draw analogies to learn more about the real system of interest The scientists have now demonstrated that their quantum simulator performs flawlessly Scientists from the University of Crete, Nanyang Technological University, and FU Berlin worked together to conduct this multinational study, and the results have just been published in the scholarly publication Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (PNAS)

Learning from one system about another

The quantum simulator's fundamental principle is straight forward: Physical systems are frequently similar. Even if they are completely distinct sorts of particles or physical systems operating on various sizes that appear to have nothing in common at first look, these systems may, at a deeper level, be subject to the same laws and equations This implies that studying another system can teach us anything about a given system.

Prof. Jorg Schmiedmayer of the Atomic Institute at the Technical University of Vienna explains, "We pick a quantum system that we know we can control and adapt extremely effective in experiments ” In our scenario, an atom chip with electromagnetic fields is holding and controlling ultracold atomic clouds. Consider setting up these atomic clouds appropriately so that their characteristics may be transferred to another quantum system. As a result, by measuring the atomic cloud model system, you can infer information about the other system. This is similar to how you can infer information about the oscillation of a pendulum from the oscillation of a mass attached to a metal spring, despite the fact that they are two distinct physical systems

We pick a quantum system that we know we can control and adapt extremely effectively in experiments.

“

Gravitational lensing effect

According to Mohammadamin Tajik, the first author of the present work from the Vienna Centre for Quantum Science and Technology ( VCQ ) at the Technical University of Vienna, "We have now been able to demonstrate that we can produce effects in this way that can be used to mimic the curvature of spacetime." Light travels along a supposedly "light cone" in the vacuum Since light moves at a constant speed, it covers the same distance in both directions at all times. However, these light cones are twisted if the light is affected by large bodies, such as the gravitational pull of the sun In curved space periods, the light's trajectories are no longer entirely straight The "gravitational lens effect" describes this

Atomic clouds may now demonstrate the same. One looks at the speed of sound rather than the speed of light.

According to Mohammadamin Tajik, "We now have a system in which there is an effect that corresponds to gravitational lensing or space-time curvature, but at the same time, it is a quantum system that you can describe with quantum field theories " With this, we have a whole new instrument to investigate how relativity and quantum theory relate to one another.

A model system for quantum gravity

According to the tests, it is possible to demonstrate in these atomic clouds the form of light cones, lensing effects, reflections, and other phenomena precisely as predicted in relativistic cosmic systems. Solid-state physics and the hunt for novel materials also come into topics that have a similar structure and may thus be answered by such experiments, making this intriguing for producing fresh data for fundamental

theoretical study

We now aim to better manage these atomic clouds to gather even more extensive data Jorg Schmiedmayer illustrates that it is still possible to modify particle interactions in a very specific manner. In this approach, the quantum simulator may simulate physical scenarios that are so complex that even super computers are unable to calculate them

In addition to theoretical calculations, computer simulations, and direct experiments, the quantum simulator therefore provides a fresh, extra source of knowledge for quantum research The research team is interested in discovering novel events that may have been completely unknown until now and occur on a cosmic, relativistic scale, but might never have been found without looking at small particles

Dr. RENU SWARUP INSPIRES STARTUPS AT ASPIRE-BIONEST

expressed her delight, stating, “I am truly pleased to visit ASPIRE-BioNEST today. This facility has experienced remarkable growth, leading to a transformative impact I am thrilled to witness the positive influence it has on the lives and endeavors of numerous start-ups ”

Dr Swarup congratulated the ASPIRE team for achieving self-sustainability even after the completion of its BIRAC grant and emphasized that this should serve as a model for other incubation centers established within academic settings. Prof Rajagopal, the Director of ASPIRE BioNEST, along with other directors, expressed their gratitude to Dr Swarup for her valuable suggestions and for taking the time to visit

Dr.Renu Swarup, the former Secretary of the Department of Biotechnology (DBT ) in the Government of India, paid a visit to ASPIRE-BioNEST at the University of Hyderabad ( UoH) on May 25th, 2023

During her visit, she engaged with CEOs of various startups and shared her valuable insights to support their entrepreneurial journeys. Dr. Swarup

It is worth mentioning that UoH received the BIRAC BioNEST grant in 2017 under Dr. Swarup’s chairmanship as MD of BIRAC. She expressed immense happiness at the progress ASPIREBioNEST has achieved and its utilization of the grant. During her visit, she had extensive discussions with scientists and staff members of the incubating startups , where she was briefed about the innovative products being developed at ASPIRE-BioNEST

Dr Renu Swarup’s visit to Hyderabad was also marked by her delivery of the foundation day lecture at NIAB. On this occasion, two start-ups incubated at ASPIRE BioNEST, namely Bycus Therapeutics and UR Advanced Therapeutics, were honored as IKP Fellows in recognition of their exceptional innovations.

- NSH

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PREDICTS FUTURE PANCREATIC CANCER

According to the findings of a new study that was carried out under the direction of researchers from Harvard Medical School and the University of Copenhagen, an artificial intelligence tool was able to successfully identify individuals who were at the highest risk for pancreatic cancer up to three years prior to the diagnosis of the disease by utilizing only the medical records of the patients Manmade intelligence based populace screening could be significant in tracking down those at raised risk for the illness and could speed up the determination of a condition found over and over again at cutting edge stages when treatment is less successful and results are bleak

One of the most deadly cancers in the world is pancreatic cancer, and its death toll is expected to rise. There are currently no population-based pancreatic cancer screening tools Those with a family ancestry and certain hereditary changes that incline them toward pancreatic malignant growth are separated into a designated style Yet, such designated screenings can miss different cases that fall beyond those classes.

"Quite possibly the main choice clinicians face everyday is who is at high risk for a sickness, and

who might profit from additional testing, which can likewise mean more obtrusive and more costly methodology that convey their own dangers," said co-senior specialist Chris Sander. "Clinical decisionmaking could greatly benefit from an AI tool that can pin point individuals most likely to benefit from additional tests and who are at greatest risk for pancreatic cancer. Sander added that if scaled up, such a strategy could speed up the detection of pancreatic cancer, enable earlier treatment, improve outcomes, and extend patients' lives.

"Many kinds of disease, particularly those hard to distinguish and treat early, apply an unbalanced cost for patients, families and the medical services framework overall," said co-senior specialist Soren Brunak "Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease that is notoriously difficult to diagnose early and treat promptly when the chances of success are highest AI-based screening presents an opportunity to alter its course The AI algorithm was trained on two distinct patients in the new study to predict which patients are most likely to develop pancreatic cancer in the future Prominently, a large number of the side effects and sickness codes were not straightforwardly connected with or coming from the pancreas.

The specialists tried various

Clinical decision-making could greatly benefit from an AI tool that can pin point individuals most likely to benefit from additional tests and who are at greatest risk for pancreatic cancer.

adaptations of the man-made intelligence models for their capacity to recognize individuals at raised risk for infection advancement inside various time scales: a half year, one year, two years, and three years. In general, each version of the AI algorithm was significantly more accurate at predicting who would develop pancreatic cancer than the current population-wide estimates of disease incidence, which are based on the frequency with which a condition develops in a population over a given time period Current genetic sequencing tests, which are typically only available for a small subset of patients in data sets, are said to be at least as accurate in predicting disease occurrence as the model

The "irate organ" evaluating for specific normal diseases like those of the bosom, cervix, and prostate organ depends on moderately straight forward and profoundly successful procedures: a mammogram, a Pap smear, and a blood test, separately By ensuring early detection and intervention in the disease's most treatable stages, these screening methods have altered outcomes.

By comparison, pancreatic cancer is harder and more expensive to screen and test for Physicians look mainly at family history and the presence of genetic mutations, which, while important indicators of future risk, often miss many patients. One particular advantage of the AI tool is that it could be used on any and all patients for whom health records and medical history are available, not just in those with known family history or genetic predisposition for the disease. This is especially important, the researchers add, because many patients at high risk may not even be aware of their genetic predisposition or family history.

In the absence of symptoms and without a clear indication that someone is at high risk for pancreatic cancer clinicians may be understandably cautious to recommend more sophisticated and more expensive testing, such as CT scans, MRI or endoscopic ultrasound. When these tests are used and suspicious lesions discovered, the patient must undergo a procedure to obtain a biopsy Positioned deep inside the abdomen, the organ is hard to access and easy to provoke and inflame Its irritability has earned it the moniker "the angry organ."

An AI tool that identifies those at the highest risk for pancreatic cancer would ensure that clinicians test the right population, while sparing others unnecessary testing and additional procedures, the researchers said About 44% of people diagnosed in the early stages of pancreatic cancer survive five years after diagnosis, but only 12% of cases are diagnosed that early. The survival rate drops to 2-9% in those whose tumors have grown beyond their site of origin

"That low survival rate is despite marked advances in surgical techniques, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy," Sander said. "So, in addition to sophisticated treatments,

there is a clear need for better screening, more targeted testing, and earlier diagnosis, and this is where the AI based approach comes in as the first critical step in this continuum."

Previous diagnoses portend future risk

The AI model was trained on the health records of 6 2 million patients from Denmark's national health system over a 41 year period by the researchers for the current study. 23,985 of those patients eventually developed pancreatic cancer During the preparation, the calculation perceived designs characteristic of future pancreatic malignant growth risk in light of illness directions, that is to say, whether the patient had specific circumstances that happened in a specific grouping over the long run

For instance, within three years of evaluation, diagnosis of gallstones, anemia, type 2 diabetes, and other gastrointestinal issues indicated an increased risk of pancreatic cancer Inflammation of the pancreas was a less surprising predictor of future pancreatic cancer within a shorter time frame of just two years The researchers warn that none of these diagnoses alone should be taken as a guarantee of developing pancreatic cancer in the future On the other hand, the pattern and order in which they occur over time can be used as a starting point for an AI-based surveillance model. This could encourage doctors to closely monitor those who are at greater risk or to test accordingly Then, the scientists tried the best performing calculation on a completely new arrangement of patient records that had not recently experienced a US Veterans Wellbeing Organization informational index of almost 3 million records crossing 21 years and containing 3,864 people determined to have pancreatic malignant growth. On the US data set, the tool's predictive accuracy was slightly lower. This was probably because the US dataset was collected in a shorter amount of time and had slightly different patient population profiles than the Danish population as a whole in the Danish data set and the Veterans' Affairs data set, which included current and former military personnel. At the point when the calculation was retrained without any preparation on the US dataset, its prescient precision moved along. This, the analysts said, highlights two significant focuses: In the first place, guaranteeing that simulated intelligence models are prepared on top notch and rich information Second, the requirement for admittance to enormous delegate datasets of clinical records is collected broadly and universally AI models should be trained on local health data in the absence of globally valid models to ensure that their training reflects the peculiarities of local populations.

WHO: Grow food, not tobacco

In addition to its detrimental effects on global food security, tobacco farming poses severe health risks to farmers themselves They are exposed to chemical pesticides, tobacco smoke, and nicotine levels equivalent to smoking 50 cigarettes, leading to chronic lung conditions and nicotine poisoning. Disturbingly, it is estimated that more than 1 million child laborers work on tobacco farms, depriving them of educational opportunities.

n the occasion of World’s No Tobacco Day, the World Health Organization ( WHO) has called upon governments worldwide to cease subsidizing tobacco farming and instead extend support towards cultivating sustainable crops that could address global hungerWhile tobacco farming has predominantly been a concern in Asia and South America, recent data reveals that tobacco companies are expanding their operations in Africa. Since 2005, there has been a nearly 20% increase in tobacco farming land across the African continent.

Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the WHO Director-General, emphasized the alarming fact that tobacco is responsible for 8 million deaths annually, despite governments across the world allocating substantial funds to support tobacco farms He stated, "By choosing to grow food instead of tobacco, we prioritize health, preserve ecosystems, and strengthen food security for all "

The global community currently faces acute food insecurity, affecting more than 300 million people Paradoxically, over 3 million hectares of land in more than 120 countries are dedicated to cultivating lethal tobacco, even in regions where communities suffer from starvation

The recently released WHO report titled "Grow food, not tobacco" sheds light on the detrimental impacts of tobacco cultivation and highlights the advantages of transitioning to sustainable food crops The report exposes the tobacco industry's role in ensnaring farmers in a cycle of debt, promoting tobacco growing through exaggerated economic benefits, and leveraging farming front groups for lobbying purposes.

In support of the Tobacco Free Farms initiative, WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the World Food Programme are aiding more than 5,000 farmers in Kenya and Zambia to transition from tobacco to sustainable food crop cultivation. World No Tobacco Day(May 31st) annually recognizes individuals who make a difference in tobacco control This year, Ms. Sprina Robi Chacha, a female farmer from Kenya, is being honored for her commendable efforts in shifting from tobacco farming to cultivating high-protein beans. Additionally, she has trained hundreds of fellow farmers on making this transition, contributing to the creation of a healthier community.

Currently, 182 Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control have committed to promoting economically viable alternatives for tobacco workers and growers. An essential aspect of fulfilling this commitment is ending subsidies for tobacco farming and providing support for the cultivation of healthier crops

- NSH

“

O

The UN Environment Programme ( UNEP) report states that countries and companies can achieve a significant reduction of 80% in plastic pollution by 2040 through taking strong actions and implementing effective policies. The report, titled “Turning off the Tap: How the world can end plastic pollution and create a circular economy,” provides practical solutions and recommendations for governments and businesses.

The current way we produce, use, and dispose of plastics is causing severe pollution in our ecosystems, posing risks to human health, and contributing to climate change. The UNEP report offers a roadmap to address these issues by adopting a circular approach that keeps plastics out of the environment, out of our bodies, and in the economy By following this roadmap, we can achieve significant economic, social, and environmental benefits.

The report highlights three key market shifts that are necessary to achieve an 80% reduction in plastic pollution by 2040 First, we need to eliminate problematic and unnecessary plastics to reduce the scale of the problem. Second, we should promote reuse options, such as refillable bottles and packaging takeback schemes, which can reduce 30% of

80% REDUCTION IN PLASTIC POLLUTION BY 2040

plastic pollution Third, careful replacement of plastic products with alternatives made from materials like paper or compostable materials can further decrease plastic pollution by 17%. In addition to these measures, we will still need to find safe ways to handle 100 million metric tons of plastics from single-use and short-lived products annually by 2040. To achieve this, we need to set and implement design and safety standards for the disposal of nonrecyclable plastic waste and hold manufacturers accountable for products that release microplastics

Transitioning to a circular economy would result in substantial savings of USD 1.27 trillion, considering costs and recycling revenues. By avoiding externalities such as health issues, climate change, air pollution, marine ecosystem degradation, and associated legal costs, we could save an additional USD 3 25 trillion This shift would also create approximately 700,000 new jobs by 2040, primarily benefiting lowincome countries and improving the livelihoods of millions of workers in informal settings

While the investment costs for implementing these systemic changes are significant, they are lower than the costs of continuing with the current practices Shifting planned investments and imposing a levy on virgin plastic production can help mobilize the required funding However, it is crucial to act promptly, as a five-year delay could result in an increase of 80 million metric tons of plastic pollution by 2040. The report emphasizes that the highest

costs in both a throw away economy and a circular economy are operational To address this, producers can implement Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes, which require them to finance the collection, recycling, and responsible disposal of plastic products.

Internationally agreed policies can overcome the limitations of national planning and business actions. These policies could include criteria for banning certain plastic products, establishing a cross-border knowledge baseline, and defining minimum operating standards for EPR schemes The report also recommends a global fiscal framework to create a level playing field for recycled materials, promote scalability of solutions, and establish monitoring systems and financing mechanisms.

The report encourages policymakers to integrate regulatory instruments and policies that encompass the entire life cycle of plastics, as they can mutually reinforce each other in achieving the goal of transforming the economy. For instance, policymakers can combine design rules for recyclability with targets for incorporating recycled content and provide fiscal incentives for recycling plants

The report also provides specific policy recommendations, such as standards for design, safety, and compostable plastics, minimum recycling targets, EPR schemes, taxes, bans, communication strategies, public procurement guidelines, and labeling requirements.

By avoiding externalities such as health issues, climate change, air pollution, marine ecosystem degradation, and associated legal costs, we could save an additional USD 3.25 trillion.

CLINICAL TRIAL MRNA

Poor air quality 1

Stevia a Healthy

linked to cognitive problems in babies

Poor air quality in India is linked to cognitive decline in infants under the age of two, according to a new study published Children's long-term brain development may suffer if nothing is done to address the issue. "Prior work has shown that poor air quality is linked to cognitive deficits in children, as well as emotional and behavioral problems, which can have a severe impact on families," John Spencer stated Because they have the potential to travel from the respiratory system into the brain, extremely minute particles in the air are a major cause for concern. When brain growth is at its peak and the brain may be particularly sensitive to toxins, studies failed to demonstrate a link between poor air quality and cognitive issues in infants This association is first demonstrated in our study O n one display, the young children were shown colorflashing squares that remained constant after each blink. After each blink on a second display, one color square changed. In the homes of the children, the team measured emission levels and air quality with air quality monitors They also controlled for the socioeconomic status of the family " Spencer said this research demonstrates for the first time that poor air quality is associated with impaired visual cognition in the first two years of life, when brain growth is at its peak.

World Hypertension Day

Alternative to Sugar

4

universal influenza vaccine seeker begins 3

Stevia is a natural sweetener that is derived from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. It is a sweetener that does not contain sugar and has no calories. Stevia has become an increasingly popular alternative to sugar and other artificial sweeteners due to its sweetness and lack of calories. Due to the presence of natural compounds known as steviol glycosides, stevia can be used as a sweetener Stevia's intense sweetness is due to these glycosides, which are extracted from the leaves. The glycosides are then handled and cleaned to frame a powdered or fluid concentrate that can be utilized as a sugar. Stevia may be regarded as a bet ter sugar substitute. O ne more advantage of involving stevia as a sugar is that it has a low glycemic value. As a result, it is safe for diabetics and those who monitor their blood sugar levels because it does not cause a significant spike. Stevia, in contrast to sugar, does not cause tooth decay In fact, a number of studies have suggested that stevia may even possess antibacterial properties that can assist in the prevention of gum disease and tooth decay. Stevia's wide range of applications is yet

another advantage

It can be used in baking, cooking, coffee, and tea, among other things To reduce your overall sugar intake, you can easily substitute stevia for sugar in your favorite recipes.

On May 17 each year, World Hypertension Day is observed to raise public awareness of hypertension and promote access to early detection and management "Measure Your Blood Pressure Accurately, Control It, Live Longer" is the theme of World Hypertension Day in 2023 The silent killer that is hypertension rarely exhibits symptoms People need to understand the dangers of high blood pressure and how to control it. Health directors can use the day's theme as an opportunity to advocate for increased vacuity and the use of digital blood pressure dimension bias in healthcare facilities to measure up webbing and monitor it. Globally, hypertension is a major risk factor for unseasonal mortality among adults. The burden of hypertension and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is rising as a result of demographic shifts, unplanned rapid urbanization, and the globalization of unhealthy cultures

Aclinical trial of an experimental universal influenza vaccine developed by experimenters at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious conditions'( NIAID) Vaccine Research Center ( VRC), part of the National Institutes of Health, has begun enrolling levies at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina Although periodic seasonal flu vaccines are precious tools in controlling the spread and inflexibility of influenza, they don't give immunity against every flustrain The experimental vaccine, H1ssF3928 mRNA- LNP, will be put through its first phase of testing to see if it is safe and if it can cause a vulnerable response. Vaccine manufacturers also need time to produce and distribute the vaccine during which the dominant strains of the contagion can change in unanticipated ways, potentially dwindling the efficacy of the vaccine. An effective universal flu vaccine could exclude these problems by guarding its donors against a wide variety of strains and immaculately furnishing durable long-term impunity, so people would not need to be vaccinated every time “A major breakthrough in public health would be the availability of an all-in-one influenza vaccine, which would eliminate the need for seasonal influenza vaccines to be developed on a regular basis and prevent cases from having to get the flu shot every time," said Hugh Auchincloss. Also, some strains of influenza contagion have significant epidemic eventuality. An all inclusive influenza immunization could act as a significant line of protection against the spread of an unborn influenza pestilence.

PEP BUDDY 5

Innovative Breathing Device

People who suffer with shortness of breath are finding aid through a device created by a University of Cincinnati Venture Lab startup PEP Buddy was created by Muhammad Ahsan Zafar and Ralph J Panos. Zafar is an associate professor in pulmonary and critical care and a quality improvement expert at the UC College of Medicine Panos is a professor emeritus in pulmonary and critical care at the UC College of Medicine and is the director of national tele-ICU program for the U.S. Veterans Affairs. It also assists people with stress and anxiety in that it helps to control breathing and prolonged exhalation. The device “gives a gentle back pressure while the user breathes out, which assists in keeping open air tubes in the lungs and preventing them from collapsing

Five forms of Hear t Failure

Studies conducted at UCL experimenters have discovered five kinds of heart failure that might conceivably be used to predict unborn threat for individual cases. Current ways of classifying heart failure don't directly predict how the complaint is likely to progress. For the study, published in Lancet D igital Health, experimenters looked at detailed anonymised case data from further than 300,000 people aged 30 times or older who were diagnosed with heart failure in the UK over a span of 20 years Using several machine literac y styles, they detected five sub-

types early onset, late onset, atrial fibrillation related (atrial fibrillation is a condition causing an irregular heart meter), metabolic (linked to obesity but with a low rate of cardiovascular complaint), and cardiometabolic (linked to obesity and cardiovascular complaint). The experimenters set up differences between the subtypes in cases' threat of dying in the time after opinion. They found a link between particular subtypes of heart failure and higher polygenic risk scores for conditions such as hypertension and atrial fibrillation

'Super-resolution'

As technology-driven capabilities in engineering and healthcare are everincreasing, scientists and engineers are developing new technologies to advance the future of health. One such area, nanomedicine, explores the use of nanoparticles for drug delivery in the body to fight against infectious diseases or cancer. The assessment of these nanomedicines in cells, tissues and organs is often performed by optical imaging, which can have a limited quality of imaging resolution New imaging technologies are needed to see nanoparticles in their 3D ultrastructural context within biological tissues "To see nanomedicines in biologi-

cal samples, researchers either use electron microscopy, which provides excellent spatial resolution but lacks 3D imaging capabilities, or optical microscopy, which achieves excellent 3D imaging, but exhibits relatively low spatial resolution. This technique, called super-resolution imaging, allows us to see nanomedicines inside individual cells. Using this new super-resolution imaging method, we can now start to track and monitor nanoparticles inside cells, which is a prerequisite for designing nanomedicines that are safer and more efficient in reaching certain areas within cells "

medication treats Autoimmune disease

Amedicine frequently used to treat type 2 diabetes, according to exploration from Swansea University, may also be used to treat autoimmune conditions Academicians at the University's Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science have set up that the medicine, canagliflozin (also known as Invokana), could be used to treat autoimmune diseases similar as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus as it targets T- cells, which form an essential element of the vulnerable system Canagliflozin is a medicine that controls blood sugar situations in people with type 2 diabetes, still experimenters have set up an unanticipated part for the medicine involving the mortal vulnerable system. T- cells are a type of white blood cell that help the body fight infections and conditions, but in autoimmune conditions they've been observed to attack healthy apkins.

Canagliflozin (Type 2 Diabetes)

LIONS, LEOPARDS

have made a comeback in Africa’s 3rd-largest national park, says report

Lion and leopard populations have begun rebounding in Africa’s third-largest national park Zambia’s Kafue National Park (KNP) after 50 years of poaching, according to a new report from Panthera, the global wild cat conservation organisation, and partners

Scientists found leopard densities in southern KNP increased threefold from about 1 5 leopards in 2019 to approximately 4.4 leopards per 100 Sq Kms in 2022.

“Leopard densities stabilised in northern Kafue and more than doubled in central KNP Lion densities also stabilised in northern KNP, increased in southern Kafue and nearly doubled in central KNP,” a statement released by Panthera on June 1, 2023, said. The statement attributed the rise to a number of factors The first was conducting rigorous counterpoaching operations for four years.

Zambia’s Department of National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW ), with support from Panthera, the North Carolina Zoo and multiple partners, led daily coordinated operations.

Game-changing conservation technologies like SMART (Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool) and EarthRanger were employed in these operations. This, the statement said, enabled rangers to surveil wide areas of KNP more accurately and analyse data at a faster rate to stay one step ahead of poachers, including visually tracking patrol routes, poacher activity and collared wildlife. It added:

Patrols were enhanced by the pioneering use of vultures as early warning systems In fixing satellite tags to 19 African vultures, scientists from the North Carolina Zoo and Panthera trialed how vultures can

help identify illegal activities like poisoning, which threaten vultures and carnivores alike.

Another important factor was effective prosecution. Forty teams patrolled some 211,000 kms in 2021 Their efforts led to 322 apprehensions.

“While many countries fail to deter and prosecute poaching crimes, support from Zambia’s Wildlife Crime Prevention ( WCP) has aided DNPW and the National Prosecution Authority in achieving an 85% conviction rate for offenses involving lion or leopard parts with 78% receiving a custodial sentence for an average of 5.1 years around Kafue and beyond,” the statement noted

A final factor was the distribution of synthetic ‘Heritage Furs’ replacing garments made of authentic leopard and lion skins

What is more, all this was accompolished at a significantly low cost

Law enforcement activities in Kafue from 2018 to mid-2022 were implemented at a significantly reduced annual cost, with $211 per sq km spent in the peak year (2021) compared to the $1,000-2,000 per sq kms typically referenced for unfenced wildlife protection efforts, according to the release.

At roughly 22,400 sq kms, KNP sits within the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA), the largest terrestrial conservation landscape in the world spanning five countries (Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe) that encompass some 520,000 sq kms and 36 protected areas that stretch across a region the size of France.

- NSH

Rigorous anti-poaching measures including patrolling, effective prosecution and cultural sensitisation led to the rebound in populations, says report

“

LUMINARIES

Scientists are an interesting breed of people, they are creative, adventurers, critical, and pragmatic. This may not be the initial subset of people you would look to for inspiration.

The Internet is so big, so powerful and pointless that for some people it is a complete substitute for life.

Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history Unfortunately, it might also be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks.

Cell phones, mobile e-mail, and all the other cool and slick gadgets can cause massive losses in our creative output and overall productivity

Technology is just a tool. In terms of getting the kids working together and motivating them, the teacher is the most important.

One machine can do the work of fifty ordinary men. No machine can do the work of one extraordinary man

The world is very different now For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty, and all forms of human life

I think there are going to be a bunch of tabletlike devices. It's really a different product category

What I'm trying to do is, is to make a significant difference in space flight And help make space flight accessible to almost anyone

Andrew Brown

Stephen Hawking

Robin S. Sharma

Bill Gates

Elber t Hubbard

John F. Kennedy

Jeff Bezos

Elon Musk

SIR CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, known as Sir CV Raman, was an Indian physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to the field of light scattering, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. He was born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirappalli, Madras Presidency, British India (now Tamil Nadu, India), and passed away on November 21, 1970, in Bangalore, India

While he achieved great success in his career, he faced several struggles throughout his life. Here are some of the notable struggles that C V Raman encountered

Early Struggles and Failures

Financial Constraints: C.V. Raman's family faced financial difficulties during his early years His father was a lecturer in mathematics and physics at a college in Calcutta (now Kolkata), and the family had to manage with limited resources Despite these challenges, Raman's passion for science and determination to succeed remained strong.

Limited Access to Research Facilities: During his early career, Raman faced limitations in terms of research facilities and resources. In India, there were fewer opportunities for scientific research compared to Western countries Raman had to overcome these constraints and work with limited equipment and support to conduct his experiments

Resistance to Research: When Raman started his groundbreaking work on the scattering of light, he faced resistance from some members of the scientific community His theories challenged prevailing beliefs and encountered skepticism from established scientists However, Raman persisted in his research and eventually proved the validity of his findings

Lack of Recognition: Despite his significant contributions to the field of science, Raman did not receive the recognition he deserved early in his career. It was only after the publication of his seminal paper on the Raman effect in 1928 that his work gained international acclaim. In 1930, he became the first Asian scientist to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery.

Independence Struggle: Raman was actively involved in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule He

participated in various activities supporting the independence movement, including organizing and delivering speeches on nationalistic themes. His involvement in political matters sometimes resulted in conflicts with the British authorities Despite these struggles, C V Raman's determination, perseverance, and scientific brilliance allowed him to make significant contributions to the field of physics His discovery of the Raman effect revolutionized the understanding of light and its interaction with matter, establishing him as one of the greatest scientists of his time.

Success Story

Sir CV Raman achieved remarkable success in his scientific career and made significant contributions to the field of physics His notable successes include:

Discovery of the Raman Effect: Raman's groundbreaking discovery of the scattering of light and the resulting change in wavelength, known as the Raman Effect, earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 This discovery revolutionized the understanding of the interaction between light and matter and had far-reaching implications for various scientific disciplines

Advancements in Optical Spectroscopy: Raman's work on the Raman Effect laid the foundation for the development of the field of Raman spectroscopy This technique became an essential tool for analyzing the molecular structure and composition of substances Raman spectroscopy has since found applications in diverse areas, including chemistry, materials science, biology, and medicine

Promoting Scientific Research in India: Raman played a pivotal role in promoting scientific research and education in India. He established the Indian Academy of Sciences using his Nobel Prize money, which became an important institution for fostering scientific inquiry in the country. He also served as the Director of the Indian Institute of Science, where he facilitated the growth of scientific research and infrastructure.

Inspiring Future Generations: Raman's achievements and dedication to science continue to inspire countless scientists and students in India and beyond. His contributions have had a lasting impact on the scientific community and have motivated many to pursue careers in scientific research and innovation.

- NSH

Science Quiz

1. Who invented the world wide web?

2. W hat is the name of M icrosoft's web browser?

3. What is the study of heredity and variation in organisms called?

4. When was the World Hypertension Day first celebrated?

5. What is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and weather called?

6. How many hearts does an octopus have?

7. W hat is the force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact called?

8. In which year the first Commonwealth Youth Games were held?

9. What sporting event has a strict dress code of all-white?

10. W hat was the first mobile phone with internet connectivity?

Do you know ?

w A use r of the inte rnet today would need 181 million years to do wnload all the data from the internet.

w The longest-living cells in the body are neurons, which can live as long as your lifespan.

w Wearing headphones for an hour multiplies the bacte ria in your ear by 700.

w Bar code scanners read the white space betwee n the black lines rather than the black lines themselves.

w The tallest mountain in the solar syste m is O lympus Mons on Mars.

w It’s impossible to comb all the hairs on a tennis ball in the same direction.

w Famed che mist Gle nn Seaborg was the only pe rson who could write his address in chemical elements.

w The world's oldest known tree is a bristlecone pine named "Methuselah" located in the W hite Mountains of California. It is estimated to be around 4,800 years old.

w The Eiffel Tower can be about 15 ce ntimete rs talle r during the summe r due to the rmal expansion.